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STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2025
Equity [Abstract] |
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | NOTE 10 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY Series B Convertible Preferred Stock The following summary of certain terms and provisions of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock”) is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, the terms and provisions set forth in our certificate of designation of preferences, rights and limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Certificate of Designation”) as previously filed. Subject to the limitations prescribed by our articles of incorporation, our board of directors is authorized to establish the number of shares constituting each series of preferred stock and to fix the designations, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each of those series and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions of each of those series, all without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our board of directors designated 15,000 of the 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock as Series B Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1,000 per share. The shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable. Each share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock was convertible at any time at the holder’s option into a number of shares of common stock equal to $1,000 divided by the conversion price of $7.00 per share. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we could not effect any conversion of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with certain exceptions, to the extent that, after giving effect to an attempted conversion, the holder of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (together with such holder’s affiliates, and any persons acting as a group together with such holder or any of such holder’s affiliates) would beneficially own a number of shares of our common stock in excess of 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of the shares of our common stock then outstanding after giving effect to such conversion. The Series B Convertible Preferred Certificate of Designation does not prohibit the Company from waiving this limitation. Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders would be entitled to participate on an as-converted-to-common stock basis (without giving effect to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) with holders of the common stock in any distribution of assets of the Company to the holders of the common stock. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, there are zero 0 and zero 0 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. Series C Convertible Preferred Stock The Company’s Board of Directors designated 5,000 shares as the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series C Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock had a stated value of $1,000. The holders of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, the holders of the common stock and the holders of any other class or series of shares entitled to vote with the common stock shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company. Each share of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock had 172 votes (subject to adjustment); provided that in no event may a holder of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock be entitled to vote a number of shares in excess of such holder’s Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined in the Certificate of Designation and as described below). Each share of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock was convertible, at any time and from time to time, at the option of the holder, into that number of shares of common stock (subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) determined by dividing the stated value of such share ($1,000) by the conversion price, which is $5.50 (subject to adjustment). The Company shall not effect any conversion of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, and a holder shall not have the right to convert any portion of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, to the extent that after giving effect to the conversion sought by the holder such holder (together with such holder’s Attribution Parties (as defined in the Certificate of Designation)) would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or upon election by a holder, 19.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon such conversion (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). All holders of the Series C Convertible Preferred Stock elected the 19.99% Beneficial Ownership Limitation. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were zero 0 and zero 0 shares of Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, issued and outstanding, respectively. Series D Convertible Preferred Stock On September 28, 2022, the Company amended its articles of incorporation to designate 4,000 shares as the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series D Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000. The holders of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, the holders of the common stock and the holders of any other class or series of shares entitled to vote with the common stock shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company. Each share of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock has 333 votes (subject to standard anti-dilution adjustment); provided that in no event may a holder of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock be entitled to vote a number of shares in excess of such holder’s Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined in the Certificate of Designation and as described below). Each share of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible, at any time and from time to time, at the option of the holder, into that number of shares of common stock (subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) determined by dividing the stated value of such share ($1,000) by the conversion price, which is $3.00 (subject to adjustment). The Company shall not effect any conversion of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and a holder shall not have the right to convert any portion of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, to the extent that after giving effect to the conversion sought by the holder such holder (together with such holder’s Attribution Parties (as defined in the Certificate of Designation)) would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or upon election by a holder, 19.