10-Q 1 d759940d10q.htm FORM 10-Q

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarter ended: June 30, 2014

Commission File Number: 0-19871

STEMCELLS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

DELAWARE |  | 94-3078125
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer identification No)

7707 Gateway Blvd

Newark, CA 94560

(Address of principal executive offices including zip code)

(510) 456-4000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter periods that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer |  | ¨ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ¨
Non-accelerated filer |  | ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

At July 31, 2014, there were 68,637,776 shares of Common Stock, $.01 par value, issued and outstanding.

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STEMCELLS, INC.

INDEX

|  | Page Number |
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |  | 3 |
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  |  | 3 |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013 |  |  | 3 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 |  |  | 4 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 |  |  | 5 |
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 |  |  | 6 |
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  |  | 7 |
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  |  | 21 |
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  |  | 31 |
Item 4. Controls and Procedures |  |  | 32 |
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |  | 33 |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings |  |  | 33 |
Item 1A. Risk Factors |  |  | 33 |
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  |  | 33 |
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  |  | 33 |
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures |  |  | 33 |
Item 5. Other Information |  |  | 33 |
Item 6. Exhibits |  |  | 34 |
SIGNATURES |  |  | 35 |

NOTE REGARDING REFERENCES TO US AND OUR COMMON STOCK

Throughout this Form 10-Q, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” and “StemCells” refer to StemCells, Inc., including our directly and indirectly wholly-owned subsidiaries. “Common stock” refers to the common stock, $.01 par value, of StemCells, Inc.

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PART I-FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

STEMCELLS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

|  | June 30, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 17,847,097 |  |  | $ | 30,585,424 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 88,042 |  |  |  | 108,815 |
Other receivables |  |  | 134,686 |  |  |  | 486,222 |
Prepaid assets |  |  | 690,179 |  |  |  | 530,037 |
Deferred financing costs, current |  |  | 34,492 |  |  |  | 46,420 |
Other assets, current |  |  | 107,371 |  |  |  | 83,537 |
Total current assets |  |  | 18,901,867 |  |  |  | 31,840,455 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 5,141,435 |  |  |  | 5,304,684 |
Deferred financing costs, non-current |  |  | 8,763 |  |  |  | 23,307 |
Other assets, non-current |  |  | 373,717 |  |  |  | 413,717 |
Goodwill |  |  | 2,207,833 |  |  |  | 2,139,294 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 1,726,674 |  |  |  | 1,835,717 |
Total assets |  | $ | 28,360,289 |  |  | $ | 41,557,174 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,705,801 |  |  | $ | 1,151,903 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 2,612,974 |  |  |  | 4,067,916 |
Deferred revenue, current |  |  | 44,758 |  |  |  | 67,245 |
Capital lease obligation, current |  |  | 22,098 |  |  |  | 21,316 |
Deferred rent, current |  |  | 60,097 |  |  |  | 34,366 |
Loan payable net of discount, current |  |  | 3,832,630 |  |  |  | 3,664,370 |
Bonds payable, current |  |  | 17,917 |  |  |  | 125,000 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 8,296,275 |  |  |  | 9,132,116 |
Capital lease obligations, non-current |  |  | 18,174 |  |  |  | 29,422 |
Loan payable net of discount, non-current |  |  | 11,106,905 |  |  |  | 9,244,874 |
Fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 8,525,666 |  |  |  | 5,541,809 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 1,129,859 |  |  |  | 801,388 |
Deferred rent, non-current |  |  | 1,772,009 |  |  |  | 1,790,943 |
Deferred revenue, non-current |  |  | 54,497 |  |  |  | 62,910 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 30,903,385 |  |  |  | 26,603,462 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 225,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding 56,967,158 at June 30, 2014 and 55,138,311 at December 31, 2013 |  |  | 569,672 |  |  |  | 551,383 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 403,790,377 |  |  |  | 401,680,562 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (407,265,814 | ) |  |  | (387,530,334 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 362,669 |  |  |  | 252,101 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | (2,543,096 | ) |  |  | 14,953,712 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 28,360,289 |  |  | $ | 41,557,174 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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STEMCELLS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenue from licensing agreements, grants and other |  | $ | 23,479 |  |  | $ | 31,333 |  |  | $ | 47,063 |  |  | $ | 106,975 |
Revenue from product sales |  |  | 218,725 |  |  |  | 250,364 |  |  |  | 534,621 |  |  |  | 458,922 |
Total revenue |  |  | 242,204 |  |  |  | 281,697 |  |  |  | 581,684 |  |  |  | 565,897 |
Cost of product sales |  |  | 78,097 |  |  |  | 77,573 |  |  |  | 165,373 |  |  |  | 144,414 |
Gross profit |  |  | 164,107 |  |  |  | 204,124 |  |  |  | 416,311 |  |  |  | 421,483 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  | 6,092,284 |  |  |  | 4,804,890 |  |  |  | 10,996,578 |  |  |  | 9,368,780 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 2,175,797 |  |  |  | 1,581,521 |  |  |  | 4,423,397 |  |  |  | 3,469,278 |
Wind-down expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,978 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,837 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 8,268,081 |  |  |  | 6,425,389 |  |  |  | 15,419,975 |  |  |  | 12,899,895 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (8,103,974 | ) |  |  | (6,221,265 | ) |  |  | (15,003,664 | ) |  |  | (12,478,412 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | (3,654,470 | ) |  |  | 757,688 |  |  |  | (3,981,094 | ) |  |  | 569,081 |
Interest income |  |  | 1,689 |  |  |  | 1,790 |  |  |  | 3,874 |  |  |  | 8,636 |
Interest expense |  |  | (343,224 | ) |  |  | (392,855 | ) |  |  | (723,712 | ) |  |  | (403,003 | )
Other income (expense), net |  |  | (15,245 | ) |  |  | (14,040 | ) |  |  | (30,884 | ) |  |  | 18,569 |
Total other expense, net |  |  | (4,011,250 | ) |  |  | 352,583 |  |  |  | (4,731,816 | ) |  |  | 193,283 |
Net loss |  | $ | (12,115,224 | ) |  | $ | (5,868,682 | ) |  | $ | (19,735,480 | ) |  | $ | (12,285,129 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | (0.36 | ) |  | $ | (0.32 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic and diluted |  |  | 55,711,717 |  |  |  | 39,661,934 |  |  |  | 55,529,818 |  |  |  | 38,966,547 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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STEMCELLS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(unaudited)

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Net loss |  | $ | (12,115,224 | ) |  | $ | (5,868,682 | ) |  | $ | (19,735,480 | ) |  | $ | (12,285,129 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 97,109 |  |  |  | 4,054 |  |  |  | 110,569 |  |  |  | (230,048 | )
Unrealized gains (losses) on marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,781 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 97,109 |  |  |  | 4,396 |  |  |  | 110,569 |  |  |  | (228,267 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (12,018,115 | ) |  | $ | (5,864,286 | ) |  | $ | (19,624,911 | ) |  | $ | (12,513,396 | )

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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STEMCELLS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

|  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (19,735,480 | ) |  | $ | (12,285,129 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 671,562 |  |  |  | 471,558 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,034,766 |  |  |  | 1,436,223 |
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs |  |  | 136,873 |  |  |  | 91,450 |
Gain on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | 5,671 |  |  |  | (34,946 | )
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  | 3,981,094 |  |  |  | (569,081 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest and other receivables |  |  | 366,487 |  |  |  | (68,912 | )
Trade receivables |  |  | 23,693 |  |  |  | 34,401 |
Prepaid and other current assets |  |  | (170,663 | ) |  |  | 76,763 |
Other assets, non-current |  |  | 17,207 |  |  |  | (106,548 | )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (583,429 | ) |  |  | 1,292,596 |
Accrued wind-down expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,102,762 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | (31,763 | ) |  |  | (57,758 | )
Deferred rent |  |  | 6,797 |  |  |  | 392,057 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (14,277,185 | ) |  |  | (10,430,088 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | (549,603 | )
Proceeds from the sale and maturity of marketable securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,026,000 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (362,873 | ) |  |  | (2,420,430 | )
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,500 |
Acquisition of other assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (362,873 | ) |  |  | 9,994,467 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs |  |  | 279,084 |  |  |  | 4,911,627 |
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,086 |
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants, net of issuance costs |  |  | 316,350 |  |  |  | 460,762 |
Proceeds from loan payable, net of issuance costs |  |  | 3,820,264 |  |  |  | 9,783,094 |
Payments related to net share issuance of stock based awards |  |  | (499,333 | ) |  |  | (330,351 | )
Repayment of capital lease obligations |  |  | (10,466 | ) |  |  | (3,382 | )
Repayment of loan and bond payable |  |  | (2,007,457 | ) |  |  | (100,000 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 1,898,442 |  |  |  | 14,723,836 |
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (12,741,616 | ) |  |  | 14,288,215 |
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | 3,289 |  |  |  | (6,595 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 30,585,424 |  |  |  | 8,471,275 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 17,847,097 |  |  | $ | 22,752,895 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 272,478 |  |  | $ | 110,266 |
Fair value of 329,131 shares issued as consideration under an equity financing agreement1 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 600,006 |

See Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1 In June 2013, we entered into an agreement with an institutional investor, under which we have the right to sell up to $30.0 million of common stock to the institutional investor. In consideration for entering into the agreement, we issued 329,131 shares of our common stock to the institutional investor. We will not receive any cash proceeds from the issuance of these 329,131 shares. All shares sold or to be sold under this agreement are offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC. In October 2013, we terminated the agreement without any cost or penalty.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2014 and 2013

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business.

StemCells, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is a biopharmaceutical company that operates in one segment, the research, development, and commercialization of stem cell therapeutics and related technologies.

The accompanying financial data as of June 30, 2014 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 have been prepared by us, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to these rules and regulations. The December 31, 2013 condensed consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. However, we believe that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. We expect to incur additional operating losses over the foreseeable future. We have very limited liquidity and capital resources and must obtain significant additional capital and other resources in order to provide funding for our product development efforts, the acquisition of technologies, businesses and intellectual property rights, preclinical and clinical testing of our products, pursuit of regulatory approvals, acquisition of capital equipment, laboratory and office facilities, establishment of production capabilities, selling, general and administrative expenses and other working capital requirements. We rely on our cash reserves, proceeds from equity and debt offerings, credit facilities, proceeds from the transfer or sale of intellectual property rights, equipment, facilities or investments, government grants and funding from collaborative arrangements, to fund our operations. If we exhaust our cash reserves and are unable to obtain adequate financing, we may be unable to meet our operating obligations and we may be required to initiate bankruptcy proceedings. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of StemCells, Inc., and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, including StemCells California, Inc., Stem Cell Sciences Holdings Ltd, and Stem Cell Sciences (UK) Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

Significant estimates include the following:

| • |  | the grant date fair value of stock-based awards recognized as compensation expense (see Note 5, “Stock-Based Compensation”);

| • |  | the fair value of warrants recorded as a liability (see Note 8, “Warrant Liability”); and

| • |  | the fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets (see Note 4, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets”).

