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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
__________________________________________________________________________

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-32375
__________________________________________________________________________
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________________________________________________

Delaware | 20-1164345
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor
Reston, Virginia 20190
(703) 230-1985
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of principal executive offices)
__________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | CHCI |  | NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of October 31, 2022, 9,249,495 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 220,250 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 1
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).................................................................................... | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets ............................................................................................................................. | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Operations.............................................................................................................. | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity........................................................................... | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows............................................................................................................. | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.................................................................................... | 5
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition............................................................................. | 17
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ............................................................................... | 23
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures ......................................................................................................................................... | 23
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION | 25
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings.................................................................................................................................................... | 25
Item 6. | Exhibits.................................................................................................................................................................... | 26
SIGNATURES.......................................................................................................................................................................... | 27

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

| September 30, |  | December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 5,357 |  |  | $ | 15,823 |
Accounts receivable, net | 793 |  |  | 46 |
Accounts receivable - related parties | 6,884 |  |  | 1,697 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 339 |  |  | 197 |
Current assets held for sale | — |  |  | 2,313 |
Total current assets | 13,373 |  |  | 20,076 |
Fixed assets, net | 404 |  |  | 264 |
Intangible assets | 144 |  |  | — |
Leasehold improvements, net | 126 |  |  | — |
Investments in real estate ventures | 7,207 |  |  | 4,702 |
Operating lease assets | 6,807 |  |  | 7,245 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 11,470 |  |  | 11,300 |
Other assets | 22 |  |  | 15 |
Total assets | $ | 39,553 |  |  | $ | 43,602 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accrued personnel costs | $ | 4,307 |  |  | $ | 3,468 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 818 |  |  | 783 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 692 |  |  | 616 |
Current liabilities held for sale | — |  |  | 1,194 |
Total current liabilities | 5,817 |  |  | 6,061 |
Credit facility - due to affiliates | — |  |  | 5,500 |
Operating lease liabilities | 6,393 |  |  | 6,745 |
Total liabilities | 12,210 |  |  | 18,306 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
Series C preferred stock; $0.01 par value; 20,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2022; 3,441 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | — |  |  | 6,765 |
Class A common stock; $0.01 par value; 59,780 shares authorized; 9,335 issued and 9,249 outstanding as of September 30, 2022; 8,102 issued and 8,017 outstanding as of December 31, 2021 | 93 |  |  | 81 |
Class B common stock; $0.01 par value; 220 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Additional paid-in capital | 201,330 |  |  | 200,617 |
Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock) | (2,662) |  |  | (2,662) |
Accumulated deficit | (171,420) |  |  | (179,507) |
Total stockholders' equity | 27,343 |  |  | 25,296 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 39,553 |  |  | $ | 43,602 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | 30,011 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 8,346 |  |  | 6,695 |  |  | 22,112 |  |  | 18,275 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 537 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | 916 |
Depreciation and amortization | 55 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 65 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 8,938 |  |  | 7,027 |  |  | 23,654 |  |  | 19,256 |
Income (loss) from operations | 3,875 |  |  | 3,137 |  |  | 6,357 |  |  | 4,072 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (94) |  |  | (60) |  |  | (222) |  |  | (176) |
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (31) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 238 |  |  | (93) |
Other income (expense), net | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax | 3,751 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  | 6,375 |  |  | 3,807 |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | 62 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (42) |  |  | (11,289) |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 3,689 |  |  | 3,057 |  |  | 6,417 |  |  | 15,096 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | (99) |  |  | (137) |  |  | (376) |  |  | (724) |
Net income (loss) | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 6,041 |  |  | $ | 14,372 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 8,087 |  |  | $ | 14,372 |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 9,464 |  | 8,234 |  | 8,806 |  | 8,205 |
Diluted | 10,007 |  | 9,072 |  | 9,363 |  | 9,030 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Continuing operations | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |
Basic - Discontinued operations | (0.01) |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.04) |  |  | (0.09) |
Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |
Diluted - Continuing operations | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |
Diluted - Discontinued operations | (0.01) |  |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.04) |  |  | (0.08) |
Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 1.59 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Series C |  | Class A |  | Class B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Common Stock |  |  |  | Treasury |  | Accumulated |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | APIC |  | stock |  | deficit |  | Total
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,102 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,617 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (179,507) |  |  | $ | 25,296 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 130 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | (298) |  | — |  | — |  | (297)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 142 |  | — |  | — |  | 142
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,747 |  | 1,747
Balance as of March 31, 2022 | 3,441 |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,232 |  | $ | 82 |  |  | 220 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,461 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (177,760) |  |  | $ | 26,888 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 66 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | (191) |  | — |  | — |  | (190)
Redemption of Series C preferred stock | (3,441) |  | (6,765) |  | 1,000 |  | 10 |  | — |  | — |  | 708 |  | — |  | 2,046 |  | (4,001)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 220 |  | — |  | — |  | 220
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 704 |  | 704
Balance as of June 30, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,298 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,198 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (175,010) |  |  | $ | 23,621 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 37 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (81) |  | — |  | — |  | (81)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 213 |  | — |  | — |  | 213
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |  | 3,590 |  | 3,590
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,335 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,330 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (171,420) |  |  | $ | 27,343 |
Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 7,953 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,147 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (193,116) |  |  | $ | 11,215 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (189) |  | — |  | — |  | (187)
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 183 |  | — |  | — |  | 183
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 247 |  | 247
Balance as of March 31, 2021 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,058 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 220 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,141 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (192,869) |  |  | $ | 11,458 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (59) |  | — |  | — |  | (59)
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 180 |  | — |  | — |  | 180
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 11,205 |  | 11,205
Balance as of June 30, 2021 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,094 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,262 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (181,664) |  |  | $ | 22,784 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (10) |  | — |  | — |  | (10)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 175 |  | — |  | — |  | 175
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,920 |  | 2,920
Balance as of September 30, 2021 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,101 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,427 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (178,744) |  |  | $ | 25,869 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Operating Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 6,417 |  |  | $ | 15,096 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 149 |  | 65
Stock-based compensation | 629 |  |  | 454
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures | (238) |  |  | 93
Deferred income taxes | (149) |  |  | (11,330)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (5,814) |  |  | (988)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (143) |  |  | (52)
Accrued personnel costs | 839 |  |  | (13)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 33 |  |  | (279)
Other assets and liabilities | 145 |  |  | 77
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 1,868 |  | 3,123
Investing Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Investments in real estate ventures | (2,694) |  |  | (3,526)
Proceeds from sale of CES | 1,016 |  |  | —
Distributions from real estate ventures | 318 |  |  | 2,971
Purchase of fixed assets/leasehold improvements/intangibles | (559) |  |  | (91)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (1,919) |  |  | (646) |
Financing Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Payments under credit facility - due to affiliates | (5,500) |  |  | —
Loan proceeds | — |  |  | 120
Loan payments | — |  |  | (113)
Redemption of Series C preferred stock | (4,000) |  |  | —
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards | (568) |  |  | (222)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (10,068) |  |  | (215)
Discontinued Operations |  |  |
Operating cash flows, net | (321) |  |  | (172)
Investing cash flows, net | — |  |  | (40)
Financing cash flows, net | (26) |  |  | (28)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations | (347) |  |  | (240)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (10,466) |  |  | 2,022
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 15,823 |  |  | 7,032 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 5,357 |  |  | $ | 9,054 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 176 |
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |
Issuance of Series A common stock to redeem Series C preferred stock | $ | 4,230 |  |  | $ | — |
Right of use assets and lease liabilities at commencement | 209 |  |  | — |
PPP loan forgiven | — |  |  | 1,954 |
Accrued liability settled through issuance of common stock | — |  |  | 21 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited; in thousands except per share data or otherwise indicated)
1. Company Overview
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. ("Comstock" or the "Company"), founded in 1985 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2004, is a leading developer, investor, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES") to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack") for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments, as set forth in the executed Asset Purchase Agreement with August Mack. (See Note 3 for additional information)
On June 13, 2022, the Company completed two separate significant transactions: the first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, to redeem all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a discount to carrying value; and the second, the execution of a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP") (the "2022 AMA"). CP is an entity that is controlled and wholly-owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members and the 2022 AMA replaced the previous asset management agreement with CPRES. (See Notes 10 and 14, respectively, for additional information)
The Company operates through four primarily real estate-focused subsidiaries – CHCI Asset Management, LC (“CAM”); CHCI Residential Management, LC; CHCI Commercial Management, LC; and Park X Management, LC.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As permitted, certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated and certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
In management’s opinion, the consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results. The results of operations presented in these interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year.
These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s fiscal year 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC on March 31, 2022. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements contained in the 2021 Annual Report.
The Company has reflected CES as a discontinued operation in its consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company's continuing operations. (See Note 3 for additional information)
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates, include, but are not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Assumptions made in the development of these estimates contemplate the macroeconomic landscape and the Company's anticipated results, however actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted
None.
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on current expected credit losses ("CECL") rather than incurred losses. The standard will become effective for the Company for financial statement periods beginning after December 15, 2022, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
3. Discontinued Operations
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of its wholly-owned subsidiary CES to August Mack in accordance with the Asset Purchase Agreement for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million of cash held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments. The Company executed this divestiture to enhance its focus and pursue continued growth initiatives for its core asset management business.
The following table reconciles major line items constituting pretax income (loss) from discontinued operations to net income (loss) from discontinued operations as presented in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,518 |  |  | $ | 1,460 |  |  | $ | 5,621 |
Cost of revenue | — |  |  | (1,089) |  |  | (1,568) |  |  | (4,134) |
Selling, general, and administrative | (34) |  |  | (565) |  |  | (375) |  |  | (1,824) |
Depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |
Other income (expense) | (62) |  |  | (1) |  |  | 87 |  |  | (2) |
Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (325) |
Pre-tax income (loss) from continuing operations | (96) |  |  | (137) |  |  | (396) |  |  | (724) |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | (20) |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | $ | (99) |  |  | $ | (137) |  |  | $ | (376) |  |  | $ | (724) |

