<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000928816-23-001556.txt : 20231117
<SEC-HEADER>0000928816-23-001556.hdr.sgml : 20231117
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20231117170645
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000928816-23-001556
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20231117
ITEM INFORMATION:		Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change in Fiscal Year
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20231117
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20231117

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PUTNAM MASTER INTERMEDIATE INCOME TRUST
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000830622
		IRS NUMBER:				046584465
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			MA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1117

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	811-05498
		FILM NUMBER:		231419812

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		100 FEDERAL STREET
		CITY:			BOSTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			02110
		BUSINESS PHONE:		6172921000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		100 FEDERAL STREET
		CITY:			BOSTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			02110
</SEC-HEADER>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 12pt 0 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8&#45;K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2 below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><span id="xdx_902_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20231117__20231117_zwPz9pweths2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#9;Written
communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><span id="xdx_90A_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20231117__20231117_zbZj4Zu0ym7"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#9;Soliciting
material pursuant to Rule 14a&#45;12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a&#45;12)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><span id="xdx_90E_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20231117__20231117_zTwjj6Br3IGi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#9;Pre&#45;commencement
communications pursuant to Rule 14d&#45;2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d&#45;2(b))</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><span id="xdx_90D_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20231117__20231117_zD1P39TRilGe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span>&#9;Pre&#45;commencement
communications pursuant to Rule 13e&#45;4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e&#45;4(c))</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 12pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 46%; text-align: center; layout-grid-mode: char"><b>Title of Each Class</b></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth
company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (CFR 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b&#45;2 of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 (CFR 240.12b&#45;2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt">Emerging growth company <span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif"><span id="xdx_908_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20231117__20231117_zovYXILb4DP8"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2023-11-17" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 3pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant
has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant
to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <span style="font-family: MS Gothic, Helvetica, Sans-Serif">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 3pt">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt/6pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>Item 5.03 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Change
in Fiscal Year.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On <span id="xdx_900_edei--CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_c20231117__20231117_zQ6PaP6Gh3Lk"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0029">November 17, 2023</span></span>, the Board of Trustees of Putnam
Master Intermediate Income Trust (the &#8220;Fund&#8221;) determined it was in the best interests of shareholders to amend and restate
the Bylaws of the Fund (the &#8220;Amended and Restated Bylaws&#8221;), effective as of November 17, 2023, to rescind Article 15 and its
accompanying control share acquisition provisions (the &#8220;CSA Provisions&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the rescinded CSA Provisions, a shareholder
who obtained beneficial ownership of Fund shares in a &#8220;control share acquisition&#8221; could have exercised voting rights with
respect to those shares only to the extent authorized by other shareholders of the Fund. A control share acquisition was an acquisition
by any person of beneficial ownership of shares (subject to certain exclusions) entitling the person to vote shares in the election of
Trustees within any one of four specified ranges of voting power, beginning at 10%. Once a person made a control share acquisition, that
person would only have voting rights with respect to those shares to the extent authorized by a vote of shareholders. The CSA Provisions
did not eliminate voting rights for shares acquired in control share acquisitions, but rather the provisions entrusted the Fund&#8217;s
other &#8220;non&#45;interested&#8221; shareholders with determining whether to approve the authorization of voting rights for such shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Prior to rescinding the CSA Provisions, on February
23, 2023, the Fund&#8217;s Board of Trustees had voted to exempt from the CSA Provisions, including on a going forward basis, all prior
and, until further notice, new purchases of shares of the Fund that might otherwise be deemed control share acquisitions under the CSA
Provisions.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Investors should refer to the Amended and Restated
Bylaws for more information, which are attached as an Exhibit and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>Item 8.01 Other Events.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><span style="background-color: white">On </span>November
17<span style="background-color: white">, 2023, the Board of Trustees of </span>the Fund <span style="background-color: white">voted to
adopt an investment policy that requires the Fund, under normal circumstances, to maintain an average portfolio rating of investment grade.