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Financial Instruments

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are money market accounts, money market funds and investments with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of purchase.

Trade and Other Receivables

Our receivables generally consist of interest income on our financial instruments, revenue from licensing agreements and grants, and revenue from product sales.

Warrant Liability

We account for our warrants in accordance with U.S. GAAP which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a company’s own stock should be measured and classified. Authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued by us under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled, and are both indexed to and settled in our common stock, can be classified as equity. As part of both our November 2008 and November 2009 financings, we issued warrants with five year terms to purchase 1,034,483 and 400,000 shares of our common stock at $23.00 and $15.00 per share, respectively. The 1,034,483 warrants issued as part of the November 2008 financing, expired unexercised by their own terms in May 2014. As part of our December 2011 financing, we issued Series A Warrants with a five year term to purchase 8,000,000 shares at $1.40 per share and Series B Warrants with a ninety trading day term to purchase 8,000,000 units at $1.25 per unit. Each unit underlying the Series B Warrants consisted of one share of our common stock and one Series A Warrant. In the first and second quarter of 2012, an aggregate of 2,700,000 Series B Warrants were exercised. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 2,700,000 shares of our common stock and 2,700,000 Series A Warrants. The remaining 5,300,000 Series B Warrants expired unexercised by their terms on May 2, 2012. As terms of the warrants issued in 2009 and the Series A warrants do not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, we are required to classify the fair value of these warrants as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) due to change in fair value of warrant liability. The fair value of the warrants issued in the 2009 financings is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton (Black-Scholes) option pricing model and the fair value of the Series A Warrants is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model (see Note 8, “Warrant Liability”). The fair value is affected by changes in inputs to these models including our stock price, expected stock price volatility, the contractual term, and the risk-free interest rate. The use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires input of additional assumptions including the progress of our R&D programs and its affect on potential future financings. We will continue to classify the fair value of the warrants as a liability until the warrants are exercised, expire or are amended in a way that would no longer require these warrants to be classified as a liability. The estimated fair value of our warrant liability at June 30, 2014, was approximately $8,526,000.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to annual impairment tests. If the assumptions and estimates used to allocate the purchase price are not correct, or if business conditions change, purchase price adjustments or future asset impairment charges could be required. We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. Impairment evaluations involve management estimates of asset useful lives and future cash flows. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in the evaluations, and it is possible, even likely, that the plans and estimates used may be incorrect. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analysis are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur additional impairment charges in a future period. We completed our annual impairment testing during the fourth quarter of 2013, and determined that there was no impairment of goodwill.

Prior to fiscal year 2001, we capitalized certain patent costs, which are being amortized over the estimated life of the patent and would be expensed at the time such patents are deemed to have no continuing value. Since 2001, all patent costs are expensed as incurred. License costs are capitalized and amortized over the estimated life of the related license agreement.

Revenue Recognition

We currently recognize revenue resulting from the licensing and use of our technology and intellectual property, from government grants, from services provided to third parties, and from product sales. Licensing agreements may contain multiple elements, such as upfront fees, payments related to the achievement of particular milestones and royalties. Revenue from upfront fees for licensing agreements that contain multiple elements are generally deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of

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the agreement. Fees associated with substantive at risk performance-based milestones are recognized as revenue upon completion of the scientific or regulatory event specified in the agreement, and royalties received are recognized as earned. Revenue from licensing agreements is recognized net of a fixed percentage due to licensors as royalties. Grant revenue from government agencies are funds received to cover specific expenses and are recognized as earned upon either the incurring of reimbursable expenses directly related to the particular research plan or the completion of certain development milestones as defined within the terms of the relevant collaborative agreement or grant. Revenue from services to third parties is recognized when we have provided the agreed upon services. Revenue from product sales are recognized when the product is shipped and the order fulfilled.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense for stock-based payment awards to employees is based on their grant date fair value as calculated and amortized over their vesting period. See Note 5, “Stock-Based Compensation” for further information.

We use the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of stock-based awards.

Per Share Data

Basic net income or loss per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income or loss per share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock and other dilutive securities. To the extent these securities are anti-dilutive, they are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

The following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted net loss per share computations:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Net loss |  | $ | (12,115,224 | ) |  | $ | (5,868,682 | ) |  | $ | (19,735,480 | ) |  | $ | (12,285,129 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute basic and diluted net income or loss per share |  |  | 55,711,717 |  |  |  | 39,661,934 |  |  |  | 55,529,818 |  |  |  | 38,966,547 |
Basic and diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.22 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | ) |  | $ | (0.36 | ) |  | $ | (0.32 | )

The following outstanding potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net income or loss per share because the effect would have been anti-dilutive as of June 30:

|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Options |  |  | 375,670 |  |  |  | 440,126 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 3,137,440 |  |  |  | 3,350,616 |
Warrants |  |  | 14,207,426 |  |  |  | 9,894,909 |
Total |  |  | 17,720,536 |  |  |  | 13,685,651 |

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of net income or loss and other comprehensive income or loss (OCL). OCL includes certain changes in stockholders’ equity that are excluded from net income or loss. Specifically, we include in OCL changes in unrealized gains and losses on our marketable securities and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency translations. Accumulated other comprehensive income was $362,669, as of June 30, 2014, and accumulated other comprehensive income was $252,101, as of December 31, 2013.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This ASU requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The guidance in this ASU affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. The core principle of the guidance is that

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an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is not permitted. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Financial Instruments

The following table summarizes the fair value of our cash and cash equivalents held in our current investment portfolio:

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized (Losses) |  |  | Fair Value |
June 30, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 513,079 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 513,079 |
Cash equivalents |  |  | 17,334,018 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,334,018 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities |  | $ | 17,847,097 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,847,097 |
December 31, 2013 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 1,355,281 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,355,281 |
Cash equivalents |  |  | 29,230,143 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,230,143 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities |  | $ | 30,585,424 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,585,424 |

At June 30, 2014, our investments in money market accounts are through a money market fund that invests in high quality, short-term money market instruments which are classified as cash equivalents in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet due to their short maturities. The investment seeks to provide the highest possible level of current income while still maintaining liquidity and preserving capital. From time to time, we carry cash balances in excess of federally insured limits. Our cash balance at June 30, 2014 includes approximately $61,000 held by our U.K. subsidiary.

Note 3. Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, we are required to apply a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Directly or indirectly observable inputs other than in Level 1, that include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity that reflects the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Assets measured at fair value are classified below based on the three fair value hierarchy tiers described above.

Our cash equivalents are classified as Level 1 because they are valued primarily using quoted market prices.

Our bonds payable are classified as Level 2 as they are valued using alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.

We estimated the fair value of our loan payable using the net present value of the payments discounted at an effective interest rate. We believe the estimates used to measure the fair value of our loan payable constitute Level 3 inputs.

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Our liability for warrants issued in our 2011 financing is classified as Level 3 as the liability is valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Some of the significant inputs used to calculate the fair value of warrant liability include our stock price on the valuation date, expected volatility of our common stock as traded on NASDAQ, and risk-free interest rates that are derived from the yield on U.S. Treasury debt securities, all of which are observable from active markets. However, the use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires the input of additional subjective assumptions including management’s assumptions regarding the likelihood of a re-pricing of these warrants pursuant to anti-dilution provisions and the progress of our R&D programs and its affect on potential future financings.

The following table presents financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of June 30, 2014:

|  | Fair Value Measurement at Report Date Using |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  |  | As of June 30, 2014 |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 421,373 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 421,373 |
U.S. Treasury debt obligations |  |  | 16,912,645 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,912,645 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 17,334,018 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,334,018 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bonds payable |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,917 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,917 |
Loan payable net of discounts |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,106,905 |  |  |  | 11,106,905 |
Warrant liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,525,666 |  |  |  | 8,525,666 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,917 |  |  | $ | 19,632,571 |  |  | $ | 19,650,488 |

Level 2 Reconciliation

The following table presents a roll forward for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value using significant other observable inputs (Level 2) for 2014:

|  | Level 2 Beginning Balance 12/31/13 $ |  |  | Settled $ |  |  | Level 2 Ending Balance 06/30/14 $ |
Bonds payable |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | (107,083 | ) |  |  | 17,917 |

Level 3 Reconciliation

The following table presents a roll forward for liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for 2014.

|  | Warrant Liabilities |
Balance at December 31, 2013 |  | $ | 5,541,809 |
Less fair value of warrants exercised |  |  | (997,237 | )
Add change in fair value of warrants |  |  | 3,981,094 |
Balance at June 30, 2014 |  | $ | 8,525,666 |

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|  | Loan payable net of discounts |
Balance at December 31, 2013 |  | $ | 12,909,244 |
Add loan proceeds |  |  | 3,820,264 |
Add amortization of discount |  |  | 110,401 |
Less repayments of principal |  |  | (1,900,374 | )
Balance at June 30, 2014 |  | $ | 14,939,535 |
Current portion |  | $ | 3,832,630 |
Non-current portion |  |  | 11,106,905 |
Balance at June 30, 2014 |  | $ | 14,939,535 |

Note 4. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

On April 1, 2009, we acquired the operations of Stem Cell Sciences Plc (SCS) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5,135,000. The acquired operations includes proprietary cell technologies relating to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and tissue-derived (adult) stem cells; expertise and infrastructure for providing cell-based assays for drug discovery; a cell culture products business; and an intellectual property portfolio with claims relevant to cell processing, reprogramming and manipulation, as well as to gene targeting and insertion.

The purchase price was allocated as follows:

|  | Allocated purchase Price |  |  | Estimated life of intangible assets in years |
Net tangible assets |  | $ | 36,000 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships and developed technology |  |  | 1,310,000 |  |  |  | 6 to 9 |
In-process research and development |  |  | 1,340,000 |  |  |  | N/A |
Trade name |  |  | 310,000 |  |  |  | 15 |
Goodwill |  |  | 2,139,000 |  |  |  | N/A |
Total |  | $ | 5,135,000 |  |  |  |  |

In-process research and development assets relate to: 1) the acquisition of certain intellectual property rights not expected to expire until 2027 related to our program focused on developing genetically engineered rat models of human disease (our “Transgenic Rat Program”); and 2) the acquisition of certain technology related to the commercialization of our SC Proven cell culture products and the development and commercialization of cell-based assay platforms for use in drug discovery and development (our “Assay Development Program”).

