10-Q 1 pebk_10q.htm QUARTERLY REPORT
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
[ X ] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2018
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
North Carolina
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

000-27205 | 56-2132396
(Commission File No.) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
518 West C Street, Newton, North Carolina | 28658
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(828) 464-5620
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) ☐
Induicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date. 5,995,256 shares of common stock, outstanding at October 31, 2018.
INDEX
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

|  | PAGE(S)
Item 1. | Financial Statements |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2018 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2017 (Audited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited) | 7-8
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9-28
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29-41
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 42
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 42
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 43
Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 43
Item 5. | Other Information | 43
Item 6. | Exhibits | 43-45
Signatures |  | 46
Certifications |  | 47-49

Statements made in this Form 10-Q, other than those concerning historical information, should be considered forward-looking statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are based on the beliefs and assumptions of management and on the information available to management at the time that this Form 10-Q was prepared. These statements can be identified by the use of words like “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” and “believe,” variations of these words and other similar expressions. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, (1) competition in the markets served by the registrant and its subsidiaries, (2) changes in the interest rate environment, (3) general national, regional or local economic conditions may be less favorable than expected, resulting in, among other things, a deterioration in credit quality and the possible impairment of collectibility of loans, (4) legislative or regulatory changes, including changes in accounting standards, (5) significant changes in the federal and state legal and regulatory environments and tax laws, (6) the impact of changes in monetary and fiscal policies, laws, rules and regulations and (7) other risks and factors identified in other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including but not limited to, those described in the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
2
PART I.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Financial Statements
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 | 2017
Assets | (Unaudited) | (Audited)
Cash and due from banks, including reserve requirements |  |
of $10,581 at 09/30/18 and $7,472 at 12/31/17 | $44,743 | 53,186
Interest-bearing deposits | 12,298 | 4,118
Cash and cash equivalents | 57,041 | 57,304
Investment securities available for sale | 205,966 | 229,321
Other investments | 4,394 | 1,830
Total securities | 210,360 | 231,151
Mortgage loans held for sale | 1,740 | 857
Loans | 786,724 | 759,764
Less allowance for loan losses | (6,295) | (6,366)
Net loans | 780,429 | 753,398
Premises and equipment, net | 19,453 | 19,911
Cash surrender value of life insurance | 15,839 | 15,552
Other real estate | - | 118
Accrued interest receivable and other assets | 15,430 | 13,875
Total assets | $1,100,292 | 1,092,166
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity |  |
Deposits: |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $306,834 | 285,406
NOW, MMDA & savings | 478,898 | 498,445
Time, $250,000 or more | 16,777 | 18,756
Other time | 90,950 | 104,345
Total deposits | 893,459 | 906,952
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 55,766 | 37,757
Junior subordinated debentures | 20,619 | 20,619
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities | 10,729 | 10,863
Total liabilities | 980,573 | 976,191
Commitments |  |
Shareholders' equity: |  |
Series A preferred stock, $1,000 stated value; authorized |  |
5,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding | - | -
Common stock, no par value; authorized |  |
20,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 5,995,256 shares | 62,096 | 62,096
Retained earnings | 57,882 | 50,286
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | (259) | 3,593
Total shareholders' equity | 119,719 | 115,975
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $1,100,292 | 1,092,166
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |

3
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Earnings
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Three months ended | Nine months ended
| September 30, | September 30,
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017
| (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited)
Interest income: |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $9,907 | 8,966 | 28,362 | 25,935
Interest on due from banks | 86 | 60 | 255 | 138
Interest on investment securities: |  |  |  |
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises | 591 | 578 | 1,721 | 1,795
State and political subdivisions | 974 | 1,047 | 2,950 | 3,198
Other | 50 | 47 | 138 | 157
Total interest income | 11,608 | 10,698 | 33,426 | 31,223
Interest expense: |  |  |  |
NOW, MMDA & savings deposits | 189 | 156 | 551 | 431
Time deposits | 127 | 112 | 342 | 360
FHLB borrowings | - | 211 | - | 604
Junior subordinated debentures | 209 | 152 | 578 | 432
Other | 32 | 19 | 66 | 43
Total interest expense | 557 | 650 | 1,537 | 1,870
Net interest income | 11,051 | 10,048 | 31,889 | 29,353
Provision for (reduction of provision for) loan losses | 110 | (218) | 372 | (405)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | 10,941 | 10,266 | 31,517 | 29,758
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |
Service charges | 1,083 | 1,140 | 3,163 | 3,340
Other service charges and fees | 173 | 145 | 528 | 447
Gain on sale of securities | - | - | 50 | -
Mortgage banking income | 216 | 280 | 672 | 945
Insurance and brokerage commissions | 206 | 221 | 591 | 568
Appraisal management fee income | 799 | 855 | 2,442 | 2,447
Gain/(loss) on sale and write-down of |  |  |  |
other real estate | 14 | 43 | 17 | (240)
Miscellaneous | 1,424 | 1,475 | 4,204 | 4,023
Total non-interest income | 3,915 | 4,159 | 11,667 | 11,530
Non-interest expense: |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 5,519 | 4,933 | 15,866 | 15,038
Occupancy | 1,761 | 1,669 | 5,367 | 4,981
Professional fees | 314 | 303 | 1,067 | 788
Advertising | 207 | 247 | 708 | 859
Debit card expense | 282 | 320 | 774 | 894
FDIC Insurance | 81 | 87 | 248 | 260
Appraisal management fee expense | 627 | 655 | 1,873 | 1,869
Other | 1,911 | 1,792 | 5,401 | 5,661
Total non-interest expense | 10,702 | 10,006 | 31,304 | 30,350
Earnings before income taxes | 4,154 | 4,419 | 11,880 | 10,938
Income tax expense | 687 | 1,177 | 1,934 | 2,680
Net earnings | $3,467 | 3,242 | 9,946 | 8,258
Basic net earnings per share | $0.58 | 0.54 | 1.66 | 1.38
Diluted net earnings per share | $0.57 | 0.52 | 1.65 | 1.35
Cash dividends declared per share | $0.13 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.33
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |

4
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| Three months ended | Nine months ended
| September 30, | September 30,
| 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017
| (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited)
Net earnings | $3,467 | 3,242 | 9,946 | 8,258
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities |  |  |  |
available for sale | (1,469) | (666) | (4,951) | 2,027
Reclassification adjustment for other than temporary |  |  |  |
impairment losses included in net earnings | - | - | - | -
Reclassification adjustment for gains on |  |  |  |
securities available for sale |  |  |  |
included in net earnings | - | - | (50) | -
Unrealized holding losses on derivative |  |  |  |
financial instruments qualifying as cash flow |  |  |  |
hedges | - | - | - | -
Total other comprehensive income (loss), |  |  |  |
before income taxes | (1,469) | (666) | (5,001) | 2,027
Income tax expense related to other |  |  |  |
comprehensive income: |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on securities |  |  |  |
available for sale | (338) | (239) | (1,138) | 502
Reclassification adjustment for gains |  |  |  |
on securities available for sale |  |  |  |
included in net earnings | - | - | (11) | -
Unrealized holding losses on derivative |  |  |  |
financial instruments qualifying as cash flow |  |  |  |
hedges | - | - | - | -
Reclassification adjustment for losses on |  |  |  |
derivative financial instruments qualifying as |  |  |  |
cash flow hedges included in net earnings | - | - | - | -
Total income tax expense related to |  |  |  |
other comprehensive income (loss) | (338) | (239) | (1,149) | 502
Total other comprehensive income (loss), |  |  |  |
net of tax | (1,131) | (427) | (3,852) | 1,525
Total comprehensive income | $2,336 | 2,815 | 6,094 | 9,783
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |

5
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  | Accumulated |
|  |  |  | Other |
| Common Stock | Retained | Comprehensive |
| Shares | Amount | Earnings | Income (Loss) | Total
| (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited) | (Unaudited)
Balance, December 31, 2017 | 5,995,256 | $62,096 | 50,286 | 3,593 | 115,975
Common stock repurchase | - | - | - | - | -
Cash dividends declared on |  |  |  |  |
common stock | - | - | (2,350) | - | (2,350)
Restricted stock units exercised | - | - | - | - | -
Net earnings | - | - | 9,946 | - | 9,946
Change in accumulated other |  |  |  |  |
comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | - | - | - | (3,852) | (3,852)
Balance, September 30, 2018 | 5,995,256 | $62,096 | 57,882 | (259) | 119,719
Balance, December 31, 2016 | 5,417,800 | $44,187 | 60,254 | 2,987 | 107,428
Common stock repurchase | - | - | - | - | -
Cash dividends declared on |  |  |  |  |
common stock | - | - | (1,973) | - | (1,973)
Restricted stock units exercised | 32,612 | 915 | - | - | 915
Net earnings | - | - | 8,258 | - | 8,258
Change in accumulated other |  |  |  |  |
comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | - | - | - | 1,525 | 1,525
Balance, September 30, 2017 | 5,450,412 | $45,102 | 66,539 | 4,512 | 116,153
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |  |  |  |

6
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 | 2017
| (Unaudited) | (Unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |
Net earnings | $9,946 | 8,258
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to |  |
net cash provided by operating activities: |  |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 3,508 | 3,764
Provision (reduction of provision) for loan losses | 372 | (405)
Deferred income taxes | (1,159) | (1,122)
Gain on sale of investment securities | (50) | -
Write-down of investment securities | - | -
Gain on sale of other real estate | (17) | -
Write-down of other real estate | - | 240
Loss on sale of premises and equipment | 2 | 32
Restricted stock expense | 131 | 566
Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans held for sale | 27,209 | 49,259
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale | (28,092) | (46,173)
Change in: |  |
Cash surrender value of life insurance | (287) | (500)
Other assets | 754 | 763
Other liabilities | (265) | (408)
Net cash provided by operating activities | 12,052 | 14,274
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |
Net change in certificates of deposit | - | -
Purchases of investment securities available for sale | (20,218) | (6,492)
Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of investment securities |  |
available for sale | 24,203 | 6,535
Proceeds from paydowns of investment securities available for sale | 12,651 | 13,963
Purchases of other investments | (2,611) | -
Proceeds from paydowns on other investments | 73 | -
Purchases of FHLB stock | (4) | (45)
FHLB stock redemption | - | -
Net change in loans | (27,500) | (23,927)
Purchases of premises and equipment | (1,307) | (4,810)
Purchases of bank owned life insurance | - | -
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment | - | -
Proceeds from sale of other real estate and repossessions | 232 | 43
Net cash used by investing activities | (14,481) | (14,733)
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |
Net change in deposits | (13,493) | 8,721
Net change in demand notes payable to U.S. Treasury | - | -
Net change in securities sold under agreement to repurchase | 18,009 | 16,873
Proceeds from Fed Funds purchased | 850 | -
Repayments of Fed Funds purchased | (850) | -
Cash dividends paid on Series A preferred stock | - | -
Cash dividends paid on common stock | (2,350) | (1,973)
Net cash provided by financing activities | 2,166 | 23,621
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (263) | 23,162
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 57,304 | 70,094
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $57,041 | 93,256

7
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, continued
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| 2018 | 2017
| (Unaudited) | (Unaudited)
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |
Interest | $1,531 | 1,858
Income taxes | $905 | 872
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |
Change in unrealized gain on investment securities |  |
available for sale, net | $(3,852) | 1,525
Issuance of accrued restricted stock units | $- | (915)
Transfers of loans to other real estate and repossessions | $97 | -
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |  |