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon such conversion (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). All but one of the holders of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock elected the 19.99% Beneficial Ownership Limitation. The Company shall reserve and keep available out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock, solely for the issuance upon the conversion of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, such a number of shares of Common Stock as shall from time to time be issuable upon the conversion of all of the shares of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock then outstanding. Additionally, the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock does not have the right to dividends and in the event of an involuntary liquidation, the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock shall be treated as a pro rata equivalent of common stock outstanding at the date of the liquidation event and have no liquidation preference. On September 30, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain existing investors in the Company (the “Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchasers purchased 999 shares of the newly authorized Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and the Company received proceeds of $999,000. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. On October 29, 2022, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a certain existing investor in the Company (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser purchased 300 shares of the newly authorized Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, and the Company received proceeds of $300,000. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. At the Annual Meeting on May 16, 2023, the stockholders approved the convertibility of the Series D Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock. On March 22, 2024, March 28, 2024, and April 3, 2024, the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with certain existing and other accredited investors (the “2024 Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreements, the 2024 Purchasers purchased an aggregate of 870 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, at a price of $1,000 per share, and the Company received proceeds of $870,000. In February of 2025, 300 outstanding shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into 100,000 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, there were 999 and 1,299 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. In connection with such Purchase Agreements, the Company entered into Registration Rights Agreements and filed registration statements with the SEC covering the resale by the Purchasers of the shares of common stock into which the shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible. The Registration Rights Agreements contain customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The Registration Rights Agreements contain provisions for liquidated damages equal to 1% multiplied by the aggregate subscription amount paid, paid each month, in the event certain deadlines are missed. Series E Convertible Preferred Stock The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 30,000 shares as the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series E Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000. The holders of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, the holders of the common stock and the holders of any other class or series of shares entitled to vote with the common stock shall vote as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company. Each share of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock has 333 votes (subject to adjustment); provided that in no event may a holder of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock be entitled to vote a number of shares in excess of such holder’s Beneficial Ownership Limitation. Each share of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at any time and from time to time, at the option of the holder, into that number of shares of common stock (subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) determined by dividing the stated value of such share ($1,000) by the conversion price, which was $3.00 (subject to adjustment) (see adjustment below to $2.61). The Company shall not effect any conversion of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, and the holder shall not have the right to convert any portion of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, to the extent that after giving effect to the conversion sought by the holder such holder (together with such holder’s Attribution Parties (as defined in the Certificate of Designation)) would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or upon election by a holder, 19.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon such conversion (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”). All but one of the holders of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock elected the 19.99% Beneficial Ownership Limitation. The Company on March 27, 2023 entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with an existing investor in the Company (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser purchased 4,000 shares of a newly authorized Series E Convertible Preferred Stock at a price of $1,000 per share, and the Company received proceeds of $4,000,000. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The existing investor’s Purchase Agreement also provided that the Company would not, with certain exceptions, sell or issue common stock or Common Stock Equivalents (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) on or prior to December 31, 2023 that entitled any person to acquire shares of common stock at an effective price per share less than the then conversion price of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock without the consent of the Purchaser. On November 9, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “November Purchase Agreement”) with an existing investor in the Company (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser purchased 2,500 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, at a price of $1,000 per share, and the Company received proceeds of $2,500,000. The November Purchase Agreement also provided that the Company would not, with certain exceptions, sell or issue common stock or Common Stock Equivalents (as defined in the November Purchase Agreement) on or prior to June 30, 2024 that entitled any person to acquire shares of common stock at an effective price per share less than the then conversion price of the Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, which was $3.00 per share, without the consent of the Purchasers. If the Company sold shares at less than the then conversion price, with the consent of purchasers, then the Series E conversion price would be amended to that lower share price. This provision was not triggered as of June 30, 2024. The Purchasers under the November Purchase Agreement also were the holders of the Company’s Series F Convertible Preferred Stock issued on August 1, 2023. The purchase agreement relating to the shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock required the consent of the holders in the event the Company were to issue common stock or rights to acquire common stock prior to December 31, 2023 at an effective price per share less than the then conversion price of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, which was $6.20 per share. As a result, on November 10, 2023 the Company and the holders