This requirement applies at the time of the making of an investment and is violated if, and only if, the average portfolio rating of the
Fund would no longer be investment grade immediately after and as a result of such investment. For purposes of this requirement, the credit
rating for each investment is determined at the time of purchase by a nationally recognized securities rating agency, or if the investment
is not rated by a nationally recognized securities rating agency, by </span>Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Fund&#8217;s investment
adviser<span style="background-color: white">.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 6pt">(d)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Exhibits.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 6pt">&#160;</p>

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&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;No.</b></td>
    <td style="border-top: #F2F2F2 2.25pt groove; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 8%; padding-top: 6pt; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-top: #F2F2F2 2.25pt groove; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 84%; padding-top: 6pt; layout-grid-mode: char"><b>Description</b></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: #D0CECE 3pt groove; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 3pt; layout-grid-mode: char">5.03</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: #D0CECE 3pt groove; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 3pt; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: #D0CECE 3pt groove; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 3pt; layout-grid-mode: char"><a href="b_ex991bylaws.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws of Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust dated November 17, 2023</a></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 6pt 0 12pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b>&#160;</b></span></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 6pt 0 12pt; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">SIGNATURE</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 3pt; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">
    <p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 3pt">Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust</p>
    <p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 3pt">&#160;</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char; width: 43%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char; width: 5%">By:</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char; width: 52%">/s/Jonathan S. Horwitz</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char">Jonathan S. Horwitz <br />Executive Vice President, Principal
    Executive Officer and Compliance Liaison </td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char">Date:&#160;&#160;November 17, 2023</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 3pt; layout-grid-mode: char">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; layout-grid-mode: char"></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">OF</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>PUTNAM MASTER INTERMEDIATE INCOME TRUST AND</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>PUTNAM PREMIER INCOME TRUST</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>(Dated as of November 17, 2023)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Agreement and Declaration of Trust and Principal
Office</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>1.1 Agreement and Declaration of Trust.</B> These
Bylaws shall be subject to the Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as from time to time in effect (the &#8220;Declaration of Trust&#8221;),
of the Massachusetts business trust established by the Declaration of Trust (the &#8220;Trust&#8221;). Capitalized terms used but not
defined in these Bylaws have the meanings given to them in the Declaration of Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>1.2 Principal Office of the Trust.</B> The principal
office of the Trust shall be located in Boston, Massachusetts. The Trust may have other principal offices within or without the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts as the Trustees may from time to time determine.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Meetings of Trustees</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>2.1 Regular Meetings.</B> Regular meetings of the
Trustees may be held without call or notice at such places and at such times as the Trustees may from time to time determine, provided
that notice of the first regular meeting following any such determination shall be given to absent Trustees.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>2.2 Special Meetings.</B> Special meetings of the
Trustees may be held at any time and at any place designated in the call of the meeting when called by the Chair of the Trustees, the
President, the Executive Vice President or the Treasurer or by two or more Trustees, sufficient notice thereof being given to each Trustee
by the Clerk or an Assistant Clerk or by the officer or the Trustees calling the meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>2.3 Notice of Special Meetings.</B> It shall be
sufficient notice to a Trustee of a special meeting: (a) to send notice (i) by mail at least forty&#45;eight hours before the meeting,
(ii) by courier at least forty-eight hours before the meeting, (iii) by electronic mail (e-mail), facsimile or other electronic means
at least twenty&#45;four hours before the meeting, in each case, addressed to the Trustee at his or her usual or last known business or
residence address (or e-mail address, facsimile number or other appropriate address); or (b) to give notice to him or her in person or
by telephone at least twenty&#45;four hours before the meeting. Notice of a special meeting need not be given to any Trustee if a written
waiver of notice, executed by him or her before or after the meeting, is filed with the records of the meeting, or to any Trustee who
attends the meeting without protesting before or at its commencement the lack of notice to him or her. Any written</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">waiver of notice may be provided and delivered to the Trust by mail, courier,
e-mail, facsimile or other electronic means. Neither notice of a meeting nor a waiver of a notice need specify the purposes of the meeting.
