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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

| ☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
OR

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number: 001-36706

| CB FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. |
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) |

Pennsylvania |  | 51-0534721
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

100 N. Market Street, Carmichaels, PA |  | 15320
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

| (724) 966-5041 |
| (Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) |

| N/A |
| (Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Common stock, par value $0.4167 per share |  | CBFV |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(Title of each class) |  | (Trading symbol) |  | (Name of each exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

| Large accelerated filer ☐ |  | Accelerated filer ☐
| Non-accelerated filer ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company ☒
| Emerging growth company ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of November 6, 2025, the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock was 5,010,883.

Table of Contents

FORM 10-Q
INDEX

| Page
PART I – CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition | 1
Consolidated Statements of Income | 2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 3
Consolidated Statements of Changes In Stockholders’ Equity | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 6
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 8
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. | 31
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk. | 46
Item 4. Controls and Procedures. | 47
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings. | 48
Item 1A. Risk Factors. | 48
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. | 48
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities. | 48
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures. | 48
Item 5. Other Information. | 48
Item 6. Exhibits | 48
SIGNATURES | 49

Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

| (Unaudited) September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands, except per share and share data) |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks: |  |  |
Interest-Earning | $ | 42,790 |  |  | $ | 39,332 |
Noninterest-Earning | 13,100 |  |  | 10,240 |
Total Cash and Due From Banks | 55,890 |  |  | 49,572 |
Securities: |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities, at Fair Value | 271,664 |  |  | 259,514 |
Equity Securities, at Fair Value | 895 |  |  | 2,639 |
Total Securities | 272,559 |  |  | 262,153 |
Loans Held for Sale | 107 |  |  | 900 |
Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses of $10,146 and $9,805 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Respectively | 1,133,240 |  |  | 1,082,821 |
Premises and Equipment, Net | 19,896 |  |  | 20,708 |
Bank-Owned Life Insurance | 24,660 |  |  | 24,209 |
Goodwill | 9,732 |  |  | 9,732 |
Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets | 29,430 |  |  | 31,469 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 1,545,514 |  |  | $ | 1,481,564 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-Bearing Demand Accounts | $ | 291,882 |  |  | $ | 267,896 |
Interest-Bearing Demand Accounts | 365,976 |  |  | 316,764 |
Money Market Accounts | 206,166 |  |  | 231,458 |
Savings Accounts | 169,005 |  |  | 170,530 |
Time Deposits | 301,391 |  |  | 296,869 |
Total Deposits | 1,334,420 |  |  | 1,283,517 |
Other Borrowings | 34,748 |  |  | 34,718 |
Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities | 23,881 |  |  | 15,951 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES | 1,393,049 |  |  | 1,334,186 |
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Common Stock, $0.4167 Par Value; 35,000,000 Shares Authorized, 5,833,533 Shares Issued and 4,998,383 Shares Outstanding at September 30, 2025, with 5,787,744 and 5,132,654 Shares Issued and Outstanding at December 31, 2024. | 2,431 |  |  | 2,412 |
Capital Surplus | 87,415 |  |  | 86,373 |
Retained Earnings | 87,188 |  |  | 90,856 |
Treasury Stock, at Cost (835,150 and 655,090 Shares at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Respectively) | (20,561) |  |  | (15,028) |
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | (4,008) |  |  | (17,235) |
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | 152,465 |  |  | 147,378 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | $ | 1,545,514 |  |  | $ | 1,481,564 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
1

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, Including Fees | $ | 15,973 |  |  | $ | 14,945 |  |  | $ | 45,993 |  |  | $ | 44,453 |
Investment Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 2,848 |  |  | 3,289 |  |  | 8,485 |  |  | 8,437 |
Tax-Exempt | 146 |  |  | — |  |  | 146 |  |  | — |
Dividends | 7 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 82 |
Other Interest and Dividend Income | 367 |  |  | 1,511 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 3,727 |
TOTAL INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME | 19,341 |  |  | 19,773 |  |  | 55,947 |  |  | 56,699 |
INTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | 5,810 |  |  | 7,892 |  |  | 17,643 |  |  | 20,948 |
Short-Term Borrowings | 68 |  |  | — |  |  | 199 |  |  | — |
Other Borrowings | 364 |  |  | 407 |  |  | 1,156 |  |  | 1,215 |
TOTAL INTEREST EXPENSE | 6,242 |  |  | 8,299 |  |  | 18,998 |  |  | 22,163 |
NET INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME | 13,099 |  |  | 11,474 |  |  | 36,949 |  |  | 34,536 |
Provision (Recovery) for Credit Losses - Loans | 336 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 269 |  |  | (105) |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (77) |  |  | (66) |  |  | (42) |  |  | (9) |
NET INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME AFTER NET PROVISION (RECOVERY) FOR CREDIT LOSSES | 12,840 |  |  | 11,515 |  |  | 36,722 |  |  | 34,650 |
NONINTEREST INCOME |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service Fees | 574 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 1,595 |  |  | 1,220 |
Insurance Commissions | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Other Commissions | 63 |  |  | 104 |  |  | 192 |  |  | 188 |
Net Gain on Sale of Loans | 50 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 49 |
Net (Loss) Gain on Investment Securities | (11,752) |  |  | 245 |  |  | (11,821) |  |  | 49 |
Net Gain on Purchased Tax Credits | 4 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 37 |
Gain on Sale of Subsidiary | — |  |  | 138 |  |  | — |  |  | 138 |
Net Gain on Disposal of Premises and Equipment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |
Income from Bank-Owned Life Insurance | 154 |  |  | 147 |  |  | 451 |  |  | 442 |
Net Gain on Bank-Owned Life Insurance Claims | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 915 |
Other Income | 229 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 512 |  |  | 523 |
TOTAL NONINTEREST (LOSS) INCOME | (10,677) |  |  | 1,233 |  |  | (8,958) |  |  | 3,839 |
NONINTEREST EXPENSE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and Employee Benefits | 5,247 |  |  | 4,561 |  |  | 16,371 |  |  | 13,563 |
Occupancy | 574 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | 2,444 |
Equipment | 367 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 1,070 |  |  | 842 |
Data Processing | 708 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | 2,476 |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Assessment | 173 |  |  | 177 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 467 |
Pennsylvania Shares Tax | 306 |  |  | 265 |  |  | 706 |  |  | 860 |
Contracted Services | 371 |  |  | 431 |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | 1,102 |
Legal and Professional Fees | 411 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 717 |
Advertising | 132 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 374 |  |  | 348 |
Other Real Estate Owned | 8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 16 |
Amortization of Intangible Assets | — |  |  | 264 |  |  | — |  |  | 870 |
Other Expense | 886 |  |  | 837 |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 2,492 |
TOTAL NONINTEREST EXPENSE | 9,183 |  |  | 8,782 |  |  | 27,731 |  |  | 26,197 |
Income (Loss) Before Income Tax (Benefit) Expense | (7,020) |  |  | 3,966 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 12,292 |
Income Tax (Benefit) Expense | (1,324) |  |  | 747 |  |  | (131) |  |  | 2,227 |
Net (Loss) Income | $ | (5,696) |  |  | $ | 3,219 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 10,065 |
(LOSS) EARNINGS PER SHARE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (1.14) |  |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  |  | $ | 1.96 |
Diluted | (1.07) |  |  | 0.60 |  |  | 0.03 |  |  | 1.89 |
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SHARES OUTSTANDING |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 4,985,188 |  |  | 5,137,586 |  |  | 5,044,012 |  |  | 5,136,546 |
Diluted | 5,319,594 |  |  | 5,346,750 |  |  | 5,357,173 |  |  | 5,328,610 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
2

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Income | $ | (5,696) |  |  | $ | 3,219 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 10,065 |
Other Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | 1,341 |  |  | 5,644 |  |  | 5,052 |  |  | 3,672 |
Income Tax Effect | (285) |  |  | (1,203) |  |  | (1,077) |  |  | (835) |
Reclassification Adjustment for Loss on Sale of Securities Included in Net Income (1) | 11,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,757 |  |  | — |
Income Tax Effect (2) | (2,505) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,505) |  |  | — |
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Income Tax Effect | 10,308 |  |  | 4,441 |  |  | 13,227 |  |  | 2,837 |
Total Comprehensive Income | $ | 4,612 |  |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | 13,391 |  |  | $ | 12,902 |

(1) Reported in Net (Loss) Gain on Investment Securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2) Reported in Income Tax (Benefit) Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
3

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 | Shares Issued | Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total Stockholders' Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2025 | 5,832,117 |  | $ | 2,430 |  | $ | 87,190 |  | $ | 94,178 |  | $ | (21,120) |  | $ | (14,316) |  | $ | 148,362 |
Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | (5,696) |  | — |  | — |  | (5,696) |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 10,308 |  | 10,308 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  | — |  | 195 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 195 |
Exercise of Stock Options | 1,416 |  | 1 |  | 30 |  | — |  | 566 |  | — |  | 597 |
Treasury stock purchased, at cost (249 shares) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7) |  | — |  | (7) |
Dividends Paid ($0.26 Per Share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,294) |  | — |  | — |  | (1,294) |
September 30, 2025 | 5,833,533 |  | $ | 2,431 |  | $ | 87,415 |  | $ | 87,188 |  | $ | (20,561) |  | $ | (4,008) |  | $ | 152,465 |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Shares Issued | Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total Stockholders' Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2024 | 5,783,588 |  | $ | 2,410 |  | $ | 85,718 |  | $ | 87,673 |  | $ | (14,568) |  | $ | (18,351) |  | $ | 142,882 |
Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,219 |  | — |  | — |  | 3,219 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,441 |  | 4,441 |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  | — |  | 215 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 215 |
Exercise of Stock Options | 5,850 |  | 3 |  | 139 |  | — |  | (148) |  | — |  | (6) |
Treasury Stock Purchased, at cost (18,220 shares) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (326) |  | — |  | (326) |
Dividends Paid ($0.25 Per Share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,285) |  | — |  | — |  | (1,285) |
September 30, 2024 | 5,789,438 |  | $ | 2,413 |  | $ | 86,072 |  | $ | 89,607 |  | $ | (15,042) |  | $ | (13,910) |  | $ | 149,140 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
4

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 | Shares Issued | Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total Stockholders' Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | 5,787,744 |  | $ | 2,412 |  | $ | 86,373 |  | $ | 90,856 |  | $ | (15,028) |  | $ | (17,235) |  | $ | 147,378 |
Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 164 |  | — |  | — |  | 164 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 13,227 |  | 13,227 |
Restricted Stock Awards Granted | 25,235 |  | 10 |  | (10) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Restricted Stock Awards Forfeited | (200) |  | — |  | 2 |  | — |  | (2) |  | — |  | — |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  | — |  | 610 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 610 |
Exercise of Stock Options | 20,754 |  | 9 |  | 487 |  | — |  | 1,248 |  | — |  | 1,744 |
Treasury stock purchased, at cost (235,065 shares) | — |  | — |  | (47) |  | — |  | (6,779) |  | — |  | (6,826) |
Dividends Paid ($0.76 Per Share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,832) |  | — |  | — |  | (3,832) |
September 30, 2025 | 5,833,533 |  | $ | 2,431 |  | $ | 87,415 |  | $ | 87,188 |  | $ | (20,561) |  | $ | (4,008) |  | $ | 152,465 |

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 | Shares Issued | Common Stock | Capital Surplus | Retained Earnings | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total Stockholders' Equity
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | 5,759,378 |  | $ | 2,400 |  | $ | 85,334 |  | $ | 83,392 |  | $ | (14,545) |  | $ | (16,747) |  | $ | 139,834 |
Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | 10,065 |  | — |  | — |  | 10,065 |
Other Comprehensive Income | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,837 |  | 2,837 |
Restricted Stock Awards Forfeited | (1,200) |  | (1) |  | 19 |  | — |  | (18) |  | — |  | — |
Restricted Stock Awards Granted | 25,410 |  | 11 |  | (11) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | — |  | — |  | 591 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 591 |
Exercise of Stock Options | 5,850 |  | 3 |  | 139 |  | — |  | (148) |  | — |  | (6) |
Treasury Stock Purchased, at cost (18,442 shares) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (331) |  | — |  | (331) |
Dividends Paid ($0.75 Per Share) | — |  | — |  | — |  | (3,850) |  | — |  | — |  | (3,850) |
September 30, 2024 | 5,789,438 |  | $ | 2,413 |  | $ | 86,072 |  | $ | 89,607 |  | $ | (15,042) |  | $ | (13,910) |  | $ | 149,140 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
5

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net Income | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 10,065 |
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities |  |  |
Net Accretion on Securities | (165) |  |  | (564) |
Depreciation and Amortization | 1,349 |  |  | 1,973 |
Provision (Recovery) for Credit Losses - Loans | 269 |  |  | (105) |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (42) |  |  | (9) |
Net Loss (Gain) on Sale of Debt Securities | 11,757 |  |  | — |
Net Loss on Sale of Equity Securities | 13 |  |  | — |
Net Unrealized Loss (Gain) Recognized on Equity Securities | 51 |  |  | (49) |
Gain on Purchased Tax Credits | (11) |  |  | (37) |
Income from Bank-Owned Life Insurance | (451) |  |  | (442) |
Gain on Bank-Owned Life Insurance Death Benefit Claims | — |  |  | (915) |
Proceeds From Mortgage Loans Sold | 5,229 |  |  | 3,696 |
Originations of Mortgage Loans for Sale | (4,740) |  |  | (4,075) |
Net Gain on Sale of Loans | (99) |  |  | (49) |
Loss on Sale of Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets | — |  |  | 30 |
Noncash Expense for Stock-Based Compensation | 610 |  |  | 591 |
Increase in Accrued Interest Receivable | (753) |  |  | (1,160) |
Net Gain on Disposal of Premises and Equipment | — |  |  | (274) |
Increase in Deferred Income Tax | 3,508 |  |  | 1,035 |
Decrease in Taxes Payable | (448) |  |  | (4,314) |
(Decrease) Increase in Accrued Interest Payable | (527) |  |  | 1,364 |
Other, Net | (2,934) |  |  | (1,600) |
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities | 12,780 |  |  | 5,161 |
INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Investment Securities Available for Sale: |  |  |
Proceeds From Principal Repayments and Maturities | 28,583 |  |  | 10,722 |
Purchases of Securities | (149,336) |  |  | (70,224) |
Proceeds from Sale of Debt Securities | 117,833 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from Sale of Equity Securities | 1,680 |  |  | — |
Net (Increase) Decrease in Loans | (46,443) |  |  | 50,551 |
Purchase of Premises and Equipment | (462) |  |  | (3,045) |
Proceeds from Disposal of Premises and Equipment | — |  |  | 988 |
Proceeds From a Claim on Bank-Owned Life Insurance | — |  |  | 2,678 |
Investment in Low Income Housing Tax Credit | (354) |  |  | (604) |
Proceeds From Sale of Other Real Estate Owned | — |  |  | 132 |
Purchase of Restricted Equity Securities | (4,880) |  |  | — |
Redemption of Restricted Equity Securities | 4,928 |  |  | 269 |
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities | (48,451) |  |  | (8,533) |
FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |
Net Increase in Deposits | 50,903 |  |  | 86,661 |
Principal Payments on Other Borrowed Funds | (20,000) |  |  | — |
Proceeds From Other Borrowed Funds | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Cash Dividends Paid | (3,832) |  |  | (3,850) |
Treasury Stock, Purchases at Cost | (6,826) |  |  | (331) |
Exercise of Stock Options | 1,744 |  |  | (6) |
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities | 41,989 |  |  | 82,474 |
Increase in Cash and Due from Banks | 6,318 |  |  | 79,102 |
CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR | 49,572 |  |  | 68,223 |
CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS AT END OF PERIOD | $ | 55,890 |  |  | $ | 147,325 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
6