At the time of valuation (April 2009), our Transgenic Rat Program was in its nascent stage and our Assay Development Program was expected to achieve proof of concept by 2012. Neither program was expected to begin generating revenue until 2011-2012. In December 2011, in part because of management’s decision to focus on our therapeutic product development programs and not to allocate time and resources to the assays technology, we determined that we could not predict the future cash flows from the intangible IPR&D asset related to the Assay Development Program. Therefore, at December 31, 2011, we determined that the intangible asset was impaired and wrote off the approximately $655,000 carrying value of the asset.

Trade name relates to the “SC Proven” trademark of our cell culture products which we expect to market for 15 years from the date of acquisition, based on which, we estimated a remaining useful life of 15 years from the valuation date.

The following table presents changes in goodwill:

Balance as of December 31, 2013 |  | $ | 2,139,294 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | 68,539 |
Balance as of June 30, 2014 |  | $ | 2,207,833 |

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The components of our other intangible assets at June 30, 2014 are summarized below:

Other Intangible Asset Class |  | Cost |  |  | Additions |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation |  |  | Net Carrying Amount |  |  | Weighted- Average Amortization Period |
Customer relationships and developed technology |  | $ | 1,310,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (973,783 | ) |  | $ | 173,497 |  |  | $ | 509,714 |  |  |  | 8.0 years |
In-process research and development |  |  | 1,340,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (654,961 | ) |  |  | (270,687 | ) |  |  | 164,644 |  |  |  | 578,996 |  |  |  | Indefinite |
Trade name |  |  | 310,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (119,916 | ) |  |  | 49,269 |  |  |  | 239,353 |  |  |  | 15.0 years |
Patents |  |  | 1,243,612 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (845,001 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 398,611 |  |  |  | 16.0 years |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 4,203,612 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (654,961 | ) |  | $ | (2,209,387 | ) |  | $ | 387,410 |  |  | $ | 1,726,674 |  |  |  | 12.2 years |

Amortization expense was approximately $76,000 in the second quarter of 2014.

The expected future annual amortization expense for each of the next five years based on current balances of our intangible assets is approximately as follows:

For the year ending December 31: |  |  |
2014 |  | $ | 305,000 |
2015 |  | $ | 305,000 |
2016 |  | $ | 297,000 |
2017 |  | $ | 276,000 |
2018 |  | $ | 194,000 |

Note 5. Stock-Based Compensation

We currently grant stock-based compensation under three equity incentive plans (2004, 2006 and 2013 Equity Incentive Plans) approved by the Company’s stockholders and one plan adopted in 2012 pursuant to NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)(4) concerning inducement grants for new employees (our “2012 Commencement Incentive Plan”). As of June 30, 2014, we had 10,015,497 shares available to grant under the above mentioned plans. At our annual stockholders meeting held on June 12, 2007, our stockholders approved an amendment to our 2006 Equity Incentive Plan to provide for an annual increase in the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the plan each January 1 (beginning January 1, 2008) equal to 4% of the outstanding common shares as of that date. The amendment further provided an aggregate limit of 3,000,000 shares issuable pursuant to incentive stock option awards under the plan. At our annual stockholders meeting held on December 20, 2013, our stockholders approved our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan to grant stock-based compensation of up to an initial 6,000,000 shares, plus an increase of 4% per year of the outstanding number of shares of our common stock beginning in January 1, 2015. Under the three stockholder-approved plans we may grant incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, 401(k) Plan employer match in form of shares and performance-based shares to our employees, directors and consultants, at prices determined by our Board of Directors. Incentive stock options may only be granted to employees under these plans with a grant price not less than the fair market value on the date of grant. Under our 2012 Commencement Inducement Plan, we may only award options, restricted stock units and other equity awards to newly hired employees and newly engaged directors, in each case as allowed by NASDAQ listing requirements.

Our stock-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended June 30 was as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |
Research and development expense |  | $ | 39,596 |  |  | $ | 373,652 |  |  | $ | 225,889 |  |  | $ | 717,363 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  | 474,064 |  |  |  | 375,989 |  |  |  | 808,877 |  |  |  | 718,860 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 513,660 |  |  | $ | 749,641 |  |  | $ | 1,034,766 |  |  | $ | 1,436,223 |
Effect on basic and diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.04 | )

As of June 30, 2014, we had approximately $3,713,000 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested awards of stock options and restricted stock units granted under our various equity incentive plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted-average vesting period of 3.1 years.

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Stock Options

Generally, stock options granted to employees have a maximum term of ten years, and vest over a four year period from the date of grant; 25% vest at the end of one year, and 75% vest monthly over the remaining three-year service period. We may grant options with different vesting terms from time to time. Upon employee termination of service, any unexercised vested option will be forfeited three months following termination or the expiration of the option, whichever is earlier. Unvested options are forfeited on termination.

A summary of our stock option activity for the three months ended June 30, 2014 is as follows:

|  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price ($) per share |
Balance at March 31, 2014 |  |  | 381,851 |  |  |  | 18.05 |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cancelled |  |  | (6,181 | ) |  |  | 9.86 |
Outstanding options at June 30, 2014 |  |  | 375,670 |  |  |  | 18.18 |

A summary of changes in unvested options for the three months ended June 30, 2014 is as follows:

|  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price ($) per share |  |  | Weighted-average grant date fair value ($) per option |
Unvested options at March 31, 2014 |  |  | 7,592 |  |  |  | 10.27 |  |  |  | 8.26 |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vested |  |  | (7,376 | ) |  |  | 10.27 |  |  |  | 8.26 |
Cancelled |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | 10.20 |  |  |  | 8.45 |
Unvested options at June 30, 2014 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 8.90 |  |  |  | 7.26 |

The estimated fair value of options vested was approximately $61,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2014.

Restricted Stock Units

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees and members of the Board of Directors which entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting of the RSUs. The fair value of restricted stock units granted is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock as if it were vested and issued on the date of grant.

A summary of changes in our restricted stock units for the three months ended June 30, 2014 is as follows:

|  | Number of RSUs |  |  | Weighted-average grant date fair value ($) per RSU |
Outstanding restricted stock units at March 31, 2014 |  |  | 3,144,940 |  |  |  | 1.66 |
Granted(1) |  |  | 810,000 |  |  |  | 1.48 |
Vested and exercised |  |  | (442,500 | ) |  |  | 2.22 |
Cancelled |  |  | (375,000 | ) |  |  | 1.76 |
Outstanding restricted stock units at June 30, 2014 |  |  | 3,137,440 |  |  |  | 1.53 |

(1) | These restricted stock units will vest and convert into shares of our common stock over a four year period from the date of grant; one-fourth of the award will vest on each grant date anniversary following the grant.

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Stock Appreciation Rights

In July 2006, we granted cash-settled Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs) to certain employees that give the holder the right, upon exercise, to the difference between the price per share of our common stock at the time of exercise and the exercise price of the SARs.

The SARs have a maximum term of ten years with an exercise price of $20.00, which is equal to the market price of our common stock at the date of grant. The SARs vest 25% on the first anniversary of the grant date and 75% vest monthly over the remaining three-year service period. All of the outstanding SARs as of June 30, 2014 are fully vested and there were no changes (grants, exercises or forfeitures) in the second quarter of 2014. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of SARs which is calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The stock-based compensation expense and liability are re-measured at each reporting date through the earlier of date of settlement or forfeiture of the SARs. For the three months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013, the re-measured liability and expense for the respective periods related to the SARs were not significant.

The compensation expense related to the SARs recognized for the three months ended June 30, 2014 may not be representative of compensation expense for future periods and its resulting effect on net loss and net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, due to changes in the fair value calculation which is dependent on the stock price, volatility, interest and forfeiture rates, additional grants and subsequent periods of vesting. We will continue to recognize compensation cost each period, which will be the change in fair value from the previous period through the earlier date of settlement or forfeiture of the SARs.

Note 6. Loan Payable

Loan Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank

In April 2013, we entered into a Loan Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and received loan proceeds of $9,900,000, net of a $100,000 cash discount. The loan proceeds will be used for research and development and general corporate purposes. The loan has a three-year term and bears interest at an annual rate of 6%. The loan obligations are secured by a first priority security interest on substantially all of our assets excluding intellectual property. For the first six months, payments will be interest only followed by repayment of principal and interest over a period of 30 months. There is also a final $1,000,000 fee payable at the end of the term which is being expensed over the term of the loan using the effective interest method. In conjunction with the Loan Agreement, we issued to SVB a ten year warrant to acquire 293,531 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.7034 per share. The warrant is immediately exercisable and expires in April 2023. We estimated the fair value of the warrant to be approximately $388,000 using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:

Expected life (years) |  |  | 10 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.9 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 88.1 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0 | %

We applied the relative fair value method to allocate the $9,900,000 net proceeds between the loan and warrant. The approximately $388,000 fair value allocated to the warrant was recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital and as a discount to loan payable. Approximately $9,512,000 was assigned to the loan and was recorded as the initial carrying amount of the loan payable, net of discount. The approximately $388,000 fair value of the warrant and the $100,000 cash discount are both being amortized as additional interest expense over the term of the loan using the effective interest rate method.

We also incurred loan issuance costs of approximately $117,000, which are recorded as deferred financing costs on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Loan Agreement using the effective interest rate method.

The effective interest rate used to amortize the deferred financing costs and the discount (including the fair value of the warrant and the cash discount), and for the accretion of the final payment, is 9.0%.

Loan Agreement with California Institute for Regenerative Medicine

In April 2013, we entered into an agreement with the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) under which CIRM will provide up to approximately $19.3 million to help fund preclinical development and IND-enabling activities of our HuCNS-SC cells for Alzheimer’s disease. This funding was awarded in September 2012 under CIRM’s Disease Team Therapy Development

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Award program (RFA 10-05), and the goal of the research is to file an Investigational New Drug application with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration within four years. The funding is in the form of a forgivable loan, in accordance with mutually agreed upon terms and conditions and CIRM regulations, and is expected to be disbursed periodically by CIRM over the four-year project period subject to a number of preconditions, including the achievement of certain progress milestones and compliance with certain financial covenants. The loan is unsecured and the term of the loan is ten years and may be extended under certain circumstances. Initially, the loan will bear interest at the one year LIBOR rate plus two percent and will increase by 1% each year after year five. Interest will accrue with the first disbursement of loan funds, but we will not begin paying interest until year six. Repayment of the principal and any accrued and unpaid interest will be due and payable at the end of the term. We can prepay the CIRM loan at our election, either in whole or in part at any time and without a prepayment fee. In addition, the loan is forgivable so that our obligation to repay will be contingent upon the success of our HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In July 2013 and January 2014, we received approximately $3.8 million in each month as initial and subsequent disbursement respectively of the loan provided under the CIRM.

