424B3 1 form424b3.htm 424B3

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)

Registration No. 333-274586

Prospectus Supplement No. 3 to Prospectus dated March 4, 2024

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

10,617,336 Ordinary Shares

692,331 Private Warrants

692,331 Ordinary Shares underlying Private Warrants

8,625,000 Ordinary Shares underlying Public Warrants

This Prospectus Supplement No. 3 (this “Supplement”) relates to the prospectus of ESGL Holdings Limited, dated March 4, 2024 (the “Prospectus”), relating to (i) the resale by certain selling securityholders named in the Prospectus (the “Selling Securityholders”), of up to 10,617,336 of our ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), up to 692,331 redeemable warrants (the “Private Warrants”) to purchase Ordinary Shares at a price of $11.50 per share, up to 692,331 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Warrants, and up to 8,625,000 Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the public warrants (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Warrants, the “Warrants”); and (ii) the issuance of up to 8,625,000 Ordinary Shares that are issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants assumed by us and 377,331 Ordinary Shares that are issuable upon the exercise of Private Warrants assumed by us.

This Supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus and is qualified by reference to the Prospectus, except to the extent that the information in this Supplement supersedes the information contained in the Prospectus, and may not be delivered without the Prospectus.

This Supplement is being filed to update and supplement the information in the Prospectus with the information contained in (i) our Reports on Form 6-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 21, 2024, March 25, 2024, April 1, 2024, April 4, 2024, April 24, 2024, May 2, 2024, June 26, 2024, August 23, 2024, October 1, 2024, January 15, 2025, January 22, 2025 as amended on January 23, 2025, February 7, 2025, February 27, 2025 and March 4, 2025 (the “Form 6-K Reports”) and (ii) our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 29, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). Accordingly, we have attached the Form 6-K Reports and the Annual Report to this prospectus supplement.

Our Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ESGL.” On May 13, 2025, the last reported sales price of our Ordinary Shares was $2.07 per share.

Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 7 of the Prospectus to read about factors you should consider before you make an investment decision.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this Supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this Prospectus Supplement No. 3 is May 15, 2025

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For March 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Termination of Forward Purchase Agreement

As previously disclosed, on July 27, 2023, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”), Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp. (“GUCC”) and Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited (“ESGH”) entered into an agreement (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC (“ARRT”, together with Vellar, the “Sellers”). Pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement, the Sellers purchased shares of GUCC common stock from stockholders of GUCC that elected to exercise their option to redeem their shares in connection with the business combination among the Company, GUCC, ESGH and the other parties named therein that was consummated on August 3, 2023. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Forward Purchase Agreement.

On March 14, 2024, the Company received a Number of Shares Adjustment notice from Vellar indicating that the Number of Shares Adjustment is equal to 2,147,359 Shares, determined by Vellar to be a number of shares with actual aggregate proceeds equal to the Additional Funds Vellar provided to the Company pursuant to a Funding Election (i.e., $1,000,000). In addition, the Company received a termination notice from Vellar, dated March 14, 2024, notifying the Company that the Valuation Date with Vellar shall be deemed to be March 15, 2024, as a result of the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event caused by the Company’s VWAP being less than $1.00 per share for 20 trading days during a 30 consecutive trading day-period. Following the conclusion of the Valuation Period, the Settlement Amount will be determined. If the Settlement Amount is a negative number, then neither Vellar nor the Company shall be liable to the other party for any payment under the Forward Purchase Agreement. Upon the Valuation Date, the obligations of Vellar and the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement shall terminate. As previously disclosed, on or about December 4, 2023, the Company and ARRT mutually agreed to terminate the Forward Purchase Agreement.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: March 21, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For March 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Termination of Forward Purchase Agreement

As previously disclosed in the Form 6-K filed by ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on March 21, 2024, the Company received a termination notice from Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”), dated March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement (the “Forward Purchase Agreement”), dated July 27, 2023, between the Company, Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) and the other parties named therein, for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. Pursuant to the termination notice, Vellar notified the Company that the Valuation Date was March 15, 2024 as a result of the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event. Capitalized terms not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Forward Purchase Agreement.

On March 22, 2024, the Company and Vellar entered into a Valuation Period Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed that the Valuation Period concluded at 4:00 p.m. on March 21, 2024 and the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date was equal to 52,641, calculated as 2,200,000 Shares (the Recycled Shares and Additional Shares) less 2,147,359 Shares (the Number of Shares Adjustment). As 52,641 Shares multiplied by the VWAP of $0.45 less $4,400,000 (being the Settlement Amount Adjustment, calculated as the product of the Maximum Number of Shares and $2.00) is a negative number, neither Vellar nor the Company is liable to the other party for any payment under the Forward Purchase Agreement. As a result of the conclusion of the Valuation Period, the obligations of Vellar and the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement have been terminated.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: March 25, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For March 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Private Placement

On March 27, 2024, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase Agreement dated March 27, 2024 (the “Purchase Agreement”) with an accredited investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 ordinary shares to the Purchaser at a purchase price of US$0.25 per share. The initial closing occurred on March 28, 2024, pursuant to which the Purchaser purchased 2,000,000 ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of US$500,000. The second closing is expected to take place no later than April 2, 2024 pursuant to which the Purchaser shall purchase 6,000,000 ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of $1,500,000. The third closing, if any, shall take place only upon the mutual agreement of the Company and the Purchaser no later than two business days following the second closing date pursuant to which the Purchaser shall purchase up to an additional 2,000,000 ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of up to $500,000. The Company shall use 85% of the net proceeds received from the private placement for working capital and general corporate purposes and the remaining 15% to pay outstanding professional fees. Each of the closings is subject to the satisfaction of standard closing conditions.

The ordinary shares are being offered by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Company has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a resale registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for resale on behalf of the Purchaser. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: April 1, 2024 |  |

Exhibit 10.1

SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This Share Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”), dated as of March 27, 2024, is by and between [________], a citizen of the Republic of Singapore, residing at [_____________] (the “Purchaser”), and ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company with its principal office at 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226 (the “Company”). Each of the Purchaser and the Company is referred to herein each as a “Party”, and collectively as the “Parties”.

W I T N E S S E T H:

WHEREAS, the Company desires to sell to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser desires to purchase from the Company, ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement;

WHEREAS, the Ordinary Shares offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the terms of this Agreement are sometimes referred to herein as the “Shares”; and

WHEREAS, the Shares are not registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are being offered and sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act contained in Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Regulation D thereunder.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the mutual representations, warranties, covenants and agreements herein contained, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the Company and the Purchaser agree as follows:

ARTICLE I

PURCHASE AND SALE

Section 1.1 Issuance, Sale and Purchase of Shares. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, and in reliance upon the representations and warranties set forth herein, the Company agrees to issue, sell and deliver to the Purchaser, free and clear of any pledge, mortgage, security interest, encumbrance, lien, charge, assessment, claim or restriction of any kind or nature other than those imposed by federal and/or state securities laws, and the Purchaser agrees to purchase from the Company, on the Initial Closing Date (as defined below), an aggregate of 2,000,000 Shares, and on the Second Closing Date (as defined below), an aggregate of 6,000,000 Shares. In addition, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, the Parties may mutually agree to consummate a Third Closing (as defined below) for up to an additional 2,000,000 Shares pursuant to the terms of Section 1.3(b) hereof.

Section 1.2 Purchase Price. The Purchaser shall pay a purchase price of US$0.25 per Share (the “Purchase Price”).

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Section 1.3 Closings.

(a) Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement, the initial closing (the “Initial Closing”) of the purchase and sale of the Shares shall take place within one business day of the date hereof at such time that is mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Purchaser (the “Initial Closing Date”), pursuant to which the Purchaser shall purchase 2,000,000 Shares for an aggregate Purchase Price of $500,000 or SGD$672,961.50 (Rate 1.345923 -27/03/2024 4pm DBS FX). The second closing (the “Second Closing”) of the purchase and sale of the Shares shall take place no later than April 2, 2024 at such time that is mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Purchaser (the “Second Closing Date”), pursuant to which the Purchaser shall purchase 6,000,000 Shares for an aggregate Purchase Price of $1,500,000.

(b) The third closing (the “Third Closing” and, together with the Initial Closing and the Second Closing, the “Closing”), if any, of the purchase and sale of the Shares shall take place only upon the mutual agreement of the Parties no later than two (2) business days following the Second Closing Date at such time that is mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Purchaser (the “Third Closing Date” and, together with the Initial Closing Date and the Second Closing Date, the “Closing Date”), pursuant to which the Purchaser shall purchase up to an additional 2,000,000 Shares for an aggregate Purchase Price of up to $500,000.

(c) At or before the Closing, the Purchaser shall deliver the Purchase Price by wire transfer in immediately available funds to the Company’s bank account designated by the Company as below:

[__________________________________]

(d) No later than three (3) business days following each Closing, the Company shall cause its transfer agent to deliver to the Purchaser a share certificate representing the number of Shares purchased at such Closing or a copy of the book-entry statement evidencing the Purchaser as the holder of such Shares.

Section 1.4 Closing Conditions.

The obligations of the Company to issue and sell the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction, on or before the applicable Closing, of each of the following conditions, provided that any of which may be waived in writing by the Company in its sole discretion:

(a) All corporate and other actions required to be taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares shall have been completed and all corporate and other actions required to be taken by the Purchaser in connection with the purchase of the Shares shall have been completed.

(b) The representations and warranties of the Purchaser contained in Section 2.2 of this Agreement shall have been true and correct on the date of this Agreement and shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Closing; and the Purchaser shall have performed and complied with in all material respects all, and not be in breach or default in any material respect under any, agreements, covenants, conditions and obligations contained in this Agreement that are required to be performed or complied with on or before the Closing.

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(c) No governmental authority of competent jurisdiction shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any law (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins, prevents, prohibits or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or imposes any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company; and no action, suit, proceeding or investigation shall have been instituted by or before any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or threatened that seeks to restrain, enjoin, prevent, prohibit or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or impose any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company.

ARTICLE II

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

Section 2.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company hereby represents and warrants to the Purchaser, as of the date hereof and as of each Closing Date, as follows:

(a) Organization and Authority. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business in all material respects as is currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in material violation or default of any of the provisions of its respective memorandum and articles of association, certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary and no proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not adversely affect the ability of the Company to carry out its obligations under, and to consummate the transactions contemplated by, this Agreement or adversely affect the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to conduct the business as is currently conducted.

(b) Due Issuance of the Shares. The Shares have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and paid for pursuant to this Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, and the Shares shall be free and clear of all encumbrances, except as required by applicable laws, and issued in compliance with all applicable federal, securities laws.

(c) Authority. The Company has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by it pursuant to this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the performance by it of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on its part.

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(d) Noncontravention. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes its legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies. Neither the execution and the delivery of this Agreement, nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, will violate any constitution, statute, regulation, rule, injunction, judgment, order, decree, ruling, charge, or other restriction of any government, governmental entity or court to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject. To the Company’s best knowledge, neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by the Company with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, it.

(e) Filings, Consents and Approvals. Assuming the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Purchaser in Sections 2.2(e) and (f), neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor the performance by the Company of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the filing, consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving notice to, any governmental or public body or authority, except such as have been obtained, made, given or will be made promptly hereafter and any required filing or notification with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Nasdaq.

(f) No General Solicitation. Neither the Company nor any person or entity acting on behalf of the Company has offered or sold any of the Shares by any form of general solicitation or general advertising. The Company has offered the Shares for sale only to “accredited investors” within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Securities Act.

Section 2.2 Representations and Warranties of the Purchaser. The Purchaser hereby represents and warrants to the Company as of the date hereof and as of each Closing Date, as follows:

(a) Authority. The Purchaser has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by the Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement and to perform his obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by the Purchaser of this Agreement and the performance by him of his obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on his part.

(b) Valid Agreement. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Purchaser and constitutes such Purchaser’s legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against him in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies.

(c) Consents. Neither the execution and delivery by the Purchaser of this Agreement nor the consummation by the Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby nor the performance by him of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving of notice to, any governmental or public body or authority or any third party, except as have been obtained, made or given.

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(d) No Conflict. Neither the execution and delivery by it of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by him with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, such Purchaser.

(e) No General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not purchasing the Shares because of any general solicitation or general advertisement, including, without limitation, (i) any advertisement, articles, notice or other communication published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio, and (ii) any seminar or meeting whose attendees have been invited by any general solicitation or general advertising.

(f) Status and Investment Intent.

(i) Experience. The Purchaser has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the Shares. the Purchaser is capable of bearing the economic risks of such investment, including a complete loss of his investment.

(ii) Purchase Entirely for Own Account. The Purchaser is acquiring the Shares for his own account for investment purposes only and not with the view to, or with any intention of, resale, distribution or other disposition thereof. He does not have any direct or indirect arrangement, or understanding with any other persons to distribute, or regarding the distribution of the Shares in violation of the Securities Act or other applicable laws.

(iii) Investor Accredited Status. The Purchaser is an “accredited investor”, as that term is defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D of the Securities Act.

(iv) Distribution Compliance Period. The Purchaser understands that the Shares are being offered in a transaction not involving any public offering within the meaning of the Securities Act and that the Shares have not been registered under the Securities Act or any other securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction. The Purchaser understands that his investment in the Shares involves a high degree of risk and that he may lose its entire investment. The Purchaser can bear the economic risk of the investment for an indefinite period of time. He acknowledges that the Shares may not be sold, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of unless registered under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption from registration is available. Any resale of any of the Shares may be made only pursuant to (i) a registration statement under the Securities Act which has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission and is effective at the time of such sale, or (ii) a specific exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. In claiming any such exemption, the Purchaser will, prior to any sale or distribution of any Shares advise the Company, and, if requested, provide the Company with a favorable written opinion of counsel, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company’s counsel, as to the applicability of such exemption to the proposed sale or distribution.

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(v) Restrictive Legend. The Purchaser understands that the certificate evidencing the Shares will bear a legend or other restriction substantially to the following effect:

“THE SHARES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”). NO SALE, PLEDGE, HYPOTHECATION, TRANSFER OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF THESE SHARES MAY BE MADE UNLESS EITHER (A) PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR (B) PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT, IN EITHER CASE UPON THE RECEIPT OF AN OPINION OF U.S. COUNSEL.”

(vi) Direct Contact; No Broker. The contact between the Company and the Purchaser was made directly through an existing relationship. No broker, investment banker or other person is entitled to any broker’s, finder’s or other similar fee or commission in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of the Purchaser.

(g) Not an Affiliate. The Purchaser is not an officer, director or “affiliate” (as that term is defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act) of the Company.

ARTICLE III

MISCELLANEOUS

Section 3.1 Nasdaq Listing. The Company warrants that it shall undertake best efforts to remain commercially viable and as a going-concern, so as to support the continued listing of its ordinary shares and public warrants on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Section 3.2 Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use at least 85% of the proceeds from the sale of the Shares hereunder for working capital and general corporate purposes, and shall use no more than 15% of the proceeds to pay outstanding professional fees.

