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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018 | Dec. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net loss | $ (9,605) | $ (14,888) | $ (20,283)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 30,247 | 22,805 | 19,337
Share-based compensation expense | 64,909 | 52,030 | 38,359
Gain on liquidation of textbooks | 0 | 0 | (4,766)
Loss from write-offs of textbooks | 0 | 0 | 314
Loss from write-offs of property and equipment | 1,009 | 93 | 1,368
Interest accretion on deferred consideration | 0 | 0 | (626)
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 43,202 | 10,494 | 0
Deferred income taxes | (39) | (323) | 0
Operating lease expense, net of accretion | 4,385 | 0 | 0
Other, net | (416) | 65 | 68
Change in assets and liabilities net of effect of acquisition of businesses: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 1,829 | (1,538) | (175)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (12,930) | (4,921) | 13,550
Other assets | (1,494) | 48 | 1,049
Accounts payable | (2,395) | 893 | 2,649
Deferred revenue | (1,682) | 3,978 | (1,396)
Accrued liabilities | (206) | 3,838 | 2,087
Other liabilities | (3,411) | 2,539 | 15
Net cash provided by operating activities | 113,403 | 75,113 | 51,550
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Proceeds from liquidations of textbooks | 0 | 0 | 6,943
Purchases of investments | (959,911) | (146,856) | (128,247)
Proceeds from sale of investments | 53,261 | 1,800 | 16,393
Maturities of investments | 324,700 | 138,380 | 9,750
Purchases of property and equipment | (42,326) | (31,223) | (26,142)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired | (79,149) | (34,650) | (14,931)
Purchases of strategic equity investment | 0 | (10,000) | 0
Net cash used in investing activities | (703,425) | (82,549) | (136,234)
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Common stock issued under stock plans, net | 35,100 | 29,116 | 23,659
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards | (94,571) | (49,089) | (20,115)
Payment of deferred cash consideration related to acquisitions | 0 | 0 | (16,939)
Proceeds from follow-on offering, net of offering costs | 0 | 0 | 147,609
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs | 780,180 | 335,618 | 0
Purchase of convertible senior notes capped call | (97,200) | (39,227) | 0
Repurchase of common stock | (20,000) | (20,000) | 0
Net cash provided by financing activities | 603,509 | 256,418 | 134,214
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 13,487 | 248,982 | 49,530
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | 375,945 | 126,963 | 77,433
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | 389,432 | 375,945 | 126,963
Supplemental cash flow data: |  |  |
Interest | 1,332 | 605 | 85
Income taxes | 2,070 | 2,097 | 1,790
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | (5,297) | 0 | 0
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations, operating leases | 3,364 | 0 | 0
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Accrued purchases of long-lived assets | 10,036 | 1,210 | 3,573
Issuance of common stock related to prior acquisition | 3,003 | 0 | 0
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ 389,432 | $ 126,963 | $ 77,433

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- Definition Amount of single lease cost, calculated by allocation of remaining cost of lease over remaining lease term. Includes, but is not limited to, single lease cost, after impairment of right-of-use asset, calculated by amortization of remaining right-of-use asset and accretion of lease liability. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 55 -Paragraph 53 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888399&loc=SL77918982-209971 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888426&loc=SL77918686-209980 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash outflow from operating lease, excluding payments to bring another asset to condition and location necessary for its intended use. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 45 -Paragraph 5 -Subparagraph (c) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888419&loc=SL77918643-209977 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -Subparagraph (g)(1) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888426&loc=SL77918686-209980 + Details
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- Definition Amount of expense charged against earnings to allocate the cost of tangible and intangible assets over their remaining economic lives, classified as other. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 360 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6391035&loc=d3e2868-110229 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3602-108585 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 220 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.3) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=116634182&loc=SL114868664-224227 + Details
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- Definition Amount of income (expense) included in net income that results in no cash inflow (outflow), classified as other. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3602-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash outflow, not made soon after acquisition date of business combination, to settle contingent consideration liability up to amount recognized at acquisition date, including, but not limited to, measurement period adjustment and less amount paid soon after acquisition date. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (f) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash outflow to satisfy grantee's tax withholding obligation for award under share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 15 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3291-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of a business, net of the cash acquired from the purchase. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow associated with the purchase of or advances to an equity method investments, which are investments in joint ventures and entities in which the entity has an equity ownership interest normally of 20 to 50 percent and exercises significant influence. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 11 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118954083&loc=d3e26853-111562 + Details
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- Definition The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 13 -Subparagraph (c) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3213-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow from additional borrowings, net of cash paid to third parties in connection with debt origination. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 14 -Subparagraph (b) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3255-108585 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow from the additional capital contribution to the entity. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 14 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3255-108585 + Details
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- Definition Amount of cash inflow from sale, maturity, prepayment and call of investment in debt security measured at fair value with change in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (available-for-sale). + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 11 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3151-108585 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 12 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3179-108585 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 320 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 11 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118954083&loc=d3e26853-111562 + Details
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- Definition The cash inflow associated with the aggregate amount received by the entity through sale or maturity of marketable securities (held-to-maturity or available-for-sale) during the period. + References No definition available. + Details
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- Definition Amount of increase in right-of-use asset obtained in exchange for operating lease liability. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 55 -Paragraph 53 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888399&loc=SL77918982-209971 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 842 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -Subparagraph (g)(2) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=77888426&loc=SL77918686-209980 + Details
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- Definition Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 230 -SubTopic 10 -Section 45 -Paragraph 28 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118932676&loc=d3e3602-108585 + Details
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