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Background and Basis of Presentation (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2020
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2020, the condensed consolidated statements of operations, the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, the condensed consolidated statements of stockholder's equity, and the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related footnote disclosures are unaudited. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly our financial position as of March 31, 2020, our results of operations, results of comprehensive loss, stockholder's equity, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. Our results of operations, results of comprehensive loss, stockholder's equity, and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. We operate in a single segment. Our fiscal year ends on December 31 and in this report we refer to the year ended December 31, 2019 as 2019. The condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto that are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the Annual Report on Form 10-K) filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Except for our policies on investments, textbook library, revenue recognition and deferred revenue, and cost of revenues, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as compared to the significant accounting policies described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Investments | Investments We hold investments in commercial paper, corporate debt securities, U.S. treasury securities, and agency bonds. We classify our investments as available-for-sale based on the nature of each security that are either short or long-term based on the remaining contractual maturity of the investment. Our available-for-sale investments are carried at estimated fair value with any unrealized gains and losses unrelated to credit loss factors, net of taxes, included in other comprehensive (loss) income in our condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity. Beginning in 2020, unrealized losses related to credit loss factors are now recorded through an allowance for credit losses in other income, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations, rather than as a reduction to the amortized cost basis in other comprehensive (loss) income, when a decline in fair value has resulted from a credit loss. We did not record any such credit loss charges in the periods presented. We determined realized gains or losses on the sale of investments on a specific identification method, and recorded such gains or losses as other income, net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Textbook Library | Textbook Library Beginning in January 2020, we began our transition back to print textbook ownership by purchasing print textbooks to establish our textbook library. We consider our print textbook library to be a long-term productive asset and, as such, classify it as a non-current asset in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. All print textbooks in our textbook library are stated at cost, which includes the purchase price less accumulated depreciation. We record allowances for lost, damaged, or excess print textbooks on a book-by-book basis. We depreciate our print textbooks, less an estimated salvage value, over an estimated useful life of four years using an accelerated method of depreciation, as we estimate this method most accurately reflects the actual pattern of decline in their economic value. The salvage value considers the historical trend and projected proceeds for print textbooks. The useful life is determined based on the estimated time period in which the print textbooks are held and rented. We review the estimated salvage value and useful life of our print textbook library on an ongoing basis. Allowances for print textbooks, print textbook depreciation expense, and the net gain or loss on print textbooks previously rented are recorded in cost of revenues in our condensed consolidated statements of operations and classified as an adjustment to cash flows from operating activities. Cash outflows for the acquisition of our print textbook library, net of changes in related accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and cash inflows received from the proceeds from the disposition of print textbooks, net of changes in related accounts receivable, are classified as cash flows from investing activities in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue | Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue We recognize revenues when the control of goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenues are presented net of sales tax collected from customers to be remitted to governmental authorities and net of allowances for estimated cancellations and customer returns, which are based on historical data. Customer refunds from cancellations and returns are recorded as a reduction to revenues. We determine revenue recognition through the following steps: •Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer •Identification of the performance obligations in the contract •Determination of the transaction price •Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract •Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation We generate revenues from our Chegg Services product line which primarily includes Chegg Study, Chegg Writing, Chegg Tutors, Chegg Math Solver, and Thinkful. Revenues from Chegg Study, Chegg Writing, Chegg Tutors, and Chegg Math Solver are recognized ratably over the respective weekly or monthly subscription period. Revenues from Thinkful, our skills-based learning platform, are recognized either ratably over the term of the course, generally six months, or upon completion of the lessons, depending on the instruction type of the course. Revenues from our Required Materials product line includes revenues from print textbooks that we own or that are owned by a partner as well as revenues from eTextbooks. Beginning in 2020, our Required Materials product line includes operating leases with students for the rental of print textbooks that we own. Operating lease income is recognized as the total transaction amount, paid upon commencement of the lease, ratably over the lease term which is generally a two- to five-month lease period. Students generally have the option to extend the term of their rental or purchase the print textbook at the end of the term otherwise the print textbook is returned to our textbook library for future rental. Revenues from print textbooks owned by a partner are recognized as a revenue share on the total transactional amount of a rental or sale transaction immediately when a print textbook ships to a student. Shipping and handling activities are expensed as incurred. Revenues from eTextbooks are recognized ratably over the contractual period, generally a two- to five-month period. Some of our customer arrangements include multiple performance obligations. We have determined these performance obligations qualify as distinct performance obligations, as the customer can benefit from the service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer, and our promise to transfer the service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. For these arrangements that contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price based on the relative standalone selling price method by comparing the standalone selling price (SSP) of each distinct performance obligation to the total value of the contract. We determine the SSP based on our historical pricing and discounting practices for the distinct performance obligation when sold separately. If the SSP is not directly observable, we estimate the SSP by considering information such as market conditions, and information about the customer. Additionally, we limit the amount of revenues recognized for delivered promises to the amount that is not contingent on future delivery of services or other future performance obligations. Some of our customer arrangements may include an amount of variable consideration in addition to a fixed revenue share that we earn. This variable consideration can either increase or decrease the total transaction price depending on the nature of the variable consideration. We estimate the amount of variable consideration