Section 3.3 Registration Rights. As soon as practicable following the final Closing, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the Shares for resale on behalf of the Purchaser. In addition, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the Shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

Section 3.4 Termination. This Agreement may not be terminated except by mutual agreement of the Parties. Nothing in this Section 3.4 shall be deemed to release any Party from any liability for any breach of this Agreement prior to the effective date of such termination.

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Section 3.5 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to principles of conflicts of laws. Any action brought by either Party against the other concerning the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be brought only in the state courts of New York or in the federal courts located in the state and county of New York. The Parties to this Agreement hereby irrevocably waive any objection to jurisdiction and venue of any action instituted hereunder and shall not assert any defense based on lack of jurisdiction or venue or based upon forum non conveniens.

Section 3.6 Consent to Jurisdiction. Each of the Company and the Purchaser hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any such suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction in New York of such court, that the suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of the suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing in this Section shall affect or limit any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.

Section 3.7 Amendment. This Agreement shall not be amended, changed or modified, except by another agreement in writing executed by the Parties hereto.

Section 3.8 Binding Effect. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, each of the Parties and their respective heirs, successors and permitted assigns.

Section 3.9 Assignment. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, duties or obligations hereunder may be assigned by the Company or the Purchaser without the express written consent of the other Party. Any purported assignment in violation of the foregoing sentence shall be null and void.

Section 3.10 Notices. All notices, requests, demands, and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given on the date of actual delivery if delivered personally to the Parties to whom notice is to be given, on the date sent if sent by e-mail or facsimile, on the next business day following delivery if sent by courier or on the day of attempted delivery by postal service if mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage paid, and properly addressed as follows:

If to the Purchaser, at:

[________________]

If to the Company, at:

101 Tuas South Avenue 2,

Singapore 637226

Attn: Shian Ching Ho, CFO

Email: [__________]

Any Party may change its address for purposes of this Section 3.10 by giving the other Party a written notice of the new address in the manner set forth above.

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Section 3.11 Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement between the Parties hereto with respect to the matters covered hereby, and all prior agreements and understandings, oral or in writing, if any, between the Parties with respect to the matters covered hereby are merged and superseded by this Agreement.

Section 3.12 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the Parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the Parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.

Section 3.13 Fees and Expenses. Each Party will be responsible for all of its own expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

Section 3.14 Public Announcements. The Purchaser shall not make, or cause to be made, any press release or public announcement in respect of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise communicate with any news media without the prior written consent of the Company.

Section 3.15 Specific Performance. The Parties agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event any provision of this Agreement is not performed in accordance with the terms hereof. Accordingly, each Party shall be entitled to specific performance of the terms hereof, in addition to any other remedy at law or equity.

Section 3.16 Headings. The headings of the various articles and sections of this Agreement are inserted merely for the purpose of convenience and do not expressly or by implication limit, define or extend the specific terms of the section so designated.

Section 3.17 Execution in Counterparts. For the convenience of the Parties and to facilitate execution, this Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]

8

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the day and year first above written.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: |
| Name: | Quek Leng Chuang
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer
| Purchaser:

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For April 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Closing of Private Placement

As previously disclosed in a Form 6-K filed by ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on April 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement dated March 27, 2024 (the “Purchase Agreement”) with an accredited investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 ordinary shares to the Purchaser at a purchase price of US$0.25 per share. The initial closing under the Purchase Agreement took place on March 28, 2024 pursuant to which the Purchaser purchased 2,000,000 ordinary shares. The second and final closing under the Purchase Agreement took place on April 3, 2024 pursuant to which the Purchaser purchased 8,000,000 ordinary shares. The Company received gross proceeds of $2,500,000 in the private placement. The Company shall use 85% of the net proceeds received from the private placement for working capital and general corporate purposes and the remaining 15% to pay outstanding professional fees.

The ordinary shares were offered by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Company has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a resale registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for resale on behalf of the Purchaser. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which was filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 6-K filed by the Company on April 1, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 6-K filed by the Company on April 1, 2024).

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: April 3, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For April 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

On October 24, 2023, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) received notification letters dated October 24, 2023, from the Staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that (i) the minimum bid price per share was below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and that the Company did not meet the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the “Minimum Bid Price Rule”), and (ii) the Company’s Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (“MVPHS”) was less than $5,000,000 for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the notification letter, which does not meet the requirement for continued listing set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(C) (the “MVPHS Rule”). In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) and 5810(c)(3)(D), Nasdaq provided the Company with 180 calendar days, or until April 22, 2024 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule and the MVPHS Rule.

The Company did not regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule or the MVPHS Rule by April 22, 2024, the end of the Compliance Period. Accordingly, on April 19, 2024, the Company applied to transfer the Company’s securities to the Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Capital Market”) by submitting an on-line transfer application and paying a non-refundable $5,000 application fee to Nasdaq. The Company also provided written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second 180-day compliance period, if granted, including by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. Although the Company believes it satisfies the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards of the Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, there can be no assurance Nasdaq would grant the Company’s request for continued listing on the Capital Market. If Nasdaq does not grant the Company’s request for continued listing on the Capital Market and delists our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences.

The Company’s securities will continue to trade uninterrupted on Nasdaq until Nasdaq makes a determination with respect to the Company’s transfer application to the Capital Market.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: April 24, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For May 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Transfer of Listing to Nasdaq Capital Market

On May 1, 2024, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) was notified by the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that the Staff granted the Company’s request to transfer the listing of its ordinary shares (the “Ordinary Shares”), from the Nasdaq Global Market to the Nasdaq Capital Market, and that the Staff granted the Company’s request for a second 180-calendar day period, or until October 21, 2024 (the “Second Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the $1.00 bid price requirement, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance with such minimum price requirement, the Company must evidence a closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days. The transfer of the listing of the Ordinary Shares from the Nasdaq Global Market to the Nasdaq Capital Market will take effect with the open of business on May 3, 2024. The transfer is not expected to impact trading in the Ordinary Shares, which will continue to trade on Nasdaq under the symbol “ESGL.”

As previously announced, on October 24, 2023, the Staff notified the Company that the bid price for the Ordinary Shares had closed below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days and, as a result, the Company no longer satisfied Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), the minimum bid price requirement applicable to the Nasdaq Global Market issuers. In addition, the Staff notified the Company that the Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (“MVPHS”) was less than $5,000,000 for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the notification letter, which does not meet the requirement for continued listing set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(C) (the “MVPHS Rule”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) and 5810(c)(3)(D), the Company was afforded an initial 180-calendar day grace period, through April 22, 2024, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement and the MVPHS Rule. The Company regained compliance with the MVPHS Rule during the initial 180-calendar day grace period.

Issuers listed on the Nasdaq Global Market are not eligible for a second 180-day grace period under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. However, based upon the Company’s compliance with the various criteria required under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) to obtain a second 180-day grace period applicable to issuers listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Company applied to transfer the listing of its Ordinary Shares to the Nasdaq Capital Market. As noted above, the Staff approved the Company’s transfer application on May 1, 2024.

The Company intends to closely monitor the closing bid price for its Ordinary Shares and consider all available options to timely remedy the bid price deficiency. If at any time during the Second Compliance Period, the closing bid price of the Ordinary Shares is at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, the Staff will provide the Company with written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed, unless the Staff exercises its discretion to extend this ten-day period pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(F).

The Company can give no assurance that it will regain or demonstrate compliance during the Second Compliance Period. If the Company is not able to demonstrate compliance with the minimum bid price requirement by October 21, 2024, or the Company does not comply with the terms of the extension, the Staff will provide written notification to the Company that the Ordinary Shares will be delisted. At that time, the Company may appeal the Staff’s determination to the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”). The Company’s appeal request would stay any delisting action by the Staff at least pending a hearing before the Panel and the expiration of any extension that may be granted by the Panel to the Company following the hearing.

The Company has provided written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure the deficiency during the Second Compliance Period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: May 2, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For June 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(ADDRESS OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICES.)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): ____

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): ____

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information contained in this form is also thereby furnishing the information to the Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If “Yes” marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-___

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Nasdaq Notification Letter

As previously disclosed, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) received a notice dated October 24, 2023 from the Listings Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share of its Class A ordinary shares was below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and that the Company did not meet the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Rule”). On June 25, 2024, the Company received a notice from the Staff notifying the Company that that the closing bid price of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares has been at $1.00 per share or greater for the 10 consecutive business days from June 10, 2024 to June 24, 2024 and therefore, the Company has regained compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Rule.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: June 26, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For August 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Private Placement

On August 21, 2024, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors named therein (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company issued in a private placement an aggregate of 13,800,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers at a purchase price of US$0.29 per share. The closing of the private placement occurred on August 22, 2024 (the “Closing Date”) and the Company received gross proceeds of $4,002,000. For a period of three months following the Closing Date, Mr. Samuel Wu, one of the Purchasers, was granted the right to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,441,380 additional ordinary shares on the same and terms and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Second Closing Option”).

The ordinary shares were offered, issued and sold by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As soon as practicable following the expiration of the Second Closing Option, the Company has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a resale registration statement on Form F-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for resale on behalf of the Purchasers. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: August 23, 2024 |  |

Exhibit 10.1

SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This Share Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”), dated as of August 21, 2024, is by and between ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (the “Company”), and each of the Purchasers whose names are set forth on the signature pages hereto (individually, a “Purchaser” and collectively, the “Purchasers”). Each of such Purchasers and the Company is sometimes referred to herein each as a “Party”, and collectively as the “Parties”.

W I T N E S S E T H:

WHEREAS, the Company desires to sell to such Purchasers, and such Purchasers desire to purchase from the Company, ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement;

WHEREAS, the Ordinary Shares offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the terms of this Agreement are sometimes referred to herein as the “Shares”; and

WHEREAS, the Shares are not registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are being offered and sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act contained in Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Regulation D thereunder.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the mutual representations, warranties, covenants and agreements herein contained, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the Company and each Purchaser agrees as follows:

ARTICLE I

PURCHASE AND SALE

Section 1.1 Issuance, Sale and Purchase of Shares. Upon the following terms and conditions, the Company is offering to each Purchaser the number of Shares set forth opposite such Purchaser’s name on such Purchaser’s signature page hereto.

Section 1.2 Purchase Price and Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Company agrees to issue and sell to such Purchasers and, in consideration of and in express reliance upon the representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions of this Agreement, such Purchasers, severally but not jointly, agree to purchase the Shares for $0.29 per Share for an aggregate purchase price of $4,002,000 (the “Purchase Price”). The closing (the “Closing”) of the purchase and sale of the shares of Common Stock to be acquired by such Purchasers from the Company under this Agreement shall take place remotely at such time as the parties hereto have executed this Agreement and all of the conditions set forth in Section 1.3 hereof and applicable to the Closing shall have been fulfilled or waived in accordance herewith (the “Closing Date”). At or before the Closing, such Purchasers shall deliver the Purchase Price by wire transfer in immediately available funds to the Company’s bank account designated by the Company as below:

[__________________________]

No later than Two (2) business days following the Closing, the Company shall cause its transfer agent to deliver to each Purchaser a copy of the book-entry statement evidencing such Purchaser as the holder of such Shares.

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Section 1.3 Second Closing Option. For a period of three months following the Closing Date, Samuel Wu (the “Option Purchaser”) shall have the right to purchase up to an aggregate of $998,000 of additional Shares on the same and terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement (the “Second Closing Option”). All of the terms and conditions of this Agreement applicable to the Closing and the Closing Date under Section 1.2 hereof shall equally apply to any closing pursuant to the Second Closing Option.

In the event that the Option Purchaser requires additional time to close the Second Closing Option, the Option Purchaser may submit an extension request in writing to the Company two (2) months following the initial Closing Date. This extension request will be subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). The Board reserves the right to accept, reject, or impose conditions on any extension requests as the Board, in its sole discretion, deems appropriate. The decision of the Board will be communicated to the Option Purchaser within a reasonable timeframe following receipt of the extension request.

Section 1.4 Closing Conditions.

The obligations of the Company to issue and sell the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction, on or before the applicable Closing, of each of the following conditions, provided that any of which may be waived in writing by the Company in its sole discretion:

(a) All corporate and other actions required to be taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares shall have been completed and all corporate and other actions required to be taken by each Purchaser in connection with the purchase of the Shares shall have been completed.

(b) The representations and warranties of each Purchaser contained in Section 2.2 of this Agreement shall have been true and correct on the date of this Agreement and shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Closing; and each Purchaser shall have performed and complied with in all material respects all, and not be in breach or default in any material respect under any, agreements, covenants, conditions and obligations contained in this Agreement that are required to be performed or complied with on or before the Closing.

(c) No governmental authority of competent jurisdiction shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any law (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins, prevents, prohibits or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or imposes any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company; and no action, suit, proceeding or investigation shall have been instituted by or before any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or threatened that seeks to restrain, enjoin, prevent, prohibit or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or impose any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company.

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ARTICLE II

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

Section 2.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company hereby represents and warrants to such Purchasers, as of the date hereof and as of each Closing Date, as follows:

(a) Organization and Authority. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business in all material respects as is currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in material violation or default of any of the provisions of its respective memorandum and articles of association, certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary and no proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not adversely affect the ability of the Company to carry out its obligations under, and to consummate the transactions contemplated by, this Agreement or adversely affect the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to conduct the business as is currently conducted.

(b) Due Issuance of the Shares. The Shares have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and paid for pursuant to this Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, and the Shares shall be free and clear of all encumbrances, except as required by applicable laws, and issued in compliance with all applicable federal, securities laws.

(c) Authority. The Company has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by it pursuant to this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the performance by it of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on its part.

(d) Noncontravention. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes its legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies. Neither the execution and the delivery of this Agreement, nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, will violate any constitution, statute, regulation, rule, injunction, judgment, order, decree, ruling, charge, or other restriction of any government, governmental entity or court to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject. To the Company’s best knowledge, neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by the Company with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, it.

3

(e) Filings, Consents and Approvals. Assuming the accuracy of the representations and warranties of each Purchaser in Sections 2.2(e) and (f), neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor the performance by the Company of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the filing, consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving notice to, any governmental or public body or authority, except such as have been obtained, made, given or will be made promptly hereafter and any required filing or notification with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Nasdaq.

(f) No General Solicitation. Neither the Company nor any person or entity acting on behalf of the Company has offered or sold any of the Shares by any form of general solicitation or general advertising. The Company has offered the Shares for sale only to “accredited investors” within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Securities Act.

Section 2.2 Representations and Warranties of such Purchasers. Each Purchaser hereby makes the following representations and warranties to the Company as of the date hereof, with respect solely to itself and not with respect to any other Purchaser:

(a) Authority. Each Purchaser has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by such Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement and to perform his obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by each Purchaser of this Agreement and the performance by such Purchaser of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on his part.

(b) Valid Agreement. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by each Purchaser and constitutes such Purchaser’s legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against him in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies.

(c) Consents. Neither the execution and delivery by such Purchaser of this Agreement nor the consummation by such Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby nor the performance by him of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving of notice to, any governmental or public body or authority or any third party, except as have been obtained, made or given.