The following table is a summary of the changes in the carrying value of our loan payable for the three months ended June 30, 2014:

|  | Silicon Valley Bank Loan |  |  | CIRM Loan |  |  | Total |
Carrying value of loan payable at March 31, 2014 (current and non-current) |  | $ | 8,203,391 |  |  | $ | 7,640,528 |  |  | $ | 15,843,919 |
Loan proceeds |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repayment of principal |  |  | (956,035 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (956,035 | )
Accretion of discount |  |  | 51,651 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 51,651 |
Carrying value of loan payable at 6/30/2014 (current and non-current) |  | $ | 7,299,007 |  |  | $ | 7,640,528 |  |  | $ | 14,939,535 |
Carrying value of loan payable, current portion |  | $ | 3,832,630 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,832,630 |
Carrying value of loan payable, non-current portion |  |  | 3,466,377 |  |  |  | 7,640,528 |  |  |  | 11,106,905 |
Total loan payable at June 30, 2014 |  | $ | 7,299,007 |  |  | $ | 7,640,528 |  |  | $ | 14,939,535 |

Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies

Bonds Payable

We entered into direct financing transactions with the State of Rhode Island and received proceeds from the issuance of industrial revenue bonds totaling $5,000,000 to finance the construction pilot manufacturing facility in Rhode Island. The related lease agreements are structured such that lease payments fully fund all semiannual interest payments and annual principal payments through maturity in August 2014. Interest rate for the remaining bond series is 9.5%. The outstanding principal was approximately $18,000 at June 30, 2014 and $125,000 at December 31, 2013. The bonds contain certain restrictive covenants which limit, among other things, the payment of cash dividends and the sale of the related assets.

Operating leases

We lease various real properties under operating leases that generally require us to pay taxes, insurance, maintenance, and minimum lease payments. Some of our leases have options to renew.

Operating Leases — California

In December 2010, we entered into a commercial lease agreement with BMR-Gateway Boulevard LLC (BMR), as landlord, for office and research space at BMR’s Pacific Research Center in Newark, California. The initial term of the lease is approximately eleven and one-half years and includes escalating rent payments which we recognize as lease operating expense on a straight-line basis. We will pay approximately $17,869,000 in aggregate as rent over the term of the lease to BMR. Deferred rent for this facility was approximately $1,440,000 as of June 30, 2014, and approximately $1,434,000 as of December 31, 2013.

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In March 2013, we entered into a commercial lease agreement with Prologis, L.P. (Prologis), as landlord, for office and research space in Sunnyvale, California. The facility is for operations that support our clinical development activities. The initial term of the lease is ten years and includes escalating rent payments which we recognize as lease operating expense on a straight-line basis. We will pay approximately $3,497,000 in aggregate rent over the term of the lease. As part of the lease, Prologis provided us financial allowances to build initial tenant improvements, subject to customary terms and conditions relating to landlord-funded tenant improvements. The tenant improvements are recorded as leasehold improvement assets and amortized over the term of the lease. The financial allowances are treated as a lease incentive and recorded as deferred rent which is amortized as reductions to lease expense over the lease term. Deferred rent for this facility was approximately $392,000 as of June 30, 2014, and approximately $391,000 as of December 31, 2013.

Operating Leases — United Kingdom

In January 2011, we amended the existing lease agreements of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Stem Cell Sciences (U.K.) Ltd, effectively reducing our leased office and lab space. The lease by its terms was extended to September 30, 2013. In October 2013, we signed a new three-year lease agreement for the leased space and expect to pay rent of approximately GBP 53,000 per annum. StemCells, Inc. is the guarantor of Stem Cell Sciences (U.K.) Ltd.’s obligations under the existing lease. The lease includes an option for early termination of the lease agreement.

With the exception of the operating leases discussed above, we have not entered into any significant off balance sheet financial arrangements and have not established any special purpose entities. We have not guaranteed any debts or commitments of other entities or entered into any options on non-financial assets.

Contingencies

In July 2006, we filed suit against Neuralstem, Inc. in the Federal District Court for the District of Maryland, alleging that Neuralstem’s activities violate claims in four of the patents we exclusively licensed from NeuroSpheres Holdings Ltd. and NeuroSpheres Ltd. (NeuroSpheres), specifically U.S. Patent No. 6,294,346 (claiming the use of human neural stem cells for drug screening), U.S. Patent No. 7,101,709 (claiming the use of human neural stem cells for screening biological agents), U.S. Patent No. 5,851,832 (claiming methods for proliferating human neural stem cells), and U.S. Patent No. 6,497,872 (claiming methods for transplanting human neural stem cells). In May 2008, we filed a second patent infringement suit against Neuralstem and its two founders, Karl Johe and Richard Garr. In this suit, which we filed in the Federal District Court for the Northern District of California, we allege that Neuralstem’s activities infringe claims in two patents we exclusively license from NeuroSpheres, specifically U.S. Patent No. 7,361,505 (claiming composition of matter of human neural stem cells derived from any source material) and U.S. Patent No. 7,115,418 (claiming methods for proliferating human neural stem cells). In addition, we allege various state law causes of action against Neuralstem arising out of its repeated derogatory statements to the public about our patent portfolio. Also in May 2008, Neuralstem filed suit against us and NeuroSpheres in the Federal District Court for the District of Maryland seeking a declaratory judgment that the ‘505 and ‘418 patents are either invalid or are not infringed by Neuralstem and that Neuralstem has not violated California state law. In August 2008, the California court transferred our lawsuit against Neuralstem to Maryland for resolution on the merits. In July 2009, the Maryland District Court granted our motion to consolidate these two cases with the litigation we initiated against Neuralstem in 2006. Fact discovery has concluded in the cases and the first phase of trial is expected to commence in December 2014.

In addition to the actions described above, in April 2008, we filed an opposition to Neuralstem’s European Patent No. 0 915 968 (methods of isolating, propagating and differentiating CNS stem cells), because the claimed invention is believed by us to be unpatentable over prior art, including the patents we acquired from NeuroSpheres. In December 2010, the European Patent Office ruled that all composition claims in Neuralstem’s ‘968 European patent were invalid and unpatentable over prior art including several of the NeuroSpheres patents. Neuralstem appealed this decision but recently withdrew its appeal with prejudice.

Note 8. Warrant Liability

We use various option pricing models, such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model and a Monte Carlo simulation model, to estimate fair value of warrants issued. In using these models, we make certain assumptions about risk-free interest rates, dividend yields, volatility, expected term of the warrants and other assumptions. Risk-free interest rates are derived from the yield on U.S. Treasury debt securities. Dividend yields are based on our historical dividend payments, which have been zero to date. Volatility is estimated from the historical volatility of our common stock as traded on NASDAQ. The expected term of the warrants is based on the time to expiration of the warrants from the date of measurement.

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In November 2008, we sold 1,379,310 units to institutional investors at a price of $14.50 per unit, for gross proceeds of $20,000,000. The units, each of which consisted of one share of common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.75 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $23.00 per share, were offered as a registered direct offering under a shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC. We received total proceeds, net of offering expenses and placement agency fees, of approximately $18,637,000. We recorded the fair value of the warrants to purchase 1,034,483 shares of our common stock as a liability. The fair value of the warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period, with the change in fair value of the warrant liability recorded as a gain or loss in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The November 2008 warrants expired unexercised by their own terms in May 2014.

In November 2009, we sold 1,000,000 units to institutional investors at a price of $12.50 per unit, for gross proceeds of $12,500,000. The units, each of which consisted of one share of common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.40 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $15.00 per share, were offered as a registered direct offering under a shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC. We received total proceeds, net of offering expenses and placement agency fees, of approximately $11,985,000. We recorded the fair value of the warrants to purchase 400,000 shares of our common stock as a liability. The fair value of the warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period, with the change in fair value of the warrant liability recorded as a gain or loss in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the warrants will continue to be classified as a liability until such time as the warrants are exercised, expire or an amendment of the warrant agreement renders these warrants to be no longer classified as a liability. The fair value of these warrants at March 31, 2014 was not significant.

In December 2011, we raised gross proceeds of $10,000,000 through a public offering of 8,000,000 units and 8,000,000 Series B Warrants. The combination of units and Series B Warrants were sold at a public offering price of $1.25 per unit. Each Series B Warrant gave the holder the right to purchase one unit at an exercise price of $1.25 per unit and was exercisable until May 2, 2012, the 90th trading day after the date of issuance. Each unit consists of one share of our common stock and one Series A Warrant. Each Series A Warrant gives the holder the right to purchase one share of our common stock at an initial exercise price of $1.40 per share. The Series A Warrants are immediately exercisable upon issuance and will expire in December 2016. In 2012, an aggregate of 2,700,000 Series B Warrants were exercised. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 2,700,000 shares of our common stock and 2,700,000 Series A Warrants. The remaining 5,300,000 Series B Warrants expired unexercised by their terms on May 2, 2012. In 2012, 2013 and 2014, an aggregate of 2,198,571, 384,534 and 850,000 Series A Warrants were exercised, respectively. For the exercise of these warrants, in 2012, 2013 and 2014 we issued 2,198,571, 384,534 and 850,000 shares of our common stock and received gross proceeds of approximately $3,078,000, $538,000 and $1,190,000 respectively. The shares were offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC.

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The assumptions used for the Monte Carlo simulation model to value the Series A Warrants at June 30, 2014 are as follows:

Risk-free interest rate per year |  |  | 0.7 | %
Expected volatility per year |  |  | 78.1 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0 | %
Expected life in years |  |  | 2.5 |

The use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires the input of additional subjective assumptions including the progress of our R&D programs and its affect on potential future financings.

The following table is a summary of the changes in fair value of warrant liability for the Series A Warrants for the three-month period ended June 30, 2014:

|  | Series A |
|  | Number of Warrants |  |  | Fair value $ |
Balance at March 31, 2014 |  |  | 8,116,895 |  |  | $ | 5,868,433 |
Less exercised |  |  | (850,000 | ) |  |  | (997,237 | )
Changes in fair value |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,654,470 |
Balance at June 30, 2014 |  |  | 7,266,895 |  |  | $ | 8,525,666 |

The following table is a summary of our warrant liability as of June 30, 2014:

Warrants |  | Number Outstanding |  |  | Exercise Price ($) per share |  |  | Fair value $ |
Warrants issued in 2009 |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 15.00 |  |  |  | — |
Series A Warrants |  |  | 7,266,895 |  |  |  | 1.40 |  |  |  | 8,525,666 |
Total |  |  | 7,666,895 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,525,666 |

The fair value of the warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period, with the change in fair value of the warrant liability recorded as a gain or loss in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the warrants will continue to be classified as a liability until such time as the warrants are exercised, expire or an amendment of the warrant agreement renders these warrants to be no longer classified as a liability.