The Company recognized a net loss of $0.2 million on the divestiture of CES, calculated by comparing the final adjusted purchase price to the carrying value of the net assets sold in the transaction as of March 31, 2022. These amounts reflect the finalized transaction costs and net working capital adjustments.
The following table reconciles the carrying amounts of major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations to total assets and liabilities of discontinued operations that were classified as held for sale in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

Carrying amounts of major classes of assets held for sale: |
Accounts receivable | $ | 2,075 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 129 |
Total current assets | 2,204 |
Fixed assets, net | 106 |
Intangible assets, net | 3 |
Total assets | $ | 2,313 |
Carrying amounts of major classes of liabilities held for sale: |
Accrued personnel costs | $ | 153 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 1,015 |
Loans payable | 26 |
Total liabilities | $ | 1,194 |

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4. Intangible Assets
On May 6, 2022, the Company purchased the rights to the www.comstock.com domain name for $0.1 million. The Company has recorded the domain name purchase as an indefinite-lived intangible asset on its consolidated balance sheets that will be tested annually for impairment.
5. Investments in Real Estate Ventures
The Company's material unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The following table summarizes the fair value of these investments (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  | December 31,
Description |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Investors X |  | $ | 1,157 |  |  | $ | 1,484 |
The Hartford |  | 1,105 |  | 1,211
BLVD Forty Four |  | 2,224 |  | 2,007
BLVD Ansel |  | 2,721 |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 7,207 |  |  | $ | 4,702 |