All notices shall be deemed to be given when sent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>2.4 Quorum.</B> At any meeting of the Trustees a
majority of the Trustees then in office shall constitute a quorum. Once a quorum has been validly established for a meeting, it cannot
be broken by Trustees withdrawing from the meeting. Any meeting may be adjourned from time to time by a majority of the votes cast upon
the question, whether or not a quorum is present, and the meeting may be held as adjourned without further notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>2.5 Telephone Meeting; Action Without a Meeting.</B>
Except as otherwise provided in the Declaration of Trust and these Bylaws, any action to be taken by the Trustees may be taken by a majority
of the Trustees present at the meeting of the Trustees (a quorum being present), including any meeting held by means of a conference telephone
or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other at the same time and
participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at a meeting. Any action to be taken by the Trustees may also be taken
without a meeting if one or more written consents thereto are signed by a majority of the Trustees. Any written consent may be given by
mail, courier, e-mail, facsimile or other electronic means. Copies of such written consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings
of the Trustees. Such consents shall be treated for all purposes as a vote taken at a meeting of the Trustees. If in accordance with the
provisions of the Declaration of Trust and these Bylaws any action is taken by the Trustees by written consents of less than all of the
Trustees, then prompt notice of any such action shall be furnished to each Trustee who did not execute such written consent, provided
that the effectiveness of such action shall not be impaired by any delay or failure to furnish such notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Officers</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.1 Enumeration; Qualification.</B> The officers
of the Trust shall be a President, a Treasurer, a Clerk and such other officers (including Vice President, which shall include the office
of Executive Vice President), if any, as the Trustees from time to time may in their discretion elect. The Trust may also have such agents
as the Trustees from time to time may in their discretion appoint. In addition, there shall be a Chair of the Trustees and, at the discretion
of the Trustees, there may be a Vice Chair of the Trustees. The Chair of the Trustees and any Vice Chair of the Trustees will be considered
officers of the Trustees and not of the Trust. The Chair of the Trustees and any Vice Chair of the Trustees shall be Trustees and may
but need not be Shareholders; and any other officer may but need not be a Trustee or a Shareholder. Any two or more offices may be held
by the same person.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.2 Election.</B> The Chair of the Trustees, the
President, the Treasurer and the Clerk shall be elected by the Trustees upon the occurrence of any vacancy in any such office. Other officers
of the Trustees or of the Trust, if any, may be elected or appointed by the Trustees at any time. Vacancies in any such other office may
be filled at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.3 Tenure.</B> The Chair of the Trustees, the President,
the Treasurer and the Clerk shall hold office in each case until he or she dies, resigns, is removed or becomes disqualified. Each other
officer of the Trustees or of the Trust shall hold office, and each agent shall retain authority, at the pleasure of the Trustees. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, the tenure of any officer of the Trust who is an employee or officer of the Trust&#8217;s investment adviser or its affiliates
shall automatically terminate contemporaneously with the termination of such person&#8217;s employment with, or service as officer of,
the Trust&#8217;s investment adviser and all of its affiliates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.4 Powers.</B> Subject to the other provisions
of these Bylaws, each officer shall have, in addition to the duties and powers set forth in these Bylaws and in the Declaration of Trust,
such duties and powers as are commonly incident to the office occupied by him or her as if the Trust were organized as a Massachusetts
business corporation and such other duties and powers as the Trustees may from time to time designate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.5 Chair; Vice Chair.</B> Unless the Trustees otherwise
provide, the Chair of the Trustees shall preside at all meetings of the Trustees. Each of the Chair of the Trustees and any Vice Chair
of the Trustees shall have such other duties and powers relating to the operations of the Trustees as the Trustees may from time to time
designate, but shall have no individual authority to act for the Trust as an officer of the Trust. The Trustees, including a majority
of the Trustees who are not &#8220;interested persons&#8221; of the Trust, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act, may appoint one or
more persons to perform the duties of the Chair of the Trustees in the event of his or her absence at any meeting or in the event of his
or her disability. The Chair of the Trustees shall also have the power to appoint one or more persons to perform the duties of the Chair
of the Trustees in the event of his or her absence at any meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.6 President.</B> Unless the Trustees otherwise
provide by vote or otherwise, the President shall be the principal executive officer of the Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.7 Treasurer.</B> Unless the Trustees otherwise
provide by vote or otherwise, the Treasurer shall be the principal financial and accounting officer of the Trust, and shall, subject to
the provisions of the Declaration of Trust and to any arrangement made by the Trustees with a custodian, investment adviser, subadviser
or manager, or transfer, Shareholder servicing or similar agent, be in charge of the valuable papers, books of account and accounting
records of the Trust, and shall have such other duties and powers as may be designated from time to time by the Trustees or by the principal
executive officer of the Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.8 Clerk.</B> The Clerk shall record all proceedings
of the Shareholders and the Trustees in books to be kept therefor, which books or a copy thereof shall be kept at the principal office
of the Trust. In the absence of the Clerk from any meeting of the Shareholders or Trustees (or a Committee thereof), an Assistant Clerk,
or if there be none or if he or she is absent, a temporary Clerk chosen at such meeting by the chair of such meeting, shall record the
proceedings thereof in the aforesaid books.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>3.9 Resignations and Removals.</B> Any Trustee or
officer may resign at any time by written instrument signed by him or her and delivered to the Chair of the Trustees, the President or
the Clerk or to a meeting of the Trustees. Such resignation shall be effective upon receipt unless specified to be effective at some other
time. The Trustees may remove any officer elected or appointed by them with or without cause. Except to the extent expressly provided
in a written agreement with the Trust, no Trustee or officer resigning and no officer removed shall have any right to any compensation
for any period following his or her resignation or removal, or any right to damages on account of such removal.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 4</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Committees</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>4.1 Quorum; Voting. </B> Except as provided below