8
PEOPLES BANCORP OF NORTH CAROLINA, INC.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
(1)
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Peoples Bancorp of North Carolina, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, Peoples Bank (the “Bank”), along with the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Peoples Investment Services, Inc. (“PIS”), Real Estate Advisory Services, Inc. (“REAS”), Community Bank Real Estate Solutions, LLC (“CBRES”) and PB Real Estate Holdings, LLC (collectively called the “Company”). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The Bank operates three banking offices focused on the Latino population that were formerly operated as a division of the Bank under the name Banco de la Gente (“Banco”). These offices are now branded as Bank branches and considered a separate market territory of the Bank as they offer normal and customary banking services as are offered in the Bank’s other branches such as the taking of deposits and the making of loans.
The consolidated financial statements in this report (other than the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2017) are unaudited. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (none of which were other than normal accruals) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included. Management of the Company has made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding management’s discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition. Many of the Company’s accounting policies require significant judgment regarding valuation of assets and liabilities and/or significant interpretation of the specific accounting guidance. A description of the Company’s significant accounting policies can be found in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2017 Annual Report to Shareholders which is Appendix A to the Proxy Statement for the May 3, 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, (Topic 606): Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU No. 2014-09 provides guidance on the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of the new guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to reflect the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount equal to the consideration the entity receives or expects to receive. ASU No. 2014-09 is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017.
The Company has applied ASU No. 2014-09 using a modified retrospective approach. The Company’s revenue is comprised of net interest income and noninterest income. The scope of ASU No. 2014-09 explicitly excludes net interest income as well as many other revenues for financial assets and liabilities including loans, leases, securities, and derivatives. Accordingly, the majority of the Company’s revenues are not affected. Appraisal management fee income and expense from the Bank’s subsidiary, CBRES, was reported as a net amount prior to March 31, 2018, which was included in miscellaneous non-interest income. This income and expense is now reported on separate line items under non-interest income and non-interest expense. See below for additional information related to revenue generated from contracts with customers.
9
Revenue and Method of Adoption
The majority of the Company's revenue is derived primarily from interest income from receivables (loans) and securities. Other revenues are derived from fees received in connection with deposit accounts, investment advisory, and appraisal services. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the requirements of ASU No. 2014-09. The core principle of the new standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.
The Company adopted ASU No. 2014-09 using the modified retrospective transition approach which does not require restatement of prior periods. The method was selected as there were no material changes in the timing of revenue recognition resulting in no comparability issues with prior periods. This adoption method is considered a change in accounting principle requiring additional disclosure of the nature of and reason for the change, which is
solely a result of the adoption of the required standard. When applying the modified retrospective approach under ASU No. 2014-09, the Company has elected, as a practical expedient, to apply this approach only to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. A completed contract is considered to be a contract for which all (or substantially all) of the revenue was recognized in accordance with revenue guidance that was in effect before January 1, 2018. There were no uncompleted contracts as of January 1, 2018 for which application of the new standard required an adjustment to retained earnings.
The following disclosures involve the Company's material income streams derived from contracts with customers which are within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09. Through the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, PIS, the Company contracts with a registered investment advisor to perform investment advisory services on behalf of our customers. We receive commissions from this third party investment advisor based on the volume of business that the Company's customers do with such investment advisor. Total revenue recognized from these contracts for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $590,000. The Company utilizes third parties to contract with the Company's customers to perform debit and credit card clearing services. These third parties pay the Company commissions based on the volume of transactions that they process on behalf of the Company's customers. Total revenue recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from the contract with these third parties was $2.9 million. Through the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, REAS, the Company provides property appraisal services for negotiated fee amounts on a per appraisal basis. Total revenue recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from these contracts with customers was $422,000. Through the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, CBRES, the Company provides appraisal management services. Total revenue recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from these contracts with customers was $2.4 million. Due to the nature of the Company's relationship with the customers that the Company provides services, the Company does not incur costs to obtain contracts and there are no material incremental costs to fulfill these contracts that should be capitalized.
Disaggregation of Revenue. The Company's portfolio of services provided to the Company's customers consists of over 50,000 active contracts. The Company has disaggregated revenue according to timing of the transfer of service. Total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 derived from contracts in which services are transferred at a point in time was approximately $8.5 million. None of the Company's revenue is derived from contracts in which services are transferred over time. Revenue is recognized as the services are provided to the customers. Economic factors impacting the customers could affect the nature, amount, and timing of these cash flows, as unfavorable economic conditions could impair the customers’ ability to provide payment for services. For the Company's deposit contracts, this risk is mitigated as we generally deducts payments from customers’ accounts as services are rendered. For the Company's appraisal services, the risk is mitigated in that the appraisal is not released until payment is received.
10
Contract Balances. The timing of revenue recognition, billings, and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable on the balance sheet. Most contracts call for payment by a charge or deduction to the respective customer account but there are some that require a receipt of payment from the customer. For fee per transaction contracts, the customers are billed as the transactions are processed. The Company has no contracts in which customers are billed in advance for services to be performed. These would create contract liabilities or deferred revenue, as the customers pay in advance for services. There are no contract liabilities or accounts receivables balances that are material to the Company’s balance sheet.
Performance Obligations. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account in ASU No. 2014-09. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Performance obligations are satisfied as the service is provided to the customer at a point in time. There are no significant financing components in the Company's contracts. Excluding deposit and appraisal service revenues which are primarily billed at a point in time as a fee for services incurred, all other contracts within the scope of ASU No. 2014-09 contain variable consideration in that fees earned are derived from market values of accounts which determine the amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled. The variability is resolved when the services are provided. The contracts do not include obligations for returns, refunds, or warranties. The contracts are specific to the amounts owed to the Company for services performed during a period should the contracts be terminated.
Significant Judgements. All of the contracts create performance obligations that are satisfied at a point in time excluding some immaterial deposit revenues. Revenue is recognized as services are billed to the customers. Variable consideration does exist for contracts related to our contract with the registered investment advisor as some revenues are based on market values of accounts at the end of the period.
In January 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU No. 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU No. 2016-01 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In February 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, (Topic 842): Leases. ASU No. 2016-02 increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018.
The Company expects to adopt ASU No. 2016-02 using the modified retrospective method and practical expedients for transition. The practical expedients allow the Company to largely account for its existing leases consistent with current guidance except for the incremental balance sheet recognition for lessees. The Company has started an initial evaluation of its leasing contracts and activities and has started developing its methodology to estimate the right-of use assets and lease liabilities, which is based on the present value of lease payments (at December 31, 2017, the future minimum lease payments were $4.8 million). While the Company does not expect there to be a material change in the timing of expense recognition, it is too early in the evaluation process to determine if there will be a material change to the timing of expense recognition. The Company is evaluating its existing disclosures and may need to provide additional information as a result of adoption of ASU No. 2016-02.
In June 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU No. 2016-13 provides guidance to change the accounting for credit losses and modify the impairment model for certain debt securities. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for all organizations for periods beginning after December 15, 2018.
The Company will apply the amendments to ASU No. 2016-13 through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. While early adoption is permitted beginning in the first quarter of 2019, the Company does not expect to elect that option. The Company is evaluating the impact of ASU No. 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements. The Company anticipates that ASU No. 2016-13 will have no material impact on the recorded allowance for loan losses given the change to estimated losses over the contractual life of the loans adjusted for expected prepayments. In addition to the Company’s allowance for loan losses, it will also record an allowance for credit losses on debt securities instead of applying the impairment model currently utilized. The amount of the adjustments will be impacted by each portfolio’s composition and credit quality at the adoption date as well as economic conditions and forecasts at that time.
11
In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. ASU No. 2017-01 adds guidance to assist companies and other reporting organizations with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. ASU No. 2017-01 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU No. 2017-04 provides guidance to simplify the accounting related to goodwill impairment. ASU No. 2017-04 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In February 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. ASU No. 2017-05 clarifies the scope of established guidance on nonfinancial asset derecognition (issued as part of the new revenue standard, ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers), as well as the accounting for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. ASU No. 2017-05 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In March 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Costs. ASU No. 2017-07 amended the requirements related to the income statement presentation of the components of net periodic beneﬁt cost for an entity’s sponsored deﬁned beneﬁt pension and other postretirement plans. ASU No. 2017-07 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In March 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. ASU No. 2017-08 amended the requirements related to the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium. ASU No. 2017-08 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In May 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. ASU No. 2017-09 amended the requirements related to changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. ASU No. 2017-09 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In September 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842). ASU No. 2017-13 updated the Revenue from Contracts with Customers and the Leases Topics of the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC"). The amendments incorporate into the ASC recent Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) guidance about certain public business entities ("PBEs") electing to use the non-PBE effective dates solely to adopt the FASB’s new standards on revenue and leases. ASU No. 2017-13 was effective upon issuance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
12
In November 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-14, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive, Income (Topic 220), Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU No. 2017-14 incorporates into the ASC recent SEC guidance related to revenue recognition. ASU No. 2017-14 was effective upon issuance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In February 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. ASU No. 2018-02 requires companies to reclassify the stranded effects in other comprehensive income to retained earnings as a result of the change in the tax rates under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”). The Company has opted to early adopt this pronouncement by retrospective application to each period in which the effect of the change in the tax rate under the TCJA is recognized. The impact of the reclassification from other comprehensive income to retained earnings at December 31, 2017 was $607,000.
In February 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. ASU No. 2018-03 clarifies certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. ASU No. 2018-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In March 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-04, Investments—Debt Securities (Topic 320) and Regulated Operations (Topic 980): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 117 and SEC Release No. 33-9273 (SEC Update). ASU No. 2018-04 incorporates recent SEC guidance which was issued in order to make the relevant interpretive guidance consistent with current authoritative accounting and auditing guidance and SEC rules and regulation. ASU No. 2018-04 was effective upon issuance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In March 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SEC Update). ASU No. 2018-05 incorporates recent SEC guidance related to the income tax accounting implications of the TCJA. ASU No. 2018-05 was effective upon issuance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In May 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-06, Codification Improvements to Topic 942: Financial Services—Depository and Lending. ASU No. 2018-06 eliminates a reference to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s Banking Circular 202, Accounting for Net Deferred Tax Charges, from the ASC. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency published the guidance in 1985 but has since rescinded it. The amendments were effective upon issuance. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In July 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements. ASU No. 2018-11 is intended to reduce costs and ease implementation of ASU No. 2016-02. ASU No. 2018-11 is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is evaluating its existing disclosures and may need to provide additional information as a result of adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 and ASU No. 2018-11.
In August 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820). ASU No. 2018-13 updates the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
In August 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (Subtopic 715-20). ASU No. 2018-14 updates disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. ASU No. 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
13
In August 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40). ASU No. 2018-15 reduces complexity of the accounting for costs of implementing a cloud computing service arrangement. ASU No. 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or disclosures.
(2)
Investment Securities
Investment securities available for sale at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
Mortgage-backed securities | $47,017 | 250 | 977 | 46,290
U.S. Government |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | 36,278 | 1 | 1,278 | 35,001
State and political subdivisions | 121,755 | 1,911 | 252 | 123,414
Corporate bonds | 1,000 | 11 | - | 1,011
Trust preferred securities | 250 | - | - | 250
Total | $206,300 | 2,173 | 2,507 | 205,966

14
(Dollars in thousands)

| December 31, 2017
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value
Mortgage-backed securities | $53,124 | 814 | 329 | 53,609
U.S. Government |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | 40,504 | 140 | 264 | 40,380
State and political subdivisions | 129,276 | 4,310 | 16 | 133,570
Corporate bonds | 1,500 | 12 | - | 1,512
Trust preferred securities | 250 | - | - | 250
Total | $224,654 | 5,276 | 609 | 229,321

The current fair value and associated unrealized losses on investments in securities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized in the tables below, with the length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous loss position.
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018
| Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses
Mortgage-backed securities | $20,557 | 276 | 14,698 | 701 | 35,255 | 977
U.S. Government |  |  |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | 19,435 | 586 | 14,564 | 692 | 33,999 | 1,278
State and political subdivisions | 15,042 | 212 | 1,733 | 40 | 16,775 | 252
Total | $55,034 | 1,074 | 30,995 | 1,433 | 86,029 | 2,507

(Dollars in thousands)

| December 31, 2017
| Less than 12 Months | 12 Months or More | Total
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses
Mortgage-backed securities | $8,701 | 75 | 11,259 | 254 | 19,960 | 329
U.S. Government |  |  |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | 12,661 | 98 | 10,067 | 166 | 22,728 | 264
State and political subdivisions | 798 | 2 | 1,501 | 14 | 2,299 | 16
Total | $22,160 | 175 | 22,827 | 434 | 44,987 | 609

At September 30, 2018, unrealized losses in the investment securities portfolio relating to debt securities totaled $2.5 million. The unrealized losses on these debt securities arose due to changing interest rates and are considered to be temporary. From the September 30, 2018 tables above, 23 out of 152 securities issued by state and political subdivisions contained unrealized losses and 37 out of 44 securities issued by U.S. Government sponsored enterprises contained unrealized losses. These unrealized losses are considered temporary because of acceptable financial condition and results of operations of entities that issued each security and the repayment sources of principal and interest on U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, including mortgage-backed securities, are government backed.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities available for sale at September 30, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities of mortgage-backed securities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
15
September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)

| Amortized Cost | Estimated Fair Value
Due within one year | $24,659 | 24,800
Due from one to five years | 95,923 | 96,934
Due from five to ten years | 31,869 | 31,208
Due after ten years | 6,582 | 6,484
Mortgage-backed securities | 47,017 | 46,290
Trust preferred securities | 250 | 250
Total | $206,300 | 205,966

Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $14.0 million and resulted in net gains of $50,000. No securities available for sale were sold during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Securities with a fair value of approximately $92.1 million and $105.6 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required by law.
(3)
Loans
Major classifications of loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized as follows:
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Real estate loans: |  |
Construction and land development | $76,987 | 84,987
Single-family residential | 249,812 | 246,703
Single-family residential - |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 34,742 | 37,249
Commercial | 275,629 | 248,637
Multifamily and farmland | 31,102 | 28,937
Total real estate loans | 668,272 | 646,513
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |
Commercial loans | 97,085 | 89,022
Farm loans | 994 | 1,204
Consumer loans | 9,512 | 9,888
All other loans | 10,861 | 13,137
Total loans | 786,724 | 759,764
Less allowance for loan losses | 6,295 | 6,366
Total net loans | $780,429 | 753,398

The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit primarily within the Catawba Valley region of North Carolina, which encompasses Catawba, Alexander, Iredell and Lincoln counties, and also in Mecklenburg, Wake and Durham counties of North Carolina. Although the Bank has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate, the value of which is dependent upon the real estate market. Risk characteristics of the major components of the Bank’s loan portfolio are discussed below:
16
●
Construction and land development loans – The risk of loss is largely dependent on the initial estimate of whether the property’s value at completion equals or exceeds the cost of property construction and the availability of take-out financing. During the construction phase, a number of factors can result in delays or cost overruns. If the estimate is inaccurate or if actual construction costs exceed estimates, the value of the property securing the loan may be insufficient to ensure full repayment when completed through a permanent loan, sale of the property, or by seizure of collateral. As of September 30, 2018, construction and land development loans comprised approximately 10% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio.
●
Single-family residential loans – Declining home sales volumes, decreased real estate values and higher than normal levels of unemployment could contribute to losses on these loans. As of September 30, 2018, single-family residential loans comprised approximately 36% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio, and include Banco’s non-traditional single-family residential loans, which were approximately 4% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio.
●
Commercial real estate loans – Repayment is dependent on income being generated in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. These loans also involve greater risk because they are generally not fully amortizing over a loan period, but rather have a balloon payment due at maturity. A borrower’s ability to make a balloon payment typically will depend on being able to either refinance the loan or timely sell the underlying property. As of September 30, 2018, commercial real estate loans comprised approximately 35% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio.
●
Commercial loans – Repayment is generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower’s business. In addition, the collateral securing the loans may depreciate over time, be difficult to appraise, be illiquid or fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. As of September 30, 2018, commercial loans comprised approximately 12% of the Bank’s total loan portfolio.
Loans are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payment obligations as they become due, as well as when required by regulatory provisions. Loans may be placed on non-accrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received in excess of principal due. Loans are returned to accrual status when all of the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
The following tables present an age analysis of past due loans, by loan type, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)

| Loans 30-89 Days Past Due | Loans 90 or More Days Past Due | Total Past Due Loans | Total Current Loans | Total Loans | Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $1,170 | 38 | 1,208 | 75,779 | 76,987 | -
Single-family residential | 2,597 | 366 | 2,963 | 246,849 | 249,812 | -
Single-family residential - |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 940 | 485 | 1,425 | 33,317 | 34,742 | -
Commercial | 1,157 | 100 | 1,257 | 274,372 | 275,629 | -
Multifamily and farmland | - | - | - | 31,102 | 31,102 | -
Total real estate loans | 5,864 | 989 | 6,853 | 661,419 | 668,272 | -
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans | 490 | 94 | 584 | 96,501 | 97,085 | -
Farm loans | - | - | - | 994 | 994 | -
Consumer loans | 85 | 35 | 120 | 9,392 | 9,512 | -
All other loans | - | - | - | 10,861 | 10,861 | -
Total loans | $6,439 | 1,118 | 7,557 | 779,167 | 786,724 | -

17
December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| Loans 30-89 Days Past Due | Loans 90 or More Days Past Due | Total Past Due Loans | Total Current Loans | Total Loans | Accruing Loans 90 or More Days Past Due
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $277 | - | 277 | 84,710 | 84,987 | -
Single-family residential | 3,241 | 193 | 3,434 | 243,269 | 246,703 | -
Single-family residential - |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 4,078 | 465 | 4,543 | 32,706 | 37,249 | -
Commercial | 588 | - | 588 | 248,049 | 248,637 | -
Multifamily and farmland | - | 12 | 12 | 28,925 | 28,937 | -
Total real estate loans | 8,184 | 670 | 8,854 | 637,659 | 646,513 | -
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans | 53 | 100 | 153 | 88,869 | 89,022 | -
Farm loans | - | - | - | 1,204 | 1,204 | -
Consumer loans | 113 | 5 | 118 | 9,770 | 9,888 | -
All other loans | - | - | - | 13,137 | 13,137 | -
Total loans | $8,350 | 775 | 9,125 | 750,639 | 759,764 | -

The following table presents non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Real estate loans: |  |
Construction and land development | $39 | 14
Single-family residential | 1,824 | 1,634
Single-family residential - |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 1,475 | 1,543
Commercial | 445 | 396
Multifamily and farmland | - | 12
Total real estate loans | 3,783 | 3,599
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |
Commercial loans | 94 | 100
Consumer loans | 42 | 12
Total | $3,919 | 3,711

At each reporting period, the Bank determines which loans are impaired. Accordingly, the Bank’s impaired loans are reported at their estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis. An allowance for each impaired loan that is collateral-dependent is calculated based on the fair value of its collateral. The fair value of the collateral is based on appraisals performed by REAS, a subsidiary of the Bank. REAS is staffed by certified appraisers that also perform appraisals for other companies. Factors, including the assumptions and techniques utilized by the appraiser, are considered by management. If the recorded investment in the impaired loan exceeds the measure of fair value of the collateral, a valuation allowance is recorded as a component of the allowance for loan losses. An allowance for each impaired loan that is not collateral dependent is calculated based on the present value of projected cash flows. If the recorded investment in the impaired loan exceeds the present value of projected cash flows, a valuation allowance is recorded as a component of the allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans under $250,000 are not individually evaluated for impairment with the exception of the Bank’s troubled debt restructured (“TDR”) loans in the residential mortgage loan portfolio, which are individually evaluated for impairment. Accruing impaired loans were $23.6 million, $24.6 million and $21.3 million at September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively. Interest income recognized on accruing impaired loans was $1.0 million, $1.4 million, and $1.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the year ended December 31, 2017 and the nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. No interest income is recognized on non-accrual impaired loans subsequent to their classification as non-accrual.
18
The following table presents impaired loans as of September 30, 2018:
(Dollars in thousands)

| Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance | Recorded Investment With No Allowance | Recorded Investment With Allowance | Recorded Investment in Impaired Loans | Related Allowance
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $337 | - | 282 | 282 | 11
Single-family residential | 5,533 | 429 | 4,620 | 5,049 | 36
Single-family residential - |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 16,565 | - | 15,934 | 15,934 | 1,055
Commercial | 2,371 | 190 | 1,861 | 2,051 | 13
Multifamily and farmland | - | - | - | - | -
Total impaired real estate loans | 24,806 | 619 | 22,697 | 23,316 | 1,115
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans | 257 | 94 | 1 | 95 | -
Consumer loans | 158 | - | 155 | 155 | 2
Total impaired loans | $25,221 | 713 | 22,853 | 23,566 | 1,117

The following table presents the average impaired loan balance and the interest income recognized by loan class for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.
(Dollars in thousands)

| Three months ended | Nine months ended
| September 30, 2018 | September 30, 2017 | September 30, 2018 | September 30, 2017
| Average Balance | Interest Income Recognized | Average Balance | Interest Income Recognized | Average Balance | Interest Income Recognized | Average Balance | Interest Income Recognized
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $320 | 2 | 246 | 5 | 326 | 14 | 253 | 11
Single-family residential | 6,441 | 73 | 4,783 | 71 | 6,350 | 207 | 5,113 | 202
Single-family residential - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 14,602 | 236 | 17,283 | 225 | 14,851 | 703 | 17,235 | 694
Commercial | 2,320 | 17 | 3,852 | 18 | 2,307 | 97 | 3,712 | 144
Multifamily and farmland | - | - | 12 | - | 3 | - | 45 | -
Total impaired real estate loans | 23,683 | 328 | 26,176 | 319 | 23,837 | 1,021 | 26,358 | 1,051
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans | 96 | - | 243 | - | 99 | - | 130 | 3
Farm loans (non RE) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Consumer loans | 144 | 3 | 183 | 3 | 147 | 7 | 206 | 8
| $23,923 | 331 | 26,602 | 322 | 24,083 | 1,028 | 26,694 | 1,062

The following table presents impaired loans as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017:
(Dollars in thousands)

| Unpaid Contractual Principal Balance | Recorded Investment With No Allowance | Recorded Investment With Allowance | Recorded Investment in Impaired Loans | Related Allowance | Average Outstanding Impaired Loans | YTD Interest Income Recognized
Real estate loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction and land development | $282 | - | 277 | 277 | 6 | 253 | 17
Single-family residential | 5,226 | 1,135 | 3,686 | 4,821 | 41 | 5,113 | 265
Single-family residential - |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Banco de la Gente non-traditional | 17,360 | - | 16,805 | 16,805 | 1,149 | 16,867 | 920
Commercial | 2,761 | 807 | 1,661 | 2,468 | 1 | 3,411 | 148
Multifamily and farmland | 78 | - | 12 | 12 | - | 28 | -
Total impaired real estate loans | 25,707 | 1,942 | 22,441 | 24,383 | 1,197 | 25,672 | 1,350
Loans not secured by real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial loans | 264 | 100 | 4 | 104 | - | 149 | 3
Farm loans (non RE) |  |  | - |  |  |  |
Consumer loans | 158 | - | 154 | 154 | 2 | 194 | 9
All other loans (not secured by real estate) | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Total impaired loans | $26,129 | 2,042 | 22,599 | 24,641 | 1,199 | 26,015 | 1,362

19
Changes in the allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
(Dollars in thousands)

| Real Estate Loans |  |  |  |  |
| Construction and Land Development | Single-Family Residential | Single-Family Residential - Banco de la Gente Non-traditional | Commercial | Multifamily and Farmland | Commercial | Farm | Consumer and All Other | Unallocated | Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $804 | 1,812 | 1,280 | 1,193 | 72 | 574 | - | 155 | 476 | 6,366
Charge-offs | (53) | (115) | - | (271) | (5) | (4) | - | (318) | - | (766)
Recoveries | 4 | 55 | - | 101 | 1 | 23 | - | 139 | - | 323
Provision | (63) | (293) | (75) | 438 | 10 | 12 | - | 182 | 161 | 372
Ending balance | $692 | 1,459 | 1,205 | 1,461 | 78 | 605 | - | 158 | 637 | 6,295
Three months ended September 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $668 | 1,638 | 1,233 | 1,420 | 72 | 587 | - | 150 | 509 | 6,277
Charge-offs | (53) | (73) | - | - | - | (1) | - | (132) | - | (259)
Recoveries | 1 | 28 | - | 94 | - | 7 | - | 37 | - | 167
Provision | 76 | (134) | (28) | (53) | 6 | 12 | - | 103 | 128 | 110
Ending balance | $692 | 1,459 | 1,205 | 1,461 | 78 | 605 | - | 158 | 637 | 6,295
Allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $5 | 2 | 1,036 | 12 | - | - | - | - | - | 1,055
Ending balance: collectively |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | 687 | 1,457 | 169 | 1,449 | 78 | 605 | - | 158 | 637 | 5,240
Ending balance | $692 | 1,459 | 1,205 | 1,461 | 78 | 605 | - | 158 | 637 | 6,295
Loans at September 30, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $76,987 | 249,812 | 34,742 | 275,629 | 31,102 | 97,085 | 994 | 20,373 | - | 786,724
Ending balance: individually |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $98 | 2,171 | 14,557 | 1,879 | - | 94 | - | - | - | 18,799
Ending balance: collectively |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $76,889 | 247,641 | 20,185 | 273,750 | 31,102 | 96,991 | 994 | 20,373 | - | 767,925

