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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of Income Tax Provision | Our income tax provision consisted of the following (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (185 | ) |  | $ | (91 | ) |  | $ | (103 | )
State | 264 |  |  | (73 | ) |  | 100 |
Foreign | 2,594 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | 1,523 |
Total current income taxes | 2,673 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 1,520 |
Deferred income taxes: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (17 | ) |  | 155 |  |  | (992 | )
State | 42 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 75 |
Foreign | (64 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | 1,199 |
Total deferred income taxes | (39 | ) |  | 220 |  |  | 282 |
Total income tax provision | $ | 2,634 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ | 1,802 |
Schedule of Loss before Provision for Income Taxes | Loss before provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
United States | $ | (12,497 | ) |  | $ | (18,617 | ) |  | $ | (20,983 | )
Foreign | 5,526 |  |  | 5,159 |  |  | 2,502 |
Total | $ | (6,971 | ) |  | $ | (13,458 | ) |  | $ | (18,481 | )
Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation | The differences between our income tax provision as presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and the income tax expense computed at the federal statutory rate consists of the items shown in the following table as a percentage of pretax loss (in percentages):
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Income tax at U.S. statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 34.0 | %
State, net of federal benefit | (76.3 | ) |  | 14.8 |  |  | 8.3 |
Foreign rate differential | (19.4 | ) |  | (3.0 | ) |  | (3.8 | )
Share-based compensation | 695.4 |  |  | 178.7 |  |  | 38.2 |
Non-deductible expenses | 0.4 |  |  | (4.4 | ) |  | (1.1 | )
Tax credits | 19.3 |  |  | 26.7 |  |  | 7.8 |
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act impact | — |  |  | — |  |  | (220.2 | )
Acquisition related | 31.8 |  |  | 15.2 |  |  | — |
Convertible senior notes | (412.6 | ) |  | (0.3 | ) |  | — |
Other | 27.9 |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  | 0.4 |
Change in valuation allowance | (325.3 | ) |  | (257.5 | ) |  | 126.6 |
Total | (37.8 | )% |  | (10.6 | )% |  | (9.8 | )%
Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities | A summary of our deferred tax assets is as follows (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Accrued expenses and reserves | $ | 3,978 |  |  | $ | 1,661 |
Share-based compensation | 12,003 |  |  | 13,083 |
Accrued compensation | 997 |  |  | 2,075 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 162,320 |  |  | 106,659 |
Property and equipment, textbooks and intangibles assets | — |  |  | 3,745 |
Other items | 3,438 |  |  | 2,951 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 182,736 |  |  | 130,174 |
Valuation allowance | (148,519 | ) |  | (125,844 | )
Total deferred tax assets | 34,217 |  |  | 4,330 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property and equipment, textbooks and intangibles assets | (4,111 | ) |  | — |
Convertible senior notes | (27,065 | ) |  | (46 | )
Other | (4,661 | ) |  | (5,943 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities | (35,837 | ) |  | (5,989 | )
Net deferred tax liability | $ | (1,620 | ) |  | $ | (1,659 | )
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning balance | $ | 8,771 |  |  | $ | 5,772 |  |  | $ | 4,882 |
Increase in tax positions for prior years | 221 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 280 |
Decrease in tax positions for prior years | (1,550 | ) |  | (569 | ) |  | (101 | )
Decrease in tax positions for prior year settlement | — |  |  | (149 | ) |  | (172 | )
Decrease in tax positions for prior years due to statutes lapsing | (164 | ) |  | (103 | ) |  | (169 | )
Increase in tax positions for current year | 3,722 |  |  | 3,112 |  |  | 978 |
Change due to translation of foreign currencies | (7 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | 74 |
Ending balance | $ | 10,993 |  |  | $ | 8,771 |  |  | $ | 5,772 |

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