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, | 2025 |  | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION: |  |  |
Cash Paid For: |  |  |
Interest on Deposits and Borrowings (Including Interest Credited to Deposits of $18,307 and $19,726, Respectively) | $ | 19,525 |  |  | $ | 20,799 |
Income Taxes | 1,173 |  |  | 6,372 |
SUPPLEMENTAL NONCASH DISCLOSURE: |  |  |
Transfer of Loans from Loans Held for Sale to Portfolio | 403 |  |  | — |
Other Real Estate Acquired in Settlement of Loans | 158 |  |  | 150 |
Securities Purchased Not Settled | 4,013 |  |  | — |
Syndicated Loans Purchased and Sold Not Settled, net | 4,000 |  |  | 6,000 |
Right of Use Asset Recognized | — |  |  | 1,419 |
Unfunded Commitment in Low Income Housing Tax Credit | 4,641 |  |  | 5,396 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
7

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CB Financial Services, Inc. (“CB Financial”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, Community Bank (the “Bank”), and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiary, Exchange Underwriters, Inc. (“Exchange Underwriters” or "EU"). CB Financial, the Bank and Exchange Underwriters are collectively referred to as the “Company”. Effective September 29, 2025, EU merged with and into the Bank, with the Bank as the surviving institution. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and with general practice within the banking industry. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations, although the Company believes that the disclosures made are adequate to make the information not misleading in any material respect. In preparing financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and income and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans, the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans, impairment evaluations of securities, goodwill and intangible assets impairment, and the valuation of deferred tax assets.
In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim financial statements include all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations at the dates and for the periods presented. All these adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature, and they are the only adjustments included in the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. These interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.
Nature of Operations
The Company derives substantially all its income from banking and bank-related services which include interest income on commercial, commercial mortgage, residential real estate and consumer loan financing, as well as interest and dividend income on securities, and fees generated from deposit services to its customers. The Company provides banking services through its subsidiary, Community Bank, a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. The Bank is a community-oriented institution offering residential and commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans as well as a variety of deposit products for individuals and businesses in its market area. The Bank operates nine offices in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania, and three offices in Marshall and Ohio Counties in West Virginia.
On December 1, 2023, the Company announced that the Bank and EU entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with World Insurance Associates, LLC ("World") pursuant to which EU sold substantially all of its assets to World for a purchase price of $30.5 million cash plus possible additional earn-out payments. The sale of assets was completed December 8, 2023, and resulted in a pre-tax gain of $24.6 million. This transaction did not meet the criteria for discontinued operations reporting. During 2024, the Company recognized an additional gain of $138,000 following the final settlement of all liabilities and an earn-out payment of $708,000. During 2025, an additional $49,000 earn-out payment was recognized.
Operating Segments
An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities which generate revenue and incur expense, and the operating results of which are reviewed by management. The Company has evaluated the provisions of ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, and determined that at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had one reportable segment, community banking services.
Critical Accounting Policies; Use of Critical Accounting Estimates
The disclosures below supplement the accounting policies disclosed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC.
Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)
The ACL represents the estimated amount considered necessary to cover lifetime expected credit losses inherent in financial assets at the balance sheet date. The measurement of expected credit losses is applicable to loans receivable and securities measured at amortized cost. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as loan commitments and unused lines of
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credit. The ACL is established through a provision for credit losses that is charged against income. The methodology for determining the ACL is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the forecasted economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded ACL. The ACL is reported separately as a contra-asset account on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. The expected credit loss for unfunded loan commitments is reported on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition in other liabilities while the provision for credit losses related to unfunded commitments is reported in provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
ACL on Loans Receivable
The ACL on loans is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the loan to present the net amount expected to be collected. Expected losses are evaluated and calculated on a collective, or pooled, basis for those loans which share similar risk characteristics. At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether loans within a pool continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics. If the risk characteristics of a loan change, such that they are no longer similar to other loans in the pool, the Company will evaluate the loan with a different pool of loans that share similar risk characteristics. If the loan does not share risk characteristics with other loans, the Company will evaluate the loan on an individual basis. The Company evaluates the pooling methodology at least annually. Loans are charged off against the ACL when the Company believes the balances to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off or expected to be charged off.
The Company has chosen to segment its portfolio consistent with the manner in which it manages credit risk. Such segments include residential mortgage, commercial real estate mortgages, construction, commercial business, consumer and other. For most segments, the Company calculates estimated credit losses using a probability of default and loss given default methodology, the results of which are applied to the aggregated discounted cash flow of each individual loan within the segment. The point in time probability of default and loss given default are then conditioned by macroeconomic scenarios to incorporate reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount.
The Company estimates the ACL on loans via a quantitative analysis which considers relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events and current conditions, as well as the incorporation of reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company evaluates a variety of factors including third party economic forecasts, industry trends and other available published economic information in arriving at its forecasts. After the reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts, on a straight-line basis, to average historical losses. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a restructuring will be executed with an individual borrower or the renewal option is included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.
Also included in the ACL on loans are qualitative reserves to cover losses that are expected but, in the Company’s assessment, may not be adequately represented in the quantitative analysis or the forecasts described above. Factors that the Company considers include changes in lending policies and procedures, business conditions, the nature and size of the portfolio, portfolio concentrations, the volume and severity of past due loans and non-accrual loans, and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements, among others. Furthermore, the Company considers the inherent uncertainty in quantitative models that are built upon historical data.
Individually Evaluated Loans
On a case-by-case basis, the Company may conclude that a loan should be evaluated on an individual basis based on its disparate risk characteristics. When the Company determines that a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other loans in the portfolio, the allowance will be determined on an individual basis using the present value of expected cash flows or, for collateral-dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral as of the reporting date, less estimated selling costs, as applicable. If the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, the Company will charge off the difference between the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell, at the reporting date, and the amortized cost basis of the loan.
ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Unfunded Commitments
The Company is required to include unfunded commitments that are expected to be funded in the future within the allowance calculation, other than those that are unconditionally cancellable. To arrive at that reserve, the reserve percentage for each applicable segment is applied to the unused portion of the expected commitment balance and is multiplied by the expected funding rate. To determine the expected funding rate, the Company uses a historical utilization rate for each segment. As noted above, the ACL on unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and the related credit expense is recorded in provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
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ACL on Available-for-Sale Securities
For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities available-for-sale that do not meet the above criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating by a rating agency, and adverse conditions related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. The Company elected the practical expedient of zero loss estimates for securities issued by U.S. government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major agencies and have a long history of no credit losses.
Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for, or reversal of, credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Accrued Interest Receivable
The Company made an accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of loans and available-for-sale securities. Accrued interest receivable on loans is reported as a component of accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, totaled $4.5 million at September 30, 2025 and $3.9 million at December 31, 2024 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities, also a component of accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, totaled $1.8 million at September 30, 2025 and $1.7 million at December 31, 2024 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Recent Accounting Standards
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires that public entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU requires all entities to disclose on an annual basis (1) the amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and (2) the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid is equal or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid. The ASU also requires that all entities disclose (1) income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense (or benefit) disaggregated between domestic or foreign and (2) income tax expense (or benefit) from continuing operations disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign. This ASU is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of the ASU to have a material effect on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE); this ASU was then superseded by ASU 2025-01, Clarifying the Effective Date, to clarify the effective date for interim reporting. Collectively, these ASU's require that public entities on an annual and interim basis disclose specific natural expenses contained within each relevant income statement expense caption. These specified natural expenses are: purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization, and depreciation, depletion and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas- producing activities (DD&A). This ASU is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company does not expect the adoption of the ASU to have a material effect on the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations.
Income Taxes
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S on July 4, 2025. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has various effective dates, with certain provisions starting in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact of the OBBBA on its consolidated statements of financial condition and results of operations.
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Note 2. Earnings Pe r Share
There are no convertible securities which would affect the numerator in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share; therefore, net income as presented on the Consolidated Statements of Income is used as the numerator.
The following table sets forth the composition of the weighted-average common shares (denominator) used in the basic and diluted earnings per share computation:

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |  |  |
Net (Loss) Income | $ | (5,696) |  | $ | 3,219 |  |  | $ | 164 |  | $ | 10,065 |
Weighted-Average Basic Common Shares Outstanding | 4,985,188 |  | 5,137,586 |  |  | 5,044,012 |  | 5,136,546 |
Dilutive Effect of Common Stock Equivalents (Stock Options and Restricted Stock) | 334,406 |  | 209,164 |  |  | 313,161 |  | 192,064 |
Weighted-Average Diluted Common Shares and Common Stock Equivalents Outstanding | 5,319,594 |  | 5,346,750 |  |  | 5,357,173 |  | 5,328,610 |
(Loss) Earnings Per Share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (1.14) |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 0.03 |  | $ | 1.96 |
Diluted | (1.07) |  | 0.60 |  |  | 0.03 |  | 1.89 |

The dilutive effect on weighted average diluted common shares outstanding is the result of outstanding stock options and nonvested restricted stock. The following table presents for the periods indicated (a) options to purchase shares of common stock that were outstanding but not included in the computation of earnings per share because the options’ exercise price was greater than the average market price of the common shares for the period, and (b) shares of restricted stock awards that were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the hypothetical repurchase of shares under the treasury stock method exceeded the weighted average nonvested restricted awards, therefore the effects would be anti-dilutive.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
Stock Options | — |  | 275,208 |  |  | 21,245 |  | 292,308 |
Restricted Stock | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |

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Note 3. Securities
The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale at the dates indicated:

| September 30, 2025
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities: |  |  |  |
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions | $ | 35,253 |  | $ | 862 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36,115 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 41,450 |  | 274 |  | (1) |  | 41,723 |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 60,886 |  | 510 |  | (5,473) |  | 55,923 |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Non-Agency | 11,300 |  | — |  | (145) |  | 11,155 |
Collateralized Loan Obligations | 107,184 |  | 16 |  | (184) |  | 107,016 |
Corporate Debt | 20,684 |  | 102 |  | (1,054) |  | 19,732 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | $ | 276,757 |  | $ | 1,764 |  | $ | (6,857) |  | $ | 271,664 |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  |  | 895 |
Total Securities |  |  |  | $ | 272,559 |

| December 31, 2024
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities: |  |  |  |
U.S. Government Agencies | $ | 4,996 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1,051) |  | $ | 3,945 |
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions | 3,496 |  | — |  | (149) |  | 3,347 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 53,628 |  | — |  | (3,265) |  | 50,363 |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 111,076 |  | — |  | (16,119) |  | 94,957 |
Collateralized Loan Obligations | 98,741 |  | 96 |  | (58) |  | 98,779 |
Corporate Debt | 9,479 |  | — |  | (1,356) |  | 8,123 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities | $ | 281,416 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | (21,998) |  | $ | 259,514 |
Equity Securities: |  |  |  |
Mutual Funds |  |  |  | 879 |
Other |  |  |  | 1,760 |
Total Equity Securities |  |  |  | 2,639 |
Total Securities |  |  |  | $ | 262,153 |

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The following tables show the Company’s gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at the dates indicated:

| September 30, 2025
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
| Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage Backed Securities- Government-Sponsored Enterprises | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | (1) |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 63 |  | $ | (1) |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 3 |  | 15,775 |  | (116) |  |  | 7 |  | 19,188 |  | (5,357) |  |  | 10 |  | 34,963 |  | (5,473) |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Non-Agency | 3 |  | 9,753 |  | (145) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | 9,753 |  | (145) |
Collateralized Loan Obligations | 9 |  | 64,663 |  | (169) |  |  | 2 |  | 11,557 |  | (15) |  |  | 11 |  | 76,220 |  | (184) |
Corporate Debt | 2 |  | 3,497 |  | (2) |  |  | 3 |  | 8,423 |  | (1,052) |  |  | 5 |  | 11,920 |  | (1,054) |
Total | 17 |  | $ | 93,688 |  | $ | (432) |  |  | 13 |  | $ | 39,231 |  | $ | (6,425) |  |  | 30 |  | $ | 132,919 |  | $ | (6,857) |

| December 31, 2024
| Less than 12 months |  | 12 Months or Greater |  | Total
| Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Number of Securities | Fair Value | Gross Unrealized Losses
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government Agencies | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 3,945 |  | $ | (1,051) |  |  | 1 |  | $ | 3,945 |  | $ | (1,051) |
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions | 2 |  | 1,068 |  | (16) |  |  | 5 |  | 2,279 |  | (133) |  |  | 7 |  | 3,347 |  | (149) |
Mortgage Backed Securities- Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 5 |  | 35,232 |  | (222) |  |  | 8 |  | 15,131 |  | (3,043) |  |  | 13 |  | 50,363 |  | (3,265) |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | 4 |  | 31,208 |  | (662) |  |  | 20 |  | 63,749 |  | (15,457) |  |  | 24 |  | 94,957 |  | (16,119) |
Collateralized Loan Obligations | 5 |  | 27,564 |  | (58) |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 5 |  | 27,564 |  | (58) |
Corporate Debt | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |  | 8,123 |  | (1,356) |  |  | 3 |  | 8,123 |  | (1,356) |
Total | 16 |  | $ | 95,072 |  | $ | (958) |  |  | 37 |  | $ | 93,227 |  | $ | (21,040) |  |  | 53 |  | $ | 188,299 |  | $ | (21,998) |