or as otherwise specifically provided in the votes or charter constituting a Committee of the Trustees and providing for the conduct of
its meetings, a majority of the members of any Committee of the Trustees shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business (which
quorum once validly established cannot be broken by Trustees withdrawing from the meeting), and any action of such a Committee may be
taken by a vote of a majority of the members of such Committee (a) present at a meeting of such Committee (a quorum being present), including
any meeting held by means of a conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the
meeting can hear each other at the same time (participation by such means shall constitute presence in person at a meeting), or (b) evidenced
by one or more written consents, including written consents submitted by mail, courier, e-mail, facsimile or other electronic means. Copies
of such written consents shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of such Committee. Such consents shall be treated for all
purposes as a vote taken at a meeting of such Committee. If in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Trust and these Bylaws
any action is taken by written consents of less than all of the Committee&#8217;s members, then prompt notice of any such action shall
be furnished to each member who did not execute such written consent, provided that the effectiveness of such action shall not be impaired
by any delay or failure to furnish such notice. In the absence of any member of any such Committee, the members thereof present at any
properly called meeting, whether or not they constitute a quorum, may appoint a member of the Trustees to act at that meeting only in
the place of any absent member.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as specifically provided in the votes constituting
a Committee of the Trustees and providing for the conduct of its meetings, Section 2.3 of these Bylaws relating to special meetings shall
govern the notice requirements for Committee meetings.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>4.2 Authority of Trustees. </B>The Trustees have
the power to rescind any action of any Committee, but no such rescission shall have retroactive effect unless determined so by the Trustees.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 5</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Reports</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>5.1 General. </B> The Trustees and officers shall
render reports at the time and in the manner required by the Declaration of Trust or any applicable law. Officers and Committees shall
render such additional reports as they may deem desirable or as may from time to time be required by the Trustees.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 6</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Fiscal Year</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>6.1 General.</B> Except as from time to time otherwise
provided by the Trustees, the initial fiscal year of the Trust shall end on such date as is determined in advance or in arrears by the
Treasurer, and subsequent fiscal years shall end on such date in subsequent years.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 7</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Seal</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>7.1 General.</B> The seal of the Trust, if any,
shall consist of a flat&#45;faced die with the word &#8220;Massachusetts&#8221;, together with the name of the Trust and the year of its
organization cut or engraved thereon but, unless otherwise required by the Trustees, the seal need not be placed on, and its absence shall
not impair the validity of, any document, instrument or other paper executed and delivered by or on behalf of the Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 8</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Execution of Papers</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>8.1 General.</B> Except as the Trustees may generally
or in particular cases authorize the execution thereof in some other manner, all deeds, leases, contracts, notes and other obligations
made, accepted or endorsed by the Trust shall be signed by the President, a Vice President or the Treasurer, and need not bear the seal
of the Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 9</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Issuance of Shares and Share Certificates</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>9.1 Sale of Shares.</B> Except as otherwise determined
by the Trustees, the Trust will issue and sell for cash or securities from time to time full and fractional Shares, such Shares to be
issued and sold at a price of not less than the par value per share, if any, and not less than the net asset value per share as from time
to time determined in accordance with procedures adopted by the Trustees and, in the case of fractional Shares, at a proportionate reduction
in such price. In the case of Shares sold for securities, such securities shall be valued in accordance with procedures approved by the
Trustees for determining the value of the assets of the Trust. The officers of the Trust are severally authorized to take all such actions
as may be necessary or desirable to carry out this Section 9.1.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>9.2 Share Certificates.</B> In lieu of issuing certificates
for Shares, the Trustees or the transfer agent may either issue receipts therefor or may keep accounts upon the books of the Trust for
the record holders of such Shares, who shall in either case be deemed, for all purposes hereunder, to be the holders of certificates for
such Shares as if they had accepted such certificates and shall be held to have expressly assented and agreed to the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustees may at any time authorize the issuance
of Share certificates. In that event, each Shareholder shall be entitled to a certificate stating the number of Shares owned by him or
her, in such form as shall be prescribed from time to time by the Trustees. Such certificate shall be signed by the President or a Vice
President and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer. Such signatures may be facsimile if the certificate is signed by a transfer
agent or by a registrar. In case any officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed on such certificate shall cease
to be such officer before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Trust with the same effect as if he or she were such officer
at the time of its issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>9.3 Loss of Certificates.</B> The transfer agent
of the Trust, with the approval of any two officers of the Trust, is authorized to issue and countersign replacement certificates for
the Shares of the Trust which have been lost, stolen or destroyed upon (i) receipt of an affidavit or affidavits of loss or non&#45;receipt
and of an indemnity agreement executed by the registered holder or his or her legal representative and supported by an open penalty surety
bond, said agreement and said bond in all cases to be in form and content satisfactory to and approved by the President or the Treasurer,
or (ii) receipt of such other documents as may be approved by the Trustees.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>9.4 Issuance of New Certificate to Pledgee.</B>
A pledgee of Shares transferred as collateral security shall be entitled to a new certificate if the instrument of transfer substantially
describes the debt or duty that is intended to be secured thereby. Such new certificate shall express on its face that it is held as collateral
security, and the name of the pledgor shall be stated thereon, who alone shall be liable as a Shareholder and entitled to vote thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>9.5 Discontinuance of Issuance of Certificates.