of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock entered into Exchange Agreements pursuant to which the holders of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock exchanged their 5,000 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock for an equal number of shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock. As a result of the November Purchase Agreement and the Exchange Agreements, the Company issued a total of 7,500 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock and the 5,000 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock were cancelled. On March 22, 2024 and March 28, 2024, the Company entered into Securities Purchase Agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) with certain existing and other accredited investors (the “2024 Purchasers”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreements, the 2024 Purchasers purchased an aggregate of 2,125 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, at a price in each case of $1,000 per share, and the Company received proceeds of $2,125,002. Those purchase agreements had similar price protections as the November Purchase Agreement but extended the price protection date to December 31, 2024, for all Series E holders. On September 19, 2024, the conversion price was lowered to $2.61 from $3.00 per share based on the down-round protection provision triggered by the warrants induced exercise price of $2.61 per share. This will lead to the issuance of an additional 678,640 shares of common stock upon the conversion of the preferred shares. In October 2024, 125 outstanding shares of the Series E Preferred Stock were converted into 47,892 shares of common stock. In May 2025, 1,000 shares of Series E Preferred Stock were converted into 383,143 shares of common stock. In connection with such Purchase Agreements, the Company also entered into Registration Rights Agreements with the Purchasers. Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreements, the Company filed with the SEC registration statements covering the resale by the Purchasers of the shares of common stock into which the shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock are convertible. The Registration Rights Agreements contain customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The Registration Rights Agreements contain provisions for liquidated damages equal to 1% multiplied by the aggregate subscription amount paid, paid each month, in the event certain deadlines are missed. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, there were 12,500 and 13,500 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. Series F Convertible Preferred Stock The Company's Board of Directors designated 5,000 shares as the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series F Convertible Preferred Stock”). Each share of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock was convertible, at any time and from time to time, at the option of the holder, into that number of shares of common stock (subject to the beneficial ownership limitation described below) determined by dividing the stated value of such share ($1,000) by the conversion price, which is $6.20 (subject to adjustment) which equates to 161 common shares for each converted Series F Convertible Preferred Share. The Company, however, shall not effect any conversion of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, and the holder shall not have the right to convert any portion of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, to the extent that after giving effect to the conversion sought by the holder such holder (together with such holder’s Attribution Parties (as defined in the Certificate of Designation)) would beneficially own more than 4.99% (or upon election by a holder, 19.99%) of the number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon such conversion. The purchasers of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock elected that their ownership limitation would be 19.99%. The holders of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, the holders of the common stock and the holders of any other class or series of shares entitled to vote with the common stock shall vote together as one class on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders of the Company. Each share of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock had 161 votes (subject to adjustment); provided that in no event may a holder of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock be entitled to vote a number of shares in excess of such holder’s ownership limitation. On August 2, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with an existing, accredited investor in the Company (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Purchaser purchased 5,000 shares of a newly authorized Series F Convertible Preferred Stock, and the Company received proceeds of $5,000,000. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, agreements and indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The Company also agreed that it would not, with certain exceptions, sell or issue common stock or Common Stock Equivalents (as defined in the Purchase Agreement relating to the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock) on or prior to December 31, 2023 that entitled any person to acquire shares of common stock at an effective price per share less than the then conversion price of the Series F Convertible Preferred Stock without the consent of the holders. As a result of that agreement, upon the issuance of 2,500 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock (which had a conversion price of $3.00 per share) on November 10, 2023, the holders exchanged their 5,000 shares of Series F Preferred Stock for 5,000 shares of Series E Preferred Stock. All of the shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock thereupon were cancelled with 0 shares now outstanding. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, there were zero 0 and zero 0 shares of Series F Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. Common stock issued Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Effective January 1, 2025, the Company’s executive leadership team was granted a total of 1,841,898 shares of restricted stock, subject to a three-year cliff vesting schedule, with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $11,014,544 based on a $5.98 price per share. On February 5, 2025, a holder of our Series D Convertible Preferred Stock converted 300 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock into 100,000 shares of Common Stock. Effective March 26, 2025, the Company issued a restricted stock award to an employee for a total of 100,000 shares of restricted stock with 3-year cliff vesting with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $604,000 based on a $6.04 price per share. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 633,683 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $6.24 per share through its At-The-Market (ATM) offering program, generating total gross proceeds of $3,954,940, incurring stock issuance costs of $137,851 and yielding net proceeds of $3,817,089. On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 9,360 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to four directors valued at $50,000 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services is $5.34 per share. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, certain employees exercised stock options to acquire a total of 27,712 shares of the Company’s common stock, generating total gross proceeds of $107,925, incurring stock issuance cost of $375 and yielding net proceeds of $107,550. The exercises were made pursuant to the Company’s 2016 and 2021 Equity Incentive Plans and were conducted in accordance with the applicable terms of the plans and the individual award agreements. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 10,000 shares of restricted common stock to each of Mr. Ehrman and Mr. Mavrommatis, directors of the Company, subject to a one-year cliff resting period. The shares had an aggregate grant-date fair value of $119,600, based on a $5.98 price per share. On April 9, 2025, the Company issued 10,000 shares of restricted common stock to Mr. Ehrman, subject to a 90-day cliff vesting period. The shares had an aggregate grant-date fair value of $44,600 based on a $4.46 price per share. The Company also removed the remaining vesting period for the 10,000 shares issued to Mr. Ehrman during the three months ended March 31, 2025. On April 14, 2025, the Company entered into the First Amendment to At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “First Amendment”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC, as sales agent (“Ascendiant”). The First Amendment increased the aggregate dollar amount of common stock that may be sold under the At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement, originally entered into on May 17, 2024, by $8,850,000, for total capacity of $16,350,000. On April 14, 2025, the Company also filed a Prospectus Supplement with the SEC relating to the additional $8,850,000 of common stock that may be sold pursuant to the First Amendment. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, an employee exercised stock options to acquire a total of 3,576 shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of a cashless exercise. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, an employee exercised stock options to acquire a total of 6,667 shares of the Company’s common stock, generating total gross proceeds of $36,852, incurring stock issuance cost of $0 and yielding net proceeds of $36,852. The exercises were made pursuant to the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and were conducted in accordance with the applicable terms of the plan and the individual award agreement. On May 27, 2025, the Company entered into the Second Amendment to At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) with Ascendiant. The Second Amendment further increased the aggregate dollar amount of common stock that may be sold under the At-The-Market Issuance Sales Agreement from $8,850,000 to $10,500,000. On May 28, 2025, the Company filed a Supplement to the Prospectus Supplement with the SEC relating to the $10,500,000 of common stock that may be sold pursuant to the Second Amendment. On May 28, 2025, a shareholder converted 1,000 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1,000,000 with a conversion price of $2.61 per common share resulting in the issuance of 383,143 shares of the Company’s common stock. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 238,145 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $7.71 per share through its At-The-Market (ATM) offering program, generating total gross proceeds of $1,835,874, incurring stock issuance costs of $55,216 and yielding net proceeds of $1,780,658. On June 30, 2025, the Company issued 5,419 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to three directors valued at $40,000 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended June 30, 2025. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services was $7.38 per share. On June 30, 2025, the Company issued 18,983 shares of common stock to employees participating in the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan at the end of a six-month offering period. The employee contributions totaled $114,724 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 which represented a purchase price of approximately $6.04 per share. The purchase price for one share of Common Stock under the ESPP is equal to 85% of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the purchase date, whichever is lower. In connection with these issuances, the Company also recognized compensation expense of $65,114 during the six months ended June 30, 2025. On August 1, 2025, the Company issued 6,666,667 shares of its common stock under a public offering priced at $6.00 per share, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $37.1 million net of offering costs of $2.9 million. On September 2, 2025, the Underwriter exercised the Over-Allotment Option in full to purchase 838,851 shares of Common Stock, generating net proceeds of approximately $4.7 million net of offering costs of $0.3 million. In connection with the offerings on August 1, 2025 and September 2, 2025, the underwriters were issued 375,276 warrants. See warrants disclosure below. Effective September 15, 2025, the Company issued a restricted stock award to an employee for a total of 175,000 shares of restricted stock with 3-year cliff vesting with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $1,370,249 based on a $7.83 price per share. The share value will be recognized over the 36 month vesting period. The Company expensed $57,094 through September 30, 2025. Effective September 15, 2025, an employee of the Company forfeited 112,500 shares of restricted stock under the Amended and Restated Equity Awards Agreement. In accordance with the Company’s accounting policy to recognize forfeitures as they occur, previously recognized compensation expense related to the forfeited portion was reversed in the period of forfeiture. Concurrent with the forfeiture, the remaining 112,500 shares were treated as a modification of the award and revalued as of September 15, 2025. The modification resulted in incremental fair value of approximately $208,122, which will be recognized as additional compensation expense through December 31, 2027 based on the passage of time. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 427,795 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $7.33 per share through its At-The-Market (ATM) offering program, generating total gross proceeds of $3,136,533, incurring stock issuance costs of $94,157 and yielding net proceeds of $3,042,376. On September 30, 2025, the Company issued 5,965 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to four directors valued at $44,333 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended September 30, 2025. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services is $7.44 per share. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 On March 31, 2024, the Company issued 8,655 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to four directors valued at $37,500 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services is $4.33 per share. On April 23, 2024, two shareholders converted 147 and 78 for a total of 225 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock collectively with a stated value of $225,000 with a conversion price of $3.00 per common share resulting in the issuance of 49,000 and 26,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. On April 30, 2024, two shareholders converted 100 and 250 for a total of 350 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock collectively with a stated value of $350,000 with a conversion price of $3.00 per common share resulting in the issuance of 33,334 and 83,334 shares of the Company’s common stock. On May 7, 2024, a shareholder converted 75 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $75,000 with a conversion price of $3.00 per common share resulting in the issuance of 25,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. On May 17, 2024, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC, as sales agent (the “Agent”) providing for the sale by the Company of shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $7,500,000 from time to time through the Agent in connection with an “at-the-market” equity offering program (the “ATM Offering”) pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. On May 17, 2024, the Company filed a prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) relating to the offer and sale of up to $7,500,000 of common stock in the ATM Offering. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 38,530 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $3.10 per share through its At-The-Market (ATM) offering program, generating total gross proceeds of $119,280, incurring stock issuance costs of $3,717 and yielding net proceeds of $115,563. On June 30, 2024, the Company issued 15,041 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to four directors valued at $42,500 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services is $2.83 per share. On June 30, 2024, the Company issued 38,041 shares of common stock to employees participating in the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan at the end of a six-month offering period. The employee contributions totaled $87,348 for the six months ended June 30, 2024 which represented a purchase price of approximately $2.30 per share. The purchase price for one share of Common Stock under the ESPP is equal to 85% of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the purchase date, whichever is lower (see below). In connection with these issuances, the Company also recognized compensation expense of $40,589 during the six months ended June 30, 2024. On September 19, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 344,644 shares of common stock, upon the exercise by 21 April Fund LP and 21 April Fund Ltd. (collectively, the “21 April Entities”) of warrants to purchase 104,647 and 239,997 shares of Common Stock, respectively. In connection with such exercise, the Company and the 21 April Entities agreed to reduce the exercise price of the warrants to $2.61 per share, and to remove any “blocker” or similar provisions in the warrants. The Company received $899,521 upon the exercise. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 28,514 shares of common stock at a weighted average price of $3.04 per share through its At-The-Market (ATM) offering program, generating total gross proceeds of $86,576, incurring stock issuance costs of $5,128 and yielding net proceeds of $81,448. On September 30, 2024, the Company issued 14,433 shares of common stock for payment of board fees to four directors in the amount of $42,500 for services to the board which was expensed during the three months ended September 30, 2024. The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) on the grant date used to value the services is $2.95 per share. Employee Stock Purchase Plan In the fourth quarter of 2022, the board of directors adopted an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) which was effective as of January 1, 2023 with a term of 10 years. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company's common stock at a discounted price, through payroll deductions from a minimum of 1% and up to 25% of their eligible compensation up to a maximum of $25,000 or the IRS allowable limit per calendar year. The Company’s Chief Financial Officer administers the ESPP in conjunction with approvals from the Company’s Compensation Committee, including with respect to the frequency and duration of offering periods, the maximum number of shares that an eligible employee may purchase during an offering period, and, subject to certain limitations set forth in the ESPP, the per-share purchase price. Currently, the maximum number of shares that can be purchased by an eligible employee under the ESPP is 10,000 shares per offering period and there are two six-month offering periods that begin in the first and third quarters of each fiscal year. The purchase price for one share of Common Stock under the ESPP is currently equal to 85% of the fair market value of one share of Common Stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the purchase date, whichever is lower (look-back feature). Although not required by the ESPP, all payroll deductions received or held by the Company under the ESPP are segregated and deemed as “restricted cash” until the completion of the offering period and redemption of the applicable shares and those withheld amounts are recorded as liabilities. The maximum aggregate number of shares of the Common Stock that may be issued under the ESPP is 1,000,000 shares. Under ASC 718-50 “Employee Share Purchase Plans” the plan is considered a compensatory plan and the compensation for each six-month offering period is computed based upon the grant date fair value of the estimated shares to be purchased based on the estimated payroll deduction withholdings. The grant date fair value was computed as the sum of (a) 15% purchase discount off of the grant date quoted trading price of the Company’s common stock and (b) the fair value of the look-back feature of the Company’s common stock on the grant date which consists of a call option on 85% of a share of common stock and a put option on 15% of a share of common stock. The Company computed the fair value of the look-back feature call and put options for January 1, 2025 to September 30, 2025 using a Black Scholes option pricing model using the following assumptions:
Schedule of black scholes option pricing model using assumptions |  |  |
|  | At September 30, 2025 |
Grant date share price |  |  | $7.11 - $7.26 |
Grant date exercise price |  |  | $5.64 - $6.17 |
Expected term |  |  | 0.25 years - 0.5 years |
Expected volatility |  |  | 69.5% - 105.3 | %
Risk-free rate |  |  | 4.02% - 4.32 | %
Expected dividend rate |  |  | 0 | %
During the offer period, the Company records stock-based compensation pro rata as an expense and a credit to additional paid-in capital. The Company issued 18,983 and 38,041 common shares on the option exercise dates of June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, respectively. The following table discloses relevant information for the ESPP for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively.