Investors X
On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into a master transfer agreement with CPRES which entitled the Company to priority distribution of residual cash flow from its Class B membership interest in Comstock Investors X, L.C. ("Investors X"), an unconsolidated variable interest entity that owns the Company's residual homebuilding operations. As of September 30, 2022, the residual cash flow primarily relates to anticipated returns of cash backing outstanding letters of credit and cash collateral posted for land development work performed by subsidiaries owned by Investors X. The cash will be released as bond release work associated with these projects is completed. In addition, a subsidiary of Investors X is undergoing a re-zoning of land from commercial to residential and the Company will be entitled to 50% of the profit from the anticipated residential lot sales after re-zoning and land development work is completed. Expected future cash flows include contractually fixed revenues and expenses, as well as estimates for future revenues and expenses where contracts do not currently exist. These estimates are based on prior experience as well as comparable, third-party data. (See Note 14 for additional information)
The Hartford
In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a Class-A office building adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) GOLD building is approximately 76% leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s ownership interest in the Hartford was 2.5%. (See Note 14 for additional information)
BLVD Forty Four
In October 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Forty Four, a 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building located one block from the Rockville Metro Station and in the heart of the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor in Montgomery County. Built in 2015, the 263-unit mixed use property includes approximately 16,000 square feet of retail and a commercial parking garage. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and will also receive investment related income and incentive fees in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company also provides asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Forty Four was 5%. (See Note 14 for additional information)
BLVD Ansel
In March 2022, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Ansel, an 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building with 250 units located adjacent to BLVD Forty Four in Rockville, Maryland. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment related income and incentive fees in
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connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company will also provide asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of September 30, 2022, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Forty Ansel was 5%. (See Note 14 for additional information)
The following table below summarizes the activity of the Company’s unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures that are reported at fair value (in thousands):

Balance as of December 31, 2021 | $ | 4,702 |
Investments | 2,694 |
Distributions | (318) |
Change in fair value | 129 |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | $ | 7,207 |

Other Investments
In addition, the Company has a joint venture with Superior Title Services, Inc. ("STS") to provide title insurance to its clients. The Company records this co-investment using the equity method of accounting and adjusts the carrying value of the investment for its proportionate share of net income and distributions. The carrying value of the STS investment is recorded in "other assets" on the Company's consolidated statement of balance sheets. The Company's proportionate share of STS net income and distributions are recorded in gain (loss) on real estate ventures in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were immaterial and $0.1 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30 2021, the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were immaterial.
6. Leases
The Company has operating leases for office space leased in various buildings for its own use. The Company's leases have remaining terms ranging from 5 to 10 years. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease costs related to the Company's operating leases are primarily reflected in "cost of revenue" in the consolidated statements of operations, as they are a reimbursable cost under the Company's respective asset management agreements. (See Note 14 for additional information)
The following table summarizes operating lease costs, by type (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Operating lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed lease costs | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 249 |  |  | $ | 763 |  |  | $ | 746 |
Variable lease costs | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 78 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 241 |
Total operating lease costs | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 327 |  |  | $ | 1,027 |  |  | $ | 987 |

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash paid for lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | 301 |  |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | 910 |

As of September 30, 2022, the Company's operating leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 7.99 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.25%.
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The following table summarizes future lease payments (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, | Operating Leases
2022 | $ | 243 |
2023 | 985 |
2024 | 1,008 |
2025 | 1,031 |
2026 | 1,054 |
Thereafter | 4,091 |
Total future lease payments | 8,412 |
Imputed interest | (1,327) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 7,085 |

The Company does not have any leases which have not yet commenced as of September 30, 2022.
7. Debt
Credit Facility - Due to Affiliates
On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Credit Facility”), on which it made a $5.5 million initial draw with an April 30, 2023 maturity date. Under the terms, the Credit Facility provides for an initial variable interest rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears. The effective interest rates as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were 7.25% and 4.25%, respectively.
On September 30, 2022, the Company paid down its $5.5 million outstanding principal balance on the Credit Facility in full. As of September 30, 2022, the Credit Facility remained available for use.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company maintains certain non-cancelable operating leases that contain various renewal options. (See Note 6 for additional information)
The Company is subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business; however, the Company does not expect the results, if any, to have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity. The Company records a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company expenses legal defense costs as they are incurred.
9. Fair Value Disclosures
As of September 30, 2022, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, and accounts payable approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.
As of September 30, 2022, the Company had certain equity method investments in real estate ventures that it elected to record at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). (See Note 5 for additional information)
The Company may also value its non-financial assets and liabilities, including items such as long-lived assets, at fair value on a non-recurring basis if it is determined that impairment has occurred. Such fair value measurements typically use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), unless a quoted market price (Level 1) or quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or amounts derived from valuation models (Level 2) are available.
10. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by the Company's board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding
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having priority rights to dividends. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to fifteen votes per share. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had not declared any dividends.
Preferred Stock
On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Share Exchange and Purchase Agreement ("SEPA") with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock for (i) 1.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, valued at the consolidated closing bid price of the Class A shares on Nasdaq on the business day immediately preceding the entry into the SEPA, and (ii) $4.0 million in cash. The SEPA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company. Upon completion of the transaction, all of the shares of Series C preferred stock were immediately cancelled and fully retired.
At the time of the transaction, the total carrying value of the Series C preferred stock (including the related additional paid-in capital) was $10.3 million. The share exchange was accounted for as a redemption; therefore, the $2.0 million difference between the carrying value and the $8.3 million fair value of the consideration paid upon redemption was added to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 to arrive at income attributable to common stockholders and calculate net income (loss) per share. (See Note 13 for additional information)
Stock-based Compensation
On February 12, 2019, the Company approved the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which replaced the 2004 Long-Term Compensation Plan (the “2004 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents, performance awards, and stock or other stock-based awards. The 2019 Plan mandates that all lapsed, forfeited, expired, terminated, cancelled and withheld shares, including those from the predecessor plan, be returned to the 2019 Plan and made available for issuance. The 2019 Plan originally authorized 2.5 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock for issuance. As of September 30, 2022, there were 1.6 million shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Stock-based compensation costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2022, there was $1.0 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted to employees are subject to continued employment and generally vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates. The Company also grants certain RSU awards to management that contain additional vesting conditions tied directly to a defined performance metric for the Company (“PSUs”). The actual number of PSUs that will vest can range from 60% to 120% of the original grant target amount, depending upon actual Company performance below or above the established performance metric targets. The Company estimates performance in relation to the defined targets when calculating the related stock-based compensation expense.
The following table summarizes all restricted stock unit activity (in thousands, except per share data):

| RSUs Outstanding |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 847 |  |  | $ | 2.28 |
Granted | 219 |  |  | 4.63 |
Released | (223) |  | 2.64 |
Canceled/Forfeited | (133) |  | 2.38 |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | 710 |  |  | $ | 2.97 |