</B> The Trustees may at any time discontinue the issuance of Share certificates and may, by written notice to each Shareholder whom the
Trust believes to hold a Share certificate, require the surrender of Share certificates to the Trust for cancellation. Such surrender
and cancellation shall not affect the ownership of Shares in the Trust.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 10</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Shareholders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.1 Annual Meeting.</B> The annual meeting of the
Shareholders of the Trust shall be held on the last Friday in April in each year or on such other day as may be fixed by the Trustees.
The meeting shall be held at such time as the Trustees may fix in the notice of the meeting or otherwise. Purposes for which an annual
meeting is to be held, additional to those prescribed by law or these Bylaws, may be specified by the Trustees. Any previously scheduled
annual meeting of Shareholders may be postponed or cancelled by the Trustees upon public notice given prior to the time previously scheduled
for such meeting, in accordance with these Bylaws.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.2 Adjournment. </B>Any meeting of Shareholders
may, by action of the chair of the meeting, be adjourned from time to time without notice other than announcement at the meeting at which
the adjournment is taken with respect to one or more matters to be considered at such meeting to a designated date which may be more than
120 days after the date initially set for the meeting, time and place, whether or not a quorum is present with respect to such matter.
Upon motion of the chair of the meeting, the question of adjournment may be (but is not required by these Bylaws to be) submitted to a
vote of the Shareholders, and in that case, any adjournment with respect to one or more matters must be approved by the vote of holders
of a majority of the Shares present and entitled to vote with respect to the matter or matters adjourned and, if approved, such adjournment
shall take place without further notice other than announcement at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. Unless a proxy is otherwise
limited in this regard, any Shares present and entitled to vote at a meeting, including any Shares that are represented by broker non-votes,
may, at the discretion of the proxies named therein, be voted in favor of such an adjournment. Any proposal for which sufficient favorable
votes have been received may (but need not) be acted upon and considered final and effective regardless of whether the meeting is adjourned
to permit additional solicitation with respect to any other proposal that is properly before the meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.3 Conduct of Meetings.</B> Meetings of the Shareholders
shall be presided over by the Chair of the Trustees, or, if the Chair is not present at the meeting, then by a Trustee or officer designated
by the Chair or authorized by the Trustees, or if there is no such person present at the meeting, then by any officer of the Trust present
at the meeting, and such person shall be deemed for all purposes the chair of the meeting. The chair of the meeting shall have the right
and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chair, are necessary,
appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, establishing: an agenda or order of business
for the meeting; rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present; conditions on the recording
of the meeting; limitations on participation in such meeting to Shareholders of record of the Trust and their duly authorized and constituted
proxies, and such other persons as the chair shall permit; restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement
thereof; limitations on the time allotted to questions or comments by participants; conditions for the removal of any Shareholder or any
other person who refuses to comply with meeting procedures, rules or guidelines as set forth by the chair of the meeting; and regulations
for the opening and closing of the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted on by ballot. With the exception of proposals
submitted in accordance with, and otherwise meeting the requirements of, Rule 14a-8 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended,
or any successor provisions, only matters proposed by the Trustees may be included in the Trust&#8217;s proxy materials. At all meetings
of Shareholders, unless voting is conducted by inspectors, all questions relating to the qualification of voters and the validity of proxies
and the acceptance or rejection of votes shall be decided by the chair of the meeting. The chair of the meeting shall determine, in the
chair&#8217;s sole discretion, whether to appoint an inspector for any meeting. Unless otherwise determined by the chair of the meeting,
meetings shall not be required to be held in accordance with any rules of parliamentary procedure.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.4 Record Dates.</B> For the purpose of determining
the Shareholders of any class or series of Shares of the Trust who are entitled to vote or act at any meeting or any adjournment thereof,
or who are entitled to receive payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, the Trustees (or their designees) may from time to
time fix a time, which shall be not more than 90 days before the date of any meeting of Shareholders or more than 60 days before the date
of payment of any dividend or of any other distribution, as the record date for determining the Shareholders of such class or series having
the right to notice of and to vote at such meeting and any adjournment thereof or the right to receive such dividend or distribution,
and in such case only Shareholders of record on such record date shall have such right notwithstanding any transfer of Shares on the books
of the Trust after the record date; or without fixing such record date the Trustees may for any such purposes close the register or transfer
books for all or part of such period.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustees may, but, unless otherwise required by
law, are not required to, fix a new record date for a meeting of Shareholders, including any postponed or adjourned session of such meeting.
