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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
__________________________________________________________________________

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 1-32375
__________________________________________________________________________
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________________________________________________

Delaware | 20-1164345
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor
Reston, Virginia 20190
(703) 230-1985
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of principal executive offices)
__________________________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | CHCI |  | NASDAQ Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of July 31, 2023, 9,425,497 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 220,250 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Form 10-Q
For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 1
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).................................................................................... | 1
| Consolidated Balance Sheets ............................................................................................................................. | 1
| Consolidated Statements of Operations.............................................................................................................. | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity........................................................................... | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows............................................................................................................. | 4
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.................................................................................... | 5
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition............................................................................. | 16
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ............................................................................... | 22
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures ......................................................................................................................................... | 22
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION | 23
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings.................................................................................................................................................... | 23
Item 6. | Exhibits.................................................................................................................................................................... | 24
SIGNATURES.......................................................................................................................................................................... | 25

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

| June 30, |  | December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9,031 |  |  | $ | 11,722 |
Accounts receivable, net | 499 |  |  | 504 |
Accounts receivable - related parties | 4,984 |  |  | 3,291 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 532 |  |  | 264 |
Total current assets | 15,046 |  |  | 15,781 |
Fixed assets, net | 471 |  |  | 421 |
Intangible assets | 144 |  |  | 144 |
Leasehold improvements, net | 104 |  |  | 119 |
Investments in real estate ventures | 6,234 |  |  | 7,013 |
Operating lease assets | 7,212 |  |  | 7,625 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 11,052 |  |  | 11,355 |
Other assets | 43 |  |  | 15 |
Total assets | $ | 40,306 |  |  | $ | 42,473 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accrued personnel costs | $ | 1,739 |  |  | $ | 4,959 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 840 |  |  | 742 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 822 |  |  | 791 |
Total current liabilities | 3,401 |  |  | 6,492 |
Operating lease liabilities | 6,707 |  |  | 7,127 |
Total liabilities | 10,108 |  |  | 13,619 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |
Class A common stock; $0.01 par value; 59,780 shares authorized; 9,511 issued and 9,425 outstanding as of June 30, 2023; 9,337 issued and 9,252 outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 94 |  |  | 93 |
Class B common stock; $0.01 par value; 220 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Additional paid-in capital | 201,649 |  |  | 201,535 |
Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock) | (2,662) |  |  | (2,662) |
Accumulated deficit | (168,885) |  |  | (170,114) |
Total stockholders' equity | 30,198 |  |  | 28,854 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 40,306 |  |  | $ | 42,473 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited; in thousands, except per share data)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | $ | 19,242 |  |  | $ | 17,198 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 7,681 |  |  | 6,831 |  |  | 16,004 |  |  | 13,766 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 572 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 856 |
Depreciation and amortization | 71 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 94 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 8,324 |  |  | 7,350 |  |  | 17,278 |  |  | 14,716 |
Income (loss) from operations | 643 |  |  | 1,117 |  |  | 1,964 |  |  | 2,482 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | (69) |  |  | — |  |  | (128) |
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (68) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (479) |  |  | 269 |
Other income (expense), net | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 1 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax | 622 |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | 2,624 |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | 147 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (104) |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 475 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 2,728 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (277) |
Net income (loss) | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 704 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,046 |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 4,497 |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 9,632 |  | 8,599 |  | 9,608 |  | 8,470 |
Diluted | 10,052 |  | 9,157 |  | 10,060 |  | 9,033 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Continuing operations | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Basic - Discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.03) |
Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |
Diluted - Continuing operations | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |
Diluted - Discontinued operations | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.03) |
Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Series C |  | Class A |  | Class B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Common Stock |  |  |  | Treasury |  | Accumulated |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | APIC |  | stock |  | deficit |  | Total
Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,337 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,535 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (170,114) |  |  | $ | 28,854 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 141 |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | (294) |  | — |  | — |  | (293)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 238 |  | — |  | — |  | 238
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 754 |  | 754
Balance as of March 31, 2023 | — |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,478 |  | $ | 94 |  |  | 220 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,479 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (169,360) |  |  | $ | 29,553 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  | — |  | 33 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (96) |  | — |  | — |  | (96)
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 266 |  | — |  | — |  | 266
Net income (loss) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 475 |  | 475
Balance as of June 30, 2023 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,511 |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,649 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (168,885) |  |  | $ | 30,198 |
Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,102 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,617 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (179,507) |  |  | $ | 25,296 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (298) |  | — |  | — |  | (297)
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 142 |  | — |  | — |  | 142
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,747 |  | 1,747
Balance as of March 31, 2022 | 3,441 |  |  | $ | 6,765 |  |  | 8,232 |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  | 220 |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 200,461 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (177,760) |  |  | $ | 26,888 |
Issuance of common stock, net of shares withheld for taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (191) |  | — |  | — |  | (190)
Redemption of Series C preferred stock | (3,441) |  |  | (6,765) |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 709 |  | — |  | 2,046 |  | (4,000)
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 220 |  | — |  | — |  | 220
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | 704 |  | 704
Balance as of June 30, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 9,298 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | 220 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 201,199 |  |  | $ | (2,662) |  |  | $ | (175,010) |  |  | $ | 23,622 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,728 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) from continuing operations to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 138 |  | 94
Stock-based compensation | 504 |  |  | 417
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures | 479 |  |  | (269)
Distributions from real estate ventures | 27 |  |  | —
Deferred income taxes | 303 |  |  | (104)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (1,688) |  |  | (1,896)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (268) |  |  | (295)
Accrued personnel costs | (3,220) |  |  | (1,262)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 98 |  |  | (133)
Other assets and liabilities | 25 |  |  | 130
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | (2,373) |  | (590)
Investing Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Investments in real estate ventures | (89) |  |  | (2,684)
Proceeds from sale of CES | — |  |  | 1,016
Distributions from real estate ventures | 334 |  |  | 88
Purchase of fixed assets/leasehold improvements/intangibles | (173) |  |  | (487)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 72 |  |  | (2,067) |
Financing Activities - Continuing Operations |  |  |
Redemption of Series C Preferred Stock | — |  |  | (4,000)
Payment of taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards | (390) |  |  | (488)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (390) |  |  | (4,488)
Discontinued Operations |  |  |
Operating cash flows, net | — |  |  | (224)
Investing cash flows, net | — |  |  | —
Financing cash flows, net | — |  |  | (27)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations | — |  |  | (251)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (2,691) |  |  | (7,396)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 11,722 |  |  | 15,823 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 9,031 |  |  | $ | 8,427 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128 |
Cash paid for income tax, net | 9 |  |  | 80 |
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities |  |  |
Right of use assets and lease liabilities at commencement | — |  |  | 209 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited; in thousands except per share data or otherwise indicated)
1. Company Overview
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. ("Comstock" or the "Company"), founded in 1985 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2004, is a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack") for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration. (See Note 3 for additional information).
On June 13, 2022, the Company completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage its balance sheet and enhance its long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, the Company executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers its Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). (See Notes 10 and 14 for additional information).
The Company operates through four primarily real estate-focused subsidiaries – CHCI Asset Management, LC (“CAM”); CHCI Residential Management, LC; CHCI Commercial Management, LC; and Park X Management, LC.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As permitted, certain information and footnote disclosures have been condensed or omitted. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated and certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
In management’s opinion, the consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results. The results of operations presented in these interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year.
These interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s fiscal year 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “2022 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC on March 29, 2023. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements contained in the 2022 Annual Report.
The Company has reflected CES as a discontinued operation in its consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company's continuing operations. (See Note 3 for additional information).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates, include, but are not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Assumptions made in the development of these estimates contemplate the macroeconomic landscape and the Company's anticipated results, however actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit
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losses, emphasizing an updated model based on current expected credit losses ("CECL") rather than incurred losses. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2023 and determined that adoption of the standard had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted
None.
3. Discontinued Operations
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of CES to August Mack in accordance with the Asset Purchase Agreement for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million of cash held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments. The Company executed this divestiture to enhance its focus and pursue continued growth initiatives for its core asset management business.
The following table reconciles major line items constituting pretax income (loss) from discontinued operations to net income (loss) from discontinued operations as presented in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,460 |
Cost of revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,560) |
Selling, general, and administrative | — |  |  | (22) |  |  | — |  |  | (349) |
Other income (expense) | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | 149 |
Pre-tax income (loss) from discontinued operations | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | — |  |  | (300) |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | — |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (277) |