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For debt securities, the Company does not believe that any individual unrealized loss as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024, represents a credit related impairment. The Company performs a review of the entire securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to identify securities that may indicate a credit related impairment. The unrealized losses on securities at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 relate principally to changes in market interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of the specific securities. The Company does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that it will be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized cost or maturity of the security.
Total securities available to be pledged have a fair value of $247.9 million at September 30, 2025 and $251.3 million at December 31, 2024 of which securities with a fair value of $179.3 million and $176.2 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged to secure uninsured public deposits, borrowings or for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
The scheduled maturities of securities available-for-sale are summarized as follows. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay debt obligations with or without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and collateralized loan obligations are classified in the table below based on their contractual maturity date; however, regular principal payments and prepayments of principal are received on a monthly basis.

| September 30, 2025
| Amortized Cost | Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Due in One Year or Less | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Due after One Year through Five Years | 64 |  | 63 |
Due after Five Years through Ten Years | 36,580 |  | 35,598 |
Due after Ten Years | 240,113 |  | 236,003 |
Total | $ | 276,757 |  | $ | 271,664 |

The following table presents the gain and loss on sales of debt securities, as well as the gain and loss on equity securities from both realized sales and unrealized market adjustments for the periods indicated. All gains and losses presented in the table below are reported in Net (Loss) Gain on Investment Securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 |  | 2025 | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |
Gross Realized Gain | $ | 423 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 423 |  | $ | — |
Gross Realized Loss | (12,180) |  | — |  |  | (12,180) |  | — |
Net Gain on Debt Securities | $ | (11,757) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (11,757) |  | $ | — |
Equity Securities |  |  |  |  |
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized on Securities Held | $ | 5 |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | (51) |  | $ | 49 |
Net Realized Loss Recognized on Securities Sold | — |  | — |  |  | (13) |  | — |
Net Gain (Loss) on Equity Securities | $ | 5 |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | (64) |  | $ | 49 |
Net (Loss) Gain on Investment Securities | $ | (11,752) |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | (11,821) |  | $ | 49 |

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were $11.8 million gross realized losses on the sale of debt securities as a result of the Company implementing a balance sheet repositioning strategy of its portfolio of available-for-sale securites. The Company sold $117.8 million in market value of its lower-yielding investment securities with an average yield of 2.87% and purchased $117.8 million of higher-yielding securities with an average yield of 5.43%. There were no gross unrealized losses on the sale of debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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Note 4. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s loan portfolio is segmented to enable management to monitor risk and performance. Real estate loans are further segregated into three classes. Residential mortgages include those secured by residential properties and include home equity loans, while commercial mortgages consist of loans to commercial borrowers secured by commercial real estate. Construction loans typically consist of loans to build commercial buildings and acquire and develop residential real estate. The commercial and industrial segment consists of loans to finance the activities of commercial customers. The consumer segment consists primarily of indirect auto loans as well as personal installment loans and personal or overdraft lines of credit.
Residential mortgage loans are typically longer-term loans and, therefore, generally present greater interest rate risk than the consumer and commercial loans. Under certain economic conditions, housing values may decline, which may increase the risk that the collateral values are not sufficient.
Commercial real estate loans generally present a higher level of credit risk than loans secured by residences. This greater risk is due to several factors, including the concentration of principal in a limited number of loans and borrowers, the effect of general economic conditions on income-producing properties, and the increased difficulty in evaluating and monitoring these types of loans. Furthermore, the repayment of commercial real estate loans is typically dependent upon the successful operation of the related real estate project. If the cash flow from the project is reduced (for example, if leases are not obtained or renewed, a bankruptcy court modifies a lease term, or a major tenant is unable to fulfill its lease obligations), the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired.
Construction loans are originated to individuals to finance the construction of residential dwellings and are also originated for the construction of commercial properties, including hotels, apartment buildings, housing developments, and owner-occupied properties used for businesses. Construction loans generally provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase, which is usually 12 to 18 months. At the end of the construction phase, the loan generally converts to a permanent residential or commercial mortgage loan. Construction loan risks include overfunding in comparison to the plans, untimely completion of work, and leasing and stabilization after project completion.
Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured by inventories, accounts receivable, and other business assets, which present collateral risk.
Consumer loans generally have higher interest rates and shorter terms than residential mortgage loans; however, they have additional credit risk due to the type of collateral securing the loan.
The following table presents the classifications of loans as of the dates indicated:

| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Real Estate: |  |
Residential | $ | 333,430 |  | $ | 337,990 |
Commercial | 539,395 |  | 485,513 |
Construction | 38,905 |  | 54,705 |
Commercial and Industrial | 143,919 |  | 112,047 |
Consumer | 49,581 |  | 70,508 |
Other | 38,156 |  | 31,863 |
Total Loans | 1,143,386 |  | 1,092,626 |
Allowance for Credit Losses | (10,146) |  | (9,805) |
Loans, Net | $ | 1,133,240 |  | $ | 1,082,821 |

Total unamortized net deferred loan fees were $839,000 and $846,000 at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
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The Company uses a nine-point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first five categories are not considered criticized and are aggregated as “pass” rated. The criticized rating categories used by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions. The special mention category includes assets that are currently protected but are below average quality, resulting in an undue credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a substandard classification. Loans in the substandard category have well-defined weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and have a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if the weaknesses are not corrected. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current conditions and facts, is highly improbable. Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that continuance as an asset is not warranted.
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The following tables present the Company’s loans by year of origination, loan segmentation and risk indicator summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful and Loss within the internal risk rating system as of the dates indicated.

| Classified Loans by Origination Year (as of September 30, 2025)
(dollars in thousands) | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Total
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 14,725 |  | $ | 15,816 |  | $ | 30,394 |  | $ | 43,914 |  | $ | 39,240 |  | $ | 161,364 |  | $ | 23,302 |  | $ | 328,755 |
Special Mention | 359 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,553 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,912 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 2,155 |  | — |  | — |  | 608 |  | — |  | 2,763 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 15,084 |  | 15,816 |  | 32,549 |  | 45,467 |  | 39,240 |  | 161,972 |  | 23,302 |  | 333,430 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 70,758 |  | 68,382 |  | 58,964 |  | 70,879 |  | 80,124 |  | 171,743 |  | 2,126 |  | 522,976 |
Special Mention | 626 |  | 5,532 |  | 522 |  | — |  | 3,394 |  | 1,266 |  | — |  | 11,340 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,079 |  | — |  | 5,079 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 71,384 |  | 73,914 |  | 59,486 |  | 70,879 |  | 83,518 |  | 178,088 |  | 2,126 |  | 539,395 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 6,418 |  | 10,860 |  | 6,164 |  | 7,451 |  | 269 |  | 7,020 |  | — |  | 38,182 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 723 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 723 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 6,418 |  | 10,860 |  | 6,887 |  | 7,451 |  | 269 |  | 7,020 |  | — |  | 38,905 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 34,316 |  | 22,802 |  | 20,961 |  | 7,004 |  | 2,868 |  | 10,086 |  | 45,695 |  | 143,732 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 187 |  | — |  | 187 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 34,316 |  | 22,802 |  | 20,961 |  | 7,004 |  | 2,868 |  | 10,273 |  | 45,695 |  | 143,919 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 552 |  | 461 |  | 6,383 |  | 20,590 |  | 8,854 |  | 4,130 |  | 8,494 |  | 49,464 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 29 |  | 88 |  | — |  | 117 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 552 |  | 461 |  | 6,383 |  | 20,590 |  | 8,883 |  | 4,218 |  | 8,494 |  | 49,581 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 7,000 |  | 135 |  | 3,838 |  | 21,475 |  | — |  | 4,590 |  | 1,118 |  | 38,156 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 7,000 |  | 135 |  | 3,838 |  | 21,475 |  | — |  | 4,590 |  | 1,118 |  | 38,156 |
Total Loans | $ | 134,754 |  | $ | 123,988 |  | $ | 130,104 |  | $ | 172,866 |  | $ | 134,778 |  | $ | 366,161 |  | $ | 80,735 |  | $ | 1,143,386 |
Gross Charge Offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | 64 |  | $ | 19 |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | 45 |  | $ | 249 |

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Table of Contents

| Classified Loans by Origination Year (as of December 31, 2024)
(dollars in thousands) | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | Prior | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis | Total
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | $ | 16,932 |  | $ | 34,311 |  | $ | 46,602 |  | $ | 41,652 |  | $ | 54,422 |  | $ | 122,083 |  | $ | 18,015 |  | $ | 334,017 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | 2,586 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,586 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 50 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,337 |  | — |  | 1,387 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 16,932 |  | 34,311 |  | 49,238 |  | 41,652 |  | 54,422 |  | 123,420 |  | 18,015 |  | 337,990 |
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 64,438 |  | 52,178 |  | 67,336 |  | 82,578 |  | 45,959 |  | 147,557 |  | 2,839 |  | 462,885 |
Special Mention | 5,919 |  | 1,683 |  | 2,214 |  | 4,496 |  | 280 |  | 2,782 |  | — |  | 17,374 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 175 |  | — |  | — |  | 5,079 |  | — |  | 5,254 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 70,357 |  | 53,861 |  | 69,725 |  | 87,074 |  | 46,239 |  | 155,418 |  | 2,839 |  | 485,513 |
Construction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 11,987 |  | 21,145 |  | 14,342 |  | 269 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 47,743 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,962 |  | — |  | — |  | 6,962 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 11,987 |  | 21,145 |  | 14,342 |  | 269 |  | 6,962 |  | — |  | — |  | 54,705 |
Commercial and Industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 33,295 |  | 25,063 |  | 12,280 |  | 5,546 |  | 4,374 |  | 4,530 |  | 20,338 |  | 105,426 |
Special Mention | — |  | 200 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 3,221 |  | 3,200 |  | 6,621 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 33,295 |  | 25,263 |  | 12,280 |  | 5,546 |  | 4,374 |  | 7,751 |  | 23,538 |  | 112,047 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 779 |  | 8,980 |  | 31,806 |  | 14,973 |  | 4,809 |  | 3,519 |  | 5,429 |  | 70,295 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 42 |  | 21 |  | 150 |  | — |  | 213 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 779 |  | 8,980 |  | 31,806 |  | 15,015 |  | 4,830 |  | 3,669 |  | 5,429 |  | 70,508 |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass | 178 |  | 4,039 |  | 21,877 |  | 27 |  | 571 |  | 4,553 |  | 618 |  | 31,863 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Loss | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total | 178 |  | 4,039 |  | 21,877 |  | 27 |  | 571 |  | 4,553 |  | 618 |  | 31,863 |
Total Loans | $ | 133,528 |  | $ | 147,599 |  | $ | 199,268 |  | $ | 149,583 |  | $ | 117,398 |  | $ | 294,811 |  | $ | 50,439 |  | $ | 1,092,626 |
Gross Charge Offs | $ | — |  | $ | 46 |  | $ | 329 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 52 |  | $ | 114 |  | $ | 652 |

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The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aging categories of performing loans and nonaccrual loans as of the dates indicated:

| September 30, 2025
| Loans Current | 30-59 Days Past Due | 60-89 Days Past Due | 90 Days Or More Past Due | Total Past Due | Non- Accrual | Total Loans
(Dollars in Thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 328,473 |  | $ | 3,320 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,320 |  | $ | 1,637 |  | $ | 333,430 |
Commercial | 538,615 |  | 685 |  | 82 |  | — |  | 767 |  | 13 |  | 539,395 |
Construction | 38,490 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 415 |  | 38,905 |
Commercial and Industrial | 143,919 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 143,919 |
Consumer | 48,948 |  | 482 |  | 34 |  | — |  | 516 |  | 117 |  | 49,581 |
Other | 38,156 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 38,156 |
Total Loans | $ | 1,136,601 |  | $ | 4,487 |  | $ | 116 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,603 |  | $ | 2,182 |  | $ | 1,143,386 |

| December 31, 2024
| Loans Current | 30-59 Days Past Due | 60-89 Days Past Due | 90 Days Or More Past Due | Total Past Due | Non- Accrual | Total Loans
(Dollars in Thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 331,705 |  | $ | 2,926 |  | $ | 1,971 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 4,897 |  | $ | 1,388 |  | $ | 337,990 |
Commercial | 484,959 |  | 366 |  | — |  | — |  | 366 |  | 188 |  | 485,513 |
Construction | 54,705 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 54,705 |
Commercial and Industrial | 112,047 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 112,047 |
Consumer | 69,454 |  | 809 |  | 32 |  | — |  | 841 |  | 213 |  | 70,508 |
Other | 31,863 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 31,863 |
Total Loans | $ | 1,084,733 |  | $ | 4,101 |  | $ | 2,003 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 6,104 |  | $ | 1,789 |  | $ | 1,092,626 |

Additional interest income that would have been recorded if the loans that were nonaccrual at September 30, 2025 were current was $20,000 and $101,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $16,000 and $58,000 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.
The following table sets forth the amounts for amortized cost basis of loans on nonaccrual status, loans past due 90 days still accruing, and categories of nonperforming assets at the dates indicated.

| September 30, 2025
| Nonaccrual With No ACL | Nonaccrual With ACL | Loans Past Due 90 Days Still Accruing | Total Nonperforming Assets
(Dollars in Thousands) |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans: |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 1,637 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,637 |
Commercial | 13 |  | — |  | — |  | 13 |
Construction | 415 |  | — |  | — |  | 415 |
Consumer | 117 |  | — |  | — |  | 117 |
Total Nonaccrual Loans | $ | 2,182 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | 2,182 |
Total Other Real Estate Owned |  |  |  | 158 |
Total Nonperforming Assets |  |  |  | $ | 2,340 |