(d) No Conflict. Neither the execution and delivery by it of this Agreement, nor the consummation by such Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by him with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, such Purchaser.

4

(e) No General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not purchasing the Shares because of any general solicitation or general advertisement, including, without limitation, (i) any advertisement, articles, notice or other communication published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio, and (ii) any seminar or meeting whose attendees have been invited by any general solicitation or general advertising.

(f) Status and Investment Intent.

(i) Experience. Each Purchaser has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the Shares. Each Purchaser is capable of bearing the economic risks of such investment, including a complete loss of its investment.

(ii) Purchase Entirely for Own Account. Each Purchaser is acquiring the Shares for his own account for investment purposes only and not with the view to, or with any intention of, resale, distribution or other disposition thereof. Such Purchaser does not have any direct or indirect arrangement, or understanding with any other persons to distribute, or regarding the distribution of the Shares in violation of the Securities Act or other applicable laws.

(iii) Investor Accredited Status. Each Purchaser is an “accredited investor”, as that term is defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D of the Securities Act.

(iv) Distribution Compliance Period. Each Purchaser understands that the Shares are being offered in a transaction not involving any public offering within the meaning of the Securities Act and that the Shares have not been registered under the Securities Act or any other securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction. Each Purchaser understands that his investment in the Shares involves a high degree of risk and that he may lose its entire investment. Each acknowledges that the Shares may not be sold, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of unless registered under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption from registration is available. Any resale of any of the Shares may be made only pursuant to (i) a registration statement under the Securities Act which has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission and is effective at the time of such sale, or (ii) a specific exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. In claiming any such exemption, each Purchaser will, prior to any sale or distribution of any Shares advise the Company, and, if requested, provide the Company with a favorable written opinion of counsel, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company’s counsel, as to the applicability of such exemption to the proposed sale or distribution.

(v) Restrictive Legend. Each Purchaser understands that the certificate evidencing the Shares will bear a legend or other restriction substantially to the following effect:

“THE SHARES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”). NO SALE, PLEDGE, HYPOTHECATION, TRANSFER OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF THESE SHARES MAY BE MADE UNLESS EITHER (A) PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR (B) PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT, IN EITHER CASE UPON THE RECEIPT OF AN OPINION OF U.S. COUNSEL.”

(vi) Direct Contact; No Broker. The contact between the Company and each Purchaser was made directly through an existing relationship. No broker, investment banker or other person is entitled to any broker’s, finder’s or other similar fee or commission in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of each Purchaser.

(g) Not an Affiliate. Such Purchaser is not an officer, director or “affiliate” (as that term is defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act) of the Company.

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ARTICLE III

COVENANTS; MISCELLANEOUS

Section 3.1 No Shorting or Lending of Shares. Such Purchasers shall not (i) engage in any short-selling activities involving the Ordinary Shares, or (ii) lend the Shares to any third party.

Section 3.2 Holding Period. Such Purchasers acknowledge and agree that the Shares may not be transferred or sold for at least a period of six (6) months following the Closing Date without the prior written consent of the Company and subject to applicable U.S. federal securities laws.

Section 3.3 Nasdaq Listing. The Company warrants that it shall undertake best efforts to remain commercially viable and as a going-concern, so as to support the continued listing of its ordinary shares and public warrants on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Section 3.4 Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use the proceeds from the sale of the Shares hereunder for the purposes set forth on Schedule A hereof.

Section 3.5 Registration Rights. As soon as practicable following the expiration of the Second Closing Option pursuant to Section 1.3 hereof (as may be extended pursuant to the terms thereof), the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a registration statement on Form F-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the Shares for resale on behalf of such Purchaser. In addition, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the Shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

Section 3.6 Termination. This Agreement may not be terminated except by mutual agreement of the Parties. Nothing in this Section 3.6 shall be deemed to release any Party from any liability for any breach of this Agreement prior to the effective date of such termination.

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Section 3.7 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York without regard to principles of conflicts of laws. Any action brought by either Party against the other concerning the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be brought only in the state courts of New York or in the federal courts located in the state and county of New York. The Parties to this Agreement hereby irrevocably waive any objection to jurisdiction and venue of any action instituted hereunder and shall not assert any defense based on lack of jurisdiction or venue or based upon forum non conveniens.

Section 3.8 Consent to Jurisdiction. Each of the Company and such Purchaser hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any such suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction in New York of such court, that the suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of the suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing in this Section shall affect or limit any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.

Section 3.9 Amendment. This Agreement shall not be amended, changed or modified, except by another agreement in writing executed by the Parties hereto.

Section 3.10 Binding Effect. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, each of the Parties and their respective heirs, successors and permitted assigns.

Section 3.11 Assignment. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, duties or obligations hereunder may be assigned by the Company or such Purchaser without the express written consent of the other Party. Any purported assignment in violation of the foregoing sentence shall be null and void.

Section 3.12 Notices. All notices, requests, demands, and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given on the date of actual delivery if delivered personally to the Parties to whom notice is to be given, on the date sent if sent by e-mail or facsimile, on the next business day following delivery if sent by courier or on the day of attempted delivery by postal service if mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage paid, and properly addressed. The address of each Purchaser for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. If to the Company, at:

101 Tuas South Avenue 2,

Singapore 637226

Attn: Shian Ching Ho, CFO

Email: shianching.ho@env-solutions.com

Any Party may change its address for purposes of this Section 3.12 by giving the other Party a written notice of the new address in the manner set forth above.

Section 3.13 Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement between the Parties hereto with respect to the matters covered hereby, and all prior agreements and understandings, oral or in writing, if any, between the Parties with respect to the matters covered hereby are merged and superseded by this Agreement.

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Section 3.14 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the Parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the Parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.

Section 3.15 Fees and Expenses. Each Party will be responsible for all of its own expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

Section 3.16 Public Announcements. Such Purchaser shall not make, or cause to be made, any press release or public announcement in respect of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise communicate with any news media without the prior written consent of the Company.

Section 3.17 Specific Performance. The Parties agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event any provision of this Agreement is not performed in accordance with the terms hereof. Accordingly, each Party shall be entitled to specific performance of the terms hereof, in addition to any other remedy at law or equity.

Section 3.18 Headings. The headings of the various articles and sections of this Agreement are inserted merely for the purpose of convenience and do not expressly or by implication limit, define or extend the specific terms of the section so designated.

Section 3.19 Execution in Counterparts. For the convenience of the Parties and to facilitate execution, this Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the day and year first above written.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: |
| Name: | Quek Leng Chuang
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASERS FOLLOWS]

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Cheng Joo Kuan

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $290,000

Number of Shares: 1,000,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Chin Sor Fong

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $1,450,000

Number of Shares: 5.000,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Martha Tan Mee Hoon

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $413,250

Number of Shares: 1,425,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Goh Choi Wan

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Ong Boon Tiong Daniel

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: James Chong Yao Xuan

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $87,000

Number of Shares: 300,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: CHAU Loi Yau

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $1,000,500

Number of Shares: 3,450,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: LEUNG Man Kit

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $500,250

Number of Shares: 1,725,000

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser: Samuel Wu

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory: ______________________

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

________________________________

Investment Amount: $58,000

Number of Shares: 200,000

Schedule A

Use of Proceeds

● | To Pay Off Professional Fees Related to De-SPAC: Funds will be allocated to cover expenses incurred during the De-SPAC process.
● | To allocate a maximum of 10% to pay off the Current Shareholder’s loan.
● | 2025 Working Capital: Proceeds will be used to support the company’s working capital needs for the year 2025, ensuring smooth operations and financial stability.
● | 2025 Capital Expenditure for Capacity Expansion and Technology Enhancements: Investment in capacity expansion and technology enhancements will be made to support the company’s growth and improve operational efficiency.
● | Working capital and general corporate purposes.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For October 2024

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Private Placement – Second Closing Option Exercised

As previously disclosed, on August 21, 2024, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors named therein (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company issued in a private placement an aggregate of 13,800,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers at a purchase price of US$0.29 per share. The closing of the private placement occurred on August 22, 2024 (the “Closing Date”) and the Company received gross proceeds of $4,002,000. For a period of three months following the Closing Date, Mr. Samuel Wu, one of the Purchasers, was granted the right to purchase up to an aggregate of $998,000 of additional ordinary shares on the same and terms and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Second Closing Option”).

On September 30, 2024, the Second Closing Option was exercised and the Company accordingly issued and sold to such Purchaser an additional 3,441,380 ordinary shares for gross proceeds to the Company of $998,000.

The ordinary shares were issued and sold by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As soon as practicable following the expiration of the Second Closing Option, the Company has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a resale registration statement on Form F-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for resale on behalf of the Purchasers. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to the Form 6-K filed by the registrant with the SEC on August 23, 2024).

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: October 1, 2024 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For January 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Other Information

On December 16, 2024, the board of directors of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) approved and adopted the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which became effective on January 2, 2025. The Plan provides for the granting and issuance of Unrestricted Stock Awards (as defined in the Plan). The maximum number of shares available for the grant and issuance of such Unrestricted Stock Awards under the Plan is 1,201,821 ordinary shares of the Company. A copy of the Plan is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | ESGL Holdings Limited Equity Incentive Plan

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: January 15, 2025 |  |

Exhibit 10.1

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN

Article I

PURPOSE

The purpose of this ESGL Holdings Limited Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) is to benefit ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempt company (the “Company”) and its stockholders, by assisting the Company and its subsidiaries to attract, retain and provide incentives to key management employees and directors of the Company, and to align the interests of such service providers with those of the Company’s stockholders. Accordingly, the Plan provides for the granting of Unrestricted Stock Awards.

Article II

DEFINITIONS

The following definitions shall be applicable throughout the Plan unless the context otherwise requires:

2.1 “Affiliate” shall mean (i) any person or entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the Company and/or (ii) to the extent provided by the Committee, any person or entity in which the Company has a significant interest. The term “control” (including, with correlative meaning, the terms “controlled by” and “under common control with”), as applied to any person or entity, means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such person or entity, whether through the ownership of voting or other securities, by contract or otherwise..

2.2 “Award” shall mean, Unrestricted Stock Award.

2.3 “Award Agreement” shall mean a written agreement between the Company and the Holder with respect to an Award, setting forth the terms and conditions of the Award, as amended.

2.4 “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.

2.5 “Base Value” shall have the meaning given to such term in Section 14.2.

2.6 “Cause” shall mean (i) if the Holder is a party to an employment or service agreement with the Company or an Affiliate which agreement defines “Cause” (or a similar term), “Cause” shall have the same meaning as provided for in such agreement, or (ii) for a Holder who is not a party to such an agreement, “Cause” shall mean termination by the Company or an Affiliate of the employment (or other service relationship) of the Holder by reason of the Holder’s (A) intentional failure to perform reasonably assigned duties, (B) dishonesty or willful misconduct in the performance of the Holder’s duties, (C) involvement in a transaction which is materially adverse to the Company or an Affiliate, (D) breach of fiduciary duty involving personal profit, (E) willful violation of any law, rule, regulation or court order (other than misdemeanor traffic violations and misdemeanors not involving misuse or misappropriation of money or property), (F) commission of an act of fraud or intentional misappropriation or conversion of any asset or opportunity of the Company or an Affiliate, or (G) material breach of any provision of the Plan or the Holder’s Award Agreement or any other written agreement between the Holder and the Company or an Affiliate, in each case as determined in good faith by the Board, the determination of which shall be final, conclusive and binding on all parties.

2.7 “Change of Control” shall mean, except as otherwise provided in an Award Agreement, (i) for a Holder who is a party to an employment or consulting agreement with the Company or an Affiliate which agreement defines “Change of Control” (or a similar term), “Change of Control” shall have the same meaning as provided for in such agreement, or (ii) for a Holder who is not a party to such an agreement, “Change of Control” shall mean the satisfaction of any one or more of the following conditions (and the “Change of Control” shall be deemed to have occurred as of the first day that any one or more of the following conditions shall have been satisfied):

(a) Any person (as such term is used in paragraphs 13(d) and 14(d)(2) of the Exchange Act, hereinafter in this definition, “Person”), other than the Company or an Affiliate or an employee benefit plan of the Company or an Affiliate, becomes the beneficial owner (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power of the Company’s then outstanding securities;

(b) The closing of a merger, consolidation or other business combination (a “Business Combination”) other than a Business Combination in which holders of the Shares immediately prior to the Business Combination have substantially the same proportionate ownership of the common stock or ordinary shares, as applicable, of the surviving corporation immediately after the Business Combination as immediately before;

(c) The closing of an agreement for the sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets to any entity that is not an Affiliate;

(d) The approval by the holders of shares of Shares of a plan of complete liquidation of the Company, other than a merger of the Company into any subsidiary or a liquidation as a result of which persons who were stockholders of the Company immediately prior to such liquidation have substantially the same proportionate ownership of shares of common stock or ordinary shares, as applicable, of the surviving corporation immediately after such liquidation as immediately before; or

(e) Within any twenty-four (24) month period, the Incumbent Directors shall cease to constitute at least a majority of the Board or the board of directors of any successor to the Company; provided, however, that any director elected to the Board, or nominated for election, by a majority of the Incumbent Directors then still in office, shall be deemed to be an Incumbent Director for purposes of this paragraph (e), but excluding, for this purpose, any such individual whose initial assumption of office occurs as a result of either an actual or threatened election contest with respect to the election or removal of directors or other actual or threatened solicitation of proxies or consents by or on behalf of an individual, entity or “group” other than the Board (including, but not limited to, any such assumption that results from paragraphs (a), (b), (c), or (d) of this definition).

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Notwithstanding the foregoing, solely for the purpose of determining the timing of any payments pursuant to any Award constituting a “deferral of compensation” subject to Code Section 409A, a Change of Control shall be limited to a “change in the ownership of the Company,” a “change in the effective control of the Company,” or a “change in the ownership of a substantial portion of the assets of the Company” as such terms are defined in Section 1.409A-3(i)(5) of the U.S. Treasury Regulations.

2.8 “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and any successor thereto. Reference in the Plan to any section of the Code shall be deemed to include any regulations or other interpretative guidance under such section, and any amendments or successor provisions to such section, regulations or guidance.

2.9 “Committee” shall mean a committee comprised of two (2) or more members of the Board who are selected by the Board as provided in Section 4.1.

2.10 “Company” shall have the meaning given to such term in the introductory paragraph, including any successor thereto.

2.11 “Consultant” shall mean any person, including an advisor, who is (i) engaged by the Company or an Affiliate to render consulting or advisory services and is compensated for such services, or (ii) serving as a member of the board of directors of an Affiliate and is compensated for such services. However, service solely as a Director, or payment of a fee for such service, will not cause a Director to be considered a “Consultant” for purposes of the Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a person is treated as a Consultant under this Plan only if a Form S-8 Registration Statement under the Securities Act is available to register either the offer or the sale of the Company’s securities to such person.

2.12 “Director” shall mean a member of the Board or a member of the board of directors of an Affiliate, in either case, who is not an Employee.

2.13 “Distribution Equivalent Right” shall mean an Award granted under Article XIII of the Plan which entitles the Holder to receive bookkeeping credits, cash payments and/or Share distributions equal in amount to the distributions that would have been made to the Holder had the Holder held a specified number of Shares during the period the Holder held the Distribution Equivalent Right.