The Company recognized a net loss of $0.2 million on the divestiture of CES, calculated by comparing the final adjusted purchase price to the carrying value of the net assets sold in the transaction as of March 31, 2022. These amounts reflect the finalized transaction costs and net working capital adjustments.
4. Intangible Assets
On May 6, 2022, the Company purchased the rights to the www.comstock.com domain name for $0.1 million. The Company has recorded the domain name purchase as an indefinite-lived intangible asset on its consolidated balance sheets that will be tested annually for impairment.
5. Investments in Real Estate Ventures
The Company's unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The following table summarizes these investments (in thousands):

|  | June 30, |  | December 31,
Description |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Investors X |  | $ | 987 |  |  | $ | 1,369 |
The Hartford |  | 847 |  |  | 953 |
BLVD Forty Four |  | 1,998 |  |  | 2,135 |
BLVD Ansel |  | 2,402 |  |  | 2,556 |
Total |  | $ | 6,234 |  |  | $ | 7,013 |

Investors X
In April 2019, the Company entered into a master transfer agreement with CPRES which entitled the Company to priority distribution of residual cash flow from its Class B membership interest in Comstock Investors X, L.C. ("Investors X"), an unconsolidated variable interest entity that owns the Company's residual homebuilding operations. As of June 30, 2023, the
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residual cash flow primarily relates to anticipated proceeds from the sale of rezoned residential lots. The cash will be released as land development work associated with these projects is completed and lots are sold. (See Note 14 for additional information).
The Hartford
In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a Class-A office building adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) GOLD building is being leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87.0 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in the Hartford was 2.5%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
BLVD Forty Four
In October 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a stabilized 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building in Rockville, Maryland that was built in 2015, which we rebranded as BLVD Forty Four. Located one block from the Rockville Station on Metro's Red Line and in the heart of the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor, the 263-unit mixed use property includes approximately 16,000 square feet of retail and a commercial parking garage. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company also provides asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Forty Four was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
BLVD Ansel
In March 2022, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Ansel, a newly completed 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building with 250 units located adjacent to the Rockville Metro Station and BLVD Forty Four in Rockville, Maryland. BLVD Ansel features approximately 20,000 square feet of retail space, 611 parking spaces, and expansive amenities including multiple private workspaces designed to meet the needs of remote-working residents. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company will also provide asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of June 30, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Ansel was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
The following table below summarizes the activity of the Company’s unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures that are reported at fair value (in thousands):

Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 7,013 |
Investments | 89 |
Distributions | (361) |
Change in fair value | (507) |
Balance as of June 30, 2023 | $ | 6,234 |

Other Investments
In addition, the Company has a joint venture with Superior Title Services, Inc. ("STS") to provide title insurance to its clients. The Company records this co-investment using the equity method of accounting and adjusts the carrying value of the investment for its proportionate share of net income and distributions. The carrying value of the STS investment is recorded in "other assets" on the Company's consolidated statement of balance sheets. The Company's proportionate share of STS net income and distributions are recorded in gain (loss) on real estate ventures in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were immaterial. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company's proportionate gains from STS earnings were $0.1 million and immaterial, respectively.
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6. Leases
The Company has operating leases for office space leased in various buildings for its own use. The Company's leases typically have terms ranging from 5 to 10 years. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease costs related to the Company's operating leases are primarily reflected in "cost of revenue" in the consolidated statements of operations, as they are a reimbursable cost under the Company's respective asset management agreements. (See Note 14 for additional information).
The following table summarizes operating lease costs, by type (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease costs |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed lease costs | $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  | $ | 593 |  |  | $ | 508 |
Variable lease costs | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 176 |
Total operating lease costs | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 352 |  |  | $ | 832 |  |  | $ | 684 |

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash paid for lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 411 |  |  | $ | 342 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 653 |

As of June 30, 2023, the Company's operating leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 7.3 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.25%.
The following table summarizes future lease payments (in thousands):

Year Ending December 31, | Operating Leases
2023 (6 months) | $ | 573 |
2024 | 1,167 |
2025 | 1,194 |
2026 | 1,222 |
2027 | 1,204 |
Thereafter | 3,568 |
Total future lease payments | 8,928 |
Imputed interest | (1,399) |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 7,529 |

The Company does not have any leases which have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2023.
7. Debt
Credit Facility - Due to Affiliates
On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a five-year Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Credit Facility”). Upon entering the agreement, the Company made an initial $5.5 million draw. Under the terms, the Credit Facility provides for an initial variable interest rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears.
On September 30, 2022, the Company paid down its $5.5 million outstanding principal balance on the Credit Facility in full. As of June 30, 2023, the full balance of the Credit Facility remained available for use up through the March 19, 2025 expiration date, and the Company had no outstanding debt or financing arrangements for which future payments are due.
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8. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company maintains certain non-cancelable operating leases that contain various renewal options. (See Note 6 for additional information)
The Company is subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business; however, the Company does not expect the results, if any, to have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company records a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated; however, the Company is not aware of any reasonably possible losses that would have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company expenses legal defense costs as they are incurred.
9. Fair Value Disclosures
As of June 30, 2023, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, and accounts payable approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.
As of June 30, 2023, the Company had certain equity method investments in real estate ventures that it elected to record at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). (See Note 5 for additional information).
The Company may also value its non-financial assets and liabilities, including items such as long-lived assets, at fair value on a non-recurring basis if it is determined that impairment has occurred. Such fair value measurements typically use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), unless a quoted market price (Level 1) or quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or amounts derived from valuation models (Level 2) are available.
10. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by the Company's board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to fifteen votes per share. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had not declared any dividends.
Preferred Stock
The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Series C non-convertible preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. Series C Preferred Stock has a discretionary, non-cumulative, dividend feature and is redeemable by holders in the event of liquidation or change in control of the Company.
On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Share Exchange and Purchase Agreement ("SEPA") with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock for (i) 1.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, valued at the consolidated closing bid price of the Class A shares on Nasdaq on the business day immediately preceding the entry into the SEPA, and (ii) $4.0 million in cash. The SEPA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company. Upon completion of the transaction, all of the shares of Series C preferred stock were immediately cancelled and fully retired.
At the time of the transaction, the total carrying value of the Series C preferred stock (including the related additional paid-in capital) was $10.3 million. The share exchange was accounted for as a redemption; therefore, the $2.0 million difference between the carrying value and the $8.3 million fair value of the consideration paid upon redemption was added to net income to arrive at income attributable to common stockholders and calculate net income (loss) per share for the Company's third and fourth quarters of fiscal year 2022.
Stock-based Compensation
On February 12, 2019, the Company approved the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which replaced the 2004 Long-Term Compensation Plan (the “2004 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents, performance awards, and stock or other stock-based awards. The 2019 Plan mandates that all lapsed, forfeited, expired, terminated, cancelled and withheld shares, including those
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from the predecessor plan, be returned to the 2019 Plan and made available for issuance. The 2019 Plan originally authorized 2.5 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock for issuance. As of June 30, 2023, there were 1.4 million shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Stock-based compensation costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. As of June 30, 2023, there was $1.3 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.0 years.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted to employees are subject to continued employment and generally vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates. The Company also grants certain RSU awards to management that contain additional vesting conditions tied directly to a defined performance metric for the Company (“PSUs”). The actual number of PSUs that will vest can range from 60% to 120% of the original grant target amount, depending upon actual Company performance below or above the established performance metric targets. The Company estimates performance in relation to the defined targets when calculating the related stock-based compensation expense.
The following table summarizes all restricted stock unit activity (in thousands, except per share data):

| RSUs Outstanding |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 702 |  |  | $ | 2.95 |
Granted | 279 |  |  | 4.03 |
Released | (256) |  | 2.71 |
Canceled/Forfeited | (16) |  | 3.38 |
Balance as of June 30, 2023 | 709 |  |  | $ | 3.46 |
Vested and expected to vest after June 30, 2023 | 712 |  |  | 3.46 |