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| December 31, 2024
| Nonaccrual With No ACL | Nonaccrual With ACL | Loans Past Due 90 Days Still Accruing | Total Nonperforming Assets
(Dollars in Thousands) |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual Loans: |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 1,388 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,388 |
Commercial | 188 |  | — |  | — |  | 188 |
Consumer | 213 |  | — |  | — |  | 213 |
Total Nonaccrual Loans | $ | 1,789 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | 1,789 |
Total Other Real Estate Owned |  |  |  | — |
Total Nonperforming Assets |  |  |  | $ | 1,789 |

No interest income on nonaccrual loans was recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.
All modifications and refinancing, including those with borrowers that are experiencing financial difficulty are subject to the modification guidance in ASC 310-20. Loan modifications could meet the definition of a new loan if certain terms of the loan are modified to the benefit of the lender and the modification to the terms of the loan are more than minor. Both of these criteria have to be met to define the modification as a new loan. If a loan modification meets the criteria of new loan, then the new loan should include the remaining net investment in the original loan, additional funds advanced, fees received, and direct loan origination costs with the refinancing or restructuring. Additionally, the effective interest rate should be recalculated based on the amortized cost basis of the new loan and a reassessment of contractual cash flow.
Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The following table presents the amortized cost of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by portfolio segment and type of modification during the periods presented:

| Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
| Term Extension | Payment Delay | Interest Rate Reduction |  | Term Extension and Interest Rate Reduction |  |  | Total | % of Portfolio Segment
dollars in thousands |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  |  | $ | 359 |  | 0.11 | %
Construction | — |  | 308 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 308 |  | 0.79 | %
Total(1) | $ | — |  | $ | 308 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 359 |  |  |  | $ | 667 |  | 0.06 | %

(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged off by period end
The following table describes the effect of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the periods presented.

| Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
| Weighted Average Term Extension (in months) | Weighted Average Payment Delay (in months) | Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction
Real Estate: |  |  |
Residential | 86 | — |  | 1.50 | %
Construction | — |  | 6 | — | %

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For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no new loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
The recorded investment of residential real estate loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process according to applicable requirements of the local jurisdiction was $453,000 and $1.2 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The activity in the ACL - Loans is summarized below by primary segments for the periods indicated:

| Real Estate Residential | Real Estate Commercial | Real Estate Construction | Commercial and Industrial | Consumer | Other |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2025 | $ | 2,545 |  | $ | 3,404 |  | $ | 892 |  | $ | 1,946 |  | $ | 705 |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 9,722 |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (42) |  | — |  |  | (42) |
Recoveries | 9 |  | — |  | — |  | 42 |  | 79 |  | — |  |  | 130 |
Provision (Recovery) for Credit Losses - Loans | 173 |  | 85 |  | 145 |  | 58 |  | (172) |  | 47 |  |  | 336 |
September 30, 2025 | $ | 2,727 |  | $ | 3,489 |  | $ | 1,037 |  | $ | 2,046 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 10,146 |

| Real Estate Residential | Real Estate Commercial | Real Estate Construction | Commercial and Industrial | Consumer | Other |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2024 | $ | 2,844 |  | $ | 3,082 |  | $ | 744 |  | $ | 1,485 |  | $ | 1,131 |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 9,527 |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (159) |  | — |  |  | (159) |
Recoveries | — |  | — |  | — |  | 45 |  | 41 |  | — |  |  | 86 |
(Recovery) Provision for Credit Losses - Loans | (226) |  | 621 |  | (51) |  | (248) |  | (90) |  | 19 |  |  | 25 |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 2,618 |  | $ | 3,703 |  | $ | 693 |  | $ | 1,282 |  | $ | 923 |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 9,479 |

| Real Estate Residential | Real Estate Commercial | Real Estate Construction | Commercial and Industrial | Consumer | Other |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | $ | 2,926 |  | $ | 3,103 |  | $ | 1,264 |  | $ | 1,584 |  | $ | 687 |  | $ | 241 |  |  | $ | 9,805 |
Charge-offs | — |  | (19) |  | — |  | (5) |  | (225) |  | — |  |  | (249) |
Recoveries | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | 128 |  | 183 |  | — |  |  | 321 |
(Recovery) Provision for Credit Losses - Loans | (209) |  | 405 |  | (227) |  | 339 |  | (75) |  | 36 |  |  | 269 |
September 30, 2025 | $ | 2,727 |  | $ | 3,489 |  | $ | 1,037 |  | $ | 2,046 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 10,146 |

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Table of Contents

| Real Estate Residential | Real Estate Commercial | Real Estate Construction | Commercial and Industrial | Consumer | Other |  | Total
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | $ | 3,129 |  | $ | 2,630 |  | $ | 639 |  | $ | 1,693 |  | $ | 1,367 |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 9,707 |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | (12) |  | (365) |  | — |  |  | (377) |
Recoveries | 13 |  | — |  | — |  | 132 |  | 109 |  | — |  |  | 254 |
(Recovery) Provision for Credit Losses - Loans | (524) |  | 1,073 |  | 54 |  | (531) |  | (188) |  | 11 |  |  | (105) |
September 30, 2024 | $ | 2,618 |  | $ | 3,703 |  | $ | 693 |  | $ | 1,282 |  | $ | 923 |  | $ | 260 |  |  | $ | 9,479 |

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For loans that are individually evaluated and collateral dependent, financial loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL - Loans is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. As of September 30, 2025, there were $6.0 million of loans that required specific valuation allowances of $220,000. The composition of loans that required the specific valuation allowances were a non-owner occupied commercial real estate loan for $5.1 million with a valuation allowance of $53,000, a residential real estate loan for $558,000 with a valuation allowance of $37,000, and a construction loan for $415,000 with a valuation allowance of $130,000 as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2024, there were no loans that required a credit loss to be individually assigned.
The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition), with adjustments to the reserve recognized in provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments for the periods indicated was as follows:

(in thousands) | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at June 30, 2025 | $ | 726 |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (77) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 649 |

(in thousands) | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at June 30, 2024 | $ | 557 |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (66) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 491 |

(in thousands) | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | 691 |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (42) |
Balance at September 30, 2025 | $ | 649 |

(in thousands) | Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 500 |
Recovery for Credit Losses - Unfunded Commitments | (9) |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | $ | 491 |

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Table of Contents

Note 5. Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps. The Company enters into interest rate swap agreements to meet the financing and interest rate management needs of qualifying commercial loan customers. The Company simultaneously enters into interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties, with identical notional amounts and terms. The net result of the offsetting customer and dealer counterparty swap agreements is that the customer pays a fixed rate of interest and the Company receives a floating rate. The credit risk associated with derivatives executed with customers is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans and is subject to normal credit policies and monitoring. Swap derivative transactions with customers are not subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and are generally secured by rights to non-financial collateral, such as real and personal property.
Risk Participation Agreements. The Company has five risk participation agreements with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which it is a participant. The risk participation agreements provide credit protection to the financial institution should the borrower fail to perform on its interest rate derivative contract with the financial institution.
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments
In October 2023, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract that is designated as a fair value hedge to mitigate the risk of interest rate increases and the subsequent impact on the associated fixed rate mortgages. This contract matures on October 17, 2026, has a notional amount of $75.0 million and is benchmarked to SOFR. The Company expects the hedge to remain effective during the remaining term of the swap.
The following table depicts the credit value and fair value adjustments recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives outstanding and interest rate swaps and risk participation agreements with other financial institutions. These adjustments are included in Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities and Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

| September 30, 2025
| Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities
| Notional Amount | Fair Value | Notional Amount | Fair Value
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 75,000 |  | $ | 830 |
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | — |  | — |  | 75,000 |  | 830 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts - Commercial Loans | 10,938 |  | 141 |  | 10,938 |  | 141 |
Risk Participation Agreements | — |  | — |  | 29,508 |  | 82 |
Total Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | 10,938 |  | 141 |  | 40,446 |  | 223 |
Total Derivatives | $ | 10,938 |  | $ | 141 |  | $ | 115,446 |  | $ | 1,053 |

| December 31, 2024
| Derivative Assets | Derivative Liabilities
| Notional Amount | Fair Value | Notional Amount | Fair Value
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 75,000 |  | $ | 801 |
Total Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | — |  | — |  | 75,000 |  | 801 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  |  |  |
Interest Rate Swap Contracts - Commercial Loans | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Risk Participation Agreements | — |  | — |  | 18,158 |  | 66 |
Total Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments | — |  | — |  | 18,158 |  | 66 |
Total Derivatives | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 93,158 |  | $ | 867 |

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Note 6. Fair Value Disclosure
ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement” defines fair value and provides the framework for measuring fair value and required disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability at the transaction date. ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in valuation methods to determine fair value.
The three levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 – Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the Company for identical assets. These generally provide the most reliable evidence and are used to measure fair value whenever available.
Level 2 – Fair value is based on significant inputs, other than Level 1 inputs, that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 inputs include quoted market prices in active markets for similar assets, quoted market prices in markets that are not active for identical or similar assets, and other observable inputs.
Level 3 – Fair value is based on significant unobservable inputs. Examples of valuation methodologies that would result in Level 3 classification include option pricing models, discounted cash flows, and other similar techniques.
This hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The majority of the Company’s securities are included in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values for Level 2 securities were primarily determined by a third-party pricing service using both quoted prices for similar assets, when available, and model-based valuation techniques that derive fair value based on market-corroborated data, such as instruments with similar prepayment speeds and default interest rates. The standard inputs that are normally used include benchmark yields of like securities, reportable trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications.
The Company uses derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps and risk participation agreements, and the fair value of such instruments are calculated using accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative, considering the contractual terms of each derivative, and uses observable market-based inputs, such as interest rate curves and implied volatilities. Credit valuation adjustments are incorporated to appropriately reflect nonperformance risk and the respective counterparties' nonperformance risk in calculating fair value measurements. These instruments are classified as Level 2.
There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or year ended December 31, 2024.
The following table presents the financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and reported on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of the dates indicated, by level within the fair value hierarchy:
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| Fair Value Hierarchy | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |
Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  |  |
U.S. Government Agencies | Level 2 | $ | — |  | $ | 3,945 |
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions | Level 2 | 36,115 |  | 3,347 |
Mortgage-Backed Securities - Government-Sponsored Enterprises | Level 2 | 41,723 |  | 50,363 |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Government Sponsored Enterprises | Level 2 | 55,923 |  | 94,957 |
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations - Non-Agency | Level 2 | 11,155 |  | — |
Collateralized Loan Obligations | Level 2 | 107,016 |  | 98,779 |
Corporate Debt | Level 2 | 19,732 |  | 8,123 |
Total Available-for-Sale Debt Securities |  | 271,664 |  | 259,514 |
Equity Securities |  |  |
Mutual Funds | Level 1 | 895 |  | 879 |
Other | Level 1 | — |  | 1,760 |
Total Equity Securities |  | 895 |  | 2,639 |
Total Securities |  | 272,559 |  | 262,153 |
Derivative Financial Assets |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps - Commercial Loans | Level 2 | $ | 141 |  | $ | — |
Total Assets |  | $ | 272,700 |  | $ | 262,153 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |
Derivative Financial Liabilities |  |  |
Interest Rate Swaps | Level 2 | $ | 830 |  | $ | 801 |
Interest Rate Swaps - Commercial Loans | Level 2 | 141 |  | — |
Risk Participation Agreements | Level 2 | 82 |  | 66 |
Total Liabilities |  | $ | 1,053 |  | $ | 867 |

The following table presents the financial assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of the dates indicated by level within the fair value hierarchy for only those nonrecurring assets that had a fair value below the carrying amount. The table also presents the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements.

Financial Asset | Fair Value Hierarchy | September 30, 2025 | Valuation Techniques | Significant Unobservable Inputs | Range | Weighted Average
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually Evaluated Loans | Level 3 | $ | 5,820 |  | Appraisal of Collateral (1) | Appraisal Adjustments (2) | 25 | % | to | 85 | % | 38.0%

Financial Asset | Fair Value Hierarchy | December 31, 2024 | Valuation Techniques | Significant Unobservable Inputs | Range | Weighted Average
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually Evaluated Loans | Level 3 | $ | 5,244 |  | Appraisal of Collateral (1) | Appraisal Adjustments (2) | 25 | % | to | 52 | % | 26.2%

(1)Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which may include various Level 3 inputs, which are not identifiable.
(2)Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted average of appraisal adjustments and liquidation expense are presented as a percent of the appraisal.
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Individually evaluated loans are evaluated and valued at the time the loan is identified as impaired, at the lower of cost or fair value. Fair value is measured based on the value of the collateral securing the loans and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. At September 30, 2025, the fair value of these loans consisted of loan balances of $6.0 million less specific valuation allowances of $220,000. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of these loans consisted of loan balances of $5.6 million less specific valuation allowances of $398,000.
The fair value of mortgage servicing rights ("MSRs") is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. MSRs are considered impaired if the carrying value exceeds fair value. Since the valuation model includes significant unobservable inputs as listed above, MSRs are classified as Level 3. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any MSRs that would be required to be remeasured.
Other real estate owned ("OREO") properties are evaluated at the time of acquisition and recorded at fair value, less estimated selling costs. After acquisition, OREO is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated selling costs. The fair value of an OREO property is determined from a qualified independent appraisal and is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any OREO that would be required to be remeasured.
Financial instruments are defined as cash, evidence of an ownership in an entity, or a contract which creates an obligation or right to receive or deliver cash or another financial instrument from/to a second entity on potentially favorable or unfavorable terms.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. If no readily available market exists, the fair value estimates for financial instruments should be based upon management’s judgment regarding current economic conditions, interest rate risk, expected cash flows, future estimated losses and other factors, as determined through various option pricing formulas or simulation modeling. As many of these assumptions result from judgments made by management based upon estimates which are inherently uncertain, the resulting estimated fair values may not be indicative of the amount realizable in the sale of a particular financial instrument. In addition, changes in the assumptions on which the estimated fair values are based may have significant impact on the resulting estimated fair values.
As certain assets such as deferred tax assets and premises and equipment are not considered financial instruments, the estimated fair value of financial instruments would not represent the full value of the Company.
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The following table presents the estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at the dates indicated.