2.14 “Distribution Equivalent Right Award Agreement” shall mean a written agreement between the Company and a Holder with respect to a Distribution Equivalent Right Award.

2.15 “Effective Date” shall mean January 2, 2025.

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2.16 “Employee” shall mean any employee, including any officer, of the Company or an Affiliate.

2.17 “Exchange Act” shall mean the United States of America Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

2.18 “Fair Market Value” shall mean, as of any date, the value of a share of Stock determined as follows:

(a) If the Stock is listed on any established stock exchange or a national market system, the per share closing sales price for shares of Stock (or the closing bid, if no sales were reported) as quoted on such exchange or system on the day of determination, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Committee deems reliable;

(b) If the Stock is regularly quoted by a recognized securities dealer but selling prices are not reported, the Fair Market Value of a share of Stock will be the mean between the high bid and low asked per share prices for the Stock on the day of determination, as reported in The Wall Street Journal or such other source as the Committee deems reliable; or

(c) In the absence of an established market for the Stock, the Fair Market Value will be determined in good faith by the Committee (acting on the advice of an Independent Third Party, should the Committee elect in its sole discretion to utilize an Independent Third Party for this purpose).

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the determination of Fair Market Value in all cases shall be in accordance with the requirements set forth under Section 409A of the Code to the extent necessary for an Award to comply with, or be exempt from, Section 409A of the Code.

2.19 “Family Member” of an individual shall mean any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, spouse, former spouse, sibling, niece, nephew, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law or sister-in-law, including adoptive relationships, any person sharing the Holder’s household (other than a tenant or employee of the Holder), a trust in which such persons have more than fifty percent (50%) of the beneficial interest, a foundation in which such persons (or the Holder) control the management of assets, and any other entity in which such persons (or the Holder) own more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting interests.

2.20 “Holder” shall mean an Employee, Director or Consultant who has been granted an Award or any such individual’s beneficiary, estate or representative, who has acquired such Award in accordance with the terms of the Plan, as applicable.

2.21 “Incumbent Director” shall mean, with respect to any period of time specified under the Plan for purposes of determining whether or not a Change of Control has occurred, the individuals who were members of the Board at the beginning of such period.

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2.22 “Independent Third Party” means an individual or entity independent of the Company having experience in providing investment banking or similar appraisal or valuation services and with expertise generally in the valuation of securities or other property for purposes of this Plan. The Committee may utilize one or more Independent Third Parties.

2.23 “Plan” shall mean this ESGL Holdings Limited Equity Incentive Plan, as amended from time to time, together with each of the Award Agreements utilized hereunder.

2.24 “Rule 16b-3” shall mean Rule 16b-3 promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Exchange Act, as such may be amended from time to time, and any successor rule, regulation or statute fulfilling the same or a substantially similar function.

2.25 “Shares” or “Stock” shall mean the ordinary shares of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share.

2.26 “Ten Percent Stockholder” shall mean an Employee who, at the time an Option is granted to him or her, owns shares possessing more than ten percent (10%) of the total combined voting power of all classes of shares of the Company or of any parent corporation or subsidiary corporation thereof (both as defined in Section 424 of the Code), within the meaning of Section 422(b)(6) of the Code.

2.27 “Termination of Service” shall mean a termination of a Holder’s employment with, or status as a Director or Consultant of, the Company or an Affiliate, as applicable, for any reason, including, without limitation, Total and Permanent Disability or death, except as provided in Section 6.4. In the event Termination of Service shall constitute a payment event with respect to any Award subject to Code Section 409A, Termination of Service shall only be deemed to occur upon a “separation from service” as such term is defined under Code Section 409A and applicable authorities.

2.28 “Total and Permanent Disability” of an individual shall mean the inability of such individual to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than twelve (12) months, within the meaning of Section 22(e)(3) of the Code.

2.29 “Unit” shall mean a bookkeeping unit, which represents such monetary amount as shall be designated by the Committee in each Performance Unit Agreement, or represents one Share for purposes of each Restricted Stock Unit Award.

2.30 “Unrestricted Stock Award” shall mean an Award granted under Article IX of the Plan of Shares which are not subject to Restrictions.

2.31 “Unrestricted Stock Agreement” shall mean a written agreement between the Company and a Holder with respect to an Unrestricted Stock Award.

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Article III

EFFECTIVE DATE OF PLAN

The Plan shall be effective as of the Effective Date.

Article IV

ADMINISTRATION

4.1 Composition of Committee. The Plan shall be administered by the Committee, which shall be appointed by the Board. If necessary, in the Board’s discretion, to comply with Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act or relevant securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation service, the Committee shall consist solely of two (2) or more Directors who are each (i) “non-employee directors” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 and (ii) “independent” for purposes of any applicable listing requirements;. If a member of the Committee shall be eligible to receive an Award under the Plan, such Committee member shall have no authority hereunder with respect to his or her own Award.

4.2 Powers. Subject to the other provisions of the Plan, the Committee shall have the sole authority, in its discretion, to make all determinations under the Plan, including but not limited to (i) determining which Employees and Directors shall receive an Award, (ii) the time or times when an Award shall be made (the date of grant of an Award shall be the date on which the Award is awarded by the Committee), (iii) what type of Award shall be granted, (iv) the term of an Award, (v) the date or dates on which an Award vests, (vi) the form of any payment to be made pursuant to an Award, (vii) the terms and conditions of an Award (including the forfeiture of the Award, and/or any financial gain, if the Holder of the Award violates any applicable restrictive covenant thereof),. In making such determinations the Committee may take into account the nature of the services rendered by the respective Employees and Directors, their present and potential contribution to the Company’s success and such other factors as the Committee in its discretion may deem relevant.

4.3 Additional Powers. The Committee shall have such additional powers as are delegated to it under the other provisions of the Plan. Subject to the express provisions of the Plan, the Committee is authorized to construe the Plan and the respective Award Agreements executed hereunder, to prescribe such rules and regulations relating to the Plan as it may deem advisable to carry out the intent of the Plan, to determine the terms, restrictions and provisions of each Award and to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Plan. The Committee may correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency in any Award Agreement in the manner and to the extent the Committee shall deem necessary, appropriate or expedient to carry it into effect. The determinations of the Committee on the matters referred to in this Article IV shall be conclusive and binding on the Company and all Holders.

4.4 Committee Action. Subject to compliance with all applicable laws, action by the Committee shall require the consent of a majority of the members of the Committee, expressed either orally at a meeting of the Committee or in writing in the absence of a meeting. No member of the Committee shall have any liability for any good faith action, inaction or determination in connection with the Plan.

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Article V

SHARES SUBJECT TO PLAN AND LIMITATIONS THEREON

5.1 Authorized Shares. The Committee may from time to time grant Awards to one or more Employees and Directors determined by it to be eligible for participation in the Plan in accordance with the provisions of Article VI. Subject to any adjustments as necessary pursuant to Article XV, the aggregate number of shares of Stock reserved and available for grant and issuance under the Plan is 1,201,821. In the event that (i) any Option or other Award granted hereunder is exercised through the tendering of Stock (either actually or by attestation) or by the withholding of Stock by the Company, or (ii) tax or deduction liabilities arising from such Option or other Award are satisfied by the tendering of Stock (either actually or by attestation) or by the withholding of Stock by the Company, then in each such case the shares of Stock so tendered or withheld shall not be added back to the shares of Stock available for grant under the Plan. Only Shares underlying Awards under this Plan that are forfeited, canceled, or expire unexercised, shall be available again for issuance under the Plan.

5.2 Types of Shares. The Shares to be issued pursuant to the grant or exercise of an Award may consist of authorized but unissued Shares, Shares purchased on the open market or Shares previously issued and outstanding and reacquired by the Company.

5.3 Non-Employee Director Stock Award distribution. All Unrestricted Stock Awards allocated to Non-Employee Directors under this Plan shall be distributed equally among eligible Non-Employee Directors, with each receiving an identical number of Unrestricted Stock Awards, subject to rounding adjustments for fractional shares as determined unanimously by the Board of Directors.

Article VI

ELIGIBILITY AND TERMINATION OF SERVICE

6.1 Eligibility. Awards made under the Plan may be granted solely to individuals who, at the time of grant, are Employees and Directors. An Award may be granted on more than one occasion to the same Employee and Director, subject to the limitations set forth in the Plan, such Award being an Unrestricted Stock Award.

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6.2 Special Termination Rule. Except to the extent inconsistent with the terms of the applicable Award Agreement, and notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Article VI, if a Holder’s employment with, or status as a Director of, the Company or an Affiliate shall terminate, and if, within ninety (90) days of such termination, such Holder shall become a Consultant, such Holder’s rights with respect to any Award or portion thereof granted thereto prior to the date of such termination may be preserved, if and to the extent determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, as if such Holder had been a Consultant for the entire period during which such Award or portion thereof had been outstanding. Should the Committee effect such determination with respect to such Holder, for all purposes of the Plan, such Holder shall not be treated as if his or her employment or Director status had terminated until such time as his or her Consultant status shall terminate. Should a Holder’s status as a Consultant terminate, and if, within ninety (90) days of such termination, such Holder shall become an Employee or a Director, such Holder’s rights with respect to any Award or portion thereof granted thereto prior to the date of such termination may be preserved, if and to the extent determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, as if such Holder had been an Employee or a Director, as applicable, for the entire period during which such Award or portion thereof had been outstanding, and, should the Committee effect such determination with respect to such Holder, for all purposes of the Plan, such Holder shall not be treated as if his or her Consultant status had terminated until such time as his or her employment with the Company or an Affiliate, or his or her Director status, as applicable, shall terminate.

6.3 Termination of Service for Cause. Notwithstanding anything in this Article VI or elsewhere in the Plan to the contrary, and unless a Holder’s Award Agreement specifically provides otherwise, in the event of a Holder’s Termination of Service for Cause, all of such Holder’s then outstanding Awards shall expire immediately and be forfeited in their entirety upon such Termination of Service.

Article VII

OPTIONS

7.1 Exclusion of Stock Options. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

Article VIII

RESTRICTED STOCK AWARDS

8.1 Exclusion of Restricted Stock Awards. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

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Article IX

UNRESTRICTED STOCK AWARDS

9.1 Award. Shares may be awarded (or sold) to Employees and Directors under the Plan which are not subject to Restrictions of any kind, in consideration for past services rendered thereby to the Company or for other valid consideration.

9.2 Terms and Conditions. At the time any Award is made under this Article IX, the Company and the Holder shall enter into an Unrestricted Stock Agreement setting forth each of the matters contemplated hereby and such other matters as the Committee may determine to be appropriate.

9.3 Payment for Unrestricted Stock. The Committee shall determine the amount and form of any payment from a Holder for Shares received pursuant to an Unrestricted Stock Award, if any, provided that in the absence of such a determination, a Holder shall not be required to make any payment for Shares received pursuant to an Unrestricted Stock Award, except to the extent otherwise required by law.

9.4 Clawback Provision. Any Unrestricted Stock Award granted under this Article IX shall be subject to the Company’s clawback policy, as may be in effect from time to time, or as required by applicable law. The Company reserves the right to recover or require the forfeiture of Shares or the value thereof in the event of misconduct, restatement of financial statements, or other circumstances specified in the clawback policy or applicable law.

Article X

RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARDS

10.1 Exclusion of Restricted Stock Unit Awards. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

Article XI

PERFORMANCE UNIT AWARDS

11.1 Exclusion of Performance Unit Awards. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

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Article XII

PERFORMANCE STOCK AWARDS

12.1 Exclusion of Performance Stock Awards. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

Article XIII

DISTRIBUTION EQUIVALENT RIGHTS

13.1 Exclusion of Distribution Equivalent Rights. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

Article XIV

STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHTS

14.1 Exclusion of Stock Appreciation Rights. This Equity Incentive Plan is exclusively limited to the issuance and grant of Unrestricted Stock Awards. No other forms of equity compensation, including stock options, restricted stock units, or other derivatives, are offered or considered under this Plan. All equity awards shall be granted solely as Unrestricted Stock Awards in accordance with the terms and conditions outlined herein.

Article XV

RECAPITALIZATION OR REORGANIZATION

15.1 Adjustments to Shares. The shares with respect to which Awards may be granted under the Plan are Shares as presently constituted; provided, however, that if, and whenever, prior to the expiration or distribution to the Holder of Shares underlying an Award theretofore granted, the Company shall effect a subdivision or consolidation of the Shares or the payment of an Share dividend on Shares without receipt of consideration by the Company, the number of Shares with respect to which such Award may thereafter be satisfied, (i) in the event of an increase in the number of outstanding Shares, shall be proportionately increased, and the purchase price per Share, if any, shall be proportionately reduced, and (ii) in the event of a reduction in the number of outstanding Shares, shall be proportionately reduced, and the purchase price per Share, if any, shall be proportionately increased.

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15.2 Recapitalization. If the Company recapitalizes or otherwise changes its capital structure, thereafter upon any satisfaction of a previously granted Award, the Holder shall be entitled to receive (or entitled to purchase, if applicable) under such Award, in lieu of the number of Shares then covered by such Award, the number and class of shares and securities to which the Holder would have been entitled pursuant to the terms of the recapitalization if, immediately prior to such recapitalization, the Holder had been the holder of record of the number of Shares then covered by such Award.

15.3 Other Events. In the event of changes to the outstanding Shares by reason of an extraordinary cash dividend, reorganization, merger, consolidation, combination, split-up, spin-off, exchange or other relevant change in capitalization occurring after the date of the grant of any Award and not otherwise provided for under this Article XV, any outstanding Awards and any Award Agreements evidencing such Awards shall be adjusted by the Board in its discretion in such manner as the Board shall deem equitable or appropriate taking into consideration the applicable accounting and tax consequences, as to the number and price of Shares or other consideration subject to such Awards. In the event of any adjustment pursuant to Sections 15.1, 15.2 or this Section 15.3, the aggregate number of Shares available under the Plan pursuant to Section 5.1 may be appropriately adjusted by the Board, the determination of which shall be conclusive. In addition, the Committee may make provision for a cash payment to a Holder or a person who has an outstanding Award.

15.4 Powers Not Affected. The existence of the Plan and the Awards granted hereunder shall not affect in any way the right or power of the Board or of the stockholders of the Company to make or authorize any adjustment, recapitalization, reorganization or other change of the Company’s capital structure or business, any merger or consolidation of the Company, any issue of debt or equity securities ahead of or affecting Shares or the rights thereof, the dissolution or liquidation of the Company or any sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of all or any part of its assets or business or any other corporate act or proceeding.

15.5 No Adjustment for Certain Awards. Except as hereinabove expressly provided, the issuance by the Company of shares of any class or securities convertible into shares of any class, for cash, property, labor or services, upon direct sale, upon the exercise of rights or warrants to subscribe therefor or upon conversion of shares or obligations of the Company convertible into such shares or other securities, and in any case whether or not for fair value, shall not affect previously granted Awards, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to the number of Shares subject to Awards theretofore granted or the purchase price per Share, if applicable.