The total intrinsic value of RSUs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
Stock Options
Non-qualified stock options generally expire 10 years after the grant date and, except under certain conditions, the options are subject to continued employment and vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates.
The following table summarizes all stock option activity (in thousands, except per share data and time periods):

| Options Outstanding |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 131 |  |  | $ | 4.08 |  |  | 4.4 |  | $ | 172 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Canceled/Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (4) |  |  | 8.26 |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of June 30, 2023 | 127 |  |  | $ | 3.93 |  |  | 4.1 |  | $ | 166 |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023 | 127 |  |  | $ | 3.93 |  |  | 4.1 |  | $ | 166 |

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There were no stock option exercises during the six months ended June 30, 2023. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.4 million.
11. Revenue
All of the Company's revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was generated in the United States.
The following tables summarize the Company’s revenue by line of business, customer type, and contract type (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Revenue by Line of Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Asset management | $ | 5,367 |  |  | $ | 5,538 |  |  | $ | 11,896 |  |  | $ | 11,535 |
| Property management | 2,520 |  | 2,192 |  | 5,126 |  |  | 4,323 |
| Parking management | 1,080 |  | 737 |  | 2,220 |  |  | 1,340 |
| Total revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | $ | 19,242 |  |  | $ | 17,198 |
| Revenue by Customer Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Related party | $ | 8,730 |  |  | $ | 8,288 |  |  | $ | 18,694 |  |  | $ | 16,928 |
| Commercial | 237 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 548 |  |  | 270 |
| Total revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | $ | 19,242 |  |  | $ | 17,198 |
| Revenue by Contract Type 1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fixed-price | $ | 1,019 |  |  | $ | 1,652 |  |  | $ | 2,764 |  |  | $ | 3,539 |
| Cost-plus | 5,081 |  |  | 4,586 |  |  | 10,595 |  |  | 9,356 |
| Variable | 2,867 |  |  | 2,229 |  |  | 5,883 |  |  | 4,303 |
| Total revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | $ | 19,242 |  |  | $ | 17,198 |
1 | Certain contracts contain multiple revenue streams with characteristics that lend to classification in more than one category

12. Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Historically, the Company had recorded valuation allowances for certain tax attributes and deferred tax assets due the existence of sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of those deferred tax assets through future taxable income. Based on its recent financial performance and current forecasts of future operating results, the Company conducts a quarterly analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to its net operating loss carryforwards will be utilized in future periods.
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13. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share data):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,728 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,046 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to common stockholders - Basic and Diluted | 475 |  |  | 2,760 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 4,774 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (277) |
Net income (loss) attributable to common shareholders - Basic and Diluted | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 4,497 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic | 9,632 |  |  | 8,599 |  |  | 9,608 |  |  | 8,470 |
Effect of common share equivalents | 420 |  |  | 558 |  |  | 452 |  |  | 563 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted | 10,052 |  |  | 9,157 |  |  | 10,060 |  |  | 9,033 |
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic - Continuing operations | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Basic - Discontinued operations | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | (0.03) |
Basic net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |
Diluted - Continuing operations | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |
Diluted - Discontinued operations | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | (0.03) |
Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.30 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |

The following common share equivalents have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Stock options | 32 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 28 |
Warrants | 84 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 79 |

14. Related Party Transactions
Asset Management Agreements
On June 13, 2022, CHCI Asset Management, L.C. (“CAM”), an entity wholly owned by the Company, entered into a new master asset management agreement with CP (the “2022 AMA”) that superseded in its entirety the previous asset management agreement between CAM and CPRES dated April 30, 2019 (the “2019 AMA”). Entry into the 2022 AMA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company.
Consistent with the structure of the 2019 AMA, the 2022 AMA engages CAM to manage and administer CP’s commercial real estate portfolio (the "Anchor Portfolio") and the day to-day operations of CP and each property-owning subsidiary of CP (collectively, the “CP Entities”). CAM will provide investment advisory, development, and asset management services necessary to build out, stabilize and manage the Anchor Portfolio, which currently consists primarily of two of the larger transit-oriented, mixed-use developments located on Washington D.C. Metro’s Silver Line (Reston Station and Loudoun Station) that are owned by CP Entities and ultimately controlled by Mr. Clemente.
Pursuant to the fee structures set forth in both the 2022 AMA and 2019 AMA, CAM is entitled to receive an annual payment equal to the greater of the "Cost-Plus Fee" or the "Market Rate Fee". The Cost-Plus Fee is equal to the sum of (i) the comprehensive costs incurred by or for providing services to the Anchor Portfolio, (ii) the costs and expenses of the Company
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related to maintaining the listing of its shares on a securities exchange and complying with regulatory and reporting obligations of a public company, and (iii) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. The Market Rate Fee calculation is defined in the respective asset management agreements as the sum of the fees detailed in the following table:

Description | 2022 AMA | 2019 AMA
Asset Management Fee | 2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue | 2.5% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Entitlement Fee | 15% of total re-zoning costs | Encompassed in Development and Construction Fee
Development and Construction Fee | 5% of development costs (excluding previously charged Entitlement Fees) | 4% of development costs
Property Management Fee | 1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue | 1% of Anchor Portfolio revenue
Acquisition Fee | 1% on first $50 million of purchase price; 0.5% above $50 million | 0.5% of purchase price
Disposition Fee | 1% on first $50 million of sale price; 0.5% above $50 million | 0.5% of sale price