|  |  | September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
| Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Carrying Value | Fair Value | Carrying Value | Fair Value
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and Due From Banks: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning | Level 1 |  | $ | 42,790 |  | $ | 42,790 |  | $ | 39,332 |  | $ | 39,332 |
Noninterest-Earning | Level 1 |  | 13,100 |  | 13,100 |  | 10,240 |  | 10,240 |
Securities | See Above |  | 272,559 |  | 272,559 |  | 262,153 |  | 262,153 |
Loans Held for Sale | Level 2 |  | 107 |  | 107 |  | 900 |  | 900 |
Loans, Net | Level 3 |  | 1,133,240 |  | 1,120,077 |  | 1,082,821 |  | 1,045,104 |
Restricted Stock | Level 2 |  | 3,006 |  | 3,006 |  | 3,055 |  | 3,055 |
Mortgage Servicing Rights | Level 3 |  | 429 |  | 723 |  | 466 |  | 849 |
Derivative Assets | Level 2 |  | 141 |  | 141 |  | — |  | — |
Accrued Interest Receivable | Level 2 |  | 6,339 |  | 6,339 |  | 5,586 |  | 5,586 |
Financial Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | Level 2 |  | 1,334,420 |  | 1,333,887 |  | 1,283,517 |  | 1,284,494 |
Other Borrowed Funds |  |  |  |  |  |
FHLB Borrowings | Level 2 |  | 20,000 |  | 19,833 |  | 20,000 |  | 20,004 |
Subordinated Debt | Level 2 |  | 14,748 |  | 14,507 |  | 14,718 |  | 14,206 |
Derivative Liabilities | Level 2 |  | 1,053 |  | 1,053 |  | 867 |  | 867 |
Accrued Interest Payable | Level 2 |  | 1,969 |  | 1,969 |  | 2,496 |  | 2,496 |

Note 7. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business primarily to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby and performance letters of credit. Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.
The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby and performance letters of credit written is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.
The Company maintains an ACL on unfunded commitments to provide for the risk of loss inherent in these arrangements. The Company is required to include unfunded commitments that are expected to be funded in the future within the allowance calculation, other than those that are unconditionally cancellable. To arrive at that reserve, the reserve percentage for each applicable segment is applied to the unused portion of the expected commitment balance and is multiplied by the expected funding rate. To determine the expected funding rate, the Company uses a historical utilization rate for each segment. The ACL on unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition and the related expense is recorded in provision for credit losses - unfunded commitments in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
The following table presents the unused and available credit balances of financial instruments whose contracts represent credit risk at the dates indicated:
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| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Standby Letters of Credit | $ | 630 |  | $ | 605 |
Performance Letters of Credit | 892 |  | 668 |
Construction Loans | 37,560 |  | 41,118 |
Personal Lines of Credit | 9,718 |  | 6,959 |
Overdraft Protection Lines | 4,140 |  | 4,371 |
Home Equity Lines of Credit | 31,800 |  | 27,504 |
Commercial Lines of Credit | 119,355 |  | 86,362 |
Total Commitments | $ | 204,095 |  | $ | 167,587 |

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee by the customer. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties.
Performance letters of credit represent conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These instruments are issued primarily to support bid or performance-related contracts. The coverage period for these instruments is typically a one-year period with an annual renewal option subject to prior approval by management. Fees earned from the issuance of these letters are recognized upon expiration of the letter. For secured letters of credit, the collateral is typically Company deposit instruments or customer business assets. The Company recorded no liability associated with standby letters of credit as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Note 8. Leases
The Company evaluates all contracts at commencement to determine if a lease is present. In accordance with ASC Topic 842, leases are defined as either operating or finance leases. The Company’s lease contracts are all classified as operating leases and create operating right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and corresponding lease liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The leases are primarily ROU assets of land and building for branch and loan production locations. ROU assets are reported in Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets and the related lease liabilities in Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
The following tables present the lease expense, ROU assets, weighted average term, discount rate and maturity analysis of lease liabilities for operating leases for the periods and dates indicated.

| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Operating Lease Expense | $ | 127 |  | $ | 139 |  | $ | 367 |  | $ | 315 |
Variable Lease Expense | 12 |  | 10 |  | 36 |  | 26 |
Total Lease Expense | $ | 139 |  | $ | 149 |  | $ | 403 |  | $ | 341 |

| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Operating Leases: |  |
ROU Assets | $ | 2,548 |  | $ | 2,761 |
Weighted Average Lease Term in Years | 10.74 | 11.07
Weighted Average Discount Rate | 4.24 | % | 4.18 | %

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| September 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands) |
Maturity Analysis: |
Due in One Year | $ | 426 |
Due After One Year to Two Years | 403 |
Due After Two Years to Three Years | 384 |
Due After Three Years to Four Years | 312 |
Due After Four to Five Years | 265 |
Due After Five Years | 1,608 |
Total | $ | 3,398 |
Less: Present Value Discount | 776 |
Lease Liabilities | $ | 2,622 |

There were no new lease agreements which commenced during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Bank completed the sale and leaseback of a branch office located in Rostraver, Pennsylvania, for a sales price of $1.1 million. As a result, the Bank recorded a pre-tax net gain of $274,000. Concurrently, the Bank entered into a lease agreement with the purchaser under which the Bank leased the property for an initial term of 20 years with specified renewal options. The lease agreement includes a 2.0% annual rent escalation during the initial term and renewal terms, if exercised. The Bank recorded an operating lease ROU asset and corresponding lease liability of $1.0 million.
Also during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Bank entered into a lease agreement under which the Bank leased retail property located in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The lease agreement is for an initial term of five years with specific renewal options. The lease agreement includes a 2.5% annual rent escalation during the initial term and renewal terms, if exercised. The Bank recorded an operating lease ROU asset and corresponding lease liability of $410,000.
Note 9. Segment and Related Information
Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (CODM) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's President and Chief Executive Officer functions as its CODM. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had one reportable segment, community banking services, upon which the CODM makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Individual bank branches offer a group of similar services, including commercial, real estate and consumer loans, time deposits, checking and savings accounts all with similar operating and economic characteristics. While the CODM monitors the revenue streams of the various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis.
The CODM uses net interest income, noninterest income and net income to evaluate income generated from segment assets in deciding whether to reinvest profits into the Company, pursue acquisitions or pay out dividends. Net income is used to monitor budget versus actual results. These metrics and the Company's significant expense categories are disclosed on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.
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Note 10. Stock Based Compensation
The following table presents stock option information for the period indicated.

| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life in Years
Outstanding Options at December 31, 2024 | 377,088 |  | $ | 23.65 |  | 5.7
Granted | — |  | — |  |
Exercised | (75,869) |  | 22.98 |  |
Forfeited | (38,904) |  | 23.30 |  |
Outstanding Options at September 30, 2025 | 262,315 |  | $ | 23.90 |  | 5.6
Exercisable Options at September 30, 2025 | 145,395 |  | $ | 24.74 |  | 3.9
| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Service Period in Years
Nonvested Options at September 30, 2025 | 116,920 |  | $ | 22.85 |  | 7.7

The following table presents restricted stock award information for the period indicated:

| Number of Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Price | Weighted Average Remaining Service Period in Years
Nonvested Restricted Stock at December 31, 2024 | 65,029 |  | $ | 22.64 |  | 3.0
Granted | 25,235 |  | 30.62 |  |
Vested | (17,863) |  | 22.84 |  |
Forfeited | (310) |  | 21.50 |  |
Nonvested Restricted Stock at September 30, 2025 | 72,091 |  | $ | 25.39 |  | 3.1

The Company recognizes expense over a five-year vesting period for the restricted stock awards and stock options. Stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards and stock options was $195,000 and $215,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. Stock-based compensation expense was $610,000 and $591,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation expense was $443,000 and $701,000, respectively, related to stock options, and $1.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to restricted stock awards.
Intrinsic value represents the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 exceeds the exercise price of the stock options. The intrinsic value of stock options was $2.4 million and $1.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 262,265 and 287,500 shares of common stock available and reserved under the 2024 Plan to be issued as restricted stock awards or units based on the terms of the Plan. At September 30, 2025, 25,235 shares have been granted under the 2024 Plan. The 2021 Plan shall remain in effect as long as any awards are outstanding, but as a result of the approval of the 2024 Plan, no more awards can be granted under the 2021 Plan.
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Note 11. Variable Interest Entities
The Company has an investment interest in the following non-consolidated entity that meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE").
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments
The Company makes equity investments in an entity that sponsors affordable housing and other community development projects that qualify for the Low Income Housing Tax Credit ("LIHTC") program pursuant to Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. The purpose of this investment is not only to assist the Bank in meeting its responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act, but also to provide an investment return, primarily through the realization of tax benefits. The LIHTC partnership is managed by unrelated general partners that have the power to direct the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the partnership. The Company is therefore not the primary beneficiary of the LIHTC partnership and accordingly, does not consolidate this VIE.
The Company's funding requirements are limited to its invested capital and any additional unfunded commitments for future equity contributions. The Company's maximum exposure to loss as a result of its involvement is limited to the carrying amounts of the investments, including the unfunded commitments. The investment in the LIHTC partnership is included in Accrued Interest Receivable and Other Assets and unfunded commitments are included in Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Company currently expects to fund these commitments by the end of 2035.
The following table presents the balances of the Company's LIHTC investments and related unfunded commitments:

| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |
Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments | $ | 6,000 |  | $ | 6,000 |
Less: Amortization | (146) |  | (55) |
Net Low Income Housing Tax Credit Investments | $ | 5,854 |  | $ | 5,945 |
Unfunded Commitments | $ | 4,641 |  | $ | 4,995 |

The Company accounts for qualifying LIHTC investments under the proportional amortization method. Under this method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance as a component of income tax expense.
The following table presents other information related to the Company's low income housing tax credit investments:

| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Tax Credits and Other Tax Benefits Recognized | $ | 37 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 112 |  | $ | — |
Proportional Amortization Expense Included in Provision for Income Taxes | $ | 30 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 91 |  | $ | — |

Note 12. Subsequent Events
The Company evaluated subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were filed with the SEC and incorporated into the consolidated financial statements the effect of all material known events determined by Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 855, Subsequent Events, to be recognizable events.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
This discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements, notes and tables included in this report. For further information, refer to the audited consolidated financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This report contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These statements are not historical facts, but rather statements based on the Company’s current expectations regarding its business strategies, intended results and future performance. Forward-looking statements are preceded by terms such as “expects,” “believes,” “anticipates,” “intends” and similar expressions. Management’s ability to predict results or the effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Factors which could affect actual results include, but are not limited to, the following:
•General and local economic conditions;
•Changes in market interest rates, deposit flows, demand for loans, real estate values and competition;
•Competitive products and pricing;
•The ability of our customers to make scheduled loan payments;
•Loan delinquency rates and trends;
•Our ability to manage the risks involved in our business;
•Our ability to integrate the operations of businesses we acquire;
•Our ability to control costs and expenses;
•Inflation, market and monetary fluctuations;
•Changes in federal and state legislation and regulation applicable to our business;
•Actions by our competitors; and
•Other factors disclosed in the Company’s periodic reports as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. The Company assumes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as may be required by applicable law or regulation.
General
CB Financial Services is a bank holding company established in 2006 and headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. CB Financial’s business activity is conducted primarily through its wholly owned bank subsidiary, Community Bank.
The Bank is a Pennsylvania-chartered commercial bank headquartered in Carmichaels, Pennsylvania. The Bank operates from nine branches in Greene, Allegheny, Washington, Fayette and Westmoreland Counties in southwestern Pennsylvania and three offices in Marshall and Ohio Counties in West Virginia. The Bank also has a loan production office in Allegheny County, a corporate center in Washington County and an operations center in Greene County, all of which are in Pennsylvania. The Bank is a community-oriented institution offering residential and commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans as well as a variety of deposit products for individuals and businesses in its market area.
Overview
The following discussion and analysis is presented to assist in the understanding and evaluation of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. It is intended to complement the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-Q and should be read in conjunction therewith. The detailed discussion focuses on our consolidated financial condition as of September 30, 2025, compared to the consolidated financial condition as of December 31, 2024 and the consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Our results of operations depend primarily on our net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income we earn on our interest-earning assets and the interest we pay on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our results of operations also are affected by our provision for credit losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense. Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and service charges on deposit accounts, income from bank-owned life insurance and other income. Noninterest expense consists primarily of expenses related to salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, data processing, contracted services, legal and professional fees, advertising, deposit and general insurance and other expenses.
Financial institutions like us, in general, are significantly affected by economic conditions, competition, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the federal government. Lending activities are influenced by the demand for and supply of housing, competition among lenders, interest rate conditions, and funds availability. Our operations and lending are principally concentrated in the southwestern Pennsylvania and Ohio Valley market areas.
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Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to financial measures presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we present certain non-GAAP financial measures. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information in understanding our underlying results of operations or financial position and our business and performance trends as they facilitate comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Non-GAAP adjusted items impacting the Company's financial performance are identified to assist investors in providing a complete understanding of factors and trends affecting the Company’s business and in analyzing the Company’s operating results on the same basis as that applied by management. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance the understanding of our business and performance, they should not be considered an alternative to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable with similar non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies. Where non-GAAP financial measures are used, the comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as the reconciliation to the comparable GAAP financial measure, can be found herein.
The interest income on interest-earning assets, net interest rate spread and net interest margin are presented on a fully tax-equivalent (“FTE”) basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans using the federal statutory income tax rate of 21.0%. We believe the presentation of net interest income on a FTE basis ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice.
The following table reconciles net interest income, net interest spread and net interest margin on a FTE basis for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended | Nine Months Ended
| September 30, | September 30,
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Interest Income (GAAP) | $ | 19,341 |  | $ | 19,773 |  | $ | 55,947 |  | $ | 56,699 |
Adjustment to FTE Basis | 100 |  | 42 |  | 213 |  | 118 |
Interest Income (FTE) (Non-GAAP) | 19,441 |  | 19,815 |  | 56,160 |  | 56,817 |
Interest Expense (GAAP) | 6,242 |  | 8,299 |  | 18,998 |  | 22,163 |
Net Interest Income (FTE) (Non-GAAP) | $ | 13,199 |  | $ | 11,516 |  | $ | 37,162 |  | $ | 34,654 |
Net Interest Rate Spread (GAAP) | 3.05 | % | 2.36 | % | 2.86 | % | 2.48 | %
Adjustment to FTE Basis | 0.03 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.02 |
Net Interest Rate Spread (FTE) (Non-GAAP) | 3.08 | % | 2.38 | % | 2.88 | % | 2.50 | %
Net Interest Margin (GAAP) | 3.64 | % | 3.11 | % | 3.49 | % | 3.21 | %
Adjustment to FTE Basis | 0.03 |  | 0.01 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.01 |
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (Non-GAAP) | 3.67 | % | 3.12 | % | 3.51 | % | 3.22 | %