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Stock Options
Non-qualified stock options generally expire 10 years after the grant date and, except under certain conditions, the options are subject to continued employment and vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates.
The following table summarizes all stock option activity (in thousands, except per share data and time periods):

| Options Outstanding |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 397 |  |  | $ | 2.89 |  |  | 5.7 |  | $ | 998 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (203) |  |  | 3.14 |  |  |  |  |
Canceled/Forfeited | (3) |  |  | 2.24 |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (60) |  |  | 3.97 |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of September 30, 2022 | 131 |  |  | $ | 4.08 |  |  | 4.7 |  | $ | 143 |
Exercisable as of September 30, 2022 | 125 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |  |  | 3.5 |  | $ | 131 |

11. Revenue
All of the Company's revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was generated in the United States. The following tables summarize the Company’s revenue by line of business, customer type, and contract type (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue by Line of Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Asset management | $ | 9,391 |  |  | $ | 8,031 |  |  | $ | 20,926 |  |  | $ | 17,181 |
Property management | 2,508 |  | 1,691 |  | 6,831 |  | 5,033
Parking management | 914 |  | 442 |  | 2,254 |  | 1,114
Total revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | 30,011 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue by Customer Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Related party | $ | 12,549 |  |  | $ | 10,110 |  |  | $ | 29,477 |  |  | $ | 23,203 |
Commercial | 264 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 534 |  |  | 125 |
Total revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | 30,011 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue by Contract Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-price | $ | 1,683 |  |  | $ | 4,463 |  |  | $ | 5,222 |  |  | $ | 6,151 |
Cost-plus | 8,503 |  |  | 4,001 |  |  | 17,859 |  |  | 12,216 |
Variable | 2,627 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 6,930 |  |  | 4,961 |
Total revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | $ | 30,011 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |

Pursuant to the 2022 AMA, incentive compensation fees revenue ("Incentive Fees") may be earned on certain managed real estate assets if defined triggering events, which are differentiated based on the classification of the assets, are achieved. (See Note 14 for additional information)
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Incentive Fees are calculated as a percentage of the imputed profit that would be realized upon the hypothetical sale or recapitalization of the asset (or assets) for which triggering event criteria were met. The calculation of imputed profit is based on a fair market value assessment that includes highly variable financial inputs and must also consider macro-economic and environmental factors that may affect fair market value. Due to the subjective and potentially volatile nature of this variable consideration, revenue is only recognized on Incentive Fees for each managed asset when 1) any material uncertainties associated with the calculation of Incentive Fees are substantially resolved and 2) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of related cumulative Incentive Fee revenue recognized will not occur. As a result, Incentive Fees are typically recognized at or near each asset's respective triggering event (as detailed in the 2022 AMA) when imputed profit can be reasonably calculated and relied upon to not materially change.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $3.9 million of Incentive Fees, stemming from an operating asset triggering event scheduled to occur on October 1, 2022. This operating asset triggering event is the first in series of annual operating asset triggering events that are scheduled each October 1 through 2024. All Incentive Fees recognized in the current period are related to services performed in prior periods for which revenue recognition criteria were previously constrained.
12. Income Taxes
For interim periods, we recognize an income tax provision (benefit) based on our estimated annual effective tax rate expected for the entire fiscal year. The interim annual estimated effective tax rate is based on the statutory tax rates then in effect, as adjusted for estimated changes in permanent differences, and excludes certain discrete items whose tax effect, when material, is recognized in the interim period in which they occur. These changes in permanent differences and discrete items result in variances to the effective tax rate from period to period. We also have elected to exclude the impacts from significant pre-tax, non-recognized subsequent events from our interim estimated annual effective rate until the period in which they occur.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Prior to 2021, the Company had recorded valuation allowances for certain tax attributes and deferred tax assets due the existence of sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of those deferred tax assets through future taxable income. In June 2021, based on its recent financial performance and current forecasts of future operating results, the Company determined that it was more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to its net operating loss carryforwards would be utilized in future periods.
For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a tax provision of $0.1 million, as compared to an immaterial tax provision for the three months ended September 30, 2021. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recognized tax benefits that were immaterial and $11.3 million, respectively. The recognized tax benefits from these periods were due to the tax impact of deferred tax asset valuation allowance releases in the period. These recognized tax benefits were supported by the Company's recent trend of positive net income from continuing operations and expectation that current operations will continue to generate future taxable income.
13. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share data):
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| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted | $ | 3,689 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 6,417 |  |  | $ | 15,096 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted | 3,689 |  |  | 3,057 |  |  | 8,463 |  |  | 15,096 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted | (99) |  |  | (137) |  |  | (376) |  |  | (724) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Diluted | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  | $ | 8,087 |  |  | $ | 14,372 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic | 9,464 |  |  | 8,234 |  |  | 8,806 |  |  | 8,205 |
Effect of common share equivalents | 543 |  |  | 838 |  |  | 557 |  |  | 825 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted | 10,007 |  |  | 9,072 |  |  | 9,363 |  |  | 9,030 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Continuing operations | $ | 0.39 |  |  | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |  |  | $ | 1.84 |
Basic - Discontinued operations | (0.01) |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.04) |  | (0.09) |
Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 0.35 |  |  | $ | 0.92 |  |  | $ | 1.75 |
Diluted - Continuing operations | $ | 0.37 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.90 |  |  | $ | 1.67 |
Diluted - Discontinued operations | (0.01) |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.04) |  | (0.08) |
Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 1.59 |

The following common share equivalents have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock options | 33 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 37 |
Warrants | 96 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 59 |