(Dollars in thousands)

| Real Estate Loans |  |  |  |  |
| Construction and Land Development | Single-Family Residential | Single-Family Residential - Banco de la Gente Non-traditional | Commercial | Multifamily and Farmland | Commercial | Farm | Consumer and All Other | Unallocated | Total
Nine months ended September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $1,152 | 2,126 | 1,377 | 1,593 | 52 | 675 | - | 204 | 371 | 7,550
Charge-offs | - | (64) | - | - | (66) | (63) | - | (288) | - | (481)
Recoveries | 12 | 26 | - | 17 | - | 23 | - | 102 | - | 180
Provision | (178) | (211) | (101) | (192) | 86 | (74) | - | 143 | 122 | (405)
Ending balance | $986 | 1,877 | 1,276 | 1,418 | 72 | 561 | - | 161 | 493 | 6,844
Three months ended September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $1,183 | 1,819 | 1,293 | 1,463 | 75 | 704 | - | 158 | 472 | 7,167
Charge-offs | - | (20) | - | - | - | (26) | - | (106) | - | (152)
Recoveries | 2 | 9 | - | 4 | - | 8 | - | 24 | - | 47
Provision | (199) | 69 | (17) | (49) | (3) | (125) | - | 85 | 21 | (218)
Ending balance | $986 | 1,877 | 1,276 | 1,418 | 72 | 561 | - | 161 | 493 | 6,844
Allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance: individually |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $- | - | 1,104 | 42 | - | - | - | - | - | 1,146
Ending balance: collectively |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | 986 | 1,877 | 172 | 1,376 | 72 | 561 | - | 161 | 493 | 5,698
Ending balance | $986 | 1,877 | 1,276 | 1,418 | 72 | 561 | - | 161 | 493 | 6,844
Loans at September 30, 2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $75,483 | 247,184 | 37,840 | 245,279 | 28,662 | 87,019 | 895 | 25,075 | - | 747,437
Ending balance: individually |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $10 | 1,875 | 15,732 | 3,069 | - | 229 | - | - | - | 20,915
Ending balance: collectively |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
evaluated for impairment | $75,473 | 245,309 | 22,108 | 242,210 | 28,662 | 86,790 | 895 | 25,075 | - | 726,522

20
The provision for loan losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was an expense of $110,000, as compared to a credit of $218,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in the provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to a $39.3 million increase in loans from September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2018.
The provision for loan losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was an expense of $372,000, as compared to a credit of $405,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in the provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to a $39.3 million increase in loans from September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2018.
The Company utilizes an internal risk grading matrix to assign a risk grade to each of its loans. Loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 8. These risk grades are evaluated on an ongoing basis. A description of the general characteristics of the eight risk grades is as follows:
●
Risk Grade 1 – Excellent Quality: Loans are well above average quality and a minimal amount of credit risk exists. Certificates of deposit or cash secured loans or properly margined actively traded stock or bond secured loans would fall in this grade.
●
Risk Grade 2 – High Quality: Loans are of good quality with risk levels well within the Company’s range of acceptability. The organization or individual is established with a history of successful performance though somewhat susceptible to economic changes.
●
Risk Grade 3 – Good Quality: Loans of average quality with risk levels within the Company’s range of acceptability but higher than normal. This may be a new organization or an existing organization in a transitional phase (e.g. expansion, acquisition, market change).
●
Risk Grade 4 – Management Attention: These loans have higher risk and servicing needs but still are acceptable. Evidence of marginal performance or deteriorating trends is observed. These are not problem credits presently, but may be in the future if the borrower is unable to change its present course.
●
Risk Grade 5 – Watch: These loans are currently performing satisfactorily, but there has been some recent past due history on repayment and there are potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Company’s position at some future date.
●
Risk Grade 6 – Substandard: A Substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged (if there is any). There is a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. There is a distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
●
Risk Grade 7 – Doubtful: Loans classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as Substandard, plus the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values highly questionable and improbable. Doubtful is a temporary grade where a loss is expected but is presently not quantified with any degree of accuracy. Once the loss position is determined, the amount is charged off.
●
Risk Grade 8 – Loss: Loans classified as Loss are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this worthless loan even though partial recovery may be realized in the future. Loss is a temporary grade until the appropriate authority is obtained to charge the loan off.
21
The following tables present the credit risk profile of each loan type based on internally assigned risk grades as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)

| Real Estate Loans |  |  |  |  |
| Construction and Land Development | Single-Family Residential | Single-Family Residential - Banco de la Gente Non-traditional | Commercial | Multifamily and Farmland | Commercial | Farm | Consumer | All Other | Total
1- Excellent Quality | $410 | 7,583 | - | - | - | 662 | - | 668 | - | 9,323
2- High Quality | 15,413 | 125,945 | - | 35,362 | 430 | 24,141 | - | 3,462 | 2,174 | 206,927
3- Good Quality | 51,835 | 91,936 | 13,927 | 215,902 | 25,758 | 65,302 | 845 | 4,733 | 7,924 | 478,162
4- Management Attention | 5,210 | 17,218 | 15,392 | 21,271 | 3,813 | 6,601 | 149 | 581 | 763 | 70,998
5- Watch | 3,924 | 3,844 | 2,425 | 2,649 | 1,101 | 273 | - | 18 | - | 14,234
6- Substandard | 195 | 3,286 | 2,998 | 445 | - | 106 | - | 50 | - | 7,080
7- Doubtful | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
8- Loss | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Total | $76,987 | 249,812 | 34,742 | 275,629 | 31,102 | 97,085 | 994 | 9,512 | 10,861 | 786,724

December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| Real Estate Loans |  |  |  |  |
| Construction and Land Development | Single-Family Residential | Single-Family Residential - Banco de la Gente Non-traditional | Commercial | Multifamily and Farmland | Commercial | Farm | Consumer | All Other | Total
1- Excellent Quality | $152 | 8,590 | - | - | - | 446 | - | 791 | - | 9,979
2- High Quality | 20,593 | 120,331 | - | 34,360 | 561 | 17,559 | - | 3,475 | 2,410 | 199,289
3- Good Quality | 53,586 | 89,120 | 14,955 | 196,439 | 25,306 | 65,626 | 1,085 | 5,012 | 9,925 | 461,054
4- Management Attention | 4,313 | 20,648 | 15,113 | 13,727 | 1,912 | 5,051 | 119 | 562 | 802 | 62,247
5- Watch | 6,060 | 4,796 | 3,357 | 3,671 | 1,146 | 223 | - | 23 | - | 19,276
6- Substandard | 283 | 3,218 | 3,824 | 440 | 12 | 117 | - | 25 | - | 7,919
7- Doubtful | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
8- Loss | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | -
Total | $84,987 | 246,703 | 37,249 | 248,637 | 28,937 | 89,022 | 1,204 | 9,888 | 13,137 | 759,764

Current year TDR modifications, past due TDR loans and non-accrual TDR loans totaled $2.2 million and $4.5 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The terms of these loans have been renegotiated to provide a concession to original terms, including a reduction in principal or interest as a result of the deteriorating financial position of the borrower. There was $93,000 and $21,000 in performing loans classified as TDR loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
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The following table presents an analysis of TDR loan modifications during the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Three months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)

| Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Real estate loans |  |  |
Single-family residential | 1 | $61 | 61
Total real estate TDR loans | 1 | 61 | 61
Total TDR loans | 1 | $61 | 61

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, one loan was modified that was considered to be a new TDR loan. The interest rate was modified on this TDR loan.
The following table presents an analysis of TDR loan modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Nine months ended September 30, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)

| Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Real estate loans |  |  |
Single-family residential | 2 | $94 | 94
Total real estate TDR loans | 2 | 94 | 94
Total TDR loans | 2 | $94 | 94

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, two loan were modified that was considered to be new TDR loans. The interest rates were modified on these TDR loans.
The following table presents an analysis of TDR loan modifications during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Three and nine months ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)

| Number of Contracts | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment | Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Real estate loans |  |  |
Single-family residential | 2 | $22 | 22
Total real estate TDR loans | 2 | 22 | 22
Total TDR loans | 2 | $22 | 22

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, two loans were modified that were considered to be new TDR loans. The interest rate was modified on these TDR loans.
There were no loans modified as TDR that defaulted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, which were within 12 months of their modification date. Generally, a TDR loan is considered to be in default once it becomes 90 days or more past due following a modification.
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(4)
Net Earnings Per Share
Net earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period while the effects of potential shares outstanding during the period are included in diluted earnings per share. The average market price during the year is used to compute equivalent shares.
The reconciliation of the amounts used in the computation of both “basic earnings per share” and “diluted earnings per share” for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:
For the three months ended September 30, 2018

| Net Earnings (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Number of Shares | Per Share Amount
Basic earnings per share | $3,467 | 5,995,256 | 0.58
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
Restricted stock units | - | 21,445 |
Diluted earnings per share | $3,467 | 6,016,701 | 0.57

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018

| Net Earnings (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Number of Shares | Per Share Amount
Basic earnings per share | $9,946 | 5,995,256 | 1.66
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
Restricted stock units | - | 19,137 |
Diluted earnings per share | $9,946 | 6,014,393 | 1.65

For the three months ended September 30, 2017

| Net Earnings (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Number of Shares | Per Share Amount
Basic earnings per share | $3,242 | 5,995,453 | 0.54
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
Restricted stock units | - | 96,339 |
Diluted earnings per share | $3,242 | 6,091,792 | 0.52

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017

| Net Earnings (Dollars in thousands) | Weighted Average Number of Shares | Per Share Amount
Basic earnings per share | $8,258 | 5,985,051 | 1.38
Effect of dilutive securities: |  |  |
Restricted stock units | - | 94,566 |
Diluted earnings per share | $8,258 | 6,079,616 | 1.35

24
In November 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a 10% stock dividend. As a result of the stock dividend, each shareholder received one new share of stock for every ten shares of stock they held as of the record date of December 4, 2017. The payable date for the stock dividend was December 15, 2017. All previously reported per share amounts have been restated to reflect this stock dividend.
(5)
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company has an Omnibus Stock Ownership and Long Term Incentive Plan that was approved by shareholders on May 7, 2009 (the “Plan”) whereby certain stock-based rights, such as stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units, stock appreciation rights or book value shares, may be granted to eligible directors and employees. A total of 280,933 shares are currently reserved for possible issuance under the Plan. All stock-based rights under the Plan must be granted or awarded by May 7, 2019 (i.e., ten years from the Plan effective date).
The Company granted 32,465 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $7.18 per share during the first quarter of 2012, of which 5,891 restricted stock units were forfeited by the executive officers of the Company as required by the agreement with the U.S. Department of the Treasury in conjunction with the Company’s participation in the Capital Purchase Program under the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In July 2012, the Company granted 5,891 restricted stock units at a grant date fair value of $7.50 per share. The Company granted 29,475 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $10.82 per share during the second quarter of 2013. The Company granted 23,162 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $14.27 per share during the first quarter of 2014. The Company granted 16,583 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $16.34 per share during the first quarter of 2015. The Company granted 5,544 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $16.91 per share during the first quarter of 2016. The Company granted 4,114 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $25.00 per share during the first quarter of 2017. The Company granted 3,725 restricted stock units under the Plan at a grant date fair value of $31.43 per share during the first quarter of 2018. The number of restricted stock units granted and grant date fair values have been restated to reflect the 10% stock dividend during the fourth quarter of 2017. The Company recognizes compensation expense on the restricted stock units over the period of time the restrictions are in place (five years from the grant date for the 2012 grants, four years from the grant date for the 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 grants and three years from the grant date for the 2014 grants). The amount of expense recorded each period reflects the changes in the Company’s stock price during such period. As of September 30, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the restricted stock unit grants under the Plan was $248,000.
The Company recognized compensation expense for restricted stock unit awards granted under the Plan of $131,000 and $471,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(6) Fair Value
The Company is required to disclose fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized on the face of the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The assumptions used in the estimation of the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments are detailed below. Where quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using discounted cash flows and other valuation techniques. The use of discounted cash flows can be significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. The following disclosures should not be considered a surrogate of the liquidation value of the Company, but rather a good faith estimate of the increase or decrease in the value of financial instruments held by the Company since purchase, origination or issuance. The methods of determining the fair value of assets and liabilities presented in this note are consistent with methodologies disclosed in Note 15 of the Company’s 2017 Form 10-K, except for the valuation of loans which was impacted by the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01.
The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
●
Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
●
Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
●
Level 3 – Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
For cash, due from banks and interest-bearing deposits, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Cash and cash equivalents are reported in the Level 1 fair value category.
Investment Securities Available for Sale
Fair values of investment securities available for sale are determined by obtaining quoted prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges when available. If quoted prices are not available, fair value is determined using matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. Fair values for investment securities with quoted market prices are reported in the Level 1 fair value category. Fair value measurements obtained from independent pricing services are reported in the Level 2 fair value category. All other fair value measurements are reported in the Level 3 fair value category.
25
Other Investments
For other investments, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Other investments are reported in the Level 3 fair value category.
Mortgage Loans Held for Sale
Mortgage loans held for sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or market value. The cost of mortgage loans held for sale approximates the market value. Mortgage loans held for sale are reported in the Level 3 fair value category.
Loans
In accordance with ASU No. 2016-01, the fair value of loans, excluding previously presented impaired loans measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses. The discount rates used to determine fair value use interest rate spreads that reflect factors such as liquidity, credit, and nonperformance risk of the loans. Loans are reported in the Level 3 fair value category, as the pricing of loans is more subjective than the pricing of other financial instruments.
Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance
For cash surrender value of life insurance, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Cash surrender value of life insurance is reported in the Level 2 fair value category.
Other Real Estate
The fair value of other real estate is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. Other real estate is reported in the Level 3 fair value category.
Deposits
The fair value of demand deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits and savings is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. The fair value of certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. Deposits are reported in the Level 2 fair value category.
Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
For securities sold under agreements to repurchase, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are reported in the Level 2 fair value category.
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) Borrowings
The fair value of FHLB borrowings is estimated based upon discounted future cash flows using a discount rate comparable to the current market rate for such borrowings. FHLB borrowings are reported in the Level 2 fair value category.
Junior Subordinated Debentures
Because the Company’s junior subordinated debentures were issued at a floating rate, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Junior subordinated debentures are reported in the Level 2 fair value category.
Commitments to Extend Credit and Standby Letters of Credit
Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are generally short-term and at variable interest rates. Therefore, both the carrying value and estimated fair value associated with these instruments are immaterial.
Limitations
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on many judgments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments include deferred income taxes and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.
26
The table below presents the balance of securities available for sale, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018
| Fair Value Measurements | Level 1 Valuation | Level 2 Valuation | Level 3 Valuation
Mortgage-backed securities | $46,290 | - | 46,290 | -
U.S. Government |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | $35,001 | - | 35,001 | -
State and political subdivisions | $123,414 | - | 123,414 | -
Corporate bonds | $1,011 | - | 1,011 | -
Trust preferred securities | $250 | - | - | 250