In addition to the annual payment of either the Market Rate Fee or the Cost-Plus Fee, CAM is also entitled on an annual basis to receive certain supplemental fees, as detailed for the respective asset management agreements in the following table:

| Description | 2022 AMA | 2019 AMA
| Incentive Fee | When receiving Market Rate Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, equal to 20% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event 1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Market Incentive Fee”) When receiving the Cost-Plus Fee: On a mark-to-market basis, an incentive fee equal to 10% of the imputed profit of certain real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio for which a Triggering Event 1 has occurred, after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CP invested capital (the “Base Incentive Fee”) | 10% of the free cash flow of each of the real estate assets comprising the Anchor Portfolio after calculating a compounding preferred return of 8% on CPRES invested capital
| Investment Origination Fee | 1% of raised capital | 1% of raised capital
| Leasing Fee | $1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/per sqft. for lease renewals | $1/per sqft. for new leases and $0.50/ per sqft. for lease renewals
| Loan Origination Fee | 1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee | 1% of any Financing Transaction or other commercially reasonable and mutually agreed upon fee
1 | Triggering events are differentiated between operating assets (i.e. those already in service) and assets under development. Operating asset triggering events are scheduled for specific dates, whereas triggering events for assets under development are tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates.

The 2022 AMA will terminate on January 1, 2035 (“Initial Term”), and will automatically renew for successive additional one year terms (each an “Extension Term”) unless CP delivers written notice of non-renewal of the 2022 AMA at least 180 days prior to the termination date of the Initial Term or any Extension Term. Twenty-four months after the effective date of the 2022 AMA, CP is entitled to terminate the 2022 AMA without cause upon 180 days advance written notice to CAM. In the event of such a termination and in addition to the payment of any accrued annual fees due and payable as of the termination date under the 2022 AMA, CP is required to pay a termination fee equal to two times the Cost-Plus Fee or Market Rate Fee paid to CAM for the calendar year immediately preceding the termination.
Residential, Commercial, and Parking Property Management Agreements
The Company entered into separate residential property management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the properties, including tenant communications, leasing of apartment
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units, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight.
The Company entered into separate commercial property and parking management agreements with several properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the office and retail portions of the properties, including tenant communications, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. These property management agreements each have initial terms of one year with successive, automatic one-year renewal terms. The Company generally receives base management fees under these agreements based upon a percentage of gross rental revenues for the portions of the buildings being managed in addition to reimbursement of specified expenses, including employment expenses of personnel employed by the Company in the management and operation of each property.
Construction Management Agreements
The Company has construction management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to provide certain construction management and supervision services, including construction supervision and management of the buildout of certain tenant premises. The Company receives a flat construction management fee for each engagement under a work authorization based upon the construction management or supervision fee set forth in the applicable tenant’s lease, which fee is generally 1% to 4% of the total costs (or total hard costs) of construction of the tenant’s improvements in its premises, or as otherwise agreed to by the parties.
Lease Procurement Agreements
The Company has lease procurement agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives certain finders fees in connection with the procurement of new leases for such properties where an external broker is not engaged on behalf of the CP Entities. Such leasing fees are supplemental to the fees generated from the Company's management agreements referenced above and are generally 1-2% of the future lease payments to be received by the CP Entity from the executed lease.
Business Management Agreements
On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement with Investors X, whereby CAM provides Investors X with asset and professional services related to the wind down of the Company’s divested homebuilding operations and the continuation of services related to the Company’s divested land development activities. The aggregate fee payable to CAM from Investors X under the Business Management Agreement, which ended on December 31, 2022, was $0.9 million payable in 15 quarterly installments of $0.1 million each.
On July 1, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement (the “BC Management Agreement”) with CPRES, whereby CAM provides CPRES with professional management and consultation services, including, without limitation, consultation on land development and real estate transactions, for a residential community located in Monteverde, Florida. The BC Management Agreement is structured in successive one year terms. The BC Management Agreement provides that CPRES will pay CAM an annual management fee equal to $0.4 million, payable in equal monthly installments and will reimburse CAM for certain expenses.
The Hartford
In December 2019, the Company made an investment related to the purchase of the Hartford, a stabilized commercial office building located at 3101 Wilson Boulevard in the Clarendon area of Arlington County, Virginia. In conjunction with the investment, the Company entered into an operating agreement with CP to form Comstock 3101 Wilson, LC, to purchase the Hartford. Pursuant to the Operating Agreement, the Company held a minority membership interest of the Hartford and the remaining membership interests of the Hartford are held by CP.
In February 2020, the Company, CP and DWF VI 3101 Wilson Member, LLC (“DWF”), an unaffiliated, third party, equity investor in the Hartford, entered into a limited liability company agreement (the “DWC Operating Agreement”) to form DWC 3101 Wilson Venture, LLC (“DWC”) to, among other things, acquire, own and hold all interests in the Hartford. In furtherance thereof, on February 7, 2020, the Original Operating Agreement was amended and restated (the “A&R Operating Agreement”) to memorialize the Company’s and CP’s assignment of 100% of its membership interests in the Hartford to DWC. As a result thereof, DWC is the sole member of the Hartford Owner. The Company and CP, respectively, hold minority membership interests in, and DWF holds the majority membership interest in, DWC. (See Note 5 for additional information).
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BLVD Forty Four/BLVD Ansel
In October 2021 and March 2022, the Company entered into joint ventures with CP to acquire BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel, respectively, two adjacent mixed-use luxury high-rise apartment buildings located near the Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md. The Company considers BLVD Forty Four and BLVD Ansel to be variable interest entities upon which it exercises significant influence; however, considering key factors such as the Company’s ownership interest and participation in policy-making decisions by majority equity holders, and oversight of management services by majority equity holders, the Company concluded that the power to direct activities that most significantly impact economic performance is shared. Given that the Company is not the entity most closely associated with the properties, it concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary and does not have a controlling financial interest in either property. (See Note 5 for additional information).
Corporate Leases
On November 1, 2020, the Company relocated its corporate headquarters to a new office space pursuant to a ten-year lease agreement with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlord. On November 1, 2022 the Company executed a 3,778 square foot lease expansion agreement with terms that align with the original agreement. (See Note 6 for additional information).
On January 1, 2022, ParkX Management, LC, a subsidiary of the Company, entered into a five-year lease agreement for its parking operations monitoring center with an affiliate controlled and owned by Christopher Clemente, its Chief Executive Officer, and his family as landlord. (See Note 6 for additional information).
Series C Preferred Stock Redemption
On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into the SEPA with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. (See Note 10 for additional information).
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto and Management’s Discussion and Analysis included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K and our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this document. Unless otherwise indicated, references to “2023” refer to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and references to “2022” refer to the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
Overview
Comstock is a leading real estate asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. region. Since 1985, we have acquired, developed, operated, and sold millions of square feet of residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties. We benefit from our market-leading position in Northern Virginia's Dulles Corridor, one of the nation’s fastest growing real estate markets that is undergoing an urban transformation thanks to the recently completed construction of a Metro commuter rail connecting Dulles International Airport and the surrounding areas to Washington, D.C. and beyond.
Our fee-based, asset-light, and substantially debt-free business model allows us to mitigate many of the risks that are typically associated with real estate development and ownership. We provide a broad suite of asset management, property management, development and construction management, and other real estate services to our asset-owning clients, composed primarily of institutional real estate investors, high net worth family offices, and governmental bodies with surplus real estate holdings. Our primary focus is the continued growth of our managed portfolio and associated fee-based revenue; however, the fundamental strength of our balance sheet permits us to also explore strategic investment opportunities, typically in the form of a minority capital co-investment in select stabilized assets that complement our existing portfolio.
Our asset management services platform is anchored by a long-term full-service asset management agreement with a Comstock affiliate (the "2022 AMA" - see below for additional details) that extends through 2035 and covers most of the properties we currently manage, including two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, D.C. area: Reston Station and Loudoun Station.
As a vertically integrated real estate services company, we self-perform all property management activity through three wholly owned operational subsidiaries: CHCI Commercial Management, LC (“CHCI Commercial”); CHCI Residential Management, LC (“CHCI Residential”); and ParkX Management, LC (“ParkX”). All properties included in our managed portfolio have entered into property management agreements with our operational subsidiaries that provide for market-rate fees related to our services, including 10 commercial parking garages owned by unaffiliated parties and managed by ParkX.
The following table summarizes the operating assets that are included in our managed portfolio:

Type |  | # of Assets |  | Size/Scale |  | % Leased
Commercial |  | 13 |  | 2.0 million sqft. |  | 91%
Residential |  | 6 |  | 1.8 million sqft. / ~1,700 units |  | 97%
Parking |  | 26 |  | ~15,000 spaces |  |
Total |  | 45 |  |  |  |

In addition, in our development pipeline we currently have 16 assets representing a total of 5.8 million square feet that includes 6 office buildings, approximately 3,100 residential units, 2 hotels with approximately 380 keys, and 2 parking garages with approximately 2,900 spaces. At full build out, our managed portfolio of assets is currently projected to total 63 assets representing nearly 10 million square feet.
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The following tables provide further details on the assets that comprise our managed portfolio:

Anchor Portfolio
Reston Station | Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line; strategically located between Tyson's Corner, Va. and Dulles International Airport
Loudoun Station | Mixed-use development on Metro's Silver Line; first Metro-connected development in Loudoun County, Va.
Herndon Station | Mixed-use development in the historic downtown portion of Herndon, Va.; focus of public-private partnership with Town of Herndon
Investments and Additional Assets Under Management
The Hartford Building | Joint venture; 211,000 square foot mixed-use building on Metro's Orange Line in Arlington, Va.
BLVD Forty Four | Joint venture; 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Ansel
BLVD Ansel | Joint venture; 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building near Rockville Metro Station in Montgomery County, Md.; adjacent to BLVD Forty Four
Investors X | Investment in company that owns residual homebuilding operations
Parking | Commercial parking garages located both at commercial and residential properties we manage and on a stand-alone basis

Recent Developments
CES Divestiture
On March 31, 2022, we completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack"). This strategic divestiture was based on the continued growth and future prospects of our asset management business. Accordingly, we have reflected CES as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements for all periods presented, and unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures relate solely to our continuing operations. (See Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Series C Preferred Stock Redemption and 2022 Asset Management Agreement
On June 13, 2022, we completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage our balance sheet and enhance our long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, we executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers our Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). The 2022 AMA increased the base fees we collect, expanded the services that qualify for additional supplemental fees, extended the term through 2035, and most notably introduced a mark-to-market incentive fee based on the imputed profit of Anchor Portfolio assets, generally as each is stabilized and as further specified in the agreement. (See Notes 10 and 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
COVID-19 Update
On May 11, 2023 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared an end to the public health emergency for COVID-19. While we never experienced any significant impacts on our business resulting from COVID-19, future regional or global health emergencies may have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the greater Washington, D.C. area real estate market remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand any future potential negative impacts.
Outlook
Our management team is committed to executing our goal to provide exceptional experiences to those we do business with while maximizing shareholder value. We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and feel that we will maintain the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and asset management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. area, where we believe our 35-plus years of experience provides us with the best opportunity to continue developing, managing, and investing in high-quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends.
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We aspire to be among the most admired real estate asset managers, operators, and developers by creating extraordinary places, providing exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders. Our commitment to this mission drives our ability to expand our managed portfolio of assets, grow revenue, and deliver value to our shareholders.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth consolidated statement of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | $ | 19,242 |  |  | $ | 17,198 |
Operating costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 7,681 |  |  | 6,831 |  |  | 16,004 |  |  | 13,766 |
Selling, general, and administrative | 572 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 856 |
Depreciation and amortization | 71 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 94 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 8,324 |  |  | 7,350 |  |  | 17,278 |  |  | 14,716 |
Income (loss) from operations | 643 |  |  | 1,117 |  |  | 1,964 |  |  | 2,482 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense | — |  |  | (69) |  |  | — |  |  | (128) |
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (68) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (479) |  |  | 269 |
Other income (expense), net | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 1 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax | 622 |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | 1,532 |  |  | 2,624 |
Provision for (benefit from) income tax | 147 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (104) |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 475 |  |  | 714 |  |  | 1,229 |  |  | 2,728 |
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | (10) |  |  | — |  |  | (277) |
Net income (loss) | 475 |  |  | 704 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption | — |  |  | 2,046 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,451 |

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022
Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Asset management | $ | 5,367 |  |  | 59.9 | % |  | $ | 5,538 |  |  | 65.4 | % |  | $ | (171) |  |  | (3.1) | %
Property management | 2,520 |  |  | 28.1 | % |  | 2,192 |  |  | 25.9 | % |  | 328 |  |  | 15.0 | %
Parking management | 1,080 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | 737 |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 343 |  |  | 46.5 | %
Total revenue | $ | 8,967 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 8,467 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 500 |  |  | 5.9 | %

Revenue increased 5.9% in 2023. The $0.5 million comparative increase was primarily driven by the continued expansion of our managed portfolio, which included 9 additional assets in 2023. Property and parking management recognized a combined $0.2 million, or 15.3%, increase in fee-based revenue, as well as a $0.5 million increase in reimbursable staffing charges. The $0.2 million decrease in asset management revenue was primarily driven by lower supplemental leasing fees due to higher transactional activity in 2022.
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Operating costs and expenses
The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue | $ | 7,681 |  |  | $ | 6,831 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | 12.4 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 572 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 22.0 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 71 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 42.0 | %
Total operating costs and expenses | $ | 8,324 |  |  | $ | 7,350 |  |  | $ | 974 |  |  | 13.3 | %

Operating costs and expenses increased 13.3% in 2023. The $1.0 million comparative increase was primarily due to a $0.4 million increase in personnel expenses stemming from increased headcount and employee compensation, as well as individual $0.1 million respective increases in IT costs, regulatory and compliance costs, and rent expense.
Other income (expense)
The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
Interest expense | $ | — |  |  | $ | (69) |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | (100.0) | %
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (68) |  |  | 17 |  |  | (85) |  |  | (500.0) | %
Other income | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 46 |  |  | N/M
Total other income (expense) | $ | (21) |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | (58.8) | %

Other income (expense) was flat in 2023, primarily driven by a nominal $0.1 million net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures that was offset by a $0.1 million decrease in interest expense stemming from the full pay down of our outstanding debt in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022.
Income tax
Provision for income tax was $0.1 million in 2023, compared to $0.4 million in 2022. The $0.3 million decrease primarily stems from a $0.4 million decrease in taxable net income as compared to the prior period.
Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022
Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change
| Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Asset management | $ | 11,896 |  |  | 61.8 | % |  | $ | 11,535 |  |  | 67.1 | % |  | $ | 361 |  |  | 3.1 | %
Property management | 5,126 |  |  | 26.6 | % |  | 4,323 |  |  | 25.1 | % |  | 803 |  |  | 18.6 | %
Parking management | 2,220 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 1,340 |  |  | 7.8 | % |  | 880 |  |  | 65.7 | %
Total revenue | $ | 19,242 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 17,198 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 2,044 |  |  | 11.9 | %

Revenue increased 11.9% in 2023. The $2.0 million comparative increase was primarily driven by the continued expansion of our managed portfolio, which included 9 additional assets in 2023. Property and parking management recognized a combined $0.5 million, or 25.2%, increase in fee-based revenue, as well as a $1.2 million increase in reimbursable staffing charges. The $0.4 million increase in asset management revenue was primarily driven by increases in reimbursable expenses, partially offset by lower supplemental acquisition and leasing fees due to higher transactional activity in 2022.
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Operating costs and expenses
The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
Cost of revenue | $ | 16,004 |  |  | $ | 13,766 |  |  | $ | 2,238 |  |  | 16.3 | %
Selling, general, and administrative | 1,136 |  |  | 856 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 32.7 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 138 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 44 |  |  | 46.8 | %
Total operating costs and expenses | $ | 17,278 |  |  | $ | 14,716 |  |  | $ | 2,562 |  |  | 17.4 | %