14. Related Party Transactions
Asset Management Agreements
On June 13, 2022, CHCI Asset Management, L.C. (“CAM”), an entity wholly owned by the Company, entered into a new master asset management agreement with CP (the “2022 AMA”) that superseded in its entirety the previous asset management agreement between CAM and CPRES dated April 30, 2019 (the “2019 AMA”). Entry into the 2022 AMA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company.
Consistent with the structure of the 2019 AMA, the 2022 AMA engages CAM to manage and administer CP’s commercial real estate portfolio (the "Anchor Portfolio") and the day to-day operations of CP and each property-owning subsidiary of CP (collectively, the “CP Entities”). CAM will provide investment advisory, development, and asset management services necessary to build out, stabilize and manage the Anchor Portfolio, which currently consists primarily of two of the larger transit-oriented, mixed-use developments located on Washington D.C. Metro’s Silver Line (Reston Station and Loudoun Station) that are owned by CP Entities and ultimately controlled by Mr. Clemente.
Pursuant to the fee structures set forth in both the 2022 AMA and 2019 AMA, CAM is entitled to receive an annual payment equal to the greater of the "Cost-Plus Fee" or the "Market Rate Fee". The Cost-Plus Fee is equal to the sum of (i) the
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comprehensive costs incurred by or for providing services to the Anchor Portfolio, (ii) the costs and expenses of the Company related to maintaining the listing of its shares on a securities exchange and complying with regulatory and reporting obligations of a public company, and (iii) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. The Market Rate Fee calculation is defined in the respective asset management agreements as the sum of the fees detailed in the following table:

Description | 2022 AMA | 2019 AMA
Asset Management Fee | 2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue | 2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Entitlement Fee | 15% of total re-zoning costs | Encompassed in Development and Construction Fee
Development and Construction Fee | 5% of development costs (excluding previously charged Entitlement Fees) | 4% of development costs
Property Management Fee | 1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue | 1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Acquisition Fee | 1% on first $50 million of purchase price; 0.5% above $50 million | 0.5% of purchase price
Disposition Fee | 1% on first $50 million of sale price; 0.5% above $50 million | 0.5% of sale price

In addition to the annual payment of either the Market Rate Fee or the Cost-Plus Fee, CAM is also entitled on an annual basis to receive certain supplemental fees, as detailed for the respective asset management agreements in the following table:

| Description | 2022 AMA | 2019 AMA
| Incentive Fee | When receiving Market Rate Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, equal to 20% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event 1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Market Incentive Fee”) When receiving the Cost-Plus Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, an incentive fee equal to 10% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event 1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Base Incentive Fee”) | 10% of the free cash flow of each of the real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CPRES invested capital
| Investment Origination Fee | 1% of raised capital | 1% of raised capital
| Leasing Fee | $1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/per sqft. for lease renewals | $1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/ per sqft. for lease renewals
| Loan Origination Fee | 1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee | 1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee
1 | Triggering events are differentiated between operating assets (i.e. those already in service) and assets under development. Operating asset triggering events are scheduled for specific dates, whereas triggering events for assets under development are tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates.

The 2022 AMA will terminate on January 1, 2035 (“Initial Term”), and will automatically renew for successive additional one year terms (each an “Extension Term”) unless CP delivers written notice of non-renewal of the 2022 AMA at least 180 days prior to the termination date of the Initial Term or any Extension Term. Twenty-four months after the effective date of the 2022 AMA, CP is entitled to terminate the 2022 AMA without cause upon 180 days advance written notice to CAM. In the event of such a termination and in addition to the payment of any accrued annual fees due and payable as of the termination date under the 2022 AMA, CP is required to pay a termination fee equal to two times the Cost-Plus Fee or Market Rate Fee paid to CAM for the calendar year immediately preceding the termination.
Residential, Commercial, and Parking Property Management Agreements
The Company entered into separate residential property management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the properties, including tenant communications, leasing of apartment
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units, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight.
The Company entered into separate commercial property and parking management agreements with several properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the office and retail portions of the properties, including tenant communications, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. These property management agreements each have initial terms of one year with successive, automatic one-year renewal terms. The Company generally receives base management fees under these agreements based upon a percentage of gross rental revenues for the portions of the buildings being managed in addition to reimbursement of specified expenses, including employment expenses of personnel employed by the Company in the management and operation of each property.
Construction Management Agreements
The Company has construction management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to provide certain construction management and supervision services, including construction supervision and management of the buildout of certain tenant premises. The Company receives a flat construction management fee for each engagement under a work authorization based upon the construction management or supervision fee set forth in the applicable tenant’s lease, which fee is generally 1% to 4% of the total costs (or total hard costs) of construction of the tenant’s improvements in its premises, or as otherwise agreed to by the parties.
Lease Procurement Agreements
The Company has lease procurement agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives certain leasing fees in connection with the procurement of new leases for such properties where external brokers are not involved. Such leasing fees are supplemental to the fees generated from the Company's management agreements referenced above.
Business Management Agreements
On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement with Investors X, whereby CAM provides Investors X with asset and professional services related to the wind down of the Company’s divested homebuilding operations and the continuation of services related to the Company’s divested land development activities. The aggregate fee payable to CAM from Investors X under the Business Management Agreement is $0.94 million payable in 15 quarterly installments of $0.06 million each.
On July 1, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement (the “BC Management Agreement”) with CPRES, whereby CAM provides CPRES with professional management and consultation services, including, without limitation, consultation on land development and real estate transactions, for a residential community located in Monteverde, Florida. The initial term of the BC Management Agreement expired on December 31, 2020, subject to automatic, successive one (1) year extensions, unless sooner terminated in accordance with the terms of the BC Management Agreement. The current term of the BC Management Agreement expires on December 31, 2022. The BC Management Agreement provides that CPRES will pay CAM an annual management fee equal to $0.34 million, payable in equal monthly installments during the term commencing on July 1, 2019, and will reimburse CAM for certain expenses.
The Hartford
In December 2019, the Company made an investment related to the purchase of the Hartford, a stabilized commercial office building located at 3101 Wilson Boulevard in the Clarendon area of Arlington County, Virginia. In conjunction with the investment, the Company entered into an operating agreement with CP to form Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC, to purchase the Hartford. Pursuant to the Operating Agreement, the Company held a minority membership interest of the Hartford and the remaining membership interests of the Hartford are held by CP.
In February 2020, the Company, CP and DWF VI 3101 Wilson Member, LLC (“DWF”), an unaffiliated, third party, equity investor in the Hartford, entered into a limited liability company agreement (the “DWC Operating Agreement”) to form DWC 3101 Wilson Venture, LLC (“DWC”) to, among other things, acquire, own and hold all interests in the Hartford. In furtherance thereof, on February 7, 2020, the Original Operating Agreement was amended and restated (the “A&R Operating Agreement”) to memorialize the Company’s and CP’s assignment of 100% of its membership interests in the Hartford to DWC. As a result thereof, DWC is the sole member of the Hartford Owner. The Company and CP, respectively, hold minority membership interests in, and DWF holds the majority membership interest in, DWC. (See Note 5 for additional information)
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BLVD Forty Four/BLVD Ansel
In October 2021 and March 2022, the Company entered into joint ventures with CP to acquire BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel, respectively, two adjacent mixed-use luxury high-rise apartment buildings located near the Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md. The Company considers BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel to be variable interest entities upon which it exercises significant influence; however, considering key factors such as the Company’s ownership interest and participation in policy-making decisions by majority equity holders, the Company concluded that it does not have a controlling financial interest in either property. (See Note 5 for additional information)
Corporate Leases
On November 1, 2020, the Company relocated its corporate headquarters to a new office space pursuant to a ten-year lease agreement with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlords. (See Note 6 for additional information)
On January 1, 2022, ParkX Management, LC, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a five-year lease agreement for its parking operations monitoring center with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlords. (See Note 6 for additional information)
Series C Preferred Stock Redemption
On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into the SEPA with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock. (See Note 10 for additional information)
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this document. Unless otherwise indicated, references to “2022” refer to the three or nine months ended September 30, 2022 and references to “2021” refer to the three or nine months ended September 30, 2021. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
Overview
We are a leading developer, investor, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. As a vertically integrated and multi-faceted asset management and real estate services company, we have designed, developed, constructed, acquired, and managed thousands of residential units and millions of square feet of commercial and mixed-use properties in since 1985.
We provide a broad range of asset management and real estate services, including services related to the acquisition, development, and operation of real estate assets. Our customers and partners are composed primarily of private and institutional owners, investors in commercial, residential, and mixed-use real estate, and various governmental bodies seeking to leverage the potential of public-private partnerships.
Our revenue is primarily generated by fees from the asset management and real estate services that we provide. In addition, we invest capital both on our own account and on behalf of clients and institutional investors seeking above average risk-adjusted returns. These strategic real estate investments tend to focus on office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties in which we generally retain an economic interest while also providing property management and other real estate services.
Our managed portfolio is currently composed of 40 operating assets, including 15 commercial assets totaling approximately 2.2 million square feet, 6 multifamily assets totaling 1,636 units, and 19 commercial garages with over 13,000 parking spaces. Included in our managed portfolio are Reston Station and Loudoun Station, two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The following tables provide a high-level summary of our managed portfolio:

Anchor Portfolio
Reston Station | Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line (Phase I); strategically located between Tyson's Corner, Va. and Dulles International Airport
Loudoun Station | Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line (Phase II); first Metro-connected development in Loudoun County, Va.
Herndon Station | Mixed-use development in the historic downtown portion of Herndon, Va.; focus of public-private partnership with Town of Herndon
Investments/Assets Under Management
The Hartford Building | Joint venture; 211,000 square foot mixed-use building on Metro's Orange Line in Arlington, Va.
BLVD Forty Four | Joint venture; 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Ansel
BLVD Ansel | Joint venture; 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Forty Four
International Gateway | Various real-estate services provided for two privately-owned mixed-use buildings located in Tyson's Corner, Va.
Investors X | Investment in company that owns residual homebuilding operations

Additionally, we manage the following assets under construction: (i) one commercial asset totaling approximately 330,000 square feet, (ii) one multifamily asset with approximately 415 units and (iii) one hotel/condominium asset with approximately 240 keys and 95 condos. Our development pipeline consists of 13 assets consisting of approximately 1.5 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 2,600 multifamily units and one hotel asset that will include 140 keys.
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Substantially all the properties included in our managed portfolio are covered by long-term, full-service asset management agreements encompassing all aspects of design, development, construction, and operations management relating to the subject properties. The services we provide pursuant to the asset management agreements covering our managed portfolio vary by property and client.
Anchoring our asset management services platform is a long-term full service asset management agreement with an affiliated company owned by our Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente (the “2022 AMA”). The 2022 AMA encompasses the majority of the properties we currently manage, including Reston Station and Loudoun Station, two of the flagship properties that comprise our Anchor Portfolio. (See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information)
CES Divestiture
On March 31, 2022, we completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a subsidiary of Comstock, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack") in accordance with the Asset Purchase Agreement for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million of cash held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments. We executed this divestiture to enhance its focus pursue continued future growth initiatives for its core asset management business.
We have reflected CES as a discontinued operation in its consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures relate to our continuing operations. (See Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information)
Series C Preferred Stock Redemption
On June 13, 2022, we entered into a Share Exchange and Purchase Agreement ("SEPA") with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Mr. Clemente, to redeem all outstanding Series C preferred stock for (i) 1,000,000 shares of the our Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share and (ii) $4.0 million in cash. The Series A common stock was valued at the consolidated closing bid price of Comstock shares on Nasdaq on the business day immediately preceding the entry into the SEPA. The $8.3 million fair value of the consideration paid upon redemption was less than the $10.3 million carrying value of the Series C preferred stock at the time of the transaction. This $2.0 million discount compared to the carrying value was added to net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 to arrive at income available to common stockholders and calculate net income (loss) per share. (See Note 10 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information)
COVID-19 Update
We continue to monitor the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the effects of recent notable variants of the virus. While we have not experienced a significant impact on our business resulting from COVID-19 to date, future developments may have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. The health and safety of our employees, customers, and the communities in which we operate remains our top priority. Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the commercial real estate market in the greater Washington, D.C. area remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand any future potential negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Outlook
Our management team is committed to executing our goal to provide exceptional experiences to those we do business with while maximizing shareholder value. We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and feel that we will maintain the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and asset management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. area, where we believe our 35-plus years of experience provides us with the best opportunity to continue developing, managing, and investing in high-quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth consolidated statement of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  |  | $ | 30,011 |  |  | $ | 23,328 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 8,346 |  |  | 6,695 |  |  |  | 22,112 |  |  | 18,275 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 537 |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 1,393 |  |  | 916 |
Depreciation and amortization | 55 |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  | 65 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 8,938 |  |  | 7,027 |  |  |  | 23,654 |  |  | 19,256 |
Income (loss) from operations | 3,875 |  |  | 3,137 |  |  |  | 6,357 |  |  | 4,072 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (94) |  |  | (60) |  |  |  | (222) |  |  | (176) |
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (31) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 238 |  |  | (93) |
Other income | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax | 3,751 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  |  | 6,375 |  |  | 3,807 |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | 62 |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | (42) |  |  | (11,289) |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 3,689 |  |  | 3,057 |  |  |  | 6,417 |  |  | 15,096 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | (99) |  |  | (137) |  |  |  | (376) |  |  | (724) |
Net income (loss) | 3,590 |  |  | 2,920 |  |  |  | 6,041 |  |  | 14,372 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,046 |  | — |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders | $ | 3,590 |  |  | $ | 2,920 |  |  |  | $ | 8,087 |  |  | $ | 14,372 |

Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021
Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Asset management | $ | 9,391 |  |  | 73.3 | % |  | $ | 8,031 |  |  | 79.0 | % |  | $ | 1,360 |  |  | 16.9 | %
Property management | 2,508 |  |  | 19.6 | % |  | 1,691 |  |  | 16.6 | % |  | 817 |  |  | 48.3 | %
Parking management | 914 |  |  | 7.1 | % |  | 442 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 472 |  |  | 106.8 | %
Total revenue | $ | 12,813 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 10,164 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,649 |  |  | 26.1 | %

Revenue increased 26.1% in 2022. The $2.6 million comparative increase was primarily driven by a $3.9 million increase in incentive fees, which were earned pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA. Also contributing to the increase was the growth and improved performance of our managed portfolio, which included 10 additional properties in 2022 and produced $0.7 million of additional asset management fees and a $0.8 million increase in reimbursable staffing charges. Partially offsetting the increases was a $3.1 million decrease in loan origination fees, primarily related to the 2021 refinancing of the Reston Station office portfolio.
Operating costs and expenses
The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue | $ | 8,346 |  |  | $ | 6,695 |  |  | $ | 1,651 |  |  | 24.7 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 537 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 228 |  |  | 73.8 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 55 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 139.1 | %
Total operating costs and expenses | $ | 8,938 |  |  | $ | 7,027 |  |  | $ | 1,911 |  |  | 27.2 | %

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Operating costs and expenses increased 27.2% in 2022. The $1.9 million comparative increase was primarily due to a $2.4 million increase in personnel expenses stemming from increased headcount and employee compensation increases (including bonus expense), partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in co-broker expenses stemming from the 2021 refinancing of the Reston Station office portfolio.
Other income (expense)
The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Interest expense | $ | (94) |  |  | $ | (60) |  |  | $ | (34) |  |  | 56.7 | %
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (31) |  |  | 1 |  |  | (32) |  |  | N/M
Other income | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (3) |  |  | N/M
Total other income (expense) | $ | (124) |  |  | $ | (55) |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | 125.5 | %

Other income (expense) changed by $(0.1) million in 2022, primarily driven by increased interest expense due to higher interest rates as well as a net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures for the current period.
Income tax
Provision for income tax was $0.1 million in 2022, compared to an immaterial tax provision in 2021, remaining relatively flat period over period.
Comparison of the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021
Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Asset management | $ | 20,926 |  |  | 69.7 | % |  | $ | 17,181 |  |  | 73.6 | % |  | $ | 3,745 |  |  | 21.8 | %
Property management | 6,831 |  |  | 22.8 | % |  | 5,033 |  |  | 21.6 | % |  | 1,798 |  |  | 35.7 | %
Parking management | 2,254 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | 1,114 |  |  | 4.8 | % |  | 1,140 |  |  | 102.3 | %
Total revenue | $ | 30,011 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 23,328 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 6,683 |  |  | 28.6 | %

Revenue increased 28.6% in 2022. The $6.7 million comparative increase was primarily driven by a $4.0 million increase in incentive fees, which were earned pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA. Also contributing to the increase was the growth and improved performance of our managed portfolio, which included 10 additional properties in 2022 and produced $1.9 million of additional asset management fees and a $2.0 million increase in reimbursable staffing charges. In addition, in 2022 there was a $1.2 million increase in recorded leasing fees and a $3.1 million decrease in loan origination fees, primarily related to the 2021 refinancing of the Reston Station office portfolio.
Operating costs and expenses
The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue | $ | 22,112 |  |  | $ | 18,275 |  |  | $ | 3,837 |  |  | 21.0 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 1,393 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 477 |  |  | 52.1 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 149 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 129.2 | %
Total operating costs and expenses | $ | 23,654 |  |  | $ | 19,256 |  |  | $ | 4,398 |  |  | 22.8 | %

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Operating costs and expenses increased 22.8% in 2022. The $4.4 million comparative increase was primarily due to a $4.8 million increase in personnel expenses stemming from increased headcount and employee compensation increases (including bonus expense), partially offset by a $1.0 million decrease in co-broker expenses stemming from the 2021 Reston Station refinancing transaction.
Other income (expense)
The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Change
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ |  | %
Interest expense | $ | (222) |  |  | $ | (176) |  |  | $ | (46) |  |  | 26.1 | %
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | 238 |  |  | (93) |  |  | 331 |  |  | (355.9) | %
Other income | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (2) |  |  | N/M
Total other income (expense) | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | (265) |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | (106.8) | %

Other income (expense) changed by $0.3 million in 2022, primarily driven by higher mark-to-market valuations of the fixed-rate debt associated our equity method investments in the current period, as well as gains on the performance of our title insurance joint venture with Superior Title Services, Inc., driven by higher volume as compared to the prior period. Partially offsetting the other income increases was increased interest expense, primarily due to higher interest rates.
Income taxes
Benefit from income tax was immaterial in 2022, compared to a tax benefit of $11.3 million in 2021. The large year-over-year change was primarily driven by a significant $11.3 million release of deferred tax asset valuation allowances in 2021. All recognized tax benefits stemming from valuation allowance releases are supported by our recent trend of positive net income from continuing operations and our current expectation that our operations will continue to generate future taxable income.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we prepare certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), specifically Adjusted EBITDA.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding the impact of interest expense (net of interest income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and gain (loss) on equity method investments.
We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate financial performance, analyze the underlying trends in our business and establish operational goals and forecasts that are used when allocating resources. We expect to compute Adjusted EBITDA consistently using the same methods each period.
We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure because it permits investors to better understand changes over comparative periods by providing financial results that are unaffected by certain non-cash items that are not considered by management to be indicative of our operational performance.
While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors when evaluating our business, it is not prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should be considered supplemental in nature. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute, for other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations, the most directly comparable financial measure as measured in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 3,689 |  |  | $ | 3,057 |  |  | $ | 6,417 |  |  | $ | 15,096 |
Interest expense | 94 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 176 |
Income taxes | 62 |  |  | 25 |  |  | (42) |  |  | (11,289) |
Depreciation and amortization | 55 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 149 |  |  | 65 |
Stock-based compensation | 212 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 454 |
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures | 31 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (238) |  |  | 93 |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 4,143 |  |  | $ | 3,317 |  |  | $ | 7,137 |  |  | $ | 4,595 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is defined as the current amount of readily available cash and the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet the current needs for cash. We assess our liquidity in terms of our cash and cash equivalents on hand and the ability to generate cash to fund our operating activities.
Our principal sources of liquidity as of September 30, 2022 were our cash and cash equivalents of $5.4 million and our $10.0 million of available borrowings on our credit facility.
Significant factors which could affect future liquidity include the adequacy of available lines of credit, cash flows generated from operating activities, working capital management and investments.
Our primary capital needs are for working capital obligations and other general corporate purposes, including investments and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of working capital are cash from operations and distributions from investments in real estate ventures. We have historically financed our operations with internally generated funds and borrowings from our credit facilities. On September 30, 2022, we paid down the $5.5 million outstanding balance of our credit facility in full, primarily to avoid the rising interest costs that would accompany recent interest rate increases. (See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information)
We believe we currently have adequate liquidity and availability of capital to fund our present operations and meet our commitments on our existing debt.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Continuing operations |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 1,868 |  |  | $ | 3,123 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (1,919) |  |  | (646)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (10,068) |  |  | (215) |
Total net increase (decrease) in cash - continuing operations | (10,119) |  |  | 2,262
Discontinued operations, net | (347) |  |  | (240) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (10,466) |  |  | $ | 2,022 |

Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $1.3 million in 2022, primarily driven by a $3.7 million incremental cash outflow stemming from changes to our net working capital, partially offset by a $2.4 million increase in net income from continuing operations after adjustments for non-cash items. The net working capital impact included increases in accounts receivable and accrued personnel costs.
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Investing Activities
Net cash used investing activities increased $1.3 million in 2022, primarily driven by a $2.7 million decrease in distributions from real estate investments and a $0.5 million increase in fixed and intangible asset purchases, partially offset by $1.0 million in proceeds received from the CES divestiture and a $0.8 million decrease in investments in real estate ventures.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities increased $9.9 million in 2022, primarily driven by a $4.0 million cash payment made in connection with the early redemption of our Series C preferred stock and a $5.5 million payment made to satisfy the outstanding balance of our credit facility.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
A summary of our critical accounting policies and estimates are disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. During the three-month period ended September 30, 2022, we identified and adopted a new critical accounting policy that is described below.
Revenue Recognition - Incentive Fees
Pursuant to the 2022 AMA, incentive compensation fees revenue ("Incentive Fees") may be earned on certain managed real estate assets if defined triggering events are achieved. Triggering events are differentiated between operating assets (i.e. those already in service) and assets under development. Operating asset triggering events are scheduled for specific dates, whereas triggering events for assets under development are tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates.
Incentive Fees are calculated as a percentage of the imputed profit that would be realized upon the hypothetical sale or recapitalization of the asset (or assets) for which triggering event criteria were met. The calculation of imputed profit is based on a fair market value assessment that includes highly variable financial inputs and must also consider macro-economic and environmental factors that may affect fair market value. Due to the subjective and potentially volatile nature of this variable consideration, we only recognize revenue on Incentive Fees for each managed asset when 1) any material uncertainties associated with the calculation of Incentive Fees are substantially resolved and 2) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of related cumulative Incentive Fee revenue recognized will not occur. As a result, Incentive Fees are typically recognized at or near each asset's respective triggering event (as detailed in the 2022 AMA) when imputed profit can be reasonably calculated and relied upon to not materially change.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $3.9 million of Incentive Fees, stemming from an operating asset triggering event scheduled to occur on October 1, 2022. This operating asset triggering event is the first in series of annual operating asset triggering events that are scheduled each October 1 through 2024. All Incentive Fees recognized in the current period are related to services performed in prior periods for which revenue recognition criteria were previously constrained.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not Applicable.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of September 30, 2022, management, including the CEO and CFO, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)).
Based on that evaluation, management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that as of September 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting that is designed to
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provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no material changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met, therefore internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Information regarding legal proceedings is incorporated by reference from Note 8 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Description |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |  | 10-Q |  | 3.1 |  | November 16, 2015
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  | 10-K |  | 3.2 |  | March 31, 2005
3.3 |  | Certificate of Elimination of the Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 26, 2015 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | March 27, 2015
3.4 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 26, 2015 |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | March 27, 2015
3.5 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series B Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on December 29, 2015 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | January 4, 2016
3.6 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on March 22, 2017 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | March 28, 2017
3.7 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 15, 2019 |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | February 19, 2019
3.8 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | February 19, 2019
4.1 |  | Specimen Stock Certificate |  | S-1 |  | 4.1 |  | August 13, 2004
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1‡ |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |
* Filed herewith |  |  |  |  |  |
‡ Furnished herewith |  |  |  |  |  |

Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following interactive data files formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) are attached as Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

(i) | the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021;
(ii) | the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021;
(iii) | the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021;
(iv) | the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021; and
(v) | the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Date: November 10, 2022 | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER CLEMENTE
|  | Christopher Clemente Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: November 10, 2022 | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER GUTHRIE
|  | Christopher Guthrie Chief Financial Officer

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