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Tangible book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure calculated based on tangible common equity divided by period-end common shares outstanding. We believe this non-GAAP measure serves as a useful tool to help evaluate the strength and discipline of the Company's capital management strategies and as an additional, conservative measure of the Company’s total value.

| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity (GAAP) | $ | 152,465 |  |  | $ | 147,378 |
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net | (9,732) |  |  | (9,732) |
Tangible Common Equity or Tangible Book Value (Non-GAAP) (Numerator) | $ | 142,733 |  |  | $ | 137,646 |
Common Shares Outstanding (Denominator) | 4,998,383 |  |  | 5,132,654 |
Book Value per Common Share (GAAP) | $ | 30.50 |  |  | $ | 28.71 |
Tangible Book Value per Common Share (Non-GAAP) | $ | 28.56 |  |  | $ | 26.82 |

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Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Analysis
Assets
Total assets increased $64.0 million, or 4.3%, to $1.55 billion at September 30, 2025 compared to $1.48 billion at December 31, 2024.
Cash and Securities
•Cash and due from banks increased $6.3 million, or 12.7%, to $55.9 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $49.6 million at December 31, 2024.
•Securities increased $10.4 million, or 4.0%, to $272.6 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $262.2 million at December 31, 2024. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Bank implemented a balance sheet repositioning strategy of its portfolio of available-for-sale investment securities in which $129.6 million in book value of lower-yielding investment securities with an average yield of 2.87% were sold for an after-tax realized loss of $9.3 million. Investment securities sold included $121.1 million of mortgage-backed securities/collateralized mortgage obligations issued by the U.S. government-sponsored agencies, $5.0 million of U.S. government agency securities and $3.5 million of municipal securities. The Bank then purchased $117.8 million of higher-yielding mortgage-backed securities/collateralized mortgage obligations issued by U.S government-sponsored agencies, municipal securities, subordinated debt investments and non-agency guaranteed securitizations with an expected tax-equivalent yield of approximately 5.43%. This strategy is expected to add nearly 19 basis points to net interest margin (“NIM”) and approximately $0.40 to annual earnings per share. The Company expects to recover the $9.3 million loss in approximately 4.2 years.
Loans, Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) and Credit Quality
•Total loans increased $50.8 million, or 4.6%, to $1.14 billion compared to $1.09 billion, and included increases in commercial real estate, commercial and industrial and other loans of $53.9 million, $31.9 million and $6.3 million, respectively, partially offset by decreases in consumer, construction and residential real estate loans of $20.9 million, $15.8 million and $4.6 million, respectively. The decrease in consumer loans resulted from a reduction in indirect automobile loan production due to the discontinuation of this product offering as of June 30, 2023. This portfolio is expected to continue to decline as resources are allocated and production efforts are focused on more profitable commercial products. Excluding the $23.1 million decrease in indirect automobile loans, total loans increased $73.9 million, or 7.2%. Loan production totaled $163.3 million while $73.4 million of loans were paid off since December 31, 2024.
•The allowance for credit losses (ACL) was $10.1 million at September 30, 2025 and $9.8 million at December 31, 2024. As a result, the ACL to total loans was 0.89% at September 30, 2025 and 0.90% at December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a net provision for credit losses of $227,000 including a provision for credit losses on loans of $269,000, partially offset by a recovery for credit loses on unfunded commitments of $42,000.
•Net recoveries for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $72,000, or 0.01% of average loans on an annualized basis. Net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 were $123,000, or 0.02% of average loans on an annualized basis.
•Nonperforming loans, which include nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more, were $2.2 million at September 30, 2025 and $1.8 million at December 31, 2024. Nonperforming loans to total loans ratio was 0.19% at September 30, 2025 and 0.16% at December 31, 2024.
Liabilities
Total liabilities increased $58.9 million, or 4.4%, to $1.39 billion at September 30, 2025 compared to $1.33 billion at December 31, 2024.
Deposits
•Total deposits increased $50.9 million, or 4.0%, to $1.33 billion as of September 30, 2025 compared to $1.28 billion at December 31, 2024. Interest-bearing demand, non interest-bearing demand and time deposits increased $49.2 million, $24.0 million and $4.5 million, respectively, while money market and savings deposits decreased $25.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively. This favorable change in the deposit mix was the result of an increased focus on building core banking relationships while strategically reducing higher priced relationships. Brokered time deposits totaled $98.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and $39.0 million as of December 31, 2024, all of which mature within three months and were utilized to fund the purchase of floating rate CLO securities. At September 30, 2025, FDIC insured deposits
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totaled approximately 59.6% of total deposits while an additional 16.3% of total deposits were collateralized with investment securities.
Accrued Interest Payable and Other Liabilities
•Accrued interest payable and other liabilities increased $7.9 million, or 49.5%, to $23.9 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $16.0 million at December 31, 2024 primarily due to $4.0 million of syndicated national credits purchased and not yet settled and $4.0 million of securities purchased and not yet settled.
Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ equity increased $5.1 million, or 3.5%, to $152.5 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $147.4 million at December 31, 2024. The key factors positively impacting stockholders’ equity was a $13.2 million decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss resulting primarily from the securities repositioning strategy, $1.7 million of shares issued as a result of stock option exercises and $164,000 of net income for the current year, partially offset by $6.8 million of treasury shares purchased under the stock repurchase program and the payment of $3.8 million in dividends since December 31, 2024.
Book value per common share (GAAP) was $30.50 at September 30, 2025 compared to $28.71 at December 31, 2024, an increase of $1.79. Tangible book value per common share (Non-GAAP) increased $1.74, or 6.5%, to $28.56 compared to $26.82 at December 31, 2024.
Consolidated Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Overview. Net loss was $5.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $8.9 million compared to net income of $3.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Net Interest and Dividend Income. Net interest and dividend income increased $1.6 million, or 14.2%, to $13.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $11.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Net interest margin (GAAP) increased 53 basis points (bps) to 3.64% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 3.11% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Fully Tax Equivalent (FTE) net interest margin (Non-GAAP) increased 55 bps to 3.67% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 3.12% for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
Interest and Dividend Income
•Interest and dividend income decreased $432,000, or 2.2%, to $19.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $19.8 million the three months ended September 30, 2024.
◦Interest income on loans increased $1.0 million, or 6.9%, to $16.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $14.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The average balance of loans increased $56.1 million to $1.12 billion from $1.06 billion, causing an $830,000 increase in interest income on loans. Additionally, the average yield on loans increased 8 bps to 5.68% from 5.60% despite a 125bp reduction in the federal funds rate since September 2024. While this led to the downward repricing of variable and adjustable rate loans, the impact was partially negated by a reduction in lower yielding consumer loans due to the discontinuation of the indirect automobile loan product with the redeployment of those funds into higher yielding commercial loan products. The increase in the average yield caused a $217,000 increase in interest income on loans.
◦Interest income on investment securities decreased $295,000, or 9.0%, to $3.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 driven by a $16.6 million decrease in average balances and a 9 bp decrease in average yield. The decrease in volume was due to the timing of sales and subsequent repurchases in the securites repositioning strategy. The decrease in yield resulted from the reductions in the federal funds rate since September 2024.
◦Interest income on interest-earning deposits at other banks decreased $1.2 million to $293,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 driven by a 126 bp decrease in the average yield and a $81.4 million decrease in average balances. The decrease in the yield was primarily related to the Federal Reserve’s reductions in the federal funds rate while the decrease in the volume was due to the funding of loans and decrease in average deposits.
Interest Expense
•Interest expense decreased $2.1 million, or 24.8%, to $6.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $8.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
◦Interest expense on deposits decreased $2.1 million, or 26.4%, to $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The cost of interest-bearing deposits declined 68 bps to 2.26% for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from 2.94% for the three months ended September 30, 2024 due to the change in the deposit mix and the recent Federal Reserve federal funds rate decreases. The decrease in the cost of interest-bearing deposits accounted for a $1.8 million decrease in interest
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expense. Average interest-bearing deposit balances decreased $47.0 million, or 4.4%, to $1.02 billion as of September 30, 2025 compared to $1.07 billion as of September 30, 2024, primarily as the Bank strategically reduced time deposit only relationships. The decrease in average balances accounted for a $320,000 decrease in interest expense.
Average Balances and Yields. The following table presents information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income and dividends from average interest-earning assets, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, and the resulting average yields and costs. Average balances are derived from daily balances over the periods indicated. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan and security interest income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21.0% for the periods presented. As such, amounts will not agree to income as reported in the consolidated financial statements. The yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing annualized income or expense by the average balances of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

| Three Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Yield/ Cost (1) |  | Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Yield/ Cost (1)
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, Net (2) | $ | 1,120,036 |  | $ | 16,034 |  | 5.68 | % |  | $ | 1,063,946 |  | $ | 14,987 |  | 5.60 | %
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 259,196 |  | 2,848 |  | 4.40 |  |  | 288,208 |  | 3,289 |  | 4.56 |
Exempt From Federal Tax | 12,461 |  | 185 |  | 5.94 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Equity Securities | 1,000 |  | 7 |  | 2.80 |  |  | 2,693 |  | 28 |  | 4.16 |
Interest-Earning Deposits at Banks | 29,682 |  | 293 |  | 3.95 |  |  | 111,131 |  | 1,448 |  | 5.21 |
Other Interest-Earning Assets | 3,972 |  | 74 |  | 7.39 |  |  | 3,108 |  | 63 |  | 8.06 |
Total Interest-Earning Assets | 1,426,347 |  | 19,441 |  | 5.41 |  |  | 1,469,086 |  | 19,815 |  | 5.37 |
Noninterest-Earning Assets | 75,480 |  |  |  |  | 57,602 |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 1,501,827 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,526,688 |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Demand Deposits | $ | 350,232 |  | 1,835 |  | 2.08 | % |  | $ | 316,301 |  | 1,923 |  | 2.42 | %
Money Market Accounts | 211,660 |  | 1,401 |  | 2.63 |  |  | 217,148 |  | 1,726 |  | 3.16 |
Savings Accounts | 171,188 |  | 43 |  | 0.10 |  |  | 175,753 |  | 46 |  | 0.10 |
Time Deposits | 287,646 |  | 2,531 |  | 3.49 |  |  | 358,498 |  | 4,197 |  | 4.66 |
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits | 1,020,726 |  | 5,810 |  | 2.26 |  |  | 1,067,700 |  | 7,892 |  | 2.94 |
Short-Term Borrowings | 5,655 |  | 68 |  | 4.77 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other Borrowings | 34,743 |  | 364 |  | 4.16 |  |  | 34,702 |  | 407 |  | 4.67 |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 1,061,124 |  | 6,242 |  | 2.33 |  |  | 1,102,402 |  | 8,299 |  | 2.99 |
Noninterest-Bearing Demand Deposits | 271,462 |  |  |  |  | 263,650 |  |  |
Total Funding and Cost of Funds | 1,332,586 |  |  | 1.86 |  |  | 1,366,052 |  |  | 2.42 |
Other Liabilities | 20,120 |  |  |  |  | 15,043 |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 1,352,706 |  |  |  |  | 1,381,095 |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity | 149,121 |  |  |  |  | 145,593 |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 1,501,827 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,526,688 |  |  |
Net Interest Income (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3) |  | $ | 13,199 |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,516 |  |
Net Interest-Earning Assets (4) | $ | 365,223 |  |  |  |  | $ | 366,684 |  |  |
Net Interest Rate Spread (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3)(5) |  |  | 3.08 | % |  |  |  | 2.38 | %
Net Interest Margin (GAAP) (6) |  |  | 3.64 |  |  |  |  | 3.11 |
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3)(6) |  |  | 3.67 |  |  |  |  | 3.12 |
Return on Average Assets (1) |  |  | (1.50) |  |  |  |  | 0.84 |
Return on Average Equity (1) |  |  | (15.15) |  |  |  |  | 8.80 |
Average Equity to Average Assets |  |  | 9.93 |  |  |  |  | 9.54 |
Average Interest-Earning Assets to Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  | 134.42 |  |  |  |  | 133.26 |

(1)Annualized based on three months ended results.
(2) Net of the allowance for credit losses and includes nonaccrual loans with a zero yield and Loans Held for Sale if applicable.
(3) Refer to Explanation and Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this filing for the calculation of the measure and reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure.
(4) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.
(5) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
(6) Net interest margin represents annualized net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.
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Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan and security income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21.0%. The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. The total column represents the sum of the prior columns.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Increase (Decrease) Due to
| Volume | Rate | Total
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) |  |  |
Interest and Dividend Income: |  |  |
Loans, net | $ | 830 |  | $ | 217 |  | $ | 1,047 |
Debt Securities: |  |  |
Taxable | (329) |  | (112) |  | (441) |
Exempt From Federal Tax | 185 |  | — |  | 185 |
Equity Securities | (14) |  | (7) |  | (21) |
Cash at Other Banks | (866) |  | (289) |  | (1,155) |
Other Interest-Earning Assets | 16 |  | (5) |  | 11 |
Total Interest-Earning Assets | (178) |  | (196) |  | (374) |
Interest Expense: |  |  |
Deposits | (320) |  | (1,762) |  | (2,082) |
Short-Term Borrowings | 68 |  | — |  | 68 |
Other Borrowings | 2 |  | (45) |  | (43) |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | (250) |  | (1,807) |  | (2,057) |
Change in Net Interest and Dividend Income | $ | 72 |  | $ | 1,611 |  | $ | 1,683 |

