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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Significant Accounting Policies |
Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all of the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Estimates and Assumptions The Company prepares its financial statements and related notes in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These principles require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates in the consolidated financial statements include the allowance for doubtful accounts, purchase price allocations, useful lives of fixed assets and the valuation of derivatives. Investments in non-consolidated REITs The Company has a non-controlling common stock interest in nine Sponsored REITs and a non-controlling preferred stock interest in two of those Sponsored REITs. The Company exercises influence over, but does not control these entities and investments are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company's cost basis is adjusted by its share of the Sponsored REITs' earnings or losses. Equity in earnings or losses of Sponsored REITs is not recognized to the extent that the investment balance would become negative and distributions received are recognized as income once the investment balance is reduced to zero, unless there is a loan receivable from the Sponsored REIT entity. The equity investments in Sponsored REITS are reviewed for impairment each reporting period. The Company records impairment charges when events or circumstances indicate a decline in the fair value below the carrying value of the investment has occurred and such decline is other-than-temporary. The ultimate realization of the equity investments in Sponsored REITS is dependent on a number of factors, including the performance of each investment and market conditions. An impairment charge is recorded if its determined that a decline in the value below the carrying value of an equity investment in a Sponsored REIT is other than temporary. On December 27, 2007, the Company purchased 965.75 preferred shares (approximately 43.7%) of a Sponsored REIT, FSP 303 East Wacker Drive Corp. (“East Wacker”), for $82,813,000. The Company agreed to vote its shares in any matter presented to a vote by the stockholders of East Wacker in the same proportion as shares voted by other stockholders of East Wacker. The investment in East Wacker is accounted for under the equity method. On May 29, 2009, the Company purchased 175.5 preferred shares (approximately 27.0%) of a Sponsored REIT, FSP Grand Boulevard Corp. (“Grand Boulevard”), for $15,049,000. The Company agreed to vote its shares in any matter presented to a vote by the stockholders of Grand Boulevard in the same proportion as shares voted by other stockholders of Grand Boulevard. The investment in Grand Boulevard is accounted for under the equity method. Real Estate and Depreciation Real estate assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. If the Company determines that impairment has occurred, the affected assets are reduced to their fair value. The Company allocates the value of real estate acquired among land, buildings and identified intangible assets or liabilities. Costs related to land, building and improvements are capitalized. Typical capital items include new roofs, site improvements, various exterior building improvements and major interior renovations. Costs incurred in connection with leasing (primarily tenant improvements and leasing commissions) are capitalized and amortized over the lease period. Routine replacements and ordinary maintenance and repairs that do not extend the life of the asset are expensed as incurred. Funding for repairs and maintenance items typically is provided by cash flows from operating activities. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives as follows:
Category |  | Years |
Commercial buildings |  |  | 39 |  |
Building improvements |  | 15 | - | 39 |
Fixtures and equipment |  | 3 | - | 7 |
The Company reviews its properties to determine if their carrying amounts will be recovered from future operating cash flows if certain indicators of impairment are identified at those properties. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. Since cash flows are considered on an undiscounted basis in the analysis that the Company conducts to determine whether an asset has been impaired, the Company’s strategy of holding properties over the long term directly decreases the likelihood of recording an impairment loss. If the Company’s strategy changes or market conditions otherwise dictate an earlier sale date, an impairment loss may be recognized. Acquired Real Estate Leases and Amortization The Company recorded the value of acquired real estate leases as a result of one acquisition in 2015 and three acquisitions in 2013. Acquired real estate leases represent costs associated with acquiring an in-place lease (i.e., the market cost to execute a similar lease, including leasing commission, tenant improvements, legal, vacancy and other related costs) and the value relating to leases with rents above the market rate. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the leases, which range from 3 month to 281 months. Amortization expense of these combined components was approximately $38,829,000, $44,701,000, and $32,230,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amortization related to costs associated with acquiring an in-place lease is included in depreciation and amortization on the consolidated statements of income. Amortization related to leases with rents above the market rate is offset against the rental revenue in the consolidated statements of income. The estimated annual amortization expense for the five years and thereafter succeeding December 31, 2015 is as follows:
(in thousands) |  | December 31, |
2016 |  | $ | 32,302 |
2017 |  |  | 25,233 |
2018 |  |  | 19,624 |
2019 |  |  | 12,887 |
2020 |  |  | 7,659 |
2021 and thereafter |  |  | 10,341 |
Acquired Unfavorable Real Estate Leases and Amortization The Company recorded the value of acquired unfavorable leases as a result of one acquisition in 2015 and three acquisitions in 2013. Acquired unfavorable real estate leases represent the value relating to leases with rents below the market rate. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the term of the leases, which range from 21 months to 281 months. Amortization expense was approximately $3,242,000, $3,229,000 and $3,073,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Amortization related to leases with rents below the market rate is included with rental revenue in the consolidated statements of income. The estimated annual amortization for the five years and thereafter succeeding December 31, 2015 is as follows:
(in thousands) |  | December 31, |
2016 |  | $ | 2,781 |
2017 |  |  | 2,063 |
2018 |  |  | 1,518 |
2019 |  |  | 959 |
2020 |  |  | 742 |
2021 and thereafter |  |  | 1,362 |