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Article XVI

AMENDMENT AND TERMINATION OF PLAN

The Plan shall continue in effect, unless sooner terminated pursuant to this Article XVI, until the tenth (10th) anniversary of the date on which it is adopted by the Board (except as to Awards outstanding on that date). The Board may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue, or terminate the Plan or any portion thereof at any time; provided that (i) no such amendment, alteration, suspension, discontinuation or termination shall be made without stockholder approval if such approval is necessary to comply with any tax or regulatory requirement applicable to the Plan (including, without limitation, as necessary to comply with any rules or requirements of any securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system on which the Stock may be listed or quoted); provided, further, that any such amendment, alteration, suspension, discontinuance or termination that would materially and adversely affect the rights of any Holder or beneficiary of any Award theretofore granted shall not to that extent be effective without the consent of the affected Holder or beneficiary (unless such change is required in order to exempt the Plan or any Award from Section 409A of the Code).

Article XVII

MISCELLANEOUS

17.1 No Right to Award. Neither the adoption of the Plan by the Company nor any action of the Board or the Committee shall be deemed to give an Employee, Director or Consultant any right to an Award except as may be evidenced by an Award Agreement duly executed on behalf of the Company, and then solely to the extent and on the terms and conditions expressly set forth therein.

17.2 No Rights Conferred. Nothing contained in the Plan shall (i) confer upon any Employee any right with respect to continuation of employment with the Company or any Affiliate, (ii) interfere in any way with any right of the Company or any Affiliate to terminate the employment of an Employee at any time, (iii) confer upon any Director any right with respect to continuation of such Director’s membership on the Board, (iv) interfere in any way with any right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate a Director’s membership on the Board at any time, (v) confer upon any Consultant any right with respect to continuation of his or her consulting engagement with the Company or any Affiliate, or (vi) interfere in any way with any right of the Company or an Affiliate to terminate a Consultant’s consulting engagement with the Company or an Affiliate at any time.

17.3 Other Laws; No Fractional Shares; Withholding. The Company shall not be obligated by virtue of any provision of the Plan to sell or issue Shares in violation of any laws, rules or regulations, and any postponement of the settlement of any Award under this provision shall not extend the term of such Award. Neither the Company nor its directors or officers shall have any obligation or liability to a Holder with respect to any Award (or Shares issuable thereunder) (i) that shall lapse because of such postponement, or (ii) for any failure to comply with the requirements of any applicable law, rules or regulations, including but not limited to any failure to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of this Code. No fractional Shares shall be delivered, nor shall any cash in lieu of fractional Shares be paid. The Company shall have the right to deduct in cash (whether under this Plan or otherwise) in connection with all Awards any taxes required by law to be withheld and to require any payments required to enable it to satisfy its withholding obligations. In the case of any Award satisfied in the form of Shares, no Shares shall be issued unless and until arrangements satisfactory to the Company shall have been made to satisfy any tax withholding obligations applicable with respect to such Award. Subject to such terms and conditions as the Committee may impose, the Company shall have the right to retain, or the Committee may, subject to such terms and conditions as it may establish from time to time, permit Holders to elect to tender, Shares (including Shares issuable in respect of an Award) to satisfy, in whole or in part, the amount required to be withheld.

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17.4 No Restriction on Corporate Action. Nothing contained in the Plan shall be construed to prevent the Company or any Affiliate from taking any corporate action which is deemed by the Company or such Affiliate to be appropriate or in its best interest, whether or not such action would have an adverse effect on the Plan or any Award made under the Plan. No Employee, Director, Consultant, beneficiary or other person shall have any claim against the Company or any Affiliate as a result of any such action.

17.5 Restrictions on Transfer. No Award under the Plan or any Award Agreement and no rights or interests herein or therein, shall or may be assigned, transferred, sold, exchanged, encumbered, pledged or otherwise hypothecated or disposed of by a Holder except (i) by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, or (ii) where permitted under applicable tax rules, by gift to any Family Member of the Holder, subject to compliance with applicable laws. Notwithstanding any such transfer, the Holder shall continue to be subject to the withholding requirements provided for under Section 17.3 hereof.

17.6 Beneficiary Designations. Each Holder may, from time to time, name a beneficiary or beneficiaries (who may be contingent or successive beneficiaries) for purposes of receiving any amount which is payable in connection with an Award under the Plan upon or subsequent to the Holder’s death. Each such beneficiary designation shall serve to revoke all prior beneficiary designations, be in a form prescribed by the Company and be effective solely when filed by the Holder in writing with the Company during the Holder’s lifetime. In the absence of any such written beneficiary designation, for purposes of the Plan, a Holder’s beneficiary shall be the Holder’s estate.

17.7 Rule 16b-3. It is intended that the Plan and any Award made to a person subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act shall meet all of the requirements of Rule 16b-3. If any provision of the Plan or of any such Award would disqualify the Plan or such Award under, or would otherwise not comply with the requirements of, Rule 16b-3, such provision or Award shall be construed or deemed to have been amended as necessary to conform to the requirements of Rule 16b-3.

17.8 No Obligation To Minimize Taxes. The Company has no duty or obligation to minimize the tax consequences of an Award to any person.

17.9 Section 409A of the Code.

(a) Notwithstanding any provision of this Plan to the contrary, all Awards made under this Plan are intended to be exempt from or, in the alternative, comply with Section 409A of the Code and the authoritative guidance thereunder, including the exceptions for stock rights and short-term deferrals. The Plan shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with such intent. Each payment under an Award shall be treated as a separate payment for purposes of Section 409A of the Code.

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(b) If a Holder is a “specified employee” (as such term is defined for purposes of Section 409A of the Code) at the time of his termination of service, no amount that is nonqualified deferred compensation subject to Section 409A of the Code and that becomes payable by reason of such termination of service shall be paid to the Holder (or in the event of the Holder’s death, the Holder’s representative or estate) before the earlier of  (x) the first business day after the date that is six months following the date of the Holder’s termination of service, and (y) within 30 days following the date of the Holder’s death. For purposes of Section 409A of the Code, a termination of service shall be deemed to occur only if it is a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code, and references in the Plan and any Award Agreement to “termination of service” or similar terms shall mean a “separation from service.” If any Award is or becomes subject to Section 409A of the Code, unless the applicable Award Agreement provides otherwise, such Award shall be payable upon the Holder’s “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code. If any Award is or becomes subject to Section 409A of the Code and if payment of such Award would be accelerated or otherwise triggered under a Change of Control, then the definition of Change of Control shall be deemed modified, only to the extent necessary to avoid the imposition of any additional tax under Section 409A of the Code, to mean a “change in control event” as such term is defined for purposes of Section 409A of the Code.

(c) Any adjustments made pursuant to Article XV to Awards that are subject to Section 409A of the Code shall be made in compliance with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, and any adjustments made pursuant to Article XV to Awards that are not subject to Section 409A of the Code shall be made in such a manner as to ensure that after such adjustment, the Awards either (x) continue not to be subject to Section 409A of the Code or (y) comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code.

17.10 Indemnification. Each person who is or shall have been a member of the Committee or of the Board shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Company against and from any loss, cost, liability, or expense that may be imposed upon or reasonably incurred thereby in connection with or resulting from any claim, action, suit, or proceeding to which such person may be made a party or may be involved by reason of any action taken or failure to act under the Plan and against and from any and all amounts paid thereby in settlement thereof, with the Company’s approval, or paid thereby in satisfaction of any judgment in any such action, suit, or proceeding against such person; provided, however, that such person shall give the Company an opportunity, at its own expense, to handle and defend the same before he or she undertakes to handle and defend it on his or her own behalf. The foregoing right of indemnification shall not be exclusive and shall be independent of any other rights of indemnification to which such persons may be entitled under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation or By-laws, by contract, as a matter of law, or otherwise.

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17.11 Other Benefit Plans. No Award, payment or amount received hereunder shall be taken into account in computing an Employee’s salary or compensation for the purposes of determining any benefits under any pension, retirement, life insurance or other benefit plan of the Company or any Affiliate, unless such other plan specifically provides for the inclusion of such Award, payment or amount received. Nothing in the Plan shall be construed to limit the right of the Company to establish other plans or to pay compensation to its employees, in cash or property, in a manner which is not expressly authorized under the Plan.

17.12 Limits of Liability. Any liability of the Company with respect to an Award shall be based solely upon the contractual obligations created under the Plan and the Award Agreement. None of the Company, any member of the Board nor any member of the Committee shall have any liability to any party for any action taken or not taken, in good faith, in connection with or under the Plan.

17.13 Governing Law. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Plan shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York applicable to contracts made and performed wholly within the State of New York, without giving effect to the conflict of law provisions thereof.

17.14 Subplans. The Board may from time to time establish one or more sub-plans under the Plan for purposes of satisfying applicable blue sky, securities or tax laws of various jurisdictions. The Board shall establish such sub-plans by adopting supplements to the Plan setting forth (i) such limitations on the Committee’s discretion under the Plan as the Board deems necessary or desirable and (ii) such additional terms and conditions not otherwise inconsistent with the Plan as the Board shall deem `necessary or desirable. All supplements adopted by the Board shall be deemed to be part of the Plan, but each supplement shall apply only to Holders within the affected jurisdiction and the Company shall not be required to provide copies of any supplement to Holders in any jurisdiction that is not affected.

17.15 Notification of Election Under Section 83(b) of the Code. If any Holder, in connection with the acquisition of Stock under an Award, makes the election permitted under Section 83(b) of the Code, if applicable, the Holder shall notify the Company of the election within ten days of filing notice of the election with the Internal Revenue Service.

17.16 Paperless Administration. If the Company establishes, for itself or using the services of a third party, an automated system for the documentation, granting or exercise of Awards, such as a system using an internet website or interactive voice response, then the paperless documentation, granting or exercise of Awards by a Holder may be permitted through the use of such an automated system.

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17.17 Broker-Assisted Sales. In the event of a broker-assisted sale of Stock in connection with the payment of amounts owed by a Holder under or with respect to the Plan or Awards: (a) any Stock to be sold through the broker-assisted sale will be sold on the day the payment first becomes due, or as soon thereafter as practicable; (b) the Stock may be sold as part of a block trade with other Holders in the Plan in which all participants receive an average price; (c) the applicable Holder will be responsible for all broker’s fees and other costs of sale, and by accepting an Award, each Holder agrees to indemnify and hold the Company harmless from any losses, costs, damages, or expenses relating to any such sale; (d) to the extent the Company or its designee receives proceeds of the sale that exceed the amount owed, the Company will pay the excess in cash to the applicable Holder as soon as reasonably practicable; (e) the Company and its designees are under no obligation to arrange for the sale at any particular price; and (f) if the proceeds of the sale are insufficient to satisfy the Holder’s applicable obligation, the Holder may be required to pay immediately upon demand to the Company or its designee an amount in cash sufficient to satisfy any remaining portion of the Holder’s obligation.

17.18 Data Privacy. As a condition for receiving any Award, each Holder explicitly and unambiguously consents to the collection, use and transfer, in electronic or other form, of personal data as described in this Section 17.19 by and among the Company and its subsidiaries and Affiliates exclusively for implementing, administering and managing the Holder’s participation in the Plan. The Company and its subsidiaries and Affiliates may hold certain personal information about a Holder, including the Holder’s name, address and telephone number; birthdate; social security, insurance number or other identification number; salary; nationality; job title(s); any Stock held in the Company or its subsidiaries and Affiliates; and Award details, to implement, manage and administer the Plan and Awards (the “Data”). The Company and its subsidiaries and Affiliates may transfer the Data amongst themselves as necessary to implement, administer and manage a Holder’s participation in the Plan, and the Company and its subsidiaries and Affiliates may transfer the Data to third parties assisting the Company with Plan implementation, administration and management. These recipients may be located in the Holder’s country, or elsewhere, and the Holder’s country may have different data privacy laws and protections than the recipients’ country. By accepting an Award, each Holder authorizes the recipients to receive, possess, use, retain and transfer the Data, in electronic or other form, to implement, administer and manage the Holder’s participation in the Plan, including any required Data transfer to a broker or other third party with whom the Company or the Holder may elect to deposit any Stock. The Data related to a Holder will be held only as long as necessary to implement, administer, and manage the Holder’s participation in the Plan. A Holder may, at any time, view the Data that the Company holds regarding the Holder, request additional information about the storage and processing of the Data regarding the Holder, recommend any necessary corrections to the Data regarding the Holder or refuse or withdraw the consents in this Section 17.19 in writing, without cost, by contacting the local human resources representative. The Company may cancel Holder’s ability to participate in the Plan and, in the Committee’s discretion, the Holder may forfeit any outstanding Awards if the Holder refuses or withdraws the consents in this Section 17.19.

17.19 Severability of Provisions. If any provision of the Plan is held invalid or unenforceable, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect any other provision of the Plan, and the Plan shall be construed and enforced as if such invalid or unenforceable provision had not been included in the Plan.

17.20 No Funding. The Plan shall be unfunded. The Company shall not be required to establish any special or separate fund or to make any other segregation of funds or assets to ensure the payment of any Award. Prior to receipt of Shares or a cash distribution pursuant to the terms of an Award, such Award shall represent an unfunded unsecured contractual obligation of the Company and the Holder shall have no greater claim to the Shares underlying such Award or any other assets of the Company or Affiliate than any other unsecured general creditor.

17.21 Headings. Headings used throughout the Plan are for convenience only and shall not be given legal significance.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For January 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Private Placement

On January 17, 2025, ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors named therein (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement an aggregate of 37,500,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers at a purchase price of US$0.80 per share. The first closing of the private placement occurred on January 18, 2025 pursuant to which the Company issued 375,000 ordinary shares and received gross proceeds of $375,000. The second closing under the Purchase Agreement shall occur on or before April 22, 2025 pursuant to which the Company shall issue 37,125,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers for an aggregate purchase price of $29,700,000. The Company shall use approximately 20% of the net proceeds received pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for working capital and approximately 80% for strategic mergers and acquisitions.

The ordinary shares were issued and sold by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As soon as practicable following the second closing and the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares for resale on behalf of the Purchasers. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Form of Share Purchase Agreement.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: January 22, 2025 |  |

Exhibit 10.1

Execution Copy

SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

This Share Purchase Agreement (this “Agreement”), dated as of 17 January, 2025, is by and between ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (the “Company”), and the Purchaser set forth on the signature page hereto. Each of the Purchaser and the Company is sometimes referred to herein each as a “Party”, and collectively as the “Parties”.

W I T N E S S E T H:

WHEREAS, the Company desires to sell to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser desires to purchase from the Company, ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement;

WHEREAS, the Ordinary Shares offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the terms of this Agreement are sometimes referred to herein as the “Shares”; and

WHEREAS, the Shares are not registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are being offered and sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act contained in Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Regulation D thereunder.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and the mutual representations, warranties, covenants and agreements herein contained, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, and intending to be legally bound, the Company and the Purchaser agrees as follows:

ARTICLE I

PURCHASE AND SALE

Section 1.1 Issuance, Sale, and Purchase of Shares. Upon the following terms and conditions, the Company is offering to the Purchaser 37,500,000 ordinary shares at $0.80 per share, for a total potential consideration of $30,000,000.