If, after a postponement or adjournment, a new record date is fixed for the postponed or adjourned meeting, notice of the postponed or
adjourned meeting shall be given to Shareholders of record entitled to vote at such meeting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.5 Communications with Shareholders. </B>Any notices,
reports, statements or other communications with Shareholders of any kind required under the Declaration of Trust, these Bylaws or applicable
law may be sent, delivered or made available in any reasonable manner as may be determined by the Trustees or officers if not otherwise
prohibited by applicable law, including, without limitation, by mail, courier, e-mail, facsimile or other electronic means or by posting
on a website; and such communications may be sent, delivered or otherwise made available to Shareholders in accordance with householding
or other similar rules under which a single copy of such notice or report may be sent to Shareholders who reside at the same address.
No communication need be given to any Shareholder who shall have failed to inform the Trust of the Shareholder&#8217;s current address
and the Trustees may from time to time adopt, or may authorize the officers or agents of the Trust to adopt, procedures or policies with
respect to communications to Shareholders that are returned to the Trust or its agents as undeliverable and similar matters. Any Shareholder
may waive receipt of any notice or other communication.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>10.6 Proxies.</B> The placing of a Shareholder&#8217;s
name on a proxy pursuant to telephone or electronically transmitted instructions (including instructions submitted via the Internet) obtained
pursuant to procedures reasonably designed to verify that such instructions have been authorized by such Shareholder shall constitute
execution of such proxy by or on behalf of such Shareholder. Unless otherwise specifically limited by their terms, proxies shall entitle
the Shareholder to vote at the relevant meeting of Shareholders and at any postponed or adjourned session of such meeting. Unless revoked,
any proxy given in connection with a postponed or adjourned meeting for which a new record date is fixed shall continue to be valid so
long as the Shareholder giving such proxy is a Shareholder of record on such new record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 11</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>11.1 Inspection of Books. </B>The Trustees shall
from time to time determine whether and to what extent, at what times and places and under what conditions and regulations any of the
accounts and books of the Trust shall be open to the inspection of the Shareholders, and no Shareholder shall have any right to inspect
any account or book or document of the Trust except as conferred by law or otherwise by the Trustees or by these Bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 12</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Advance Notice Provisions</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>12.1 Advance Notice of Shareholder Nominations
of Trustees and Other Shareholder Proposals</B>. The matters to be considered and brought before any meeting of Shareholders shall be
limited to only such matters, including the nomination and election of Trustees, as shall be brought properly before such meeting in compliance
with the procedures set forth in this Section 12.1. Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the following procedures, other
than persons nominated by the Board of Trustees, shall be eligible for election as Trustees, and no proposal to fix the number of Trustees
shall be considered at or brought before a meeting of Shareholders or otherwise transacted unless notice is provided in accordance with
the following procedures.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">(a) <I>Shareholder Nominations for Trustee
and Other Shareholder Proposals for Meetings of Shareholders.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(1) For any matter to be properly brought
before a meeting of Shareholders, the matter must be (i) specified in the notice of meeting given by or at the direction of the Trustees
pursuant to Article V, Section 2 of the Declaration of Trust, (ii) brought before the meeting by or at the direction of the Trustees (or
any duly authorized committee thereof) or the Chair of the Trustees or (iii) brought before the meeting by any Shareholder of the Trust
who was a Shareholder of record (1) at the time the notice provided for in this Section 12.1 is delivered to the Clerk of the Trust, (2)
at the record date for the meeting and (3) at the time of the meeting, who is entitled to vote at the meeting on the nomination or proposal
for which the Shareholder has provided notice prior to such meeting in accordance with this Article 12, and who complies with the notice
procedures set forth in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph (a) of this Section 12.1 and the other requirements of this Article 12. If
the Shareholder ceases to be a holder of record of Shares, or if the beneficial owner ceases to be the beneficial owner of Shares to the
extent the record owner and beneficial owner are not the same person, entitled to vote at such meeting on the nomination or proposal for
which the Shareholder has provided notice prior to such meeting in accordance with this Article 12, the Shareholder&#8217;s proposal shall
automatically be withdrawn from consideration at the meeting.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(2) For such matter to be properly brought
before a meeting by a Shareholder pursuant to clause (iii) of subparagraph (1) of paragraph (a) of this Section 12.1, the Shareholder
must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Clerk of the Trust in accordance with paragraph (b) of this Section 12.1. The
Shareholder&#8217;s notice shall contain, at a minimum, the required information set forth in paragraph (c) of this Section 12.1.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">(b) <I>Timely Notice</I>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(1) <U>Annual Meeting</U>. To be timely,