Note 9. Common Stock

In the second quarter of 2014, an aggregate of 850,000 Series A Warrants were exercised. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 850,000 shares of our common stock and received gross proceeds of $1,190,000 in July 2014. In addition, 175,750 warrants that were issued as part of a 2013 financing were exercised in the second quarter of 2014. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 175,750 shares of our common stock and received gross proceeds of approximately $316,000.

Under a sales agreement entered into in 2009 and amended in 2012, we have the option to sell up to $30 million of our common stock from time to time, in at-the-market offerings. The sales agent is paid compensation of 2% of gross proceeds pursuant to the terms of the amended agreement. The sales agreement as amended, has been filed with the SEC. Under the amended sales agreement, in the second quarter of 2014, we sold a total of 193,271 shares of our common stock at an average price per share of $1.47 for gross proceeds of approximately $285,000. The shares were offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC.

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Note 10. Subsequent Events

In July 2014, we raised gross proceeds of $20,000,000 through the sale of 11,299,435 units to two institutional biotechnology investors, at an offering price of $1.77 per unit. Each unit consists of one share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.85 of a share of our common stock. The warrants are exercisable six months from the date of issuance at an exercise price of $2.17. The Warrants are non-transferable and will expire thirteen months from the date of issuance. The shares were offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC.

In July 2014, an aggregate of 330,015 Series A Warrants were exercised. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 330,015 shares of our common stock and received gross proceeds of $462,000.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This report contains forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Such statements include, without limitation, all statements as to expectation or belief and statements as to our future results of operations; the progress of our research, product development and clinical programs; the need for, and timing of, additional capital and capital expenditures; partnering prospects; costs of manufacture of products; the protection of, and the need for, additional intellectual property rights; effects of regulations; the need for additional facilities; and potential market opportunities. Our actual results may vary materially from those contained in such forward-looking statements because of risks to which we are subject, including the fact that additional trials will be required to confirm the safety and demonstrate the efficacy of our HuCNS-SC cells for the treatment of any disease or disorder; uncertainty as to whether the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Swissmedic, Health Canada, or other regulatory authorities will permit us to proceed with clinical testing of proposed products despite the novel and unproven nature of our technologies; the risk that our clinical trials or studies could be substantially delayed beyond their expected dates or cause us to incur substantial unanticipated costs; uncertainties in our ability to obtain the capital resources needed to continue our current research and development operations and to conduct the research, preclinical development and clinical trials necessary for regulatory approvals; the uncertainty regarding our ability to obtain a corporate partner or partners, if needed, to support the development and commercialization of our potential cell-based therapeutics product; the uncertainty regarding the outcome of our clinical trials or studies we may conduct in the future; the uncertainty regarding the validity and enforceability of our issued patents; the risk that we may not be able to manufacture additional master and working cell banks when needed; the uncertainty whether any products that may be generated in our cell-based therapeutics programs will prove clinically safe and effective; the uncertainty whether we will achieve significant revenue from product sales or become profitable; obsolescence of our technologies; competition from third parties; intellectual property rights of third parties; litigation risks; and other risks to which we are subject. All forward-looking statements attributable to us or to persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements and risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Overview

The Company

We are engaged in researching, developing, and commercializing cell-based therapeutics and enabling tools and technologies for stem cell-based research and drug discovery and development. Our research and development (R&D) programs are primarily focused on identifying and developing potential cell-based therapeutics which can either restore or support organ function. In particular, since we relocated our operations to California in 1999, our R&D efforts have been directed at refining our methods for identifying, isolating, culturing, and purifying the human neural stem cell and developing this cell as potential cell-based therapeutics for the central nervous system (CNS). Our HuCNS-SC ® cells (purified human neural stem cells) are currently in clinical development for several indications — chronic spinal cord injury, dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Pelizeaus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), which is a myelination disorder in the brain. We are also conducting preclinical research to evaluate HuCNS-SC cells in Alzheimer’s disease.

We are conducting a Phase I/II clinical trial for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury, which represents the first time that neural stem cells have been transplanted as a potential therapeutic agent for spinal cord injury. To accelerate patient enrollment, we expanded this trial from a single-site, single-country study to a multi-site, multi-country program and in April 2014, we completed enrollment of the twelfth and final patient in this trial. This trial is being conducted in Switzerland and Canada. Data from the first three patients demonstrated a favorable safety profile and multi-segment gains in sensory function in two of the three patients twelve months after transplantation of HuCNS-SC cells compared to pre-transplant baselines; the third patient remained stable. Interim analysis of clinical data to date has shown significant post-transplant gains in sensory function in two additional patients and continue to confirm the favorable safety profile of the cells and the surgical implant procedure. Final results from this clinical study are expected to be released mid-2015. We plan to initiate, in the second half of 2014, a controlled Phase II efficacy study to further investigate our HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for spinal cord injury.

We also conducted a Phase I/II clinical trial in dry AMD at five trial sites in the United States, and in June 2014, based on positive interim results, we closed enrollment for this trial in order to focus our efforts on initiating a follow-on Phase II randomized, controlled proof-of-concept study, later this year. Interim results for the AMD Phase I/II trial showed a 70 percent reduction in the rate of geographic atrophy (GA) as compared to the control eye and a 65 percent reduction in the rate of GA as compared to the expected natural history of the disease following a single dose of our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells.

We plan to release additional interim clinical data on our spinal cord injury and dry AMD Phase I/II clinical trials later this year.

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We previously completed a Phase I clinical trial in infantile and late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), which showed that our HuCNS-SC cells were well tolerated and non-tumorigenic, and that there was evidence of engraftment and long-term survival of the transplanted HuCNS-SC cells. In October 2013, the results of a four-year, long-term follow up study of the patients from the initial Phase I study showed there were no long-term safety or tolerability issues associated with the cells up to five years post-transplantation. In October 2012, we published in Science Translational Medicine, a peer-reviewed journal, the data from our four-patient Phase I clinical trial in PMD, which showed preliminary evidence of durable and progressive donor-derived myelination in all four patients. In addition, there were measurable gains in neurological function in three of the four patients, with the fourth patient clinically stable.

For a brief description of our significant therapeutic research and development programs see Overview “Therapeutic Product Development Programs” in the Business Section of Part I, Item 1 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.

In April 2013, we entered into an agreement with the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) under which CIRM will provide up to approximately $19.3 million as a forgivable loan, in accordance with mutually agreed upon terms and conditions and CIRM regulations. The CIRM loan will help fund preclinical development of our HuCNS-SC cells for Alzheimer’s disease. We received an initial disbursement of $3.8 million under the CIRM Loan Agreement in July 2013, and a subsequent disbursement of $3.8 million in January 2014.

We are also engaged in developing and commercializing applications of our technologies to enable research, which we believe represent current and nearer-term commercial opportunities. Our portfolio of technologies includes cell technologies relating to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and tissue-derived (adult) stem cells; expertise and infrastructure for providing cell-based assays for drug discovery; a cell culture products and antibody reagents business; and an intellectual property portfolio with claims relevant to cell processing, reprogramming and manipulation, as well as to gene targeting and insertion. Many of these enabling technologies were acquired in April 2009 as part of our acquisition of the operations of Stem Cell Sciences Plc (SCS).

We have not derived any revenue or cash flows from the sale or commercialization of any products except for license revenue for certain of our patented technologies and sales of products for use in stem cell research. As a result, we have incurred annual operating losses since inception and expect to incur substantial operating losses in the future. Therefore, we are dependent upon external financing, such as from equity and debt offerings, to finance our operations. Before we can derive revenue or cash inflows from the commercialization of any of our therapeutic product candidates, we will need to: (i) conduct substantial in vitro testing and characterization of our proprietary cell types, (ii) undertake preclinical and clinical testing for specific disease indications; (iii) develop, validate and scale-up manufacturing processes to produce these cell-based therapeutics, and (iv) obtain required regulatory approvals. These steps are risky, expensive and time consuming.

Overall, we expect our R&D expenses to be substantial and to increase for the foreseeable future as we continue the development and clinical investigation of our current and future product candidates. However, expenditures on R&D programs are subject to many uncertainties, including whether we develop our product candidates with a partner or independently. We cannot forecast with any degree of certainty which of our current product candidates will be subject to future collaboration, when such collaboration agreements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements. In addition, there are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our cell-based therapeutics, including future trial design and regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time given the stage of our development and the novel nature of stem cell technologies. The regulatory pathways, both in the United States and internationally, are complex and fluid given the novel and, in general, clinically unproven nature of stem cell technologies. At this time, due to such uncertainties and inherent risks, we cannot estimate in a meaningful way the duration of, or the costs to complete, our R&D programs or whether, when or to what extent we will generate revenues or cash inflows from the commercialization and sale of any of our therapeutic product candidates. While we are currently focused on advancing each of our product development programs, our future R&D expenses will depend on the determinations we make as to the scientific and clinical prospects of each product candidate, as well as our ongoing assessment of the regulatory requirements and each product candidate’s commercial potential.

Given the early stage of development of our therapeutic product candidates, any estimates of when we may be able to commercialize one or more of these products would not be meaningful. Moreover, any estimate of the time and investment required to develop potential products based upon our proprietary HuCNS-SC technologies will change depending on the ultimate approach or approaches we take to pursue them, the results of preclinical and clinical studies, and the content and timing of decisions made by the FDA, Swissmedic, Health Canada, and other regulatory authorities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop any product successfully, or that we will be able to recover our development costs, whether upon commercialization of a developed product or otherwise. We cannot provide assurance that any of these programs will result in products that can be marketed or marketed profitably. If certain of our development-stage programs do not result in commercially viable products, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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The research markets served by our tools and technologies products are highly competitive, complex and dynamic. Technological advances and scientific discoveries have accelerated the pace of change in biological research, and stem cell technologies have been evolving particularly fast. We compete mainly by focusing on specialty media and antibody reagent products and human cell lines where we believe our expertise, intellectual property and reputation give us competitive advantage. We believe that, in this particular market niche, our products and technologies offer customers specific advantages over those offered by our competitors. We compete by offering innovative, quality-controlled products, consistently made and designed to produce reproducible results. For the first and second quarter of 2014, we generated in aggregate, revenues from the sale of specialty cell culture products of approximately $535,000. We can give no assurances that we will be able to continue to generate such revenues in the future.