Section 1.2 Purchase Price and Tranche Closings. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Company agrees to issue and sell to the Purchasers and, in consideration of and in express reliance upon the representations, warranties, covenants, terms, and conditions of this Agreement, the Purchasers agree to purchase the Shares as follows:

1. | First Tranche:
| - Date: January 22, 2025
| - Shares: 375,000
| - Proceeds: $300,000
2. | Second Tranche:
| - Date: April 22, 2025
| - Shares: 37,125,000
| - Proceeds: $29,700,000

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The Purchaser may close the second tranche in parts or request a 30-day extension, subject to the Company’s approval.

[Bank details]

No later than two (2) business days following the Closing, the Company shall cause its transfer agent to deliver to the Purchaser a copy of the book-entry statement evidencing the Purchaser as the holder of such Shares.

Section 1.3 Closing Conditions.

The obligations of the Company to issue and sell the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction, on or before the applicable Closing, of each of the following conditions, provided that any of which may be waived in writing by the Company in its sole discretion:

(a) All corporate and other actions required to be taken by the Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Shares shall have been completed and all corporate and other actions required to be taken by the Purchaser in connection with the purchase of the Shares shall have been completed.

(b) The representations and warranties of the Purchaser contained in Section 2.2 of this Agreement shall have been true and correct on the date of this Agreement and shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the Closing; and the Purchaser shall have performed and complied with in all material respects all, and not be in breach or default in any material respect under any, agreements, covenants, conditions and obligations contained in this Agreement that are required to be performed or complied with on or before the Closing.

(c) No governmental authority of competent jurisdiction shall have enacted, issued, promulgated, enforced or entered any law (whether temporary, preliminary or permanent) that is in effect and restrains, enjoins, prevents, prohibits or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or imposes any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company; and no action, suit, proceeding or investigation shall have been instituted by or before any governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or threatened that seeks to restrain, enjoin, prevent, prohibit or otherwise makes illegal the consummation of, or materially and adversely alter, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or impose any damages or penalties that are substantial in relation to the Company.

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ARTICLE II

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

Section 2.1 Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company hereby represents and warrants to the Purchaser, as of the date hereof and as of each Closing Date, as follows:

(a) Organization and Authority. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business in all material respects as is currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in material violation or default of any of the provisions of its respective memorandum and articles of association, certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary and no proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified and in good standing would not adversely affect the ability of the Company to carry out its obligations under, and to consummate the transactions contemplated by, this Agreement or adversely affect the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to conduct the business as is currently conducted.

(b) Due Issuance of the Shares. The Shares have been duly and validly authorized and, when issued and paid for pursuant to this Agreement, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, and the Shares shall be free and clear of all encumbrances, except as required by applicable laws, and issued in compliance with all applicable federal, securities laws.

(c) Authority. The Company has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by it pursuant to this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by it of this Agreement and the performance by it of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on its part.

(d) Noncontravention. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and constitutes its legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies. Neither the execution and the delivery of this Agreement, nor the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby, will violate any constitution, statute, regulation, rule, injunction, judgment, order, decree, ruling, charge, or other restriction of any government, governmental entity or court to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject. To the Company’s best knowledge, neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by the Company with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, it.

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(e) Filings, Consents and Approvals. Assuming the accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Purchaser in Sections 2.2(e) and (f), neither the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor the performance by the Company of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the filing, consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving notice to, any governmental or public body or authority, except such as have been obtained, made, given or will be made promptly hereafter and any required filing or notification with the Securities and Exchange Commission or Nasdaq.

(f) No General Solicitation. Neither the Company nor any person or entity acting on behalf of the Company has offered or sold any of the Shares by any form of general solicitation or general advertising. The Company has offered the Shares for sale only to “accredited investors” within the meaning of Rule 501 under the Securities Act.

Section 2.2 Representations and Warranties of the Purchaser. The Purchaser hereby makes the following representations and warranties to the Company as of the date hereof:

(a) Authority. The Purchaser has full power and authority to enter into, execute and deliver this Agreement and each agreement, certificate, document and instrument to be executed and delivered by the Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement and to perform his obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery by the Purchaser of this Agreement and the performance by the Purchaser of its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all requisite actions on his part.

(b) Valid Agreement. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Purchaser and constitutes the Purchaser’s legal, valid and binding obligation, enforceable against him in accordance with its terms, except (i) as limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors’ rights generally, and (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief, or other equitable remedies.

(c) Consents. Neither the execution and delivery by the Purchaser of this Agreement nor the consummation by the Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby nor the performance by him of this Agreement in accordance with its terms requires the consent, approval, order or authorization of, or registration with, or the giving of notice to, any governmental or public body or authority or any third party, except as have been obtained, made or given.

(d) No Conflict. Neither the execution and delivery by it of this Agreement, nor the consummation by the Purchaser of any of the transactions contemplated hereby, nor compliance by him with any of the terms and conditions hereof will contravene any existing agreement, federal, state, county or local law, rule or regulation or any judgment, decree or order applicable to, or binding upon, the Purchaser.

(e) No General Solicitation. The Purchaser is not purchasing the Shares because of any general solicitation or general advertisement, including, without limitation, (i) any advertisement, articles, notice or other communication published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media or broadcast over television or radio, and (ii) any seminar or meeting whose attendees have been invited by any general solicitation or general advertising.

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(f) Status and Investment Intent.

(i) Experience. The Purchaser has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the Shares. The Purchaser is capable of bearing the economic risks of such investment, including a complete loss of its investment.

(ii) Purchase Entirely for Own Account. The Purchaser is acquiring the Shares for his own account for investment purposes only and not with the view to, or with any intention of, resale, distribution or other disposition thereof. The Purchaser does not have any direct or indirect arrangement, or understanding with any other persons to distribute, or regarding the distribution of the Shares in violation of the Securities Act or other applicable laws.

(iii) Investor Accredited Status. The Purchaser is an “accredited investor”, as that term is defined in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D of the Securities Act.

(iv) Distribution Compliance Period. The Purchaser understands that the Shares are being offered in a transaction not involving any public offering within the meaning of the Securities Act and that the Shares have not been registered under the Securities Act or any other securities laws of the United States or any other jurisdiction. Each Purchaser understands that his investment in the Shares involves a high degree of risk and that he may lose its entire investment. Each acknowledges that the Shares may not be sold, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of unless registered under the Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption from registration is available. Any resale of any of the Shares may be made only pursuant to (i) a registration statement under the Securities Act which has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission and is effective at the time of such sale, or (ii) a specific exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act. In claiming any such exemption, the Purchaser will, prior to any sale or distribution of any Shares advise the Company, and, if requested, provide the Company with a favorable written opinion of counsel, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company’s counsel, as to the applicability of such exemption to the proposed sale or distribution.

(v) Restrictive Legend. The Purchaser understands that the certificate evidencing the Shares will bear a legend or other restriction substantially to the following effect:

“THE SHARES HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”). NO SALE, PLEDGE, HYPOTHECATION, TRANSFER OR OTHER DISPOSITION OF THESE SHARES MAY BE MADE UNLESS EITHER (A) PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR (B) PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT, IN EITHER CASE UPON THE RECEIPT OF AN OPINION OF U.S. COUNSEL.”

(vi) Direct Contact; No Broker. The contact between the Company and the Purchaser was made directly through an existing relationship. No broker, investment banker or other person is entitled to any broker’s, finder’s or other similar fee or commission in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement based upon arrangements made by or on behalf of the Purchaser.

(g) Not an Affiliate. The Purchaser is not an officer, director or “affiliate” (as that term is defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act) of the Company.

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ARTICLE III

COVENANTS; MISCELLANEOUS

Section 3.1 No Shorting or Lending of Shares. The Purchaser shall not (i) engage in any short-selling activities involving the Ordinary Shares, or (ii) lend the Shares to any third party.

Section 3.2 Holding Period. The Purchaser acknowledges and agrees that the Shares may not be transferred or sold for at least a period of six (6) months following the Closing Date without the prior written consent of the Company and subject to applicable U.S. federal securities laws.

Section 3.3 Nasdaq Listing. The Company warrants that it shall undertake commercially reasonable efforts to remain commercially viable and as a going-concern, so as to support the continued listing of its ordinary shares and public warrants on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

Section 3.4 Use of Proceeds. The Company shall use approximately 20% of the Purchase Price received pursuant to this Agreement for working capital for Environmental Solutions Asia (ESA) and approximately 80% for strategic mergers and acquisitions, as detailed on Schedule A attached hereto.

Section 3.5 Registration Rights. As soon as practicable following the closing of the final tranche pursuant to Section 1.2 hereof and the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a registration statement on Form F-1 or Form F-3 (if eligible) with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the Shares for resale on behalf of the Purchaser. In addition, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the Shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

Section 3.6 Termination. This Agreement may not be terminated except by mutual agreement of the Parties. Nothing in this Section 3.6 shall be deemed to release any Party from any liability for any breach of this Agreement prior to the effective date of such termination.

Section 3.7 Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore without regard to principles of conflicts of laws. Any action brought by either Party against the other concerning the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall be brought only in the courts of Singapore. The Parties to this Agreement hereby irrevocably waive any objection to jurisdiction and venue of any action instituted hereunder and shall not assert any defense based on lack of jurisdiction or venue or based upon forum non conveniens.

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Section 3.8 Consent to Jurisdiction. Each of the Company and the Purchaser hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any such suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction in Singapore of such court, that the suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of the suit, action or proceeding is improper. Nothing in this Section shall affect or limit any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.

Section 3.9 Amendment. This Agreement shall not be amended, changed or modified, except by another agreement in writing executed by the Parties hereto.

Section 3.10 Binding Effect. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of, and be binding upon, each of the Parties and their respective heirs, successors and permitted assigns.

Section 3.11 Assignment. Neither this Agreement nor any of the rights, duties or obligations hereunder may be assigned by the Company or the Purchaser without the express written consent of the other Party. Any purported assignment in violation of the foregoing sentence shall be null and void.

Section 3.12 Notices. All notices, requests, demands, and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given on the date of actual delivery if delivered personally to the Parties to whom notice is to be given, on the date sent if sent by e-mail or facsimile, on the next business day following delivery if sent by courier or on the day of attempted delivery by postal service if mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, postage paid, and properly addressed. The address of the Purchaser for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. If to the Company, at:

| 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226 Attn: Shian Ching Ho, CFO Email: shianching.ho@env-solutions.com

Any Party may change its address for purposes of this Section 3.12 by giving the other Party a written notice of the new address in the manner set forth above.

Section 3.13 Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire understanding and agreement between the Parties hereto with respect to the matters covered hereby, and all prior agreements and understandings, oral or in writing, if any, between the Parties with respect to the matters covered hereby are merged and superseded by this Agreement.

Section 3.14 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the Parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the Parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.

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Section 3.15 Fees and Expenses. Each Party will be responsible for all of its own expenses incurred in connection with the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

Section 3.16 Public Announcements. The Purchaser shall not make, or cause to be made, any press release or public announcement in respect of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise communicate with any news media without the prior written consent of the Company.

Section 3.17 Specific Performance. The Parties agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event any provision of this Agreement is not performed in accordance with the terms hereof. Accordingly, each Party shall be entitled to specific performance of the terms hereof, in addition to any other remedy at law or equity.

Section 3.18 Headings. The headings of the various articles and sections of this Agreement are inserted merely for the purpose of convenience and do not expressly or by implication limit, define or extend the specific terms of the section so designated.

Section 3.19 Execution in Counterparts. For the convenience of the Parties and to facilitate execution, this Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have caused this Agreement to be executed as of the day and year first above written.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: |
| Name: | Quek Leng Chuang
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer

[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASER FOLLOWS]

[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGE TO SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have caused this Share Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated above.

Name of Purchaser:

Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser: __________________________________

Name of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________

Title of Authorized Signatory: _____________________________________________________

Email Address of Authorized Signatory:

Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: N/A

Address for Notice to Purchaser:

Investment Amount:

Number of Shares:

Schedule A

Use of Proceeds:

- 20%: Working capital for Environmental Solutions Asia (ESA).

- 80%: Strategic mergers and acquisitions.

● | 2025 Working Capital: Proceeds will be used to support the company’s working capital needs for the year 2025, ensuring smooth operations and financial stability.
● | 2025 Capital Expenditure for Capacity Expansion and Technology Enhancements: Investment in capacity expansion and technology enhancements will be made to support the company’s growth and improve operational efficiency.
● | Support Mergers and Acquisitions Opportunities in 2025

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K/A

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For January 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K/A Report

ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) is filing this Amendment No. 1 to the Form 6-K filed on January 22, 2025 solely to reflect that the gross proceeds received by the Company in the first closing of the private placement was $300,000. The remainder of the original Form 6-K remains unchanged.

Private Placement

On January 17, 2025, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors named therein (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement an aggregate of 37,500,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers at a purchase price of US$0.80 per share. The first closing of the private placement occurred on January 18, 2025 pursuant to which the Company issued 375,000 ordinary shares and received gross proceeds of $300,000. The second closing under the Purchase Agreement shall occur on or before April 22, 2025 pursuant to which the Company shall issue 37,125,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers for an aggregate purchase price of $29,700,000. The Company shall use approximately 20% of the net proceeds received pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for working capital and approximately 80% for strategic mergers and acquisitions.

The ordinary shares were issued and sold by the Company in a private placement pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). As soon as practicable following the second closing and the filing of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to prepare and file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission registering the ordinary shares for resale on behalf of the Purchasers. The Company also agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as possible after the filing thereof, and shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to keep such registration statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date that all of the shares covered by such registration statement (i) have been sold thereunder or pursuant to Rule 144, or (ii) may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144.

The foregoing description of the Purchase Agreement does not purport to describe all of the terms and provisions thereof and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the form of Purchase Agreement which is filed hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Form of Share Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 22, 2025).

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: January 23, 2025 |  |

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For February 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

This Form 6-K is being filed to include the unaudited consolidated financial statements of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) for the six month period ended June 30, 2024 (including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for such period), which financial statements and discussion were previously disclosed in the Company’s final prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on December 20, 2024 and the Company’s prospectus supplement filed with the SEC on January 17, 2025.

The following exhibits are attached:

EXHIBIT NO. |  | DESCRIPTION
99.1 |  | Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of June 30, 2024
EX-101 INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
EX-101 SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
EX-101 CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
EX-101 DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
EX-101 LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
EX-101 PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The Company and its subsidiaries’ (collectively, the “ Group”) actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward- looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Overview

ESGL is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, the Group conducts all its operations through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, ESA.

The Group is a waste management, treatment and recycling company involved in the collection and recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste from customers such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and electroplating companies. The Group currently has two revenue streams, from: (i) services income which is primarily comprised of the fees charged to customers for the provision of waste collection and disposal services, which fees are similar to those charged by the Group’s competitors, and (ii) the sales and trading of its circular products made from recycled waste, which is believed to make the Group a unique and environmentally-friendly offering in the marketplace.