a Shareholder&#8217;s notice required by subparagraph (2) of paragraph (a) of this Section 12.1 in respect of an annual meeting or a special
meeting in lieu of an annual meeting (each, an &#8220;Annual Meeting&#8221;) shall be delivered to the Clerk at the principal executive
offices of the Trust not less than sixty (60) nor more than ninety (90) days prior to the anniversary date of the immediately preceding
Annual Meeting; provided, however, if and only if the Annual Meeting is not scheduled to be held on a date that is within thirty (30)
days before or after such anniversary date, notice by the Shareholder in order to be timely must be so received no later than the close
of business on the tenth (10th) day following the earlier of the date on which notice of the date of the annual meeting was first mailed
to Shareholders and the date on which the date of the Annual Meeting was publicly announced or disclosed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(2) <U>Special Meeting (Other than Special
Meeting in Lieu of Annual Meeting)</U>. To be timely, a Shareholder&#8217;s notice required by subparagraph (2) of paragraph (a) of this
Section 12.1 in respect of a special meeting shall be delivered to the Clerk at the principal executive offices of the Trust not later
than the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the earlier of the date on which notice of the date of the special meeting
was first mailed to Shareholders and the date on which the date of the special meeting was publicly announced or disclosed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(3) <U>General</U>. In no event shall one
or more adjournments or postponements (or public announcements thereof) of a meeting of Shareholders commence a new time period (or extend
any time period) for the giving of a Shareholder&#8217;s notice as described in this paragraph (b) of this Section 12.1.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(4) <U>Publicly Announced or Disclosed</U>.
For purposes of this Section 12.1, a matter shall be deemed to have been &#8220;publicly announced or disclosed&#8221; if such matter
is disclosed in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or comparable national news service, in a document
publicly filed by the Trust with the Securities Exchange Commission, or on a website accessible to the public maintained by the Trust
or its investment adviser or an affiliate of such investment adviser with respect to the Trust.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">(c) <I>Content of Shareholder&#8217;s
Notice</I>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(1) <U>Shareholder Nominations and Proposals
to Fix the Number of Trustees</U>. Any Shareholder desiring to nominate any person or persons (as the case may be) for election as a Trustee
or Trustees of the Trust shall set forth in the Shareholder&#8217;s notice required by this Section 12.1 as to each person, if any, whom
the Shareholder proposes to nominate for election or re-election as a Trustee (i) the person&#8217;s name, age, date of birth, business
address, residence address and nationality; (ii) any other information regarding the person required by each of paragraphs (a), (d), (e)
and (f) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K and paragraph (b) of Item 22 of Rule 14a-101 (Schedule 14A) under the Exchange Act; (iii) any other
information regarding the person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection
with solicitation of proxies for election of Trustees or directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder; (iv) whether the Shareholder believes the person is or will be an &#8220;interested person&#8221; of the Trust
(as defined in the 1940 Act) and, if not an &#8220;interested person,&#8221; information regarding the person that will be sufficient
for the Trust to make such determination; (v) the written consent of the person to being named as a nominee and to serve as a Trustee
if elected; and (vi) the class or series and number of all Shares owned beneficially and of record by the person. Any Shareholder&#8217;s
notice required by this Section 12.1 in respect of a proposal to fix the number of Trustees shall also set forth a description and the
text of the proposal, which description and text shall state a fixed number of Trustees that otherwise complies with the Bylaws and the
Declaration of Trust, and shall be accompanied by a written statement as to why the Shareholder believes that the proposal to fix the
number of Trustees at the specified number is in the best interests of Shareholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(2) <U>Other Proposals</U>. Any Shareholder
desiring to propose any matter at a Shareholders&#8217; meeting, other than the nomination of one or more persons for the election of
Trustee or Trustees or a proposal to fix the number of Trustees (which shall be subject to the provisions of subparagraph (1) of paragraph
(c) of this Section 12.1) shall set forth in the Shareholder&#8217;s notice required by this Section 12.1 (i) the exact text of the proposal
to be presented; (ii) a brief written statement of the reasons why such Shareholder favors the proposal; and (iii) a brief written statement
why the proposal is in the best interests of Shareholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(3) <U>General Requirements</U>. Without
limiting the foregoing, any Shareholder who gives a Shareholder&#8217;s notice of any matter proposed to be brought before a Shareholder
meeting (whether or not involving nominees for Trustees) as required by this Section 12.1 shall set forth in such Shareholder&#8217;s
notice, (i) the name and address of the Shareholder, as it appears on the Trust&#8217;s books; (ii) the class or series and number of
all Shares owned beneficially and of record by the Shareholder (or by each of the record owner and beneficial owner if not the same person,
identifying the name and address of each); (iii) any material</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in">interest of such Shareholder in the matter proposed (other than
as a Shareholder); (iv) if the proposal involves nominee(s) for Trustees, a description of all arrangements or understandings between
the Shareholder and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s)