Significant Events

In April 2014, we completed enrollment in our Phase I/II clinical trial in spinal cord injury. The multi-national, open-label, Phase I/II trial is evaluating both safety and preliminary efficacy of our proprietary HuCNS-SC platform technology as a treatment for chronic spinal cord injury. The trial enrolled twelve subjects with chest-level injury to the spinal cord. The trial enrolled seven patients with complete paralysis, no motor or sensory function below the point of injury, classified as complete (AIS A), according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale, and five patients with no motor function and limited sensory function below the point of injury, classified as incomplete (AIS B). We plan to release additional clinical data from this landmark study later this year and final results are expected to be released mid-2015.

In May 2014, the principal investigator, from our phase I/II trial in spinal cord injury presented an interim update from the trial at the Annual Meeting of the American Spinal Injury Association in San Antonio, Texas. Interim analysis of clinical data to date has shown that the significant post-transplant gains in sensory function first reported in two patients have now been observed in two additional patients. The presentation included the first data on AIS B subjects to be transplanted in the Phase I/II chronic spinal cord injury trial with our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells. The interim results also continue to confirm the favorable safety profile of the cells and the surgical implant procedure. The presentation included data from a total of five new subjects with a minimum six month follow up. In total, we have now reported clinical updates on a total of eight of the twelve patients enrolled in our Phase I/II clinical trial using our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells.

In June 2014, we reported positive interim results from our 16-patient Phase I/II clinical trial for geographic atrophy of age related macular degeneration (AMD) at the 12th annual meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research in Vancouver, Canada. Based on positive interim results, we closed enrollment in this clinical trial in order to focus our efforts on a follow-on Phase II randomized, controlled proof-of-concept study, later this year. Interim results for the Phase I/II trial show a 70 percent reduction in the rate of geographic atrophy as compared to the control eye and a 65 percent reduction in the rate of GA as compared to the expected natural history of the disease following a single dose of our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells. In addition to these initial efficacy findings, the Phase I/II trial has also demonstrated a favorable safety profile for our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for dry AMD. Final results from this landmark study are expected to be released mid-2015.

Also in June 2014, we strengthened our senior executive team. Stephen Huhn, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P. was promoted to the newly created position of vice president, CNS clinical research and chief medical officer. Joel Naor, M.D., M.B.A., M.Sc., was hired as vice president, clinical development, ophthalmology; Naymisha Patel was hired as vice president, quality systems; and Mohammad A. El-Kalay, Ph.D. was hired as vice president, process development.

In July 2014, we appointed Alan Trounson, Ph.D. to our Board of Directors. Dr. Trounson most recently served as President of The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), the largest scientific funding body for stem cell research in the world.

In July 2014, we raised gross proceeds of $20,000,000 through the sale of 11,299,435 units to two institutional biotechnology investors, at an offering price of $1.77 per unit. Each unit consists of one share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.85 of a share of our common stock. The warrants are exercisable six months from the date of issuance at an exercise price of $2.17. The Warrants are non-transferable and will expire thirteen months from the date of issuance. The shares were offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC.

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Critical Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates

The accompanying discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related disclosures, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts in our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, and we have established internal controls related to the preparation of these estimates. Actual results and the timing of the results could differ materially from these estimates.

Stock-Based Compensation

U.S. GAAP requires us to recognize expense related to the fair value of our stock-based payment awards, including employee stock options and restricted stock units. Under the provisions of U.S. GAAP, the fair value of our employee stock-based payment awards is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton (Black-Scholes) option-pricing model and is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of certain assumptions, the most significant of which are our estimates of the expected volatility of the market price of our stock and the expected term of the award. Our estimate of the expected volatility is based on historical volatility. The expected term represents our estimated period during which our stock-based awards remain outstanding. We estimate the expected term based on historical experience of similar awards, giving consideration to the contractual terms of the awards, vesting requirements, and expectation of future employee behavior, including post-vesting terminations.

We review our valuation assumptions at each grant date and, as a result, our assumptions in future periods may change. As of June 30, 2014, we expect to recognize approximately $3,713,000 of compensation expense related to unvested stock-based awards over a weighted-average period of 3.1 years. See also Note 5, “Stock-Based Compensation,” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

Business Combinations

The operating results of acquired companies or operations are included in our consolidated financial statements starting on the date of acquisition. Goodwill is recorded at the time of an acquisition and is calculated as the difference between the aggregate consideration paid for an acquisition and the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. Accounting for acquisitions requires extensive use of accounting estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price to the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired, including in-process research and development. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized but are subject to annual impairment tests. If the assumptions and estimates used to allocate the purchase price are not correct, or if business conditions change, purchase price adjustments or future asset impairment charges could be required. We test goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. Impairment evaluations involve management estimates of asset useful lives and future cash flows. Significant management judgment is required in the forecasts of future operating results that are used in the evaluations. It is possible, however, that the plans and estimates used may be incorrect. If our actual results, or the plans and estimates used in future impairment analysis, are lower than the original estimates used to assess the recoverability of these assets, we could incur impairment charges in a future period.

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Warrant Liability

We account for our warrants in accordance with U.S. GAAP which defines how freestanding contracts that are indexed to and potentially settled in a company’s own stock should be measured and classified. Authoritative accounting guidance prescribes that only warrants issued by us under contracts that cannot be net-cash settled, and are both indexed to and settled in our common stock, can be classified as equity. As part of both our November 2008 and November 2009 financings, we issued warrants with five year terms to purchase 1,034,483 and 400,000 shares of our common stock at $23.00 and $15.00 per share, respectively. The 1,034,483 warrants issued as part of the November 2008 financing, expired unexercised by their own terms in May 2014. As part of our December 2011 financing, we issued Series A Warrants with a five year term to purchase 8,000,000 shares at $1.40 per share and Series B Warrants with a ninety trading day term to purchase 8,000,000 units at $1.25 per unit. Each unit underlying the Series B Warrants consisted of one share of our common stock and one Series A Warrant. In the first and second quarter of 2012, an aggregate of 2,700,000 Series B Warrants were exercised. For the exercise of these warrants, we issued 2,700,000 shares of our common stock and 2,700,000 Series A Warrants. The remaining 5,300,000 Series B Warrants expired unexercised by their terms on May 2, 2012. As terms of the warrants issued in 2009 and the Series A warrants do not meet the specific conditions for equity classification, we are required to classify the fair value of these warrants as a liability, with subsequent changes in fair value to be recorded as income (loss) due to change in fair value of warrant liability. The fair value of the warrants issued in the 2009 financings is determined using the Black-Scholes-Merton (Black-Scholes) option pricing model and the fair value of the Series A Warrants is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model (see Note 8, “Warrant Liability”). The fair value is affected by changes in inputs to these models including our stock price, expected stock price volatility, the contractual term, and the risk-free interest rate. The use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires input of additional assumptions including the progress of our R&D programs and its affect on potential future financings. We will continue to classify the fair value of the warrants as a liability until the warrants are exercised, expire or are amended in a way that would no longer require these warrants to be classified as a liability. The estimated fair value of our warrant liability at June 30, 2014, was approximately $8,526,000.

Revenue Recognition

We currently recognize revenue resulting from the licensing and use of our technology and intellectual property, from government grants, from services provided to third parties, and from product sales. Licensing agreements may contain multiple elements, such as upfront fees, payments related to the achievement of particular milestones and royalties. Revenue from upfront fees for licensing agreements that contain multiple elements are generally deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. Fees associated with substantive at risk performance-based milestones are recognized as revenue upon completion of the scientific or regulatory event specified in the agreement, and royalties received are recognized as earned. Revenue from licensing agreements is recognized net of a fixed percentage due to licensors as royalties. Grant revenue from government agencies are funds received to cover specific expenses and are recognized as earned upon either the incurring of reimbursable expenses directly related to the particular research plan or the completion of certain development milestones as defined within the terms of the relevant collaborative agreement or grant. Revenue from services provided to third parties is recognized when we have performed the agreed upon services. Revenue from product sales are recognized when the product is shipped and the order fulfilled.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations have varied significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter and may vary significantly in the future due to the occurrence of material recurring and nonrecurring events, including without limitation the receipt and payment of recurring and nonrecurring licensing payments, the initiation or termination of clinical studies, research collaborations and development programs for both cell-based therapeutic products and research tools, unpredictable or unanticipated manufacturing and supply costs, unanticipated capital expenditures necessary to support our business, developments in on-going patent prosecution and litigation, the on-going expenses to maintain our Rhode Island facilities, and the costs associated with operating our California and Cambridge, U.K. facilities.

We acquired the operations of SCS on April 1, 2009, and have consolidated such operations since that date.

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Revenue and Cost of Product Sales

Revenue for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2014, as compared with the same period in 2013, is summarized in the table below:

|  | Three months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |  |  | Six months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Licensing agreements, grants and other |  | $ | 23,479 |  |  | $ | 31,333 |  |  | $ | (7,854 | ) |  |  | (25 | )% |  | $ | 47,063 |  |  | $ | 106,975 |  |  | $ | (59,912 | ) |  |  | (56 | )%
Product sales |  |  | 218,725 |  |  |  | 250,364 |  |  |  | (31,639 | ) |  |  | (13 | )% |  |  | 534,621 |  |  |  | 458,922 |  |  |  | 75,699 |  |  |  | 17 | %
Total revenue |  |  | 242,204 |  |  |  | 281,697 |  |  |  | (39,493 | ) |  |  | (14 | )% |  |  | 581,684 |  |  |  | 565,897 |  |  |  | 15,787 |  |  |  | 3 | %
Cost of product sales |  |  | 78,097 |  |  |  | 77,573 |  |  |  | (524 | ) |  |  | 1 | % |  |  | 165,373 |  |  |  | 144,414 |  |  |  | (20,959 | ) |  |  | 15 | %
Gross profit |  | $ | 164,107 |  |  | $ | 204,124 |  |  | $ | (40,017 | ) |  |  | (20 | )% |  | $ | 416,311 |  |  | $ | 421,483 |  |  | $ | (5,172 | ) |  |  | (1 | )%

Second quarter ended June 30, 2014 versus second quarter ended June 30, 2013. Total revenue in the second quarter of 2014 was approximately $242,000, a decrease of 14% compared to the second quarter of 2013. Revenue from product sales were 13% lower, at approximately $219,000, in the second quarter of 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. This decrease was primarily attributable to decreased unit volumes in our SC Proven line of media and reagents. Licensing, grant and other revenue for the second quarters of 2014 and 2013 were not significant. Licensing, grant and other revenue in the second quarter of 2014 totaled approximately $23,000 compared to approximately $31,000 for the same period in 2013.