Schedule of stock-based compensation |  |  |
|  | For the Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 |
Cash payment received from employee withholding |  | $ | 173,102 |
Cash from employee withholdings used to purchase shares under ESPP |  |  | (114,724 | )
Accrued employee withholdings at September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 58,378 |
|  | For the Nine Months ended September 30, 2025 |
Cash from employee withholdings used to purchase ESPP shares |  | $ | 114,724 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 88,986 |
Total increase to equity for nine months ended September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 203,710 |
|  | For the Nine Months ended September 30, 2024 |
Cash from employee withholdings used to purchase ESPP shares |  | $ | 123,359 |
Stock based compensation expense |  |  | 54,833 |
Total increase to equity for nine months ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ | 178,192 |
Stock-Based Compensation: Options, Warrants and Restricted Stock Stock-based compensation expense recognized under ASC 718-10 for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, was $65,639 and $21,405 and $226,575 and $25,466, respectively, for stock options granted to employees. This expense is included in general and administration expenses in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the periods is based on the grant-date fair value of the portion of share-based payment awards that are ultimately expected to vest during the period. At September 30, 2025, the total compensation cost for stock options not yet recognized was $68,248. This cost will be recognized over the remaining vesting term of the options ranging from three 3 months to 4.5 years. Stock-based compensation expense recognized under ASC 718-10 for the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, was $2,948,684 and $924,099 and $0 and $0, respectively, for shares of restricted stock granted to employees. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted a total of 2,146,898 shares of restricted stock with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $13,152,993, computed as 1,861,898 shares at $5.98 per share, 100,000 shares at $6.04 per share, 10,000 shares at $4.46 per share and 175,000 shares at $7.83 per share. This expense is included in general and administration expenses in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations. Stock-based compensation expense recognized during the periods is based on the grant-date fair value of the restricted stock units that are ultimately expected to vest. At September 30, 2025, the total compensation cost for restricted stock not yet recognized was $9,739,682. This cost will be recognized over the remaining vesting term of the restricted stock ranging from three 3 months to 3 years. On January 1, 2025, the Company granted an employee 225,000 shares of restricted stock with an aggregate grant-date fair value of approximately $1,345,500, based on a fair value of $5.98 per share. On September 15, 2025 under the amended and restated equity awards agreement, the employee forfeited 112,500 unvested shares. In accordance with the Company’s accounting policy to recognize forfeitures as they occur, previously recognized compensation expense related to the forfeited portion was reversed in the period of forfeiture. Concurrent with the forfeiture, the remaining 112,500 shares were treated as a modification of the award and revalued as of September 15, 2025. The modification resulted in incremental fair value of approximately $208,122, which will be recognized as additional compensation expense through December 31, 2027 based on the passage of time. On May 12, 2021, the Board adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) providing for the issuance of up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock. The purpose of the 2021 Plan is to assist the Company in attracting and retaining key employees, directors and consultants and to provide incentives to such individuals to align their interests with those of our shareholders. During the third quarter of 2021, the shareholders approved the issuance of up to one million shares or share equivalents pursuant to the 2021 Plan. The Company filed an S-8 registration statement in concert with the 2021 Plan which was deemed effective on August 5, 2021. The plan covers a period of ten years. On August 6, 2024, the Board adopted an amendment to the 2021 Plan increasing the number of shares or share equivalents issuable pursuant to the 2021 Plan to 2,500,000 and beginning as of February 1, 2025, and for each February 1st thereafter, to the greater of 2,500,000 or a number of shares based on a formula tied to the Company’s fully diluted common equivalent share capitalization, excluding warrants and options. The amendment was approved by shareholders on September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, options to purchase a total of 485,125 (net of forfeitures) shares of common stock and 606,452 shares of common stock were outstanding, respectively. At September 30, 2025, 386,456 options were exercisable. Of the total options issued, zero 0 and 131,084 options were outstanding under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan, 398,701 and 385,368 were outstanding under the 2021 Plan and a further 86,424 and 90,000 non-plan options to purchase common stock were outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The non-plan options were granted to four executives as hiring incentives, including the Company’s CEO in the fourth quarter of 2020. Options