are to be made by the Shareholder; (v) a representation that the Shareholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to
act on the matter(s) proposed; (vi) any other information relating to the Shareholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy
statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitation of proxies with respect to the matter(s) proposed pursuant
to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; (vii) to the extent known by the Shareholder giving
notice, the name and address of any other Shareholder supporting the proposed nominee or other proposal; and (viii) in the case of a beneficial
owner, evidence establishing such beneficial owner&#8217;s indirect ownership of, and entitlement to vote, Shares at the meeting of Shareholders.
As used in this Section 12.1, Shares &#8220;beneficially owned&#8221; shall mean all Shares which such person is deemed to beneficially
own pursuant to Rules 13d-3 and 13d-5 under the Exchange Act. The Shareholder shall also provide such other information as the Board of
Trustees may reasonably request in order to assess whether the matter is a proper matter for Shareholder consideration and determine a
position with respect to such proposal.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">(4) <U>Beneficial Owner</U>. If the record
owner and the beneficial owner of the Shares are not the same person, the Shareholder shall also provide the information called for by
clauses (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) and (vii) of subparagraph (3) of paragraph (c) of this Section 12.1 in respect of the beneficial owner
of such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">(d) <I>Attendance at Meeting</I>. Notwithstanding
the foregoing provisions of this Article 12, unless otherwise required by the Declaration or Trust or applicable law, if the Shareholder
who has provided the notice prescribed in paragraph (b) of this Section 12.1 does not appear at the meeting to present in person the nominations
or other proposals that were the subject of such notice, any such nomination or nominations shall not be acted on and any proposal or
proposals shall not be transacted.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 12pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">(e) <I>Authority to Determine Compliance
with Procedures</I>. The person presiding at any meeting of Shareholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be appropriate
to the conduct of the meeting, shall have the power and duty to (i) determine whether a nomination or proposal was made in compliance
with the procedures set forth in this Article 12 and elsewhere in the Bylaws and in the Declaration of Trust and (ii) if any nomination
or proposal is not so in compliance to declare that such nomination or proposal shall be disregarded.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 13</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Amendments to the Bylaws</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>13.1 General.</B> These Bylaws may be amended or
repealed, in whole or in part, by a majority of the Trustees then in office. These Bylaws may not be amended by Shareholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 14</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Claims</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>14.1 Shareholder Claims.</B> As used herein, a &#8220;direct
Shareholder claim&quot; shall refer to (i) a claim based upon alleged violations of a Shareholder&#8217;s individual rights independent
of any harm to the Trust, including a Shareholder&#8217;s voting rights under Article 10, rights to receive a dividend payment as may
be declared from time to time, rights to inspect books and records, or other similar rights personal to the Shareholder and independent
of any harm to the Trust; and (ii) a claim for which a direct shareholder action is expressly provided under the U.S. federal securities
laws. Any claim asserted by a Shareholder that is not a direct Shareholder claim, including without limitation any claims purporting to
be brought on behalf of the Trust or involving any alleged harm to the Trust, shall be considered a &#8220;derivative claim&quot; as used
herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:to="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:to="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Public Float</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Bankruptcy Proceedings, Reporting Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:to="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Documents Incorporated by Reference [Text Block]</link:label>
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<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:label="loc_deiDocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" />
      <link:presentationArc order="570" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="loc_deiCoverAbstract" xlink:to="loc_deiDocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:type="arc" />
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.23.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140350151808720">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 17, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Nov. 17,  2023<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--11-17<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">811-05498<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000830622<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">04-6584465<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">MA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">100 Federal Street<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Boston<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">02110<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">617<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">292-1000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Shares of beneficial interest<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">PIM<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<tr>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
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<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