Six-month period ended June 30, 2014 versus six-month period ended June 30, 2013. Total revenue in the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 was approximately $582,000, which was 3% higher than total revenue of approximately $566,000 for the same period of 2013. Revenue from product sales were 17% higher, at approximately $535,000, for the six-month period in 2014 compared to the same period in 2013. This increase was primarily attributable to increased unit volumes in our SC Proven line of media and reagents. Licensing, grant and other revenue for the first quarters of 2014 and 2013 were not significant. Licensing, grant and other revenue in the six-month period ended June, 30 2014 totaled approximately $47,000 compared to approximately $107,000 for the same period in 2013.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the three and six-month periods ended June 30, 2014, as compared with the same period in 2013, is summarized in the table below:

|  | Three months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |  |  | Six months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research & development |  | $ | 6,092,284 |  |  | $ | 4,804,890 |  |  | $ | 1,287,394 |  |  |  | 27 | % |  | $ | 10,996,578 |  |  | $ | 9,368,780 |  |  | $ | 1,627,798 |  |  |  | 17 | %
Selling, general & administrative |  |  | 2,175,797 |  |  |  | 1,581,521 |  |  |  | 594,276 |  |  |  | 38 | % |  |  | 4,423,397 |  |  |  | 3,469,278 |  |  |  | 954,119 |  |  |  | 28 | %
Wind-down expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,978 |  |  |  | (38,978 | ) |  |  | (100 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,837 |  |  |  | (61,837 | ) |  |  | (100 | )%
Total operating expenses |  | $ | 8,268,081 |  |  | $ | 6,425,389 |  |  | $ | 1,842,692 |  |  |  | 29 | % |  | $ | 15,419,975 |  |  | $ | 12,899,895 |  |  | $ | 2,520,080 |  |  |  | 20 | %

Research and Development Expenses

Our R&D expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, costs associated with clinical trials and regulatory submissions, costs associated with preclinical activities such as toxicology studies, costs associated with cell processing and process development, certain patent-related costs such as licensing, facilities related costs such as allocated rent and operating expenses, depreciation, lab equipment and supplies. Clinical trial expenses include payments to vendors such as clinical research organizations, contract manufacturers, clinical trial sites, laboratories for testing clinical samples and consultants. Cumulative R&D costs incurred since we refocused our activities on developing cell-based therapeutics (fiscal years 2000 through the six months ended June 30, 2014) were approximately $199 million. Over this period, the majority of these cumulative costs were related to: (i) characterization of our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells, (ii) expenditures for toxicology and other preclinical studies, preparation and submission of applications to regulatory agencies to conduct clinical trials and obtaining regulatory clearance to initiate such trials, all with respect to our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells, (iii) preclinical studies and development of our human liver engrafting cells, (iv) costs associated with cell processing and process development, and (v) costs associated with our clinical studies.

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We use and manage our R&D resources, including our employees and facilities, across various projects rather than on a project-by-project basis for the following reasons. The allocations of time and resources change as the needs and priorities of individual projects and programs change, and many of our researchers are assigned to more than one project at any given time. Furthermore, we are exploring multiple possible uses for each of our proprietary cell types, so much of our R&D effort is complementary to and supportive of each of these projects. Lastly, much of our R&D effort is focused on manufacturing processes, which can result in process improvements useful across cell types. We also use external service providers to assist in the conduct of our clinical trials, to manufacture certain of our product candidates and to provide various other R&D related products and services. Many of these costs and expenses are complementary to and supportive of each of our programs. Because we do not have a development collaborator for any of our product programs, we are currently responsible for all costs incurred with respect to our product candidates.

Second quarter ended June 30, 2014 versus second quarter ended June 30, 2013. R&D expenses totaled approximately $6,092,000 in the second quarter of 2014 compared with $4,805,000 in the second quarter of 2013. The increase of approximately $1,287,000, or 27%, in 2014 compared to 2013, was primarily attributable to an increase of approximately $1,315,000 in expenses related to our clinical studies; primarily to initiate in the second-half of 2014, a controlled Phase II efficacy study to further investigate our HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for spinal cord injury and our Phase I/II clinical trial in dry AMD. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of approximately $28,000 in net other operating expenses.

Six-month period ended June 30, 2014 versus six-month period ended June 30, 2013. R&D expenses totaled approximately $10,997,000 in the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 compared with $9,369,000 for the same period in 2013. The increase of approximately $1,628,000, or 17%, in 2014 compared to 2013, was primarily attributable an increase of approximately $1,869,000 in expenses related to our clinical studies; (i) our Phase I/II clinical trial for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury, (ii) our Phase I/II clinical trial in dry AMD, and (iii) expenses incurred to initiate in the second-half of 2014, a controlled Phase II efficacy study to further investigate our HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for spinal cord injury. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of approximately $241,000 in net other operating expenses primarily external services related to preclinical studies of our proprietary HuCNS-SC cells.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses are primarily comprised of salaries, benefits and other staff related costs associated with sales and marketing, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, and other administrative personnel, allocated facilities and overhead costs, external legal and other external general and administrative services.

Second quarter ended June 30, 2014 versus second quarter ended June 30, 2013. SG&A expenses totaled approximately $2,176,000 in the second quarter of 2014 compared with approximately $1,582,000 in the same period of 2013. The increase of approximately $594,000, or 38%, in 2014 compared to 2013, was primarily attributable to (i) an increase of approximately $316,000 in expenses related to external services; primarily attributable to an increase in legal fees, recruiting fees, and expenses related to our annual shareholders’ meeting, (ii) an increase of approximately $221,000 in payroll expenses; primarily attributable to the addition of a role dedicated to scientific and strategic alliances towards the end of the second quarter of 2013 and increased personnel costs related to roles within the finance department, and (iii) an increase in net other expenses of approximately $57,000.

Six-month period ended June 30, 2014 versus six-month period ended June 30, 2013. SG&A expenses totaled approximately $4,423,000 in the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 compared with approximately $3,469,000 in the same period of 2013. The increase of approximately $954,000, or 28%, in 2014 compared to 2013, was primarily attributable to (i) an increase of approximately $487,000 in expenses related to external services; primarily attributable to an increase in legal fees, recruiting fees, and expenses related to our annual shareholders’ meeting, (ii) an increase of approximately $351,000 in payroll expenses; primarily attributable to the addition of a role dedicated to scientific and strategic alliances towards the end of the second quarter of 2013 and increased personnel costs related to roles within the finance department, and (iii) an increase in net other expenses of approximately $116,000.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expense totaled approximately $4,011,000 in the second quarter of 2014 compared with other income of approximately $353,000 in the same period of 2013, and other expense of approximately $4,732,000 for the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 compared with other expense of approximately $193,000 for the six-month period ended June 30, 2013.

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|  | Three months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |  |  | Six months ended, June 30 |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  | $ | (3,654,470 | ) |  | $ | 757,688 |  |  | $ | (4,412,158 | ) |  |  | * |  |  | $ | (3,981,094 | ) |  | $ | 569,081 |  |  | $ | (4,550,175 | ) |  |  | * |
Interest income |  |  | 1,689 |  |  |  | 1,790 |  |  |  | (101 | ) |  |  | (6 | )% |  |  | 3,874 |  |  |  | 8,636 |  |  |  | (4,762 | ) |  |  | (55 | )%
Interest expense |  |  | (343,224 | ) |  |  | (392,855 | ) |  |  | 49,631 |  |  |  | (13 | )% |  |  | (723,712 | ) |  |  | (403,003 | ) |  |  | (320,709 | ) |  |  | 80 | %
Other income (expense), net |  |  | (15,245 | ) |  |  | (14,040 | ) |  |  | (1,205 | ) |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | (30,884 | ) |  |  | 18,569 |  |  |  | (49,453 | ) |  |  | (266 | )%
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | (4,011,250 | ) |  | $ | 352,583 |  |  | $ | (4,363,833 | ) |  |  | * |  |  | $ | (4,731,816 | ) |  | $ | 193,283 |  |  | $ | (4,925,099 | ) |  |  | * |

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liability

We record changes in fair value of warrant liability as income or loss in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We have warrants outstanding which were issued as part of financing transactions in 2009 and 2011 and have classified the fair value of these warrants as a liability. The fair value of the outstanding warrants is determined using various option pricing models, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton (Black-Scholes) option pricing model and a Monte Carlo simulation model, and is affected by changes in inputs to the various models, including our stock price, expected stock price volatility, the contractual term and the risk-free interest rate. The use of a Monte Carlo simulation model requires input of additional subjective assumptions including the progress of our R&D programs and its affect on potential future financings. The fair value of the warrant liability is revalued at the end of each reporting period. See Note 8 “Warrant Liability” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

Interest Income

Interest income in three and six-month period ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 were not significant and is from the investment of our cash balances in money market accounts and short-term money market instruments that are highly liquid and that preserves capital.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was approximately $343,000 in the second quarter of 2014 compared with approximately $393,000 for the second quarter of 2013. Interest expense was approximately $724,000 in the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 compared with approximately $403,000 for the similar period in 2013. Interest expense is primarily interest due under a Loan Agreement with SVB. See Note 6 “Loan Payable,” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

Other income (expense), net

Other expense of approximately $15,000 for the first quarter of 2014 and $14,000 for the similar period in 2013, were primarily related to state franchise taxes. Other expense of approximately $31,000 for the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 were primarily related to state franchise taxes. In comparison, other income of approximately $19,000 for the similar period in 2013 is primarily from a gain on sale of equipment offset by other expenses primarily related to state franchise taxes.

* | Calculation not meaningful

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations through the sale of common and preferred stock, the issuance of long-term debt and capitalized lease obligations, credit facilities, revenue from collaborative agreements, research grants, license fees, and interest income.

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2014 |  |  | December 31, 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 17,847,097 |  |  | $ | 30,585,424 |  |  |  | 12,738,327 |  |  |  | (42 | )%

In summary, our cash flows were:

|  | Six months ended June 30, |  |  | Change in 2014 versus 2013 |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2013 |  |  | $ |  |  | % |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (14,277,185 | ) |  | $ | (10,430,088 | ) |  | $ | (3,847,097 | ) |  |  | 37 | %
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | (362,873 | ) |  | $ | 9,994,467 |  |  | $ | (10,357,340 | ) |  |  | (104 | )%
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 1,898,442 |  |  | $ | 14,723,836 |  |  | $ | (12,825,394 | ) |  |  | (87 | )%

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities in the six-month period ended June 30, 2014 increased by approximately $3,847,000, or 37%, when compared to the same period of 2013. Cash used in operating activities is primarily driven by our net loss as adjusted for non-cash charges and differences in the timing of operating cash flows. The increase from 2013 to 2014 was primarily attributable to expenses incurred on our Phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of chronic spinal cord injury and dry AMD; expenses incurred to initiate in the second-half of 2014, a controlled Phase II efficacy study to further investigate our HuCNS-SC cells as a treatment for spinal cord injury; an increase in legal fees, recruiting fees, and expenses related to our annual shareholders’ meeting.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities in 2014 was primarily for the purchase of lab and office equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities for the similar period in 2013 was primarily attributable to net maturities of short-term marketable debt securities of approximately $12,476,000, offset by net capital expenditures of approximately $2,482,000.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

In the six-month period ended June 30, 2014, we received approximately $3,820,000 as a part of a loan provided under the CIRM Loan Agreement. See Note 6, “Loan Payable” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information. There were no other significant financing transactions during this period.