(Dollars in thousands)

| December 31, 2017
| Fair Value Measurements | Level 1 Valuation | Level 2 Valuation | Level 3 Valuation
Mortgage-backed securities | $53,609 | - | 53,609 | -
U.S. Government |  |  |  |
sponsored enterprises | $40,380 | - | 40,380 | -
State and political subdivisions | $133,570 | - | 133,570 | -
Corporate bonds | $1,512 | - | 1,512 | -
Trust preferred securities | $250 | - | - | 250

The following is an analysis of fair value measurements of investment securities available for sale using Level 3, significant unobservable inputs, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
(Dollars in thousands)

| Investment Securities Available for Sale
| Level 3 Valuation
Balance, beginning of period | $250
Change in book value | -
Change in gain/(loss) realized and unrealized | -
Purchases/(sales and calls) | -
Transfers in and/or (out) of Level 3 | -
Balance, end of period | $250

27
The fair value measurements for mortgage loans held for sale, impaired loans and other real estate on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are presented below. The fair value measurement process uses certified appraisals and other market-based information; however, in many cases, it also requires significant input based on management’s knowledge of, and judgment about, current market conditions, specific issues relating to the collateral and other matters. As a result, all fair value measurements for impaired loans and other real estate are considered Level 3.
(Dollars in thousands)

| Fair Value Measurements September 30, 2018 | Level 1 Valuation | Level 2 Valuation | Level 3 Valuation
Mortgage loans held for sale | $1,740 | - | - | 1,740
Impaired loans | $22,449 | - | - | 22,449

(Dollars in thousands)

| Fair Value Measurements December 31, 2017 | Level 1 Valuation | Level 2 Valuation | Level 3 Valuation
Mortgage loans held for sale | $857 | - | - | 857
Impaired loans | $23,442 | - | - | 23,442
Other real estate | $118 | - | - | 118

(Dollars in thousands)

| Fair Value September 30, 2018 | Fair Value December 31, 2017 | Valuation Technique | Significant Unobservable Inputs | General Range of Significant Unobservable Input Values
Mortgage loans held for sale | $1,740 | 857 | Rate lock commitment | N/A | N/A
Impaired loans | $22,449 | 23,442 | Appraised value and discounted cash flows | Discounts to reflect current market conditions and ultimate collectability | 0 - 25%
Other real estate | $- | 118 | Appraised value | Discounts to reflect current market conditions and estimated costs to sell | 0 - 25%

The carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are as follows:
(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018
| Carrying Amount | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $57,041 | 57,041 | - | - | 57,041
Investment securities available for sale | $205,966 | - | 205,716 | 250 | 205,966
Other investments | $4,394 | - | - | 4,394 | 4,394
Mortgage loans held for sale | $1,740 | - | - | 1,740 | 1,740
Loans, net | $780,429 | - | - | 774,242 | 774,242
Cash surrender value of life insurance | $15,839 | - | 15,839 | - | 15,839
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $893,459 | - | - | 874,065 | 874,065
Securities sold under agreements |  |  |  |  |
to repurchase | $55,766 | - | 55,766 | - | 55,766
FHLB borrowings | - | - | - | - | -
Junior subordinated debentures | $20,619 | - | 20,619 | - | 20,619

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
| Carrying Amount | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $57,304 | 57,304 | - | - | 57,304
Investment securities available for sale | $229,321 | - | 229,071 | 250 | 229,321
Other investments | $1,830 | - | - | 1,830 | 1,830
Mortgage loans held for sale | $857 | - | - | 857 | 857
Loans, net | $753,398 | - | - | 735,837 | 735,837
Cash surrender value of life insurance | $15,552 | - | 15,552 | - | 15,552
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $906,952 | - | - | 894,932 | 894,932
Securities sold under agreements |  |  |  |  |
to repurchase | $37,757 | - | 37,757 | - | 37,757
FHLB borrowings | $- | - | - | - | -
Junior subordinated debentures | $20,619 | - | 20,619 | - | 20,619

(7) Subsequent Events
The Company has reviewed and evaluated subsequent events and transactions for material subsequent events through the date the financial statements are issued. Management has concluded that there were no material subsequent events other than the event noted below.
On October 19, 2018, the Bank received a draft audit report from the North Carolina Department of Revenue (“NCDOR”) setting forth certain proposed adjustments to the North Carolina income tax returns for the Bank for the tax years January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016. The NCDOR is seeking to disallow certain tax credits taken by the Bank in tax years January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016 from an investment made by the Bank. The total proposed adjustments sought by the NCDOR as of the date of the draft audit report (including additional tax, penalties and interest up to the date of the draft audit report) is approximately $1.4 million. The Bank disagrees with the NCDOR’s proposed adjustments and the disallowance of certain tax credits, and intends to challenge the proposed adjustments and the disallowance of such tax credits. The Bank purchased a Guaranty Agreement along with this tax credit investment that unconditionally guarantees the amount of its investment plus associated penalties and interest which we believe would limit the Bank’s exposure to approximately $150,000. The Tax Credit Guaranty Agreement from State Tax Credit Exchange, LLC dated September 10, 2014 is attached to this Form 10-Q as Exhibit 99.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following is a discussion of our financial position and results of operations of the Company and should be read in conjunction with the information set forth under Item 1A Risk Factors and the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto on pages A-24 through A-66 of the Company’s 2017 Annual Report to Shareholders which is Appendix A to the Proxy Statement for the May 3, 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
Introduction
Management’s discussion and analysis of earnings and related data are presented to assist in understanding the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The Company is the parent company of the Bank and a registered bank holding company operating under the supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”). The Bank is a North Carolina-chartered bank, with offices in Catawba, Lincoln, Alexander, Mecklenburg, Iredell, Wake and Durham counties, operating under the banking laws of North Carolina and the rules and regulations of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Overview
Our business consists principally of attracting deposits from the general public and investing these funds in commercial loans, real estate mortgage loans, real estate construction loans and consumer loans. Our profitability depends primarily on our net interest income, which is the difference between the income we receive on our loan and investment securities portfolios and our cost of funds, which consists of interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds. Net interest income also is affected by the relative amounts of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. When interest-earning assets approximate or exceed interest-bearing liabilities, a positive interest rate spread will generate net interest income. Our profitability is also affected by the level of other income and operating expenses. Other income consists primarily of miscellaneous fees related to our loans and deposits, mortgage banking income and commissions from sales of annuities and mutual funds. Operating expenses consist of compensation and benefits, occupancy related expenses, federal deposit and other insurance premiums, data processing, advertising and other expenses.
Our operations are influenced significantly by local economic conditions and by policies of financial institution regulatory authorities. The earnings on our assets are influenced by the effects of, and changes in, trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve, inflation, interest rates, market and monetary fluctuations. Lending activities are affected by the demand for commercial and other types of loans, which in turn is affected by the interest rates at which such financing may be offered. Our cost of funds is influenced by interest rates on competing investments and by rates offered on similar investments by competing financial institutions in our market area, as well as general market interest rates. These factors can cause fluctuations in our net interest income and other income. In addition, local economic conditions can impact the credit risk of our loan portfolio, in that (1) local employers may be required to eliminate employment positions of individual borrowers, and (2) small businesses and commercial borrowers may experience a downturn in their operating performance and become unable to make timely payments on their loans. Management evaluates these factors in estimating the allowance for loan losses and changes in these economic factors could result in increases or decreases to the provision for loan losses.
Current economic conditions, while not as robust as those experienced in the pre-crisis period from 2004 to 2007, have stabilized such that businesses in our market area are growing and investing again. The uncertainty expressed in the local, national and international markets through the primary economic indicators of activity, however, continues to limit the level of activity in our markets.
Although we are unable to control the external factors that influence our business, by maintaining high levels of balance sheet liquidity, managing our interest rate exposures and by actively monitoring asset quality, we seek to minimize the potentially adverse risks of unforeseen and unfavorable economic trends.
Our business emphasis has been and continues to be to operate as a well-capitalized, profitable and independent community-oriented financial institution dedicated to providing quality customer service. We are committed to meeting the financial needs of the communities in which we operate. We expect growth to be achieved in our local markets and through expansion opportunities in contiguous or nearby markets. While we would be willing to consider growth by acquisition in certain circumstances, we do not consider the acquisition of another company to be necessary for our continued ability to provide a reasonable return to our shareholders. We believe that we can be more effective in serving our customers than many of our non-local competitors because of our ability to quickly and effectively provide senior management responses to customer needs and inquiries. Our ability to provide these services is enhanced by the stability and experience of our Bank officers and managers.
The Federal Reserve maintained the Federal Funds rate at 0.25% from December 2008 to December 2015 before increasing the Fed Funds rate eight times since December 2015 to the Fed Funds rate of 2.25% at September 30, 2018. These increases have had a positive impact on earnings in recent periods and should continue to have a positive impact on the Bank’s net interest income in future periods.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s accounting policies are fundamental to understanding management’s discussion and analysis of results of operations and financial condition. Many of the Company’s accounting policies require significant judgment regarding valuation of assets and liabilities and/or significant interpretation of specific accounting guidance. A more complete description of the Company’s significant accounting policies can be found in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2017 Annual Report to Shareholders which is Appendix A to the Proxy Statement for the May 3, 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
Many of the Company’s assets and liabilities are recorded using various techniques that require significant judgment as to recoverability. The collectibility of loans is reflected through the Company’s estimate of the allowance for loan losses. The Company performs periodic and systematic detailed reviews of its lending portfolio to assess overall collectibility. In addition, certain assets and liabilities are reflected at their estimated fair value in the consolidated financial statements. Such amounts are based on either quoted market prices or estimated values derived from dealer quotes used by the Company, market comparisons or internally generated modeling techniques. The Company’s internal models generally involve present value of cash flow techniques. The various techniques are discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this management’s discussion and analysis and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is discussed in Note (6) of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) included in this Quarterly Report.
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Results of Operations
Summary. Net earnings were $3.5 million or $0.58 basic net earnings per share and $0.57 diluted net earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $3.2 million or $0.54 basic net earnings per share and $0.52 diluted net earnings per share for the same period one year ago. The increase in third quarter net earnings is attributable to an increase in net interest income, which was partially offset by an increase in the provision for loan losses, a decrease in non-interest income and an increase in non-interest expense during the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, as discussed below.
The annualized return on average assets was 1.25% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 1.17% for the same period one year ago, and annualized return on average shareholders’ equity was 11.49% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 11.14% for the same period one year ago.
Year-to-date net earnings as of September 30, 2018 were $9.9 million or $1.66 basic net earnings per share and $1.65 diluted net earnings per share, as compared to $8.3 million or $1.38 basic net earnings per share and $1.35 diluted net earnings per share for the same period one year ago. The increase in year-to-date net earnings is primarily attributable to an increase in net interest income and an increase in non-interest income, which were partially offset by an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in non-interest expense, as discussed below.
The annualized return on average assets was 1.21% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 1.01% for the same period one year ago, and annualized return on average shareholders’ equity was 10.97% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 9.59% for the same period one year ago.
Net Interest Income. Net interest income, the major component of the Company’s net earnings, was $11.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $10.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $910,000 increase in interest income, which was primarily attributable to an increase in the average outstanding balance of loans and a 1.00% increase in the prime rate since September 30, 2017, combined with a $93,000 decrease in interest expense, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in the average outstanding balances of FHLB borrowings during the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period one year ago due to the payoff of remaining FHLB borrowings in October 2017.
Interest income was $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $10.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase in interest income on loans, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest income on investment securities. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, average loans increased $35.0 million to $781.6 million from $746.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2017. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, average investment securities available for sale decreased $21.9 million to $209.2 million from $231.1 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2017. The average yield on loans for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was 5.03% and 4.76%, respectively. The average yield on investment securities available for sale was 3.52% and 3.77% for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average yield on earning assets was 4.65% and 4.45% for the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Interest expense was $557,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $650,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in interest expense was the result of lower cost of funds and reductions in FHLB borrowings and certificates of deposit. The average rate paid on interest-bearing checking and savings accounts was 0.16% and 0.13% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average rate paid on certificates of deposit was 0.46% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 0.34% for the same period one year ago. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was 0.33% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 0.37% for the same period one year ago. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, average certificates of deposit decreased $19.4 million to $110.2 million from $129.6 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2017. Average FHLB borrowings decreased $20.0 million to zero for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $20.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
The following table sets forth for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the average amounts outstanding, the interest incurred on such amounts and the average rate earned or incurred for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The table also sets forth the average rate earned on total interest-earning assets, the average rate paid on total interest-bearing liabilities, and the net yield on total average interest-earning assets for the same periods. Yield information does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of shareholders’ equity. Yields and interest income on tax-exempt investments for the three months ended September 30, 2018 have been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis using an effective tax rate of 22.98% for securities that are both federal and state tax exempt and an effective tax rate of 20.48% for federal tax exempt securities. Yields and interest income on tax-exempt investments for the three months ended September 30, 2017 have been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis using an effective tax rate of 35.98% for securities that are both federal and state tax exempt and an effective tax rate of 32.98% for federal tax exempt securities. Non-accrual loans and the interest income that was recorded on non-accrual loans, if any, are included in the yield calculations for loans in all periods reported.
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| Three months ended | Three months ended |
| September 30, 2018 | September 30, 2017 |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Yield / Rate | Average Balance | Interest | Yield / Rate
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable | $781,596 | 9,907 | 5.03% | $746,633 | 8,966 | 4.76%
Investments - taxable | 54,045 | 404 | 2.97% | 62,730 | 409 | 2.59%
Investments - nontaxable* | 160,203 | 1,472 | 3.65% | 171,704 | 1,798 | 4.15%
Other | 17,103 | 88 | 2.04% | 19,725 | 59 | 1.19%
Total interest-earning assets | 1,012,947 | 11,871 | 4.65% | 1,000,792 | 11,232 | 4.45%
Non-interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | 46,124 |  |  | 53,828 |  |
Allowance for loan losses | (6,263) |  |  | ( 7,129) |  |
Other assets | 51,233 |  |  | 54,095 |  |
Total assets | $1,104,041 |  |  | $1,101,586 |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW, MMDA & savings deposits | $481,835 | 189 | 0.16% | $476,851 | 156 | 0.13%
Time deposits | 110,163 | 127 | 0.46% | 129,559 | 112 | 0.34%
FHLB borrowings | - | - | - | 20,000 | 211 | 4.19%
Trust preferred securities | 20,619 | 209 | 4.02% | 20,619 | 152 | 2.92%
Other | 51,477 | 32 | 0.24% | 52,718 | 19 | 0.14%
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 664,094 | 557 | 0.33% | 699,747 | 650 | 0.37%
Non-interest bearing liabilities and shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 315,537 |  |  | 282,336 |  |
Other liabilities | 4,700 |  |  | 3,991 |  |
Shareholders' equity | 119,710 |  |  | 115,512 |  |
Total liabilities and shareholder's equity | $1,104,041 |  |  | $1,101,586 |  |
Net interest spread |  | $11,314 | 4.32% |  | $10,582 | 4.09%
Net yield on interest-earning assets |  |  | 4.43% |  |  | 4.20%
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  | $263 |  |  | $534 |
Net interest income |  | $11,051 |  |  | $10,048 |