The Ordinary Shares being registered for resale in connection with this offering will constitute a considerable percentage of our “public float” (defined as the number of our outstanding Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates). The Selling Shareholders named herein beneficially own in the aggregate 17,241,380 Ordinary Shares registered for resale hereunder, which is equal to approximately 42.8% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. The Selling Shareholders will be able to sell all of their Ordinary Shares for so long as the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is available for use. In addition, the Ordinary Shares being registered for resale hereunder were purchased by the Selling Shareholders at a price below the current market price of our Ordinary Shares. Given the substantial amount of redemptions in connection with the Business Combination and the relative lack of liquidity in our stock, sales of our Ordinary Shares under the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part could result in a significant decline in the market price of our securities.

Factors Affecting the Group’s Performance and Related Trends

The Group believes that the key factors affecting its performance and financial performance include:

| (i) | Continuous Engagement with the Group’s Customers: The Group benefits from its unique approach to waste handling — captive consumption, which has allowed it to capture customers from the target market segment of multinational corporations that aim to meet their environmental, social and governance goals. The Group’s revenue growth largely depends on its ability to retain current customers and attract new customers, including its ability to form relationships with and manage an increasing number of customers. In addition to the traditional means of attracting potential customers via emails, business brochures and LinkedIn, ESA is also a member of the Waste Management Recycling Association of Singapore and the United Nations Global Compact where it actively participates in industry forums to promote the Group’s brand and awareness of sustainable solutions, which has resulted in a substantial increase in customer engagement.
| (ii) | Manufacturing Activities: The Group derives part of its revenue by charging a disposal fee for the use of its collection and disposal service. Since the Group’s core business is tied to the volume of waste generated by its customers, its revenue growth could be influenced by manufacturing activities which are affected by the global supply and demand, as well as macroeconomic conditions.
| (iii) | Commodities Price: The Group derives part of its revenue from the sales and trading of its circular products, which typically include zinc, precious metals and base metals. As such, the prevailing market prices and the demand of these commodities will also determine the Group’s profitability and the sale of each commodity, respectively.

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| (iv) | Inflation: While many of the economies in Asia have experienced rapid growth over the last two decades, they currently are experiencing inflationary pressures, and the rate of growth is slowing down. The economy in Singapore and globally has experienced general increases in certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses as a result of higher inflation. Average wages in Singapore are expected to continue to increase and the Group expects that its employee costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless the Group is able to control its employee costs or pass them on to its clients, its financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

| As governments in Asia (and worldwide) take steps to address current inflationary pressures, there may be significant changes in the availability of bank credit, commercial reasonability of interest rates, limitations on loans, restrictions on currency conversions and foreign investment rules, thereby restricting the availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions that may be implemented to combat inflation and public speculation about any possible additional actions also may contribute materially to economic uncertainty in Asia (and worldwide) and accordingly weaken investor confidence, thus adversely impacting economic growth and causing decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for the Group’s products and services, and consequently have a material adverse effect on its businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, more lenient government policies and interest rate decreases may trigger increases in inflation and, consequently, growth volatility and the need for sudden and significant interest rate increases, which could negatively affect the Group’s business. There also may be imposition of price controls. If prices for the Group’s waste disposal services and/or its circular products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the costs of supplies and operations, it may have an adverse effect on the Group’s profitability. If these or other similar restrictions are imposed by a government to influence the economy, it may lead to a slowing of economic growth.

| (v) | Government Regulations in Singapore: The Group’s operating subsidiary, ESA, is incorporated, and its operations and assets are all located, in Singapore. Accordingly, the Group’s business could be influenced by economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Singapore government, changes in the Singapore business or regulatory environment affecting its customers and changes in the Singapore government policy on waste management. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for services that the Group provides and could materially and adversely affect its results of operations. Although the Group has generally benefited from Singapore’s economic growth and the policies to encourage the improvement of waste management, it is also affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the Singapore economic conditions and regulations governing the waste industry.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Six Month Period Ending June 30, 2024 Compared with Six Month Period ending June 30, 2023

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Period Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | % |
Revenue |  |  | 3,487,879 |  |  |  | 3,394,313 |  |  |  | 93,566 |  |  |  | 2.76 | %
Other income |  |  | 282,213 |  |  |  | 189,335 |  |  |  | 92,878 |  |  |  | 49.05 | %
Cost of inventory |  |  | (78,366 | ) |  |  | (407,291 | ) |  |  | (328,925 | ) |  |  | -80.76 | %
Logistics costs |  |  | (264,638 | ) |  |  | (792,079 | ) |  |  | (527,441 | ) |  |  | -66.59 | %
Operating expenses |  |  | (2,262,170 | ) |  |  | (1,630,586 | ) |  |  | 631,584 |  |  |  | 38.73 | %
Finance expense |  |  | (147,128 | ) |  |  | (158,912 | ) |  |  | (11,784 | ) |  |  | -7.42 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (1,340,734 | ) |  |  | (1,185,034 | ) |  |  | 155,700 |  |  |  | 13.14 | %
Loss before income tax |  |  | (322,944 | ) |  |  | (590,254 | ) |  |  | (267,310 | ) |  |  | -45.29 | %
Income tax expense |  |  | (148,480 | ) |  |  | (39,000 | ) |  |  | 109,480 |  |  |  | 280.72 | %
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  |  | (471,424 | ) |  |  | (629,254 | ) |  |  | (157,830 | ) |  |  | -25.08 | %
Loss per share |  |  | (0.03 | ) |  |  | (0.10 | ) |  |  | (0.06 | ) |  |  | -65.87 | %
Weighted average number of shares |  |  | 14,000,514 |  |  |  | 6,378,267 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Revenue

The Group derives its revenue from (i) the sales and trading of its circular products and (ii) waste disposal services which generally comprises the disposal fees it charges its customers for waste collection and disposal services. For the period ended June 30, 2024 (1H 2024”), total revenue for the Group increased marginally by 2.76% from approximately US$3.4 million to approximately US$3.5 million. The increase was mainly due to higher waste disposal services which increased by approximately US$0.6 million (29.2%) compared to the period ended June 30, 2023 (“1H 2023”). This offsets the decrease in sales of circular products which declined approximately US$0.5 million (39.1%) in 1H 2024 compared to 1H 2023. Lower circular products sales were mainly due to decrease in sales of base metal, copper and nickel.

4

Other Income

Other income increased by approximately US$93,000 (49.1%) in 1H 2024 due mainly to favorable exchange rates movements which compensated for decrease in other income from warehousing and logistic service, government grants and interest.

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Period Ended June 30, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | 264,158 |  |  |  | 65,015 |  |  |  | 199,143 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Interest income |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 12,002 |  |  |  | (11,999 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Gain from disposal of motor vehicle |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,130 |  |  |  | (2,130 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Government grants |  |  | 18,052 |  |  |  | 33,511 |  |  |  | (15,459 | ) |  |  | -46.1 | %
Grant from AEPW1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,320 |  |  |  | (40,320 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Warehousing and logistic services |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,357 |  |  |  | (36,357 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
|  |  | 282,213 |  |  |  | 189,335 |  |  |  | 92,878 |  |  |  | 49.1 | %

Cost of Inventory

The Group’s cost of inventory represents costs and expenses attributable to the provision of its circular products. The Group’s cost of inventory decreased by approximately US$329,000 or 80.8% from approximately US$407,000 for the period ended June 30, 2023 to approximately US$78,000 for the period ended June 30, 2024, which is in line with the decrease in product sales mentioned above.

Logistics Costs

The Group’s logistics costs represent costs attributable to the collection of waste and the delivery of its circular products. The Group’s logistics costs decreased by approximately US$527,000 or 66.6% from approximately US$792,000 for the period ended June 30, 2023 to approximately US$264,000 for the period ended June 30, 2024. The lower logistics costs were mainly due to a decrease in transportation costs and packaging costs such as containers for liquid hazardous waste and drums. The latter contributed to a decrease in logistics costs of approximately US$321,000. In 1H 2024, notwithstanding the increase in total waste disposal revenue of approximately US$607,000 (29.2%), the Group’s disposal of hazardous liquid waste decreased by approximately US$387,000 (45.8%) compared to the same period last year. This resulted in lower costs incurred for containers used to transport such hazardous liquid waste. This decrease in volumes of liquid hazardous waste was a temporary measure to allow the Group to invest in safety equipment to comply with new regulatory requirements.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the period ended June 30, 2024 mainly comprise of employee benefits expense, foreign worker levy, insurance expense, professional fees, rental and disposal expenses.

Employee benefits expense in 1H 2024 increased by approximately US$411,000 (64.3%) from approximately US$639,000 for the period ended June 30, 2023 to approximately US$1.0 million due mainly to higher directors’ fees and remuneration which increased by approximately US$326,000 and staff salaries and bonus which increased by approximately US$52,000.

5

Other operating expenses are mainly as follows:

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Period Ended June 30, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Foreign worker levy |  |  | 82,944 |  |  |  | 78,335 |  |  |  | 4,609 |  |  |  | 5.9 | %
Insurance |  |  | 189,192 |  |  |  | 38,647 |  |  |  | 150,545 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Professional fees |  |  | 285,343 |  |  |  | 291,303 |  |  |  | (5,960 | ) |  |  | -2.0 | %
Property tax |  |  | 54,293 |  |  |  | 54,630 |  |  |  | (337 | ) |  |  | -0.6 | %
Rental and storage |  |  | 211,561 |  |  |  | 214,175 |  |  |  | (2,614 | ) |  |  | -1.2 | %
Utilities |  |  | 36,889 |  |  |  | 92,045 |  |  |  | (55,156 | ) |  |  | -59.9 | %
Upkeep, repair and maintenance |  |  | 58,165 |  |  |  | 53,392 |  |  |  | 4,773 |  |  |  | 8.9 | %
Chemical and incineration fees |  |  | 189,545 |  |  |  | 70,378 |  |  |  | 119,167 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Bank service charges |  |  | 3,528 |  |  |  | 45,878 |  |  |  | (42,350 | ) |  |  | -92.3 | %
Others |  |  | 25,172 |  |  |  | 52,743 |  |  |  | (27,571 | ) |  |  | -52.3 | %
|  |  | 1,212,273 |  |  |  | 991,526 |  |  |  | 220,747 |  |  |  | 22.3 | %

Insurance expense in 1H 2024 increased by approximately US$150,000 due mainly to D&O insurance premium incurred after the business combination. Disposal and incineration fees increased by approximately US$119,000 in 1H 2024 due to collection of mesh clay, a new waste material from a customer.

Finance expense

Total interest expense in 1H 2024 was approximately US$9,400 (-7.2%) lower than the same period last year due mainly to interest being paid on reducing bank loan balances.

Depreciation and Amortization

The Group’s depreciation and amortization expenses increased by approximately US$156,000 (13.1%) due to increase in intangible assets such as self-developed software tailored to our operational requirements.

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, the Group recorded a net loss of approximately US$471,000 for the period ended June 30, 2024. This is approximately US$158,000 (25.1%) lower than the loss incurred in 1H 2023.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | (%) |
Revenue |  |  | 6,164,173 |  |  |  | 4,992,034 |  |  |  | 1,172,139 |  |  |  | 23.5 | %
Other income |  |  | 169,819 |  |  |  | 396,373 |  |  |  | (226,554 | ) |  |  | -57.2 | %
Cost of inventory |  |  | 977,619 |  |  |  | 1,093,194 |  |  |  | (115,575 | ) |  |  | -10.6 | %
Logistics costs |  |  | 925,225 |  |  |  | 689,762 |  |  |  | 235,463 |  |  |  | 34.1 | %
Operating expenses |  |  | 3,466,606 |  |  |  | 2,460,951 |  |  |  | 1,005,655 |  |  |  | 40.9 | %
Finance expense |  |  | 388,717 |  |  |  | 246,359 |  |  |  | 142,358 |  |  |  | 57.8 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 2,354,839 |  |  |  | 2,300,252 |  |  |  | 54,587 |  |  |  | 2.4 | %
Listing expenses |  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | 981,701 |  |  |  | 92,085,623 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Loss before income tax |  |  | (94,846,338 | ) |  |  | (2,383,812 | ) |  |  | (92,462,526 | ) |  |  | >100 | %
Income tax expense |  |  | 133,000 |  |  |  | 8,000 |  |  |  | 125,000 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Net loss |  |  | (94,979,338 | ) |  |  | (2,391,812 | ) |  |  | (92,587,526 | ) |  |  | >100 | %

6

Revenue

The Group derives its revenue from (i) the sales and trading of its circular products and (ii) waste disposal services which generally comprises the disposal fees it charges its customers for waste collection and disposal services. The Group’s revenue increased by approximately US$1.2 million or 23.5% from approximately US$5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 (“FY2022”) to approximately US$6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“FY2023”), primarily attributable to the increase in waste disposal services which rose by approximately US$1.6 million or 71.8%. The increase from waste disposal services was offset by a decrease in sales of circular products by approximately US$0.4 million (16%) compared to the last financial year.

The decrease in sales of circular products was primarily attributable to (i) the lack of zinc sales in 2023. Sales of zinc fell from approximately US$1.2 million in FY2022 to zero in FY2023. The Group pivoted away from sales of zinc due primarily to higher costs related to such transactions; (ii) the decrease in sales of precious metals of approximately US$0.75 million or 78.2% from approximately US$0.96 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$0.21 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, (iii) offset by increase in sales of base metals which increased approximately by US$1.5 million (>100%) to approximately US$2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from approximately US$0.59 million in the previous financial year primarily due to the availability of materials, feasible freight charges and scheduling.

The Group’s revenue generated from waste disposal services increased by approximately US$1.6 million or 71.8% from approximately US$2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the increase in higher demand for ESGL’s disposal services of solid industrial wastes, waste plastics, waste wood and chemical wastes. In FY2023, ESGL was awarded larger quantum contracts for such services from its major semi-conductor customers.

Other Income

The Group’s other income is mainly comprised of (i) grants, (ii) warehousing and logistics services, and (iii) interest income. The following table sets out the breakdown of other income for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Interest income |  |  | 18,308 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 18,304 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Gain from disposal of motor vehicle |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,586 |  |  |  | (26,586 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Government grants |  |  | 42,819 |  |  |  | 76,588 |  |  |  | (33,769 | ) |  |  | -44.1 | %
Grant from AEPW1 |  |  | 72,000 |  |  |  | 116,000 |  |  |  | (44,000 | ) |  |  | -37.9 | %
Warehousing and logistic services |  |  | 36,357 |  |  |  | 175,650 |  |  |  | (139,293 | ) |  |  | -79.3 | %
Others |  |  | 335 |  |  |  | 1,545 |  |  |  | (1,210 | ) |  |  | -78.3 | %
|  |  | 169,819 |  |  |  | 396,373 |  |  |  | (226,554 | ) |  |  | -57.2 | %

1The Alliance to End Plastic Waste (“AEPW”) is an industry-founded and funded non-governmental and non-profit organization based in Singapore. Founding members include BASF, Chevron Phillips Chemical, ExxonMobil, Dow Chemical, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings, Proctor & Gamble and Shell.