In July 2014, we raised gross proceeds of $20,000,000 through the sale of 11,299,435 units to two institutional biotechnology investors, at an offering price of $1.77 per unit. Each unit consists of one share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.85 of a share of our common stock. The warrants are exercisable six months from the date of issuance at an exercise price of $2.17. The Warrants are non-transferable and will expire thirteen months from the date of issuance. The shares were offered under our shelf registration statement previously filed with, and declared effective by, the SEC.

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows since inception. We have not achieved profitability and may not be able to realize sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability in the future. We do not expect to be profitable in the next several years, but rather expect to incur additional operating losses. We have limited liquidity and capital resources and must obtain significant additional capital resources in order to sustain our product development efforts, for acquisition of technologies and intellectual property rights, for preclinical and clinical testing of our anticipated products, pursuit of regulatory approvals, acquisition of capital equipment, laboratory and office facilities, establishment of production capabilities, for selling, general and administrative expenses and other working capital requirements. We rely on cash balances and proceeds from equity and debt offerings, proceeds from the transfer or sale of our intellectual property rights, equipment, facilities or investments, and government grants and funding from collaborative arrangements, if obtainable, to fund our operations.

We intend to pursue opportunities to obtain additional financing in the future through equity and debt financings, grants and collaborative research arrangements. In December 2013, we filed with the SEC, and the SEC declared effective, a universal shelf registration statement which permits us to issue up to $100 million worth of registered debt and equity securities. Under this effective

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shelf registration, we have the flexibility to issue registered securities, from time to time, in one or more separate offerings or other transactions with the size, price and terms to be determined at the time of issuance. Registered securities issued using this shelf may be used to raise additional capital to fund our working capital and other corporate needs, for future acquisitions of assets, programs or businesses, and for other corporate purposes. As of July 25, 2014, we had approximately $59 million under this universal shelf registration statement available for issuing debt or equity securities.

The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, on our progress in our exploratory, preclinical and future clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed — at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to third parties. In addition, a decline in economic activity, together with the deterioration of the credit and capital markets, could have an adverse impact on potential sources of future financing.

Commitments

See Note 7, “Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have certain contractual arrangements that create potential risk for us and are not recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Discussed below are those off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Operating leases

We lease various real properties under operating leases that generally require us to pay taxes, insurance, maintenance, and minimum lease payments. Some of our leases have options to renew.

Operating Leases — California

In December 2010, we entered into a commercial lease agreement with BMR-Gateway Boulevard LLC (BMR), as landlord, for office and research space at BMR’s Pacific Research Center in Newark, California. The initial term of the lease is approximately eleven and one-half years and includes escalating rent payments which we recognize as lease operating expense on a straight-line basis. We will pay approximately $17,869,000 in aggregate as rent over the term of the lease to BMR. Deferred rent for this facility was approximately $1,440,000 as of June 30, 2014, and approximately $1,434,000 as of December 31, 2013.

In March 2013, we entered into a commercial lease agreement with Prologis, L.P. (Prologis), as landlord, for office and research space in Sunnyvale, California. The facility is for operations that support our clinical development activities. The initial term of the lease is ten years and includes escalating rent payments which we recognize as lease operating expense on a straight-line basis. We will pay approximately $3,497,000 in aggregate rent over the term of the lease. As part of the lease, Prologis has provided us financial allowances to build initial tenant improvements, subject to customary terms and conditions relating to landlord-funded tenant improvements. The tenant improvements are recorded as leasehold improvement assets and amortized over the term of the lease. The financial allowances are treated as a lease incentive and recorded as deferred rent which is amortized as reductions to lease expense over the lease term. Deferred rent for this facility was approximately$392,000 as of June 30, 2014, and approximately $391,000 as of December 31, 2013.

Operating Leases — United Kingdom

In January 2011, we amended the existing lease agreements of our wholly-owned subsidiary, Stem Cell Sciences (U.K.) Ltd, effectively reducing our leased office and lab space. The lease by its terms was extended to September 30, 2013. In October 2013, we signed a new three-year lease agreement for the leased space and expect to pay rent of approximately GBP 53,000 per annum. StemCells, Inc. is the guarantor of Stem Cell Sciences (U.K.) Ltd.’s obligations under the existing lease. The lease includes an option for early termination of the lease agreement.

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With the exception of the operating leases discussed above, we have not entered into any significant off balance sheet financial arrangements and have not established any special purpose entities. We have not guaranteed any debts or commitments of other entities or entered into any options on non-financial assets.

Contractual Obligations

In the table below, we set forth our legally binding and enforceable contractual cash obligations at June 30, 2014:

|  | Total Obligations at June 30, 2014 |  |  | Payable in (July to December) 2014 |  |  | Payable in 2015 |  |  | Payable in 2016 |  |  | Payable in 2017 |  |  | Payable in 2018 |  |  | Payable in 2019 and Beyond |
Operating lease payments(1) |  | $ | 17,110,968 |  |  | $ | 957,416 |  |  | $ | 1,912,217 |  |  | $ | 1,968,459 |  |  | $ | 2,014,706 |  |  | $ | 2,061,260 |  |  | $ | 8,196,910 |
Capital lease payment (equipment) |  |  | 43,187 |  |  |  | 12,142 |  |  |  | 21,591 |  |  |  | 9,454 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Loan Payable (principal & interest)(2) |  |  | 7,923,730 |  |  |  | 2,161,017 |  |  |  | 4,322,035 |  |  |  | 1,440,678 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Bonds Payable (principal & interest)(3) |  |  | 19,193 |  |  |  | 19,193 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total contractual cash obligations |  | $ | 25,097,078 |  |  | $ | 3,149,768 |  |  | $ | 6,255,843 |  |  | $ | 3,418,591 |  |  | $ | 2,014,706 |  |  | $ | 2,061,260 |  |  | $ | 8,196,910 |

(1) | See Note 7, “Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

(2) | See Note 6, “Loan Payable” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

(3) | See Note 7, “Commitments and Contingencies” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements of Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for further information.

We periodically enter into licensing agreements with third parties to obtain exclusive or non-exclusive licenses for certain technologies. The terms of certain of these agreements require us to pay future milestone payments based upon achievement of certain developmental, regulatory or commercial milestones. We do not anticipate making any milestone payments under any of our licensing agreements for 2014. Milestone payments beyond fiscal year 2014 cannot be predicted or estimated, due to the uncertainty of achieving the required developmental, regulatory or commercial milestones.

We do not have any material unconditional purchase obligations or commercial commitments related to capital expenditures, clinical development, clinical manufacturing, or other external services contracts at June 30, 2014.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. This ASU requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The guidance in this ASU affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and early adoption is not permitted. We do not expect this new guidance will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our market risks at June 30, 2014 have not changed materially from those discussed in Item 7A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

See also Note 2, “Financial Assets,” in the notes to condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

In response to the requirement of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, along with other members of management, reviewed the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Such controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

During the most recent quarter, there were no changes in internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, these controls of the Company.

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PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In July 2006, we filed suit against Neuralstem, Inc. in the Federal District Court for the District of Maryland, alleging that Neuralstem’s activities violate claims in four of the patents we exclusively licensed at the time from NeuroSpheres, specifically U.S. Patent No. 6,294,346 (claiming the use of human neural stem cells for drug screening), U.S. Patent No. 7,101,709 (claiming the use of human neural stem cells for screening biological agents), U.S. Patent No. 5,851,832 (claiming methods for proliferating human neural stem cells), and U.S. Patent No. 6,497,872 (claiming methods for transplanting human neural stem cells). In May 2008, we filed a second patent infringement suit against Neuralstem and its two founders, Karl Johe and Richard Garr. In this suit, which we filed in the Federal District Court for the Northern District of California, we allege that Neuralstem’s activities infringe claims in two patents we exclusively licensed at the time from NeuroSpheres, specifically U.S. Patent No. 7,361,505 (claiming composition of matter of human neural stem cells derived from any source material) and U.S. Patent No. 7,115,418 (claiming methods for proliferating human neural stem cells). In addition, we allege various state law causes of action against Neuralstem arising out of its repeated derogatory statements to the public about our patent portfolio. Also in May 2008, Neuralstem filed suit against us and NeuroSpheres in the Federal District Court for the District of Maryland seeking a declaratory judgment that the ‘505 and ‘418 patents are either invalid or are not infringed by Neuralstem and that Neuralstem has not violated California state law. In August 2008, the California court transferred our lawsuit against Neuralstem to Maryland for resolution on the merits. In July 2009, the Maryland District Court granted our motion to consolidate these two cases with the litigation we initiated against Neuralstem in 2006. Fact discovery has concluded in the cases and the first phase of trial is expected to commence in December 2014.

In addition to the actions described above, in April 2008, we filed an opposition to Neuralstem’s European Patent No. 0 915 968 (methods of isolating, propagating and differentiating CNS stem cells), because the claimed invention is believed by us to be unpatentable over prior art, including the patents we acquired from NeuroSpheres. In December 2010, the European Patent Office ruled that all composition claims in Neuralstem’s ‘968 European patent were invalid and unpatentable over prior art including several of the NeuroSpheres patents. Neuralstem appealed this decision but recently withdrew its appeal with prejudice.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material change from the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibit 31.1 — |  | Certification of Martin McGlynn under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 31.2 — |  | Certification of Gregory Schiffman under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 32.1 — |  | Certification of Martin McGlynn Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 32.2 — |  | Certification of Gregory Schiffman Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 101.1 — |  | The following materials from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014 are formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (****)

**** | Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the XBRL files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  |  |  |  | STEMCELLS, INC. (name of Registrant)
August 12, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | /s/ Gregory Schiffman
|  |  |  |  |  | Gregory Schiffman
|  |  |  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer

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##### Table of Contents

Exhibit Index

Exhibit 31.1 — |  | Certification of Martin McGlynn under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 31.2 — |  | Certification of Gregory Schiffman under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 32.1 — |  | Certification of Martin McGlynn Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 32.2 — |  | Certification of Gregory Schiffman Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit 101.1 — |  | The following materials from the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014 are formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. (****)

**** | Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the XBRL files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.

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