*Includes U.S. Government agency securities that are non-taxable for state income tax purposes of $37.8 million in 2018 and $40.1 million in 2017. Tax rates of 2.50% and 3.00% were used to calculate the tax equivalent yield on these securities in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Year-to-date net interest income as of September 30, 2018 was $31.9 million compared to $29.4 million for the same period one year ago. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $2.2 million increase in interest income, which was primarily attributable to an increase in the average outstanding balance of loans and a 1.00% increase in the prime rate since September 2017, combined with a $333,000 decrease in interest expense, which was primarily attributable to a decrease in the average outstanding balances of FHLB borrowings during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the same period one year ago due to the payoff of remaining FHLB borrowings in October 2017.
Interest income was $33.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $31.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in interest income was primarily due to an increase in interest income on loans, which was partially offset by a decrease in interest income on investment securities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, average loans increased $32.1 million to $772.0 million from $739.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, average investment securities available for sale decreased $23.7 million to $212.2 million from $235.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The average yield on loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was 4.91% and 4.69%, respectively. The average yield on investment securities available for sale was 3.47% and 3.77% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average yield on earning assets was 4.54% and 4.41% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Interest expense was $1.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in interest expense was the result of lower cost of funds and reductions in FHLB borrowings and certificates of deposit. The average rate paid on interest-bearing checking and savings accounts was 0.15% and 0.12% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average rate paid on certificates of deposit was 0.40% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 0.36% for the same period one year ago. The average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was 0.31% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 0.36% for the same period one year ago. During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, average certificates of deposit decreased $20.5 million to $114.8 million from $135.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Average FHLB borrowings decreased $20.0 million to zero for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $20.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to the payoff of remaining FHLB borrowings in October 2017.
The following table sets forth for each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the average amounts outstanding, the interest incurred on such amounts and the average rate earned or incurred for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. The table also sets forth the average rate earned on total interest-earning assets, the average rate paid on total interest-bearing liabilities, and the net yield on total average interest-earning assets for the same periods. Yield information does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of shareholders’ equity. Yields and interest income on tax-exempt investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 have been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis using an effective tax rate of 22.98% for securities that are both federal and state tax exempt and an effective tax rate of 20.48% for federal tax exempt securities. Yields and interest income on tax-exempt investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been adjusted to a tax equivalent basis using an effective tax rate of 35.98% for securities that are both federal and state tax exempt and an effective tax rate of 32.98% for federal tax exempt securities. Non-accrual loans and the interest income that was recorded on non-accrual loans, if any, are included in the yield calculations for loans in all periods reported.
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| Nine months ended | Nine months ended |
| September 30, 2018 | September 30, 2017 |
(Dollars in thousands) | Average Balance | Interest | Yield / Rate | Average Balance | Interest | Yield / Rate
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable | $771,951 | 28,362 | 4.91% | $739,857 | 25,935 | 4.69%
Investments - taxable | 54,184 | 1,181 | 2.91% | 66,120 | 1,272 | 2.57%
Investments - nontaxable* | 161,947 | 4,428 | 3.66% | 173,113 | 5,512 | 4.26%
Other | 19,101 | 255 | 1.78% | 18,048 | 138 | 1.02%
Total interest-earning assets | 1,007,183 | 34,226 | 4.54% | 997,138 | 32,857 | 4.41%
Non-interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | 42,281 |  |  | 53,837 |  |
Allowance for loan losses | (6,326) |  |  | ( 7,335) |  |
Other assets | 52,117 |  |  | 52,862 |  |
Total assets | $1,095,255 |  |  | $1,096,502 |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW, MMDA & savings deposits | $487,657 | 551 | 0.15% | $479,715 | 431 | 0.12%
Time deposits | 114,803 | 342 | 0.40% | 135,291 | 360 | 0.36%
FHLB borrowings | - | - | - | 20,000 | 604 | 4.04%
Trust preferred securities | 20,619 | 578 | 3.75% | 20,619 | 432 | 2.80%
Other | 44,970 | 66 | 0.20% | 47,675 | 43 | 0.12%
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 668,049 | 1,537 | 0.31% | 703,300 | 1,870 | 0.36%
Non-interest bearing liabilities and shareholders' equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits | 305,514 |  |  | 277,052 |  |
Other liabilities | 455 |  |  | 989 |  |
Shareholders' equity | 121,237 |  |  | 115,161 |  |
Total liabilities and shareholder's equity | $1,095,255 |  |  | $1,096,502 |  |
Net interest spread |  | $32,689 | 4.24% |  | $30,987 | 4.05%
Net yield on interest-earning assets |  |  | 4.34% |  |  | 4.15%
Taxable equivalent adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  | $800 |  |  | $1,634 |
Net interest income |  | $31,889 |  |  | $29,353 |

*Includes U.S. Government agency securities that are non-taxable for state income tax purposes of $38.7 million in 2018 and $39.3 million in 2017. Tax rates of 2.50% and 3.00% were used to calculate the tax equivalent yield on these securities in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Changes in interest income and interest expense can result from variances in both volume and rates. The following table presents the impact on the Company’s tax equivalent net interest income resulting from changes in average balances and average rates for the periods indicated. The changes in interest due to both volume and rate have been allocated to volume and rate changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the changes in each.

| Three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to three months ended September 30, 2017 | Nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2017
(Dollars in thousands) | Changes in average volume | Changes in average rates | Total Increase (Decrease) | Changes in average volume | Changes in average rates | Total Increase (Decrease)
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans: Net of unearned income | $432 | 509 | 941 | 1,152 | 1,275 | 2,427
Investments - taxable | (61) | 56 | (5) | (245) | 154 | (91)
Investments - nontaxable | (113) | (213) | (326) | (330) | (754) | (1,084)
Other | (11) | 40 | 29 | 11 | 106 | 117
Total interest income | 247 | 392 | 639 | 588 | 781 | 1,369
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
NOW, MMDA & savings deposits | 2 | 32 | 34 | 8 | 112 | 120
Time deposits | (20) | 35 | 15 | (58) | 40 | (18)
FHLB borrowings | (106) | (105) | (211) | (302) | (302) | (604)
Trust preferred securities | - | 57 | 57 | - | 146 | 146
Other | (1) | 13 | 12 | (3) | 26 | 23
Total interest expense | ( 125) | 32 | ( 93) | ( 355) | 22 | ( 333)
Net interest income | $372 | 360 | 732 | 943 | 759 | 1,702

Provision for Loan Losses. The provision for loan losses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was an expense of $110,000, as compared to a credit of $218,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in the provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to a $39.3 million increase in loans from September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2018.
The provision for loan losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was an expense of $372,000, as compared to a credit of $405,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in the provision for loan losses is primarily attributable to a $39.3 million increase in loans from September 30, 2017 to September 30, 2018.
Non-Interest Income. Total non-interest income was $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in non-interest income is primarily attributable to a $64,000 decrease in mortgage banking income and a $51,000 decrease in miscellaneous non-interest income during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period one year ago.
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Non-interest income was $11.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $11.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in non-interest income is primarily attributable to $17,000 in net gains on other real estate owned properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $240,000 in net losses and write-downs on other real estate owned properties for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which resulted in a $257,000 increase in non-interest income. Mortgage banking income decreased $273,000 to $672,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $945,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to a decrease in mortgage loan volume resulting from an increase in mortgage loan rates.
Non-Interest Expense. Total non-interest expense was $10.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $10.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily attributable to a $586,000 increase in salaries and benefits expense, which was primarily due to an increase in the number of full-time equivalent employees and annual salary increases.
Non-interest expense was $31.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $30.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily due to a $828,000 increase in salaries and benefits expense, a $386,000 increase in occupancy expense and a $279,000 increase in professional fees, which were partially offset by a $260,000 decrease in other non-interest expense, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in salaries and benefits expense is primarily due to an increase in the number of full-time equivalent employees and annual salary increases. The increase in occupancy expense is primarily due to an increase in depreciation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in professional fees is primarily due to an increase in consulting fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in other non-interest expense is primarily due to decreases in telecommunications expense, debit card expense and internet banking expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Income Taxes. Income tax expense was $687,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $1.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The effective tax rate was 17% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 27% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Income tax expense was $1.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The effective tax rate was 16% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 25% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The reduction in the effective tax rate is primarily due to the passing of the TCJA in December, 2017, which reduced the Company’s federal corporate tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018.
Analysis of Financial Condition
Investment Securities. Available for sale securities were $206.0 million at September 30, 2018, as compared to $229.3 million at December 31, 2017. Average investment securities available for sale for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $212.2 million, as compared to $234.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Loans. At September 30, 2018, loans were $786.7 million, as compared to $759.8 million at December 31, 2017. Average loans represented 77% and 74% of average earning assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017, respectively.
The Company had $1.7 million and $857,000 in mortgage loans held for sale as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by real estate, which is dependent upon the real estate market. Real estate mortgage loans include both commercial and residential mortgage loans. At September 30, 2018, the Company had $101.5 million in residential mortgage loans, $105.8 million in home equity loans and $381.8 million in commercial mortgage loans, which include $306.5 million secured by commercial property and $75.3 million secured by residential property. Residential mortgage loans include $34.7 million in non-traditional mortgage loans from the former Banco division of the Bank. All residential mortgage loans are originated as fully amortizing loans, with no negative amortization.
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At September 30, 2018, the Company had $77.0 million in construction and land development loans. The following table presents a breakout of these loans.
(Dollars in thousands)

| Number of Loans | Balance Outstanding | Non-accrual Balance
Land acquisition and development - commercial purposes | 41 | $6,974 | $-
Land acquisition and development - residential purposes | 205 | 21,656 | 39
1 to 4 family residential construction | 140 | 26,803 | -
Commercial construction | 29 | 21,554 | -
Total construction and land development | 415 | $76,987 | $39