Provision for Credit Losses. A provision for credit losses of $259,000 was recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2025. The provision for credit losses on loans was $336,000 and was primarily due to additional reserves required for overall loan growth, changes in qualitative factors and an addition to individually assessed loans requiring specific reserves, partially offset by favorable changes in portfolio concentrations and the calculated loss rate. This was partially offset by a $77,000 recovery for credit losses on unfunded commitments due to a decrease in unfunded commitments. This compared to a net recovery of $41,000 recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as the recovery for credit losses on unfunded commitments was $66,000 due to a decreases in unfunded commitments and the loss rate on construction loans and the provision for credit losses on loans was $25,000 due to changes in qualitative factors partially offset by changes in loan portfolio concentrations and an improvement in loss rates.
Noninterest Income. Noninterest income decreased $11.9 million, or 965.9%, to a loss of $10.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to income of $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 as a result of $11.8 million in losses on the sale of securities from the securities repositioning strategy. Excluding security gains and losses from both periods and a gain on the sale of a subsidiary recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2024, noninterest income increased $225,000, or 26.5%, to $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $850,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This resulted primarily from a $123,000 increase in service fees primarily related to corporate deposit and Individual Covered Health Reimbursement Arrangement accounts and a $112,000 increase in other income related to hedge fees.
Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $401,000, or 4.6%, to $9.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $8.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Salaries and benefits increased $686,000, or 15.0%, to $5.2 million primarily due to merit increases, revenue producing staff additions and higher insurance benefit costs, partially offset by savings realized due to the reduction in force implemented earlier this year. Legal and professional fees increased $114,000 due to timing of internal and external audit services. Equipment expense increased $87,000 due to higher
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depreciation expense associated with interactive teller machines, security system upgrades and other equipment placed into service in 2024. These increases were partially offset as intangible amortization decreased $264,000 as the Bank’s core deposit intangibles were fully amortized in 2024. Occupancy expense decreased $181,000 due to environmental remediation costs related to a construction project on one of the Bank’s office locations recognized only in 2024 and certain property management cost savings initiatives implemented in 2025. Data processing expense decreased $64,000 due to costs associated with the implementation of a new loan origination system and financial dashboard platform during mid-2024.
Income Taxes. Income tax expense was a $1.3 million benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a $747,000 expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This change was primarily driven by a decrease in pre-tax income to a $7.0 million loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $4.0 million of income for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This resulted from the loss recognized as a result of the securities repositioning strategy exectued during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
Results of Operations for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Overview. Net income was $164,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of $9.9 million compared to $10.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Net Interest and Dividend Income. Net interest and dividend income increased $2.4 million, or 7.0%, to $36.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $34.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Net interest margin (GAAP) increased to 3.49% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 3.21% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Net interest margin (FTE) (Non-GAAP) increased 29 bps to 3.51% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 3.22% the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Interest and Dividend Income
•Interest and dividend income decreased $752,000, or 1.3%, to $55.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $56.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
◦Interest income on loans increased $1.5 million, or 3.5%, to $46.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $44.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The average balance of loans increased $22.1 million to $1.10 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.08 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulting in a $865,000 increase in interest income on loans. Additionally, the average yield on loans increased 9 bps to 5.62% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to 5.53% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 resulting in a $731,000 increase in interest income on loans. The increase in the loan yield is despite a 125bp reduction in the federal funds rate since September 2024. While this led to the downward repricing of variable and adjustable rate loans, the impact was partially negated by a reduction in lower yielding consumer loans due to the discontinuation of the indirect automobile loan product with the redeployment of those funds into higher yielding commercial loan products.
◦Interest income on investment securities increased $194,000, or 2.3%, to $8.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 driven by a $14.7 million increase in average balances, partially offset by a 11 bp decrease in the average yield. The increase in volume and decrease in yield was driven by a $25.5 million increase in the average balance of CLO securities as the Company executed a leverage strategy to purchase these assets funded with brokered certificates of deposits. The increase in the volume resulted in a $515,000 increase in interest income. The decrease in the average yield resulted in a $282,000 decrease in interest income and was the result of reductions in the federal funds rates since September 2024.
◦Interest income on interest-earning deposits at other banks decreased $2.4 million, to $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as average balances decreased $54.5 million and the average yield decreased 114 bps. The volume decreased as cash was utilized to fund security purchases and loan originations and cover deposit fluctuations while the average yield decrease resulted from reductions in the federal funds rate since September 2024.
Interest Expense
•Interest expense decreased $3.2 million, or 14.3%, to $19.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $22.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
◦Interest expense on deposits decreased $3.3 million, or 15.8%, to $17.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $20.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Declining market interest rates led to the repricing of interest-bearing demand, money market and time deposits and resulted in a 40 bp decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing deposits compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
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This accounted for a $3.0 million decrease in interest expense. Additionally, the average balance of interest-bearing deposits decreased $15.6 million resulting in a $276,000 decrease in interest expense.
◦Interest expense on borrowed funds increased $140,000, or 11.5%, to $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The average balance of borrowed funds increased $5.6 million due to FHLB short-term advances utilized during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in the average balance accounted for a $200,000 increase in interest expense. Partially offsetting this increase, the average cost of borrowed funds decreased 19 bps as $20.0 million of long-term borrowings matured and were replaced at current market rates. The decrease in the cost accounted for a $60,000 decrease in interest expense.
Average Balances and Yields. The following table presents information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities, the total dollar amounts of interest income and dividends from average interest-earning assets, the total dollar amounts of interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, and the resulting average yields and costs. Average balances are derived from daily balances over the periods indicated. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts, and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan and security interest income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21% for the periods presented. As such, amounts will not agree to income as reported in the consolidated financial statements. The yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing annualized income or expense by the average balances of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.
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| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Yield/ Cost (1) |  | Average Balance | Interest and Dividends | Yield/ Cost (1)
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Earning Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, Net (2) | $ | 1,098,105 |  | $ | 46,167 |  | 5.62 | % |  | $ | 1,076,052 |  | $ | 44,571 |  | 5.53 | %
Debt Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable | 273,949 |  | 8,485 |  | 4.13 |  |  | 263,433 |  | 8,437 |  | 4.27 |
Tax Exempt | 4,199 |  | 185 |  | 5.87 |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Equity Securities | 1,552 |  | 44 |  | 3.78 |  |  | 2,693 |  | 82 |  | 4.06 |
Interest-Earning Deposits at Banks | 36,044 |  | 1,083 |  | 4.01 |  |  | 90,507 |  | 3,493 |  | 5.15 |
Other Interest-Earning Assets | 3,648 |  | 196 |  | 7.18 |  |  | 3,166 |  | 234 |  | 9.87 |
Total Interest-Earning Assets | 1,417,497 |  | 56,160 |  | 5.30 |  |  | 1,435,851 |  | 56,817 |  | 5.29 |
Noninterest-Earning Assets | 69,034 |  |  |  |  | 55,366 |  |  |
Total Assets | $ | 1,486,531 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,491,217 |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-Bearing Demand Deposits | $ | 334,380 |  | 5,039 |  | 2.01 | % |  | $ | 325,383 |  | 5,576 |  | 2.29 | %
Savings Accounts | 172,517 |  | 126 |  | 0.10 |  |  | 184,017 |  | 157 |  | 0.11 |
Money Market Accounts | 226,760 |  | 4,874 |  | 2.87 |  |  | 211,921 |  | 4,885 |  | 3.08 |
Time Deposits | 277,424 |  | 7,604 |  | 3.66 |  |  | 305,386 |  | 10,330 |  | 4.52 |
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits | 1,011,081 |  | 17,643 |  | 2.33 |  |  | 1,026,707 |  | 20,948 |  | 2.73 |
Short-Term Borrowings | 5,607 |  | 199 |  | 4.75 |  |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |
Other Borrowings | 34,733 |  | 1,156 |  | 4.45 |  |  | 34,692 |  | 1,215 |  | 4.68 |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | 1,051,421 |  | 18,998 |  | 2.42 |  |  | 1,061,400 |  | 22,163 |  | 2.79 |
Noninterest-Bearing Demand Deposits | 269,259 |  |  |  |  | 271,511 |  |  |
Total Funding and Cost of Funds | 1,320,680 |  |  | 1.92 |  |  | 1,332,911 |  |  | 2.22 |
Other Liabilities | 17,812 |  |  |  |  | 16,045 |  |  |
Total Liabilities | 1,338,492 |  |  |  |  | 1,348,956 |  |  |
Stockholders' Equity | 148,039 |  |  |  |  | 142,261 |  |  |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 1,486,531 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,491,217 |  |  |
Net Interest Income (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3) |  | $ | 37,162 |  |  |  |  | $ | 34,654 |  |
Net Interest-Earning Assets (4) | $ | 366,076 |  |  |  |  | $ | 374,451 |  |  |
Net Interest Rate Spread (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3)(5) |  |  | 2.88 | % |  |  |  | 2.50 | %
Net Interest Margin (GAAP) (6) |  |  | 3.49 |  |  |  |  | 3.21 |
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (Non-GAAP) (3)(6) |  |  | 3.51 |  |  |  |  | 3.22 |
Return on Average Assets (1) |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  | 0.90 |
Return on Average Equity (1) |  |  | 0.15 |  |  |  |  | 9.45 |
Average Equity to Average Assets |  |  | 9.96 |  |  |  |  | 9.54 |
Average Interest-Earning Assets to Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities |  |  | 134.82 |  |  |  |  | 135.28 |

(1)Annualized based on nine months ended results.
(2) Net of the allowance for credit losses and includes nonaccrual loans with a zero yield and Loans Held for Sale if applicable.
(3) Refer to Explanation and Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this filing for the calculation of the measure and reconciliation to the most comparable GAAP measure.
(4) Net interest-earning assets represent total interest-earning assets less total interest-bearing liabilities.
(5) Net interest rate spread represents the difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
(6) Net interest margin represents annualized net interest income divided by average total interest-earning assets.
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Rate Volume Analysis. The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on our net interest income for the periods indicated. FTE yield adjustments have been made for tax exempt loan and security income utilizing a marginal federal income tax rate of 21%. The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume. The total column represents the sum of the prior columns.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Increase (Decrease) Due to
| Volume | Rate | Total
(Dollars in thousands) (Unaudited) |  |  |
Interest and Dividend Income: |  |  |
Loans, net | $ | 865 |  | $ | 731 |  | $ | 1,596 |
Debt Securities: |  |  |
Taxable | 330 |  | (282) |  | 48 |
Exempt From Federal Tax | 185 |  | — |  | 185 |
Equity Securities | (32) |  | (6) |  | (38) |
Cash at Other Banks | (1,761) |  | (649) |  | (2,410) |
Other Interest-Earning Assets | 32 |  | (70) |  | (38) |
Total Interest-Earning Assets | (381) |  | (276) |  | (657) |
Interest Expense: |  |  |
Deposits | (276) |  | (3,029) |  | (3,305) |
Short-Term Borrowings | 199 |  | — |  | 199 |
Other Borrowings | 1 |  | (60) |  | (59) |
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities | (76) |  | (3,089) |  | (3,165) |
Change in Net Interest and Dividend Income | $ | (305) |  | $ | 2,813 |  | $ | 2,508 |