Schedule of options |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 |  |  |  | 1,387,775 |  |  | $ | 5.23 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | $ | — |
Granted |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forfeited |  |  |  | (781,323 | ) |  | $ | 5.17 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  |  | 606,452 |  |  | $ | 5.29 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 514,394 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2024 |  |  |  | 442,445 |  |  | $ | 5.50 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 296,145 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  |  | 606,452 |  |  | $ | 5.29 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 514,394 |
Granted |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 5.64 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | $ | 34,400 |
Exercised/Forfeited/Expired |  |  |  | (141,327 | ) |  | $ | 5.31 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  |  | 485,125 |  |  | $ | 5.30 |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 997,153 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  |  | 386,456 |  |  | $ | 5.51 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | $ | 715,732 |
Warrants In connection with the Company’s equity financing completed during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company issued warrants for 375,276 common shares to the investment bankers who facilitated the offering. The warrants were issued contemporaneously with the closing of the financing and were included as part of the negotiated engagement terms. The warrants are indexed to the Company’s common stock, provide for settlement in a fixed number of shares for a fixed exercise price, and are freestanding equity instruments. Accordingly, they meet the criteria for equity classification under ASC 815-40 and are not subject to remeasurement in future periods. The Company determined the warrants were non-compensatory pursuant to ASC 340-10-S99-1, as they were issued as part of the overall consideration for services directly related to the capital raise, were not tied to future performance, and did not include any vesting or service conditions. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the following key assumptions: expected volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected term, and expected dividend yield as of the grant date. The resulting fair value of approximately $836,989 was recorded as a reduction to Additional Paid-In Capital (APIC) within stock issuance costs, with a corresponding credit to APIC for the issuance of the warrants. The Company used the following assumptions in determining the fair value of the warrants:
Schedule of assumptions in determining the fair value of the warrants |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Upon Grant |
|  |  | Titan |  |  |  | Titan |
Date of Grant |  |  | August 1, 2025 |  |  |  | September 2, 2025 |
Stock Price |  | $ | 6.57 |  |  | $ | 6.25 |
Exercise Price |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |
Expected Remaining Term (Years) |  |  | 5.00 |  |  |  | 5.00 |
Historical Volatility |  |  | 73 | % |  |  | 55 | %
Expected Volatility |  |  | 36 | % |  |  | 33 | %
Dividend Yield |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %
Annual Rate of Quarterly Dividends |  | $ | 0.000 |  |  | $ | 0.000 |
Discount Rate - Bond Equivalent Yield |  |  | 3.770 | % |  |  | 3.740 | %
No income statement impact is expected related to these warrants in future periods.
Schedule of warrants |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of Warrants |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 44,644 |  |  | $ | 7.70 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | $ | — |
Warrants expired, forfeited, cancelled or exercised |  |  | (344,644 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Warrants issued |  |  | 300,000 |  |  | $ | 3.00 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Warrants issued |  |  | 375,276 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | $ | — |
Warrants expired, forfeited, cancelled or exercised |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 375,276 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 60,044 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 375,276 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | $ | 60,044 |
Restricted Stock
Schedule of restricted stock unit |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |
Unvested at December 31, 2023 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted stock forfeited |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted stock granted |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Unvested at December 31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Vested at December 31, 2024 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Unvested at December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted stock granted |  |  | 2,146,898 |  |  | $ | 6.13 |
Restricted stock forfeited |  |  | (112,500 | ) |  | $ | 5.98 |
Restricted stock vested |  |  | (20,000 | ) |  | $ | 5.22 |
Unvested at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 2,014,398 |  |  | $ | 6.14 |
Vested at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 5.22 |

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