that we will earn at the inception of the contract, adjusted during each period, and include an estimated amount each period. For sales of third-party products, we evaluate whether we are acting as a principal or an agent, and therefore would record the gross sales amount as revenues and related costs or the net amount earned as a revenue share from the sale of third-party products. Our determination is based on our evaluation of whether we control the specified goods or services prior to transferring them to the customer. In relation to print textbook rental and sale agreements with our partners, we recognize revenues on a net basis based on our role in the transaction as an agent as we have concluded that we do not control the use of the print textbooks, and therefore record only the revenue share we earn upon the shipment of a print textbook to a student. We have concluded that we control our eTextbook service and therefore we recognize revenues and cost of revenues on a gross basis ratably over the term the student has access to the eTextbook. Contract assets are contained within other current assets and other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Contract assets represent the goods or services that we have transferred to a customer before invoicing the customer. Contract receivables are contained within accounts receivable, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and represent unconditional consideration that will be received solely due to the passage of time. Contract liabilities are contained within deferred revenue on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenue primarily consists of advanced payments from students related to rental and subscription performance obligations that have not been satisfied and estimated variable consideration. Deferred revenue related to rental and subscription performance obligations is recognized as revenues ratably over the term for subscriptions or when the services are provided and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Deferred revenue related to variable consideration is recognized as revenues during each reporting period based on the estimated amount we believe we will earn over the life of the contract. We have elected a practical expedient to record incremental costs to obtain or fulfill a contract when the amortization period would have been one year or less as incurred. These incremental costs primarily relate to sales commissions costs and are recorded in sales and marketing expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Lessor, Leases | Beginning in 2020, our Required Materials product line includes operating leases with students for the rental of print textbooks that we own. Operating lease income is recognized as the total transaction amount, paid upon commencement of the lease, ratably over the lease term which is generally a two- to five-month lease period. Students generally have the option to extend the term of their rental or purchase the print textbook at the end of the term otherwise the print textbook is returned to our textbook library for future rental.
Cost of Revenues | Cost of Revenues Our cost of revenues consists primarily of expenses associated with the delivery and distribution of our products and services. Cost of revenues primarily consists of publisher content fees for eTextbooks, content amortization expense related to content that we develop, licenses from publishers for which we pay one-time license fees, or acquire through acquisitions, allowances for print textbooks, the net gain or loss on print textbooks previously rented, print textbook depreciation expense, payment processing costs, the payments made to tutors through our Chegg Tutors service, personnel costs and other direct costs related to providing products or services. In addition, cost of revenues includes allocated information technology and facilities costs.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities; the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates, assumptions, and judgments are used for, but not limited to: revenue recognition, recoverability of accounts receivable, restructuring charges, share-based compensation expense including estimated forfeitures, accounting for income taxes, textbook library, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets for depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, the valuation of acquired intangible assets, the valuation of our convertible senior notes, internal-use software and website development costs, and operating lease right of use (ROU) assets and operating lease liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience, knowledge of current business conditions, and various other factors we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates are based on management’s knowledge about current events and expectations about actions we may undertake in the future. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material to our financial position and results of operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. ASU 2020-04 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions for applying reference rate reform to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The guidance can be applied immediately and only applies to contract modifications made or hedging relationships entered into or evaluated before December 31, 2022. While we do not have any hedging relationships and currently do not believe we have material contracts impacted by reference rate reform, we are in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. ASU 2019-12 key changes include hybrid tax regimes, intraperiod tax allocation exception, and interim-period accounting for enacted changes in tax law. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period or annual reports for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020, and we are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of this guidance. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements The FASB issued four ASUs related to Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASC 326, which replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model for financial assets, including trade receivables, with an expected loss model which requires the use of forward-looking information to calculate expected credit loss estimates. Additionally, the concept of other-than-temporary impairment for available-for-sale investments is eliminated and instead requires us to focus on determining whether any unrealized loss is a result of a credit loss or other factors. We adopted ASC 326 under the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. Results for reporting periods beginning after adoption are presented under ASC 326 while we have not changed previously disclosed amounts or provided additional disclosures for comparative periods. We recorded an immaterial cumulative-effect adjustment to trade receivables to the opening balance of accumulated deficit in our condensed consolidated balance sheet. We adopted ASC 326 under the prospective transition approach for available-for-sale investments which resulted in no change to amortized cost basis before and after adoption. Credit losses related to available-for-sale investments will now be recorded through an allowance for credit losses with immediate recognition to our condensed consolidated statement of operations rather than as a reduction to the amortized cost basis and recognition to our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. See above within Note 1, “Background and Basis of Presentation”, for updates to our significant accounting policies impacted by our adoption of ASC 326 as well as Note 4 “Cash and Cash Equivalents, and Investments” for more information. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with existing guidance contained within subtopic 350-40 to develop or obtain internal-use software. We adopted ASU 2018-15 on January 1, 2020 under the prospective method of adoption.
Net Loss Per Share | Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance-based restricted stock units (PSUs), and shares related to convertible senior notes, to the extent dilutive. Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each period presented as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.

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