7

The Group’s other income decreased by approximately US$226,000 or -57.2% from approximately US$396,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$170,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such decrease was primarily attributable to (i) the decrease in warehousing and logistic services which decreased by approximately US$139,000 (-79.3%) in FY2023 compared to the prior financial year as the warehousing arrangements were terminated and the Group utilized the space for its own operations, and (ii) the decrease in grant from AEPW of approximately US$44,000 or -37.9% from approximately US$116,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$72,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 as the grant from AEPW draws to a close in 2023. and (iii) the decrease in government grants of approximately US$34,000 or -44.1% as the Group had received less employment related subsidies under the Job Growth Incentive Scheme.

Cost of Inventory

The Group’s cost of inventory represents costs and expenses attributable to the provision of its circular products. The Group’s cost of inventory decreased by approximately US$115,000 or -10.6% from approximately US$1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$978,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is in line with the decrease in product sales such as zinc as mentioned above.

Logistics Costs

The Group’s logistics costs represent costs attributable to the collection of waste and the delivery of its circular products. The Group’s logistics costs increased by approximately US$235,000 or 34.1% from approximately US$690,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$925,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is in line with the increased demand for disposal services of wastes and the overall increase of Group’s business operations.

Operating Expenses

The Group’s operating expenses mainly comprise employee benefits expense and other operating expenses. The Group’s operating expenses increased by approximately US$1.0 million or 40.9%, from approximately US$2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily attributable to the overall increase in employee benefits expense which increased by approximately US$431,000 (46.2%) from approximately US$933,000 to US$1.4 million, and other operating expenses as detailed below.

Employee Benefits Expense

Employee benefits expense is mainly comprised of (i) salaries, wages and bonuses, (ii) directors’ remuneration, (iii) employer’s contribution to defined contribution plans including Central Provident Fund, and (iv) other short-term benefits, including compulsory skills development levy imposed in Singapore, administrative expenses relating to the application and/or renewal of work permits for foreign staff, medical expenses, staff insurance, staff welfare and training expenses, less (v) the amount capitalized as internal development of intangible assets. The following table sets out the breakdown of employee benefits expense for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Salaries, wages and bonuses |  |  | 2,258,195 |  |  |  | 1,571,124 |  |  |  | 687,071 |  |  |  | 43.7 | %
Directors’ remuneration |  |  | 272,659 |  |  |  | 211,853 |  |  |  | 60,806 |  |  |  | 28.7 | %
Directors’ fees |  |  | 52,252 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52,252 |  |  |  | nm |
Employer’s contribution to defined contribution plans including Central Provident Fund |  |  | 142,749 |  |  |  | 107,263 |  |  |  | 35,486 |  |  |  | 33.1 | %
Other short term benefit |  |  | 26,943 |  |  |  | 54,077 |  |  |  | (27,134 | ) |  |  | -50.2 | %
|  |  | 2,752,798 |  |  |  | 1,944,317 |  |  |  | 808,481 |  |  |  | 41.6 | %
Less: Amount capitalized as internal development of intangible assets |  |  | (1,388,584 | ) |  |  | (1,011,193 | ) |  |  | (377,391 | ) |  |  | 37.3 | %
|  |  | 1,364,214 |  |  |  | 933,124 |  |  |  | 431,090 |  |  |  | 46.2 | %

8

The Group’s employee benefits expense increased by approximately US$431,000 or 46.2% from approximately US$933,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Such increase in employee benefits expense was primarily attributable to (i) the increase of salaries, wages and bonuses of approximately US$687,000 or 43.7% from approximately US$1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly due to higher headcount as the Group geared up for higher production to meet increased customer’s demands, and (ii) higher Directors’ remuneration of approximately US$61,000 or 28.7% from approximately US$212,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$273,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, (iii) Directors’ fees for non-executive independent directors of approximately US$52,000 for which no Directors’ fees were incurred in the last financial year offset by the increase of salary expense being capitalized as internal development of intangible assets of approximately US$377,000 or 37.3% from approximately US$1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was primarily attributable to the increase in time and manpower allocated to the software development and innovation projects to develop engineering technologies in relation to the Group’s waste processing, treatment and recycling plans.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses are mainly comprised of (i) foreign exchange loss, (ii) foreign worker levy, (iii) impairment loss on receivables, (iv) insurance, (v) professional fees, (vi) property tax, (vii) rental and storage, (viii) utilities, (ix) upkeep, repair and maintenance, (x) chemical and incineration fees, and (xi) others relating to bank charges, marketing and advertising expenses, entertainment expenses, business travel expense, computer and internet expenses, telephone and internet expenses and filing and lodgment fees. The following table sets out the breakdown of other operating expenses for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | 189,426 |  |  |  | 22,287 |  |  |  | 167,139 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Foreign worker levy |  |  | 168,137 |  |  |  | 97,703 |  |  |  | 70,434 |  |  |  | 72.1 | %
Impairment loss on receivables |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44,271 |  |  |  | (44,271 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Insurance |  |  | 55,694 |  |  |  | 43,589 |  |  |  | 12,105 |  |  |  | 27.8 | %
Professional fees |  |  | 109,703 |  |  |  | 93,978 |  |  |  | 15,725 |  |  |  | 16.7 | %
Property tax |  |  | 108,412 |  |  |  | 105,771 |  |  |  | 2,641 |  |  |  | 2.5 | %
Rental and storage |  |  | 594,748 |  |  |  | 290,481 |  |  |  | 304,267 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Utilities |  |  | 189,982 |  |  |  | 157,974 |  |  |  | 32,008 |  |  |  | 20.3 | %
Upkeep, repair and maintenance |  |  | 230,037 |  |  |  | 317,267 |  |  |  | (87,230 | ) |  |  | -27.5 | %
Chemical and incineration fees |  |  | 396,428 |  |  |  | 229,204 |  |  |  | 167,224 |  |  |  | 73.0 | %
Bank service charges |  |  | 50,427 |  |  |  | 8,203 |  |  |  | 42,224 |  |  |  | >100 | %
Others |  |  | 9,398 |  |  |  | 117,099 |  |  |  | (107,701 | ) |  |  | -92.0 | %
|  |  | 2,102,392 |  |  |  | 1,527,827 |  |  |  | 574,565 |  |  |  | 37.6 | %

9

The Group’s other operating expenses increased by approximately US$575,000 or 37.6% from approximately US$1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to (i) higher rental and storage expenses which increased by approximately U$304,000 from approximately US$290,000 in the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$595,000 (>100%) in the year December 31, 2023 to cater for higher volumes of wastes collected in FY2023; (ii) increase in chemical and incineration fees from approximately US$229,000 in FY2022 to approximately US$396,000 in FY2023 as a result of higher wastes collected and treated in FY2023; (iii) higher foreign exchange loss of approximately US$189,000 in the year ended December 31, 2023 as compared to foreign exchange loss of approximately US$22,000 in the prior financial year; (iv) increase in foreign worker levy which increased by approximately US$70,000 from approximately US$98,000 in the prior financial year to approximately US$168,000 (72.1%) in the year ended December 31, 2023 on the increase in hiring to cater for higher volumes; (v) offset by a write-back of old account payables which were more than 2 years old.

Finance Expense

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Lease liabilities |  |  | 55,934 |  |  |  | 28,559 |  |  |  | 27,375 |  |  |  | 95.9 | %
- Borrowings |  |  | 284,112 |  |  |  | 217,800 |  |  |  | 66,312 |  |  |  | 30.4 | %
- Loans from Directors |  |  | 48,671 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48,671 |  |  |  | nm |
|  |  | 388,717 |  |  |  | 246,359 |  |  |  | 142,358 |  |  |  | 57.8 | %

The Group’s finance expense increased by approximately US$142,000 from approximately US$246,000 in the year ended December 31, 2022 to approximately US$389,000 (57.8%) in FY2023. This was mainly due to higher interest on borrowings which increased by approximately US$66,000 in FY2023 compared to FY2022 on new bank loans drawn down in FY2023. The interest on loans from Directors also resulted in higher interest costs of approximately US$49,000 in FY2023. There was no such interest in the last financial year.

Depreciation and Amortization

The Group’s depreciation and amortization expense remain relatively unchanged for the financial years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Listing expense

Listing expenses are non-recurring expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination and are as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Share issued as consideration |  |  | 67,641,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67,641,500 |  |  |  | nm |
Net assets of SPAC |  |  | (590,526 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (590,526 | ) |  |  | nm |
Revaluation of FPA |  |  | 24,241,261 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,241,261 |  |  |  | nm |
Professional fees |  |  | 1,680,198 |  |  |  | 981,701 |  |  |  | 698,497 |  |  |  | 71.2 | %
Printing, courier, and others |  |  | 94,891 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,891 |  |  |  | nm |
|  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | 981,701 |  |  |  | 92,085,623 |  |  |  | >100 | %

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  | Quantity |  |  | Price |  |  | Amount |
Issuance of shares |  |  | 6,764,150 |  |  |  | 10.00 |  |  |  | 67,641,500 |

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, the Group recorded a net loss of approximately US$95.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which increased by approximately US$92.6 million or >100% as compared with a net loss of approximately US$2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

10

Non-GAAP Measures

EBITDA

The Group defines EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, EBITDA consisted of the following:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (94,846,338 | ) |  |  | (2,383,812 | ) |  |  | (92,462,526 | ) |  |  | >100 | %
Finance expense |  |  | 388,717 |  |  |  | 246,359 |  |  |  | 142,358 |  |  |  | 57.8 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 2,354,839 |  |  |  | 2,300,252 |  |  |  | 54,587 |  |  |  | 2.4 | %
EBITDA |  |  | (92,102,782 | ) |  |  | 162,799 |  |  |  | (92,265,581 | ) |  |  | >100 | %
add : non-recurring expenses |  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | 981,701 |  |  |  | 92,085,623 |  |  |  | >100 | %
|  |  | 964,542 |  |  |  | 1,144,500 |  |  |  | (179,958 | ) |  |  | -15.7 | %

*Non-recurring expenses mainly relate to expenses incurred for the SPAC merger

EBITDA is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. The Group’s management uses EBITDA (i) as a measure of operating performance, (ii) for planning and forecasting in future periods, and (iii) in communications with the Group’s board of directors concerning the Group’s financial performance. The Group’s presentation of EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation and should not be used by investors as a substitute or alternative to net income or any measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Instead, the Group’s management believes EBITDA should be used to supplement the Group’s financial measures derived in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, to provide a more complete understanding of the trends affecting the business.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

ESGL was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as a holding company and it did not have active business operations as of December 31, 2023. The Group’s consolidated assets and liabilities, consolidated revenue and net income are mainly the operation results of its subsidiary in Singapore. In assessing the Group’s liquidity, the Group monitors and analyzes its cash on-hand and its operating expenditure commitments. The Group’s liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements and operating expense obligations. Historically, the Group has financed its operations primarily through the (i) issuance of common stock, (ii) cash generated by operations, (iii) loans from Directors and (iv) borrowings from banks. The Group has no other debt instruments other than those stated here.

11

As of December 31, 2023, the Group’s working capital was approximately negative US$13.8 million, its cash and cash equivalents amounted to approximately US$367,000, its current assets were approximately US$1.5 million and its current liabilities were approximately US$15.2 million. The negative working capital was primarily attributable to the deferred underwriting fee payable and the classification of certain bank loan balances of approximately US$5.7 million as current liabilities as the relevant bank loan agreements allow the banks to demand immediate repayments even though they were not due for repayment within a year. To date, the Group has been able to service its loan repayments and there were no indications that the banks intend to recall the loans.

The following table illustrates the maturity profile of the Group’s borrowings:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 (US$) |  |  | 2022 (US$) |
Within 1 year or on demand |  |  | 5,666,160 |  |  |  | 5,427,538 |
Between 1 year and 2 years |  |  | 112,319 |  |  |  | 371,103 |
Between 2 and 5 years |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | 5,798,641 |

Interest rates for the Group’s borrowings range from a fixed rate of 2% per annum to a floating rate of 2% above the lending bank’s cost of funds on a reducing balance basis. The Group’s treasury policy is to maintain controls on all exposures, to adhere to stringent counterparty credit standards, and to actively monitor marketplace exposures.

The capital expenditure contracted for as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 but not recognized in the financial statements is approximately US$1.3 million and US$1.3 million, respectively.

On November 27, 2024 , the last reported sales price of our Ordinary Shares was $1.35 and the exercise price per share of the Warrants is $11.50. The exercise price of the Warrants is significantly higher than the current market price of our Ordinary Shares and accordingly, it is highly unlikely that Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants in the foreseeable future. Cash proceeds associated with the exercises of the Warrants are dependent on our stock price and given the recent price volatility of our Ordinary Shares and relative lack of liquidity in our stock, we may not receive any cash proceeds in relation to our outstanding Warrants.

Based on the Group’s current operating plan, the Group believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash generated from operating activities will be sufficient to meet its anticipated working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. The Group’s future working capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of its revenue growth, its introduction of new products and processes, and its expansion of sales and marketing and product development activities. To the extent that the Group’s cash and cash equivalents and cash flow from operating activities are insufficient to fund its future activities, the Group may need to raise additional funds through bank credit arrangements, public or private equity or debt financing . In April 2024, the Group successfully raised US$2.5 million from the issuance of Ordinary Shares and in August and September 2024, the Group successfully raised US$5.0 million from the issuance of Ordinary Shares.

The Group also may need to raise additional funds in the event it decides in the future to acquire businesses, technologies and products that will complement its existing operations. In the event additional funding is required, the Group may not be able to obtain bank credit arrangements or equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to it or at all.

Following the closing of the Business Combination, the Company owes substantial professional fees and expenses incurred by GUCC in connection with the Business Combination. Given the current market price of our Ordinary Shares and that Warrant holders are unlikely to exercise their Warrants in the foreseeable future for the reasons set forth above, the Company may need to raise additional capital and negotiate payment arrangements with the involved parties to address these financial obligations. In the event additional funding is required, the Group may not be able to obtain bank credit arrangements or equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to it or at all. In addition, given the substantial amount of redemptions in connection with the Business Combination and the relative lack of liquidity in our stock, sales of our Ordinary Shares under the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part could result in a significant decline in the market price of our securities, which would have a negative effect on our ability to raise additional capital.

12

Cash Flows for the Periods Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

The following summarizes the key components of the Group’s cash flows for the periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Period Ended |
|  | June 30 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities |  |  | (42,780 | ) |  |  | 688,977 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (692,543 | ) |  |  | (735,892 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 625,063 |  |  |  | 952,137 |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and bank balances |  |  | (110,260 | ) |  |  | 905,222 |

Operating Activities

For the period ended June 30, 2024, the Group utilized US$42,780 for its operating activities due primarily to its loss from operating activities of approximately US$323,000 and higher repayments of trade and other payables which reduced operating cashflows by approximately US$1.04 million. For the period ended June 30, 2023, the Group generated cash from operating activities of approximately US$689,000 due primarily to adjustments for favorable foreign exchange coupled with lower repayments of trade and other payables which improved operating cash flows by approximately US$479,000.