Current year TDR modifications, past due TDR loans and non-accrual TDR loans totaled $2.2 million and $4.5 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The terms of these loans have been renegotiated to provide a concession to original terms, including a reduction in principal or interest as a result of the deteriorating financial position of the borrower. There was $93,000 and $21,000 in performing loans classified as TDR loans at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
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Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s assessment and estimate of the risks associated with extending credit and its evaluation of the quality of the loan portfolio. The Bank periodically analyzes the loan portfolio in an effort to review asset quality and to establish an allowance for loan losses that management believes will be adequate in light of anticipated risks and loan losses. In assessing the adequacy of the allowance, size, quality and risk of loans in the portfolio are reviewed. Other factors considered are:
●
the Bank’s loan loss experience;
●
the amount of past due and non-performing loans;
●
specific known risks;
●
the status and amount of other past due and non-performing assets;
●
underlying estimated values of collateral securing loans;
●
current and anticipated economic conditions; and
●
other factors which management believes affect the allowance for potential credit losses.
Management uses several measures to assess and monitor the credit risks in the loan portfolio, including a loan grading system that begins upon loan origination and continues until the loan is collected or collectability becomes doubtful. Upon loan origination, the Bank’s originating loan officer evaluates the quality of the loan and assigns one of eight risk grades. The loan officer monitors the loan’s performance and credit quality and makes changes to the credit grade as conditions warrant. When originated or renewed, all loans over a certain dollar amount receive in-depth reviews and risk assessments by the Bank’s Credit Administration. Before making any changes in these risk grades, management considers assessments as determined by the third party credit review firm (as described below), regulatory examiners and the Bank’s Credit Administration. Any issues regarding the risk assessments are addressed by the Bank’s senior credit administrators and factored into management’s decision to originate or renew the loan. The Bank’s Board of Directors reviews, on a monthly basis, an analysis of the Bank’s reserves relative to the range of reserves estimated by the Bank’s Credit Administration.
As an additional measure, the Bank engages an independent third party to review the underwriting, documentation and risk grading analyses. This independent third party reviews and evaluates loan relationships greater than $1.0 million, excluding loans in default, and loans in process of litigation or liquidation. The third party’s evaluation and report is shared with management and the Bank’s Board of Directors.
Management considers certain commercial loans with weak credit risk grades to be individually impaired and measures such impairment based upon available cash flows and the value of the collateral. Allowance or reserve levels are estimated for all other graded loans in the portfolio based on their assigned credit risk grade, type of loan and other matters related to credit risk.
Management uses the information developed from the procedures described above in evaluating and grading the loan portfolio. This continual grading process is used to monitor the credit quality of the loan portfolio and to assist management in estimating the allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses charged or credited to earnings is based upon management’s judgment of the amount necessary to maintain the allowance at a level appropriate to absorb probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The amount each quarter is dependent upon many factors, including growth and changes in the composition of the loan portfolio, net charge-offs, delinquencies, management’s assessment of loan portfolio quality, the value of collateral, and other macro-economic factors and trends. The evaluation of these factors is performed quarterly by management through an analysis of the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses.
The allowance for loan losses is comprised of three components: specific reserves, general reserves and unallocated reserves. After a loan has been identified as impaired, management measures impairment. When the measure of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, the amount of the impairment is recorded as a specific reserve. These specific reserves are determined on an individual loan basis based on management’s current evaluation of the Bank’s loss exposure for each credit, given the appraised value of any underlying collateral. Loans for which specific reserves are provided are excluded from the general allowance calculations as described below.
The general allowance reflects reserves established under GAAP for collective loan impairment. These reserves are based upon historical net charge-offs using the greater of the last two, three, four or five years’ loss experience. This charge-off experience may be adjusted to reflect the effects of current conditions. The Bank considers information derived from its loan risk ratings and external data related to industry and general economic trends in establishing reserves.
The unallocated allowance is determined through management’s assessment of probable losses that are in the portfolio but are not adequately captured by the other two components of the allowance, including consideration of current economic and business conditions and regulatory requirements. The unallocated allowance also reflects management’s acknowledgement of the imprecision and subjectivity that underlie the modeling of credit risk. Due to the subjectivity involved in determining the overall allowance, including the unallocated portion, the unallocated portion may fluctuate from period to period based on management’s evaluation of the factors affecting the assumptions used in calculating the allowance.
Effective December 31, 2012, certain mortgage loans from the former Banco division of the Bank were analyzed separately from other single family residential loans in the Bank’s loan portfolio. These loans are first mortgage loans made to the Latino market, primarily in Mecklenburg, North Carolina and surrounding counties. These loans are non-traditional mortgages in that the customer normally did not have a credit history, so all credit information was accumulated by the loan officers.
Various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require adjustments to the allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examinations. Management believes it has established the allowance for credit losses pursuant to GAAP, and has taken into account the views of its regulators and the current economic environment. Management considers the allowance for loan losses adequate to cover the estimated losses inherent in the Bank’s loan portfolio as of the date of the financial statements. Although management uses the best information available to make evaluations, significant future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and other conditions, thus adversely affecting the operating results of the Company.
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There were no significant changes in the estimation methods or fundamental assumptions used in the evaluation of the allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revisions, estimates and assumptions may be made in any period in which the supporting factors indicate that loss levels may vary from the previous estimates.
The allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2018 was $6.3 million or 0.80% of total loans, as compared to $6.4 million or 0.84% of total loans at December 31, 2017.
The following table presents the percentage of loans assigned to each risk grade at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

| Percentage of Loans By Risk Grade
Risk Grade | September 30, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Risk Grade 1 (Excellent Quality) | 1.19% | 1.31%
Risk Grade 2 (High Quality) | 26.30% | 26.23%
Risk Grade 3 (Good Quality) | 60.78% | 60.69%
Risk Grade 4 (Management Attention) | 9.02% | 8.19%
Risk Grade 5 (Watch) | 1.81% | 2.54%
Risk Grade 6 (Substandard) | 0.90% | 1.04%
Risk Grade 7 (Doubtful) | 0.00% | 0.00%
Risk Grade 8 (Loss) | 0.00% | 0.00%

At September 30, 2018, including non-accrual loans, there were two relationships exceeding $1.0 million in the Watch risk grade (which totaled $3.2 million). There were no relationships exceeding $1.0 million in the Substandard risk grade.
Non-performing Assets. Non-performing assets totaled $3.9 million at September 30, 2018 or 0.36% of total assets, as compared to $3.8 million or 0.35% of total assets at December 31, 2017. Non-accrual loans were $3.9 million at September 30, 2018 and $3.7 million at December 31, 2017. As a percentage of total loans outstanding, non-accrual loans were 0.50% at September 30, 2018, as compared to 0.49% at December 31, 2017. Non-accrual loans include $3.7 million in commercial and residential mortgage loans, $39,000 in construction and land development loans and $136,000 in other loans at September 30, 2018, as compared to $3.6 million in commercial and residential mortgage loans, $14,000 in construction and land development loans and $112,000 in other loans at December 31, 2017. The Bank had no loans 90 days past due and still accruing at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. The Bank had no other real estate owned at September 30, 2018, as compared to $118,000 at December 31, 2017.
Deposits. Total deposits at September 30, 2018 were $893.5 million compared to $907.0 million at December 31, 2017. Core deposits, which include demand deposits, savings accounts and non-brokered certificates of deposits of denominations less than $250,000, amounted to $875.7 million at September 30, 2018, as compared to $887.5 million at December 31, 2017.
Borrowed Funds. There were no FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase were $55.8 million at September 30, 2018, as compared to $37.8 million at December 31, 2017.
Junior Subordinated Debentures (related to Trust Preferred Securities). In June 2006, the Company formed a wholly owned Delaware statutory trust, PEBK Capital Trust II (“PEBK Trust II”), which issued $20.0 million of guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the Company’s junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. All of the common securities of PEBK Trust II are owned by the Company. The proceeds from the issuance of the common securities and the trust preferred securities were used by PEBK Trust II to purchase $20.6 million of junior subordinated debentures of the Company, which pay a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 163 basis points. The proceeds received by the Company from the sale of the junior subordinated debentures were used to repay in December 2006 the trust preferred securities issued in December 2001 by PEBK Capital Trust, a wholly owned Delaware statutory trust of the Company, and for general purposes. The debentures represent the sole asset of PEBK Trust II. PEBK Trust II is not included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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The trust preferred securities issued by PEBK Trust II accrue and pay quarterly at a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 163 basis points. The Company has guaranteed distributions and other payments due on the trust preferred securities to the extent PEBK Trust II does not have funds with which to make the distributions and other payments. The net combined effect of the trust preferred securities transaction is that the Company is obligated to make the distributions and other payments required on the trust preferred securities.
These trust preferred securities are mandatorily redeemable upon maturity of the debentures on June 28, 2036, or upon earlier redemption as provided in the indenture. The Company has the right to redeem the debentures purchased by PEBK Trust II, in whole or in part, which became effective on June 28, 2011. As specified in the indenture, if the debentures are redeemed prior to maturity, the redemption price will be the principal amount plus any accrued but unpaid interest.
Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk Management. The objective of the Company’s Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk strategies is to identify and manage the sensitivity of net interest income to changing interest rates and to minimize the interest rate risk between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at various maturities. This is to be done in conjunction with the need to maintain adequate liquidity and the overall goal of maximizing net interest income.
The Company manages its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates through policies established by our Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”). ALCO meets quarterly and has the responsibility for approving asset/liability management policies, formulating and implementing strategies to improve balance sheet positioning and/or earnings and reviewing the interest rate sensitivity of the Company. ALCO tries to minimize interest rate risk between interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities by attempting to minimize wide fluctuations in net interest income due to interest rate movements. The ability to control these fluctuations has a direct impact on the profitability of the Company. Management monitors this activity on a regular basis through analysis of its portfolios to determine the difference between rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities.
The Company’s rate sensitive assets are those earning interest at variable rates and those with contractual maturities within one year. Rate sensitive assets therefore include both loans and available for sale securities. Rate sensitive liabilities include interest-bearing checking accounts, money market deposit accounts, savings accounts, time deposits and borrowed funds. Average rate sensitive assets for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 totaled $1.0 billion, exceeding average rate sensitive liabilities of $664.1 million by $348.9 million.
The Company has an overall interest rate risk management strategy that incorporates the use of derivative instruments to minimize significant unplanned fluctuations in earnings that are caused by interest rate volatility. By using derivative instruments, the Company is exposed to credit and market risk. If the counterparty fails to perform, credit risk is equal to the extent of the fair-value gain in the derivative. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high-quality counterparties that are reviewed periodically by the Company. The Company did not have any interest rate derivatives outstanding as of September 30, 2018.
Included in the rate sensitive assets are $285.1 million in variable rate loans indexed to prime rate subject to immediate repricing upon changes by the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”). The Company utilizes interest rate floors on certain variable rate loans to protect against further downward movements in the prime rate. At September 30, 2018, the Company had $167.2 million in loans with interest rate floors. The floors were in effect on $6.3 million of these loans pursuant to the terms of the promissory notes on these loans. The weighted average rate on these loans is 0.43% higher than the indexed rate on the promissory notes without interest rate floors.
Liquidity. The objectives of the Company’s liquidity policy are to provide for the availability of adequate funds to meet the needs of loan demand, deposit withdrawals, maturing liabilities and to satisfy regulatory requirements. Both deposit and loan customer cash needs can fluctuate significantly depending upon business cycles, economic conditions and yields and returns available from alternative investment opportunities. In addition, the Company’s liquidity is affected by off-balance sheet commitments to lend in the form of unfunded commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. As of September 30, 2018, such unfunded commitments to extend credit were $251.9 million, while commitments in the form of standby letters of credit totaled $3.5 million.
The Company uses several sources to meet its liquidity requirements. The primary source is core deposits, which includes demand deposits, savings accounts and non-brokered certificates of deposit of denominations less than $250,000. The Company considers these to be a stable portion of the Company’s liability mix and the result of on-going consumer and commercial banking relationships. As of September 30, 2018, the Company’s core deposits totaled $875.7 million, or 98.01% of total deposits.
The other sources of funding for the Company are through large denomination certificates of deposit, including brokered deposits, federal funds purchased, securities under agreements to repurchase and FHLB borrowings. The Bank is also able to borrow from the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) on a short-term basis. The Company’s policies include the ability to access wholesale funding of up to 40% of total assets. The Company’s wholesale funding includes FHLB borrowings, FRB borrowings, brokered deposits, internet certificates of deposit and certificates of deposit issued to the State of North Carolina. The Company’s ratio of wholesale funding to total assets was 0.31% as of September 30, 2018.
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The Bank has a line of credit with the FHLB equal to 20% of the Bank’s total assets. There were no FHLB borrowings outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018, the carrying value of loans pledged as collateral to the FHLB totaled $138.5 million compared to $137.5 million at December 31, 2017. The remaining availability under the line of credit with the FHLB was $84.3 million at September 30, 2018 compared to $87.2 million at December 31, 2017. The Bank had no borrowings from the FRB at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017. FRB borrowings are collateralized by a blanket assignment on all qualifying loans that the Bank owns which are not pledged to the FHLB. At September 30, 2018, the carrying value of loans pledged as collateral to the FRB totaled $430.8 million compared to $408.5 million at December 31, 2017.
The Bank also had the ability to borrow up to $82.5 million for the purchase of overnight federal funds from six correspondent financial institutions as of September 30, 2018.
The liquidity ratio for the Bank, which is defined as net cash, interest-bearing deposits, federal funds sold and certain investment securities, as a percentage of net deposits and short-term liabilities was 18.61% at September 30, 2018 and 20.62% at December 31, 2017. The minimum required liquidity ratio as defined in the Bank’s Asset/Liability and Interest Rate Risk Management Policy was 10% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. The Company’s contractual obligations and other commitments as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized in the table below. The Company’s contractual obligations include junior subordinated debentures, as well as certain payments under current lease agreements. Other commitments include commitments to extend credit. Because not all of these commitments to extend credit will be drawn upon, the actual cash requirements are likely to be significantly less than the amounts reported for other commitments below.
(Dollars in thousands)