Provision for Credit Losses. The net provision for credit losses was $227,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The provision for credit losses for loans was $269,000, partially offset by a recovery for credit losses for unfunded commitments of $42,000. The increase for provision for credit losses for loans was due to loan growth and increases in qualitative factors, partially offset by improvement of individually analyzed loans that required specific provision in prior periods and a decline in calculated loss rates. The recovery for unfunded commitments was due to a decline in the unfunded commitment balance. This compared to a recovery for credit losses of $114,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 due to a decrease in loan balances. The prior period recovery for credit losses was comprised of $105,000 for loans and $9,000 for unfunded commitments.
Noninterest Income. Noninterest income decreased $12.8 million, or 333.3%, to a $9.0 million loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $3.8 million of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease was mainly due to loss on securities for the securities repositioning of $11.8 million and a $64,000 loss mainly related to the sale of equity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to a $49,000 loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 which was primarily due to changes in the market value of equity securities, comprised mainly of bank stocks. Net gain on bank-owned life insurance claims decreased as a $915,000 gain was realized for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and net gain on disposal of premises and equipment decreased as a gain of $274,000 was realized during nine months ended September 30, 2024 from the sale of one branch office location.
Partially offsetting these decreases, service fees increased $375,000, or 30.7%, to $1.6 million for nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 primarily related to increases in fees related to corporate deposit accounts, Individual Covered Health Reimbursement Arrangement (ICHRA) accounts and check card activity.
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Noninterest Expense. Noninterest expense increased $1.5 million, or 5.9%, to $27.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $26.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Salaries and benefits increased $2.8 million primarily due to $1.0 million of one-time non-recurring expense recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 associated with the previously announced reduction in force, merit increases, revenue producing staff additions and higher insurance and benefit costs. Additionally, equipment expense increased $228,000 due to higher depreciation expense associated with interactive teller machines, security system upgrades and other equipment placed into service during late 2024 and FDIC expense increased $85,000.
Partially offsetting these increases, amortization of intangible assets decreased $870,000 as the Bank’s core deposit intangible was fully amortized in 2024, occupancy expense decreased $505,000 primarily due to environmental remediation costs recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 related to a construction project on one of the Bank’s office location and certain property management cost savings initiatives implemented during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, Pennsylvania shares tax expense decreased $154,000 due to $242,000 of refunds received during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 as a result of amended prior year returns, and data processing expense decreased $210,000 due to higher 2024 costs associated with the initial implementation of a new loan origination system.
Income Taxes. Income tax expense decreased $2.4 million to a $131,000 income tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $2.2 million of income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The change between the periods was driven by a decrease in pre-tax income to $33,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $12.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in pre-tax income was mainly due to the securities repositioning in the current year.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Other than loan commitments and standby and performance letters of credit, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a significant current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that are material to investors. Refer to Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this report for a summary of commitments outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Management
Liquidity. Liquidity is the ability to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. The Company’s primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments and maturities, calls and sales of securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are typically predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.
The Company regularly adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon its assessment of expected loan demand, expected deposit flows, yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities, and the objectives of its asset/liability management program. Excess liquid assets are invested generally in interest-earning deposits with other banks and short- and intermediate-term securities. The Company believes that it had sufficient liquidity at September 30, 2025 to satisfy its short- and long-term liquidity needs.
The Company’s most liquid assets are cash and due from banks, which totaled $55.9 million at September 30, 2025. The levels of these assets depend on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. Unpledged securities, which provide an additional source of liquidity, totaled $93.2 million at September 30, 2025. In addition, at September 30, 2025, the Company had the ability to borrow up to $500.4 million from the FHLB of Pittsburgh, of which $478.6 million was available. The Company also has the ability to borrow up to $69.8 million from the FRB through its Borrower-In-Custody line of credit agreement and the Company also maintains multiple line of credit arrangements with various unaffiliated banks totaling $50.0 million as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, currently these credit arrangements have remained unused.
At September 30, 2025, $264.9 million, or 87.9% of total time deposits mature within one year. If these time deposits do not remain with the Company, the Company will be required to seek other sources of funds. Depending on market conditions, the Company may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or other borrowings than it currently pays on these time deposits. The Company believes, however, based on past experience that a significant portion of its time deposits will remain with it, either as time deposits or as other deposit products. The Company has the ability to attract and retain deposits by adjusting the interest rates offered. At September 30, 2025, the Bank's current deposit portfolio is 59.6% insured by the FDIC, and with additional coverage of 16.3% from the Bank's investment securities; of the total deposits held at the Bank only 24.1% are uninsured.
We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position; therefore, we monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. The marginal cost of new funding,
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however, whether from deposits or borrowings from the FHLB, will be carefully considered as we monitor our liquidity needs. Therefore, in order to minimize our cost of funds, we may consider additional borrowings from the FHLB in the future.
CB Financial is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity to pay any dividends to its shareholders and for other corporate purposes. Its primary source of liquidity is dividend payments it receives from the Bank. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends to CB Financial is subject to regulatory limitations. At September 30, 2025, CB Financial (on an unconsolidated, stand-alone basis) had liquid assets of $9.1 million. The ability to pay future dividends or conduct stock repurchases may be limited under applicable banking regulations and regulatory policies due to expected losses for future periods and/or the inability to upstream funds from the Bank to the Company as a result of lower income or regulatory capital levels.
Capital Management. The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, each must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.
Under the Regulatory Capital Rules, in order to avoid limitations on capital distributions (including dividend payments and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers), a banking organization must hold a capital conservation buffer comprised of common equity Tier I capital above its minimum risk-based capital requirements in an amount greater than 2.5% of total risk-weighted assets.
At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank was categorized as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action.
The following table presents the Bank’s regulatory capital amounts and ratios, as well as the minimum amounts and ratios required to be well capitalized as of the dates indicated.

| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
| Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |
Actual | $ | 151,566 |  | 14.19 | % | $ | 152,238 |  | 14.78 | %
For Capital Adequacy Purposes | 48,068 |  | 4.50 |  | 46,366 |  | 4.50 |
To Be Well Capitalized | 69,431 |  | 6.50 |  | 66,973 |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 Capital (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |
Actual | 151,566 |  | 14.19 |  | 152,238 |  | 14.78 |
For Capital Adequacy Purposes | 64,090 |  | 6.00 |  | 61,821 |  | 6.00 |
To Be Well Capitalized | 85,454 |  | 8.00 |  | 82,428 |  | 8.00 |
Total Capital (to risk weighted assets) |  |  |  |
Actual | 162,361 |  | 15.20 |  | 162,733 |  | 15.79 |
For Capital Adequacy Purposes | 85,454 |  | 8.00 |  | 82,428 |  | 8.00 |
To Be Well Capitalized | 106,817 |  | 10.00 |  | 103,035 |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 Leverage (to adjusted total assets) |  |  |  |
Actual | 151,566 |  | 10.06 |  | 152,238 |  | 9.98 |
For Capital Adequacy Purposes | 60,265 |  | 4.00 |  | 60,996 |  | 4.00 |
To Be Well Capitalized | 75,332 |  | 5.00 |  | 76,245 |  | 5.00 |

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Loan Credit Exposure
Refer to the "Lending Activities" section of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a description of each loan portfolio segment.
At September 30, 2025, the Company's loans totaled $1.14 billion, representing a $50.8 million, or 4.6%, increase compared to $1.09 billion at December 31, 2024.
The table below provides the composition of the loan portfolio:

| September 30, 2025 | December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |
Residential | $ | 333,430 |  | 29.2 | % | $ | 337,990 |  | 30.9 | %
Commercial | 539,395 |  | 47.2 |  | 485,513 |  | 44.4 |
Construction | 38,905 |  | 3.4 |  | 54,705 |  | 5.0 |
Commercial and Industrial | 143,919 |  | 12.6 |  | 112,047 |  | 10.3 |
Consumer | 49,581 |  | 4.3 |  | 70,508 |  | 6.5 |
Other | 38,156 |  | 3.3 |  | 31,863 |  | 2.9 |
Total Loans | $ | 1,143,386 |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 1,092,626 |  | 100.0 | %

The Company's loan portfolio is a mix of consumer and commercial credits. Overall credit exposure and portfolio compensation is managed via a credit concentration policy. The policy designates specific loan types, collateral types and loan structures to be formally tracked and assigned maximum exposure limits as a percentage of capital. Commercial lending by asset class, specific limits for Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") project types, loans secured by residential real estate, large dollar exposures and designated high risk loan categories represent examples of specifically tracked components of our concentration management process. There are no identified concentrations that exceed the assigned exposure limits. Our concentration management policy is approved by the Company's Board of Directors and is used to ensure a high-quality, well diversified portfolio that is consistent with our overall objective of maintaining an acceptable level of risk.
The Company's CRE portfolio totaled $539.4 million at September 30, 2025, an increase of $53.9 million, or 11.1%, compared to December 31, 2024. CRE loans are concentrated in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
The tables below provides further detail of the composition of the CRE portfolio as of September 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands) | CRE Nonowner Occupied Loans
| Outstanding Balance | Percent | Average Loan Size | Average LTV (1)
Retail Space | $ | 102,067 |  | 24.10 | % | $ | 1,501 |  | 62.80 | %
Multifamily | 98,239 |  | 23.20 |  | 973 |  | 61.38 |
Warehouse Space | 74,770 |  | 17.65 |  | 1,968 |  | 55.22 |
Office Space | 62,081 |  | 14.66 |  | 1,293 |  | 60.90 |
Manufacturing | 21,640 |  | 5.11 |  | 2,164 |  | 43.27 |
Medical Facilities | 18,355 |  | 4.33 |  | 1,224 |  | 56.39 |
Hotels | 13,551 |  | 3.20 |  | 1,936 |  | 59.23 |
Vacant Land | 5,043 |  | 1.19 |  | 1,261 |  | 44.60 |
Senior Housing | 3,243 |  | 0.77 |  | 3,243 |  | 41.54 |
Other | 24,515 |  | 5.79 |  | 943 |  | 61.08 |
Total Nonowner Occupied CRE | $ | 423,504 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 1,332 |  | 58.98 | %

(1) Based on collateral value at the time of loan origination.
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(Dollars in Thousands) | CRE Owner Occupied Loans
| Outstanding Balance | Percent | Average Loan Size | Average LTV (1)
Retail Space | $ | 26,348 |  | 22.74 | % | $ | 712 |  | 51.90 | %
Warehouse Space | 20,480 |  | 17.67 |  | 788 |  | 48.42 |
Office Space | 9,224 |  | 7.96 |  | 401 |  | 72.67 |
Medical Facilities | 8,768 |  | 7.57 |  | 674 |  | 75.02 |
Senior Housing | 5,867 |  | 5.06 |  | 1,956 |  | 27.00 |
Multifamily | 3,726 |  | 3.22 |  | 3,726 |  | 70.56 |
Manufacturing | 2,887 |  | 2.49 |  | 289 |  | 54.34 |
Vacant Land | 2,126 |  | 1.83 |  | 125 |  | 42.70 |
Other | 36,465 |  | 31.46 |  | 514 |  | 52.54 |
Total Owner Occupied CRE | $ | 115,891 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 577 |  | 54.10 | %

(1) Based on collateral value at the time of loan origination.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk.
Management of Interest Rate Risk. The majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Consequently, the Company’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk and a principal part of its business strategy is to manage interest rate risk by reducing the exposure of net interest income to changes in market interest rates. Accordingly, the Company’s Board has established an Asset/Liability Management Committee, which is responsible for evaluating the interest rate risk inherent in the Company’s assets and liabilities, for determining the level of risk that is appropriate given the Company’s business strategy, operating environment, capital, liquidity and performance objectives; and for managing this risk consistent with the guidelines approved by the Board. Senior management monitors the level of interest rate risk and the Asset/Liability Management Committee meets on a quarterly basis to review its asset/liability policies and position and interest rate risk position, and to discuss and implement interest rate risk strategies.
The Company monitors interest rate risk through the use of a simulation model. The quarterly reports developed in the simulation model assist the Company in identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling interest rate risk to ensure compliance within the Company’s policy guidelines. This quantitative analysis measures interest rate risk from both a capital and earnings perspective. With regard to earnings, movements in interest rates and the shape of the yield curve significantly influence the amount of net interest income that is recognized. Movements in market interest rates significantly influence the spread between the interest earned on our interest-earning assets and the interest paid on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our internal interest rate risk analysis calculates the sensitivity of our projected net interest income over a one year period utilizing a static balance sheet assumption through which incoming and outgoing asset and liability cash flows are reinvested into similar instruments. Product pricing and earning asset prepayment speeds are adjusted for each rate scenario.
With regard to capital, our internal interest rate risk analysis calculates the sensitivity of our economic value of equity (“EVE”) ratio to movements in interest rates. EVE represents the present value of the expected cash flows from our assets less the present value of the expected cash flows arising from our liabilities. EVE attempts to quantify our economic value using a discounted cash flow methodology while the EVE ratio reflects that value as a form of capital ratio. The degree to which the EVE ratio changes for any hypothetical interest rate scenario from its base case measurement is a reflection of an institution’s sensitivity to interest rate risk.
For both net interest income and capital at risk, our interest rate risk analysis calculates a base case scenario that assumes no change in interest rates. The model then measures changes throughout a series of interest rate scenarios representing immediate and permanent, parallel shifts in the yield curve up and down 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points with additional scenarios modeled where appropriate. The model requires that interest rates remain positive for all points along the yield curve for each rate scenario which may preclude the modeling of certain falling rate scenarios.
The table below sets forth, as of September 30, 2025, the estimated changes in EVE and net interest income at risk that would result from the designated instantaneous changes in market interest rates. Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Changes presented in the table below are within the policy limits approved by the Board of Directors.
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| EVE |  | EVE as a Percent of Portfolio Value of Assets |  | Net Interest Earnings at Risk
Change in Interest Rates in Basis Points | Dollar Amount | Dollar Change | Percent Change |  | NPV Ratio | Basis Point Change |  | Dollar Amount | Dollar Change | Percent Change
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
+400 | $ | 190,921 |  | $ | (34,913) |  | (15.5) | % |  | 13.94 | % |  | (115) |  |  |  | $ | 62,397 |  | $ | 4,521 |  | 7.8 | %
+300 | 198,999 |  | (26,835) |  | (11.9) |  |  | 14.23 |  |  | (86) |  |  |  | 61,270 |  | 3,394 |  | 5.9 |
+200 | 208,635 |  | (17,199) |  | (7.6) |  |  | 14.59 |  |  | (50) |  |  |  | 60,212 |  | 2,336 |  | 4.0 |
+100 | 217,798 |  | (8,036) |  | (3.6) |  |  | 14.89 |  |  | (20) |  |  |  | 59,108 |  | 1,232 |  | 2.1 |
Flat | 225,834 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 15.09 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,876 |  | — |  | — |
(100) | 231,793 |  | 5,959 |  | 2.6 |  |  | 15.16 |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 56,472 |  | (1,404) |  | (2.4) |
(200) | 235,050 |  | 9,216 |  | 4.1 |  |  | 15.05 |  |  | (4) |  |  |  | 54,919 |  | (2,957) |  | (5.1) |
(300) | 235,456 |  | 9,622 |  | 4.3 |  |  | 14.77 |  |  | (32) |  |  |  | 53,519 |  | (4,357) |  | (7.5) |
(400) | 227,593 |  | 1,759 |  | 0.8 |  |  | 14.05 |  |  | (104) |  |  |  | 52,926 |  | (4,950) |  | (8.6) |

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurement. Modeling changes in EVE and net interest income require making certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the table presented assumes that the composition of the Company’s interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured, and assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the table provides an indication of the Company’s interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on EVE and net interest income and will differ from actual results. EVE calculations also may not reflect the fair values of financial instruments. For example, changes in market interest rates can increase the fair values of the Company’s loans, deposits and borrowings.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
(a)Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Based upon their evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective for the purpose of ensuring that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act with the SEC (1) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (2) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.
(b)Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits against us, such as claims to enforce liens, claims seeking damages for improper collection procedures or misrepresentations, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business. We are not a party to any other pending legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in such Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Not applicable.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, none of the Company's directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company's securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of SEC Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such term is defined in Item 408 of SEC Regulation S-K).
Item 6. Exhibits

| 3.1 | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-4 filed on June 13, 2014 (File No. 333-196749))
| 3.2 | Bylaws, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2020)
| 31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certification (Chief Executive Officer)
| 31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certification (Chief Financial Officer)
| 32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
| 101 | The following materials for the quarter ended September 30, 2025, formatted in XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language); the (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded within Inline XBRL contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | CB FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
|  |  | (Registrant)
Date: | November 7, 2025 |  | /s/ John H. Montgomery
|  |  | John H. Montgomery
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: | November 7, 2025 |  | /s/ Amanda L. Engles
|  |  | Amanda L. Engles
|  |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer)

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