Discontinued Operations During 2014, the Company early adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08, Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. ASU No. 2014-08 clarifies that discontinued operations presentation applies only to disposals representing a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results (e.g., a disposal of a major geographical area, a major line of business, a major equity method investment or other major parts of an entity). This ASU standard establishes criteria to evaluate whether transactions should be classified as discontinued operations and requires additional disclosure for discontinued operations and new disclosures for individually material disposal transactions that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation. This standard was applied prospectively during 2014. For periods prior to 2014, the Company reported as discontinued operations, the income and expenses associated with a disposal group (i) that qualified as a component of an entity, (ii) for which cash flows were eliminated from the ongoing operations of the entity, and (iii) in which the Company would not have significant continuing involvement. Comparability between 2014 and prior years is affected as a result of the adoption of the new standard. The rental revenues, operating and maintenance expenses and depreciation and amortization for a property sold in 2014 are included in income from continuing operations. The property sold in 2013 is presented in discontinued operations, which required reclassifications of rental revenues, operating and maintenance expenses and depreciation and amortization to income or loss from discontinued operations. Classification as held for sale typically occurs upon the execution of a purchase and sale agreement and belief by management that the sale or disposition is probable of occurrence within one year. During 2013, the Company accounted for sales of properties and assets held for sale as discontinued operations. Upon determining that a property was held for sale, the Company discontinued depreciating the property and reflected the property in its consolidated balance sheets at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value less the cost to sell. The Company presented property held for sale on its consolidated balance sheets as “Asset held for sale”, on a comparative basis. The Company reported the results of operations of its properties sold or held for sale in its consolidated statements of income as discontinued operations if no significant continuing involvement exists after the sale or disposition. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Restricted Cash Restricted cash consists of tenant security deposits, which are required by law in some states or by contractual agreement to be kept in a segregated account, and escrows arising from property sales. Tenant security deposits are refunded when tenants vacate, provided that the tenant has not damaged the property. Cash held in escrow is paid when the related issue is resolved. Restricted cash also may include funds segregated for specific tenant improvements per lease agreements. Tenant Rent Receivables Tenant rent receivables are expected to be collected within one year. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts based on its estimate of a tenant’s ability to make future rent payments. The computation of this allowance is based in part on the tenants’ payment history and current credit status. The Company wrote off $89,000 in the receivables and decreased its allowance by $106,000 during 2015; wrote-off $119,000 in receivables and increased its allowance by $394,000 during 2014; and wrote-off $1,237,000 in receivables and decreased its allowance by $13,000 during 2013, based on such analysis. Related Party Mortgage Loan Receivable Management monitors and evaluates the secured loans compared to the expected performance, cash flow and value of the underlying real estate and has not experienced a loss on these loans to date. Concentration of Credit Risks Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash investments, derivatives and accounts receivable. The Company maintains its cash balances principally in two banks which the Company believes to be creditworthy. The Company periodically assesses the financial condition of the banks and believes that the risk of loss is minimal. Cash balances held with various financial institutions frequently exceed the insurance limit of $250,000 provided by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The derivatives that we have are from two interest rate swap agreements that are discussed in Note 5. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of our tenants and require certain tenants to provide security deposits or letters of credit. Though these security deposits and letters of credit are insufficient to meet the total value of a tenant’s lease obligation, they are a measure of good faith and a source of funds to offset the economic costs associated with lost rent and the costs associated with re-tenanting the space. The Company has no single tenant which accounts for more than 10% of its annualized rent. Financial Instruments The Company estimates that the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued compensation, tenant security deposits approximate their fair values based on their short-term maturity and the bank note and term loans payable approximate their fair values as they bear interest at variable interest rates. Straight-line Rent Receivable Certain leases provide for fixed rent increases over the term of the lease. Rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the related lease term; however, billings by the Company are based on the lease agreements. Straight-line rent receivable, which is the cumulative revenue recognized in excess of amounts billed by the Company, was $48,502,000 and $47,021,000 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company provides an allowance for doubtful accounts based on its estimate of a tenant’s ability to make future rent payments. The computation of this allowance is based in part on the tenants’ payment history and current credit status. The Company wrote off $112,000 in receivables during 2015; increased its allowance by $27,000 during 2014; and wrote-off $48,000 in receivables and increased its allowance by $48,000 during 2013, based on such analysis. Deferred Leasing Commissions Deferred leasing commissions represent direct and incremental external leasing costs incurred in the leasing of commercial space. These costs are capitalized and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related lease agreements. Amortization expense was approximately $5,680,000, $5,786,000 and $4,683,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The estimated annual amortization for the five years and thereafter following December 31, 2015 is as follows:
(in thousands) |  | December 31, |
2016 |  | $ | 6,105 |
2017 |  |  | 5,372 |
2018 |  |  | 4,481 |
2019 |  |  | 3,810 |
2020 |  |  | 3,072 |
2021 and thereafter |  |  | 6,159 |
Common Share Repurchases The Company recognizes the gross cost of the common shares it repurchases as a reduction in stockholders’ equity using the treasury stock method. Maryland law does not recognize a separate treasury stock account but provides that shares repurchased are classified as authorized but unissued shares. Accordingly, the Company reduces common stock for the par value and the excess of the purchase price over the par value is a reduction to additional paid-in capital. Revenue Recognition Rental revenue includes income from leases, certain reimbursable expenses, straight-line rent adjustments and other income associated with renting the property. A summary of rental revenue is shown in the following table:
|  | Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
(in thousands) |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013 |
Income from leases |  | $ | 185,738 |  | $ | 189,508 |  | $ | 159,472 |
Reimbursable expenses |  |  | 49,512 |  |  | 49,731 |  |  | 41,486 |
Straight-line rent adjustment |  |  | 2,448 |  |  | 4,737 |  |  | 5,755 |
Amortization of favorable and unfavorable leases |  |  | 158 |  |  | (635) |  |  | 213 |
|  | $ | 237,856 |  | $ | 243,341 |  | $ | 206,926 |
Rental Revenue - The Company has retained substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership of the Company’s commercial properties and accounts for its leases as operating leases. Rental income from leases, which includes rent concessions (including free rent and tenant improvement allowances) and scheduled increases in rental rates during the lease term, is recognized on a straight-line basis. The Company does not have any significant percentage rent arrangements with its commercial property tenants. Reimbursable expenses are included in rental income in the period earned. Related Party and Other Revenue - Property and asset management fees, interest income on loans and other income are recognized when the related services are performed and the earnings process is complete. Segment Reporting ASC 280 Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”) establishes standards for the way public entities report information about operating segments in the financial statements. The Company is a REIT focused on real estate investments primarily in the office market and currently operates in only one segment: real estate operations. Income Taxes Taxes on income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 represent taxes incurred by FSP Protective TRS Corp, which is a taxable REIT subsidiary and the State of Texas franchise tax applicable to FSP Corp., which is classified as an income tax for reporting purposes. Taxes on income incurred by FSP Investments, which is a taxable REIT subsidiary, are classified in discontinued operations. Net Income Per Share Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue shares were exercised or converted into shares. There were no potential dilutive shares outstanding at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013. The denominator used for calculating basic and diluted net income per share was 100,187,000, 100,187,000, and 93,855,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. Derivative Instruments The Company recognizes derivatives on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value. Derivatives that do not qualify, or are not designated as hedge relationships, must be adjusted to fair value through income. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are accounted for by recording the fair value of the derivative instrument on the consolidated balance sheet as either an asset or liability. To the extent hedges are effective, a corresponding amount, adjusted for swap payments, is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. Amounts are then reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to the income statement in the period or periods the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Ineffectiveness, if any, is recorded in the income statement. The Company reviews the effectiveness of each hedging transaction, which involves estimating future cash flows, at least quarterly. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. The Company currently has no fair value hedges outstanding. Fair values of derivatives are subject to significant variability based on changes in interest rates and counterparty credit risk. The results of such variability could be a significant increase or decrease in our derivative assets, derivative liabilities, book equity, and/or earnings. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There is also an established fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value. Financial assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which is typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity or information. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability including credit risk, which was not significant to the overall value. These inputs were considered and applied to the Company’s derivative, and Level 2 inputs were used to value the interest rate swap. Subsequent Events In preparing these consolidated financial statements the Company evaluated events that occurred through the date of issuance of these financial statements for potential recognition or disclosure. Recent Accounting Standards In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides guidance for revenue recognition. The standard’s core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which a company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact the adoption of this ASU will have on the consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. This update requires an entity to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or within one year after the financial statements are available to be issued when applicable) and to provide related footnote disclosures in certain circumstances. This update is effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for annual and interim periods thereafter with early adoption permitted. The implementation of this update is not expected to cause any significant changes to the consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which requires debt issuance costs to be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the associated debt liability. This update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015 and requires retrospective application. The implementation of this update is not expected to cause any material changes to the condensed consolidated financial statements other than the reclassification of debt issuance costs from assets to contra liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, $2.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively, would be reclassified from assets to contra liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, “Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis” (“ASU 2015-02”). ASU 2015-02 affects reporting entities that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. ASU 2015-02 modifies the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are VIEs or voting interest entities, eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership and affects the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that are involved with VIEs, particularly those that have fee arrangements and related party relationships. ASU 2015-02 is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. A reporting entity may apply the amendments in ASU 2015-02 using: (a) a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption; or (b) by applying the amendments retrospectively. The implementation of this update is not expected to cause any material changes to the consolidated financial statements.

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