| September 30, 2018 | December 31, 2017
Contractual Cash Obligations |  |
Long-term borrowings | $- | -
Junior subordinated debentures | $20,619 | 20,619
Corporate Center renovation | - | -
Operating lease obligations | 4,501 | 4,862
Total | $25,120 | 25,481
Other Commitments |  |
Commitments to extend credit | $251,917 | 233,972
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written | 3,489 | 3,325
Income tax credits | 1,689 | 2,397
Total | $257,095 | 239,694

The Company enters into derivative contracts from time to time to manage various financial risks. A derivative is a financial instrument that derives its cash flows, and therefore its value, by reference to an underlying instrument, index or referenced interest rate. Derivative contracts are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with the fair value representing the net present value of expected future cash receipts or payments based on market interest rates as of the balance sheet date. Derivative contracts are written in amounts referred to as notional amounts, which only provide the basis for calculating payments between counterparties and are not a measure of financial risk. Further discussions of derivative instruments are included above in the section entitled “Asset Liability and Interest Rate Risk Management”.
Capital Resources. Shareholders’ equity was $119.7 million, or 10.88% of total assets, as of September 30, 2018, as compared to $116.0 million, or 10.62% of total assets, as of December 31, 2017.
Annualized return on average equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 10.97%, as compared to 9.59% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Total cash dividends paid on common stock were $2.4 million and $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The Board of Directors, at its discretion, can issue shares of preferred stock up to a maximum of 5,000,000 shares. The Board is authorized to determine the number of shares, voting powers, designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights. The Board of Directors does not currently anticipate issuing any additional series of preferred stock.
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In 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which up to $2 million was allocated to repurchase the Company’s common stock. Any purchases under the Company’s stock repurchase program were made periodically as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The timing and amount of any repurchase of shares were determined by the Company’s management, based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The Company has repurchased approximately $2.0 million, or 92,738 shares of its common stock, under this program as of September 30, 2018.
In 2013, the Federal Reserve Board approved its final rule on the Basel III capital standards, which implement changes to the regulatory capital framework for banking organizations. The Basel III capital standards, which became effective January 1, 2015, include new risk-based capital and leverage ratios, which are being phased in from 2015 to 2019. The new minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank under the final rules are as follows: (i) a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6% (increased from 4%); (iii) a total risk based capital ratio of 8% (unchanged from previous rules); and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% (unchanged from previous rules). An additional capital conservation buffer was added to the minimum requirements for capital adequacy purposes beginning on January 1, 2016 at 0.625% and is being phased in through 2019 (increasing by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019). This will result in the following minimum ratios beginning in 2019: (i) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%, (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%, and (iii) a total capital ratio of 10.5%. Under the final rules, institutions would be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained earnings that could be utilized for such actions.
Under the regulatory capital guidelines, financial institutions are currently required to maintain a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, with a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% or greater, as required by the Basel III capital standards referenced above. Tier 1 capital is generally defined as shareholders’ equity and trust preferred securities less all intangible assets and goodwill. Tier 1 capital at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 includes $20.0 million in trust preferred securities. The Company’s Tier 1 capital ratio was 15.42% and 15.32% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Total risk-based capital is defined as Tier 1 capital plus supplementary capital. Supplementary capital, or Tier 2 capital, consists of the Company’s allowance for loan losses, not exceeding 1.25% of the Company’s risk-weighted assets. Total risk-based capital ratio is therefore defined as the ratio of total capital (Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital) to risk-weighted assets. The Company’s total risk-based capital ratio was 16.11% and 16.06% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s common equity Tier 1 capital consists of common stock and retained earnings. The Company’s common equity Tier 1 capital ratio was 13.21% and 13.00% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Financial institutions are also required to maintain a leverage ratio of Tier 1 capital to total average assets of 4.0% or greater. The Company’s Tier 1 leverage capital ratio was 12.67% and 11.94% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The Bank’s Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 15.06% and 15.09% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The total risk-based capital ratio for the Bank was 15.75% and 15.83% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Bank’s common equity Tier 1 capital ratio was 15.06% and 15.09% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Bank’s Tier 1 leverage capital ratio was 12.29% and 11.69% at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
A bank is considered to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5% or greater and a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater. Based upon these guidelines, the Bank was considered to be “well capitalized” at September 30, 2018.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There have been no material changes in the Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk from those previously disclosed in Part 7A. of Part II of the Company’s Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2018.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act.
There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
On October 19, 2018, the Bank received a draft audit report from the North Carolina Department of Revenue (“NCDOR”) setting forth certain proposed adjustments to the North Carolina income tax returns for the Bank for the tax years January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016. The NCDOR is seeking to disallow certain tax credits taken by the Bank in tax years January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016 from an investment made by the Bank. The total proposed adjustments sought by the NCDOR as of the date of the draft audit report (including additional tax, penalties and interest up to the date of the draft audit report) is approximately $1.4 million. The Bank disagrees with the NCDOR’s proposed adjustments and the disallowance of certain tax credits, and intends to challenge the proposed adjustments and the disallowance of such tax credits. The Bank purchased a Guaranty Agreement along with this tax credit investment that unconditionally guarantees the amount of its investment plus associated penalties and interest which we believe would limit the Bank’s exposure to approximately $150,000. The Tax Credit Guaranty Agreement from State Tax Credit Exchange, LLC dated September 10, 2014 is attached to this Form 10-Q as Exhibit 99.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Not applicable.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
July 1 - 31, 2018 | 658 | $32.60 | - | $16,180
August 1 - 31, 2018 | 115 | 30.79 | - | $16,180
September 1 - 30, 2018 | 147 | 30.50 | - | $16,180
Total | 920(1) | $32.08 | - |

(1) The Company purchased 920 shares on the open market in the three months ended June 30, 2018 for its deferred compensation plan. All purchases were funded by participant contributions to the plan.
(2) Reflects dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the Stock Repurchase Plan authorized by the Company's Board of Directors in 2016.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit (3)(i)(a) | Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (3)(i) to the Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 2, 1999
Exhibit (3)(i)(b) | Articles of Amendment dated December 19, 2008, regarding the Series A Preferred Stock, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (3)(1) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (3)(i)(c) | Articles of Amendment dated February 26, 2010, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (3)(2) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2010
Exhibit (3)(ii) | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (3)(ii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 24, 2015
Exhibit (4) | Specimen Stock Certificate, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (4) to the Form 8-A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 2, 1999

Exhibit (10)(i) | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and Tony W. Wolfe dated December 18, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(a)(iii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(ii) | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and Joseph F. Beaman, Jr. dated December 18, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(b)(iii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(iii) | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and William D. Cable, Sr. dated December 18, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(c)(iii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(iv) | Employment Agreement dated January 22, 2015 between the Registrant and William D. Cable, Sr., incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(c) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2015
Exhibit (10)(v) | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and Lance A. Sellers dated December 18, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(d)(iii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(vi) | Employment Agreement dated January 22, 2015 between the Registrant and Lance A. Sellers, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(a) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2015
Exhibit (10)(vii) | Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and A. Joseph Lampron, Jr. dated December 18, 2008, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(f)(iii) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(viii) | Employment Agreement dated January 22, 2015 between the Registrant and A. Joseph Lampron, Jr., incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(b) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 9, 2015

Exhibit (10)(ix) | Peoples Bank Directors’ and Officers’ Deferral Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(h) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2002
Exhibit (10)(x) | Rabbi Trust for the Peoples Bank Directors’ and Officers’ Deferral Plan, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(i) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2002
Exhibit (10)(xi) | Description of Service Recognition Program maintained by Peoples Bank, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(i) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2003
Exhibit (10)(xii) | Capital Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of June 26, 2006, by and among the Registrant, PEBK Capital Trust II and Bear, Sterns Securities Corp., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(j) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2006
Exhibit (10)(xiii) | Amended and Restated Trust Agreement of PEBK Capital Trust II, dated as of June 28, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(k) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2006
Exhibit (10)(xiv) | Guarantee Agreement of the Registrant dated as of June 28, 2006, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(l) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2006

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Exhibit (10)(xv) | Indenture, dated as of June 28, 2006, by and between the Registrant and LaSalle Bank National Association, as Trustee, relating to Junior Subordinated Debt Securities Due September 15, 2036, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(m) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 13, 2006
Exhibit (10)(xvi) | Form of Amended and Restated Director Supplemental Retirement Agreement between Peoples Bank and Directors Robert C. Abernethy, James S. Abernethy, Douglas S. Howard, John W. Lineberger, Jr., Gary E. Matthews, Dr. Billy L. Price, Jr., Larry E Robinson, W. Gregory Terry, Dan Ray Timmerman, Sr., and Benjamin I. Zachary, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(n) to the Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 29, 2008
Exhibit (10)(xvii) | 2009 Omnibus Stock Ownership and Long Term Incentive Plan incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(o) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 20, 2009
Exhibit (10)(xviii) | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and Lance A. Sellers dated February 16, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(xx) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2018
Exhibit (10)(xix) | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and A. Joseph Lampron, Jr. dated February 16, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(xxi) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2018
Exhibit (10)(xx) | First Amendment to Amended and Restated Executive Salary Continuation Agreement between Peoples Bank and William D. Cable, Sr. dated February 16, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit (10)(xxii) to the Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 18, 2018
Exhibit (14) | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of Peoples Bancorp of North Carolina, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit (14) to the Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 25, 2005
Exhibit (31)(a) | Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit (31)(b) | Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit (32) | Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Exhibit (99) | Tax Credit Guaranty Agreement between State Tax Credit Exchange, LLC and Peoples Bank dated September 10, 2014.

Exhibit (101) | The following materials from the Company’s 10-Q Report for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text.*
| *Furnished, not filed.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| Peoples Bancorp of North Carolina, Inc.

November 8, 2018 | /s/ Lance A. Sellers
Date | Lance A. Sellers President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

November 8, 2018 | /s/ A. Joseph Lampron, Jr.
Date | A. Joseph Lampron, Jr. Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Principal Accounting Officer)

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