Operating costs and expenses increased 17.4% in 2022. The $2.6 million comparative increase was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in personnel expenses stemming from increased headcount and employee compensation, as well as individual $0.2 million respective increases in IT costs, regulatory and compliance costs, and rent expense.
Other income (expense)
The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30, |  | Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
Interest expense | $ | — |  |  | $ | (128) |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | (100.0) | %
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures | (479) |  |  | 269 |  |  | (748) |  |  | (278.1) | %
Other income | 47 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 46 |  |  | N/M
Total other income (expense) | $ | (432) |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | (574) |  |  | (404.2) | %

Other income (expense) changed by $0.6 million in 2022, primarily driven by a $0.7 million net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures, partially offset by a $0.1 million decrease in interest expense stemming from the full pay down of our outstanding debt in the third quarter of fiscal year 2022.
Income taxes
Provision for income tax was $0.3 million in 2023, compared to a $0.1 million tax benefit in 2022. The $0.4 million variance was primarily driven by a partial deferred tax asset valuation allowance release in the prior period.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we prepare certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), specifically Adjusted EBITDA.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding the impact of interest expense (net of interest income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and gain (loss) on equity method investments.
We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate financial performance, analyze the underlying trends in our business and establish operational goals and forecasts that are used when allocating resources. We expect to compute Adjusted EBITDA consistently using the same methods each period.
We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure because it permits investors to better understand changes over comparative periods by providing financial results that are unaffected by certain non-cash items that are not considered by management to be indicative of our operational performance.
While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors when evaluating our business, it is not prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should be considered supplemental in nature. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute, for other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations, the most directly comparable financial measure as measured in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 475 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 1,229 |  |  | $ | 2,728 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
Income taxes | 147 |  |  | 352 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (104) |
Depreciation and amortization | 71 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 94 |
Stock-based compensation | 266 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 504 |  |  | 417 |
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures | 68 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 479 |  |  | (269) |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,027 |  |  | $ | 1,388 |  |  | $ | 2,653 |  |  | $ | 2,994 |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is defined as the current amount of readily available cash and the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet the current needs for cash. We assess our liquidity in terms of our cash and cash equivalents on hand and the ability to generate cash to fund our operating activities.
Our principal sources of liquidity as of June 30, 2023 were our cash and cash equivalents of $9.0 million and our $10.0 million of available borrowings on our credit facility.
Significant factors which could affect future liquidity include the adequacy of available lines of credit, cash flows generated from operating activities, working capital management and investments.
Our primary capital needs are for working capital obligations and other general corporate purposes, including investments and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of working capital are cash from operations and distributions from investments in real estate ventures. We have historically financed our operations with internally generated funds and borrowings from our credit facilities. On September 30, 2022, we paid down the $5.5 million outstanding balance of our credit facility in full, primarily to avoid the rising interest costs that would accompany recent interest rate increases. (See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
We believe we currently have adequate liquidity and availability of capital to fund our present operations and meet our commitments on our existing debt.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Continuing operations |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (2,373) |  |  | $ | (590) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 72 |  |  | (2,067)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | (390) |  |  | (4,488) |
Total net increase (decrease) in cash - continuing operations | (2,691) |  |  | (7,145)
Discontinued operations, net | — |  |  | (251) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (2,691) |  |  | $ | (7,396) |

Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities increased $1.8 million in 2023, primarily driven by a $1.6 million incremental cash outflow stemming from changes to our net working capital, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in net income from continuing operations after adjustments for non-cash items. The net working capital impact was primarily influenced by higher accrued bonus payouts in the current period.
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Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities was $0.1 million in 2023, compared to $2.1 million used in investing activities in 2022. The $2.1 million variance is primarily driven by a $2.6 million decrease in investments in real estate ventures, partially offset by $1.0 million in proceeds received from the CES divestiture that was finalized in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities decreased $4.1 million in 2023, primarily driven by a $4.0 million cash payment made in 2022 related to the early redemption of Series C Preferred Stock.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not Applicable.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of June 30, 2023, management, including the CEO and CFO, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)).
Based on that evaluation, management, including the CEO and CFO, concluded that as of June 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. We maintain a system of internal control over financial reporting that is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no material changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met, therefore internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Information regarding legal proceedings is incorporated by reference from Note 8 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Description |  | Form |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |  | 10-Q |  | 3.1 |  | November 16, 2015
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  | 10-K |  | 3.2 |  | March 31, 2005
3.3 |  | Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on March 22, 2017 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | March 28, 2017
3.4 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Designation of Series C Non-Convertible Preferred Stock of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on February 15, 2019 |  | 8-K |  | 3.2 |  | February 19, 2019
3.5 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | February 19, 2019
4.1 |  | Specimen Stock Certificate |  | S-1 |  | 4.1 |  | August 13, 2004
4.2 |  | Description of Capital Stock |  | 10-K |  | 4.2 |  | March 31, 2022
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1‡ |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |
* Filed herewith |  |  |  |  |  |
‡ Furnished herewith |  |  |  |  |  |

Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following interactive data files formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (iXBRL) are attached as Exhibit 101 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:

(i) | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022;
(ii) | Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022;
(iii) | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022;
(iv) | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022; and
(v) | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Date: August 11, 2023 | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER CLEMENTE
|  | Christopher Clemente Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 11, 2023 | By: | /s/ CHRISTOPHER GUTHRIE
|  | Christopher Guthrie Chief Financial Officer

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