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Income Tax
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Income Tax
The following table summarizes the components of the provision for (benefit from) income tax (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Current:
Federal$— $— 
State(102)180 
Total current taxes(102)180 
Deferred:
Federal1,839 1,281 
State178 (195)
Total deferred taxes2,017 1,086 
Other:
Valuation allowance(1,547)(1,141)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes$368 $125 
The following table presents a reconciliation the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate:
Year Ended December 31,
20232022
Federal statutory rate21.00 %21.00 %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit4.64 %5.67 %
Permanent differences 0.50 %(2.40)%
Return to provision (0.99)%0.00 %
Change in valuation allowance (18.99)%(14.54)%
Change in state tax rate(0.21)%(5.70)%
Other(1.44)%(2.45)%
Effective tax rate4.51 %1.59 %
The Company's effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to state income taxes and the impact of valuation allowance releases of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company has recorded valuation allowances for certain tax attributes and deferred tax assets due to the existence of sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of those deferred tax assets through future taxable income. Based on its recent financial performance and current forecasts of future operating results, the Company conducts a quarterly analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to its net operating loss carryforwards will be utilized in future periods. The Company's effective tax rate in any given period is directly impacted by the timing and magnitude of any partial valuation allowance releases.
The following table summarizes the components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands):
December 31,
20232022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards$31,465 $33,532 
Stock-based compensation471 481 
Investments in affiliates1,395 1,237 
Right of use lease liability1,825 2,017 
Bonus accrual1,172 1,246 
Goodwill amortization— (1)
Valuation allowance(23,666)(25,214)
Total deferred tax assets12,662 13,298 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use lease asset(1,739)(1,943)
Depreciation and amortization(38)— 
Total deferred tax liabilities(1,777)(1,943)
Net deferred income tax assets (liabilities)$10,885 $11,355 
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $122.8 million of net operating loss (“NOL") carryforwards. These NOLs, if unused, will begin expiring in 2028. Under Code Section 382 (“Section 382”) rules, if a change of ownership is triggered, the Company’s NOL assets and possibly certain other deferred tax assets may be impaired. Given Section 382’s broad definition, an ownership change could be the unintended consequence of otherwise normal market trading in the Company’s stock that is outside of the Company’s control. In an effort to preserve the availability of these NOLs, the Company has adopted a Section 382 rights agreement that is scheduled to expire on March 27, 2025. The Section 382 rights agreement helps to reduce the likelihood of an unintended “ownership change”, thus preserving the value of these future tax benefits. We estimate that as of December 31, 2023, the three-year cumulative shift in ownership of the Company’s stock had not triggered a limitation in the use of our NOL asset.
As of December 31, 2023, there were no uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate. We file U.S. and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. All of our income tax returns remain subject to examination by federal and state tax authorities due to the availability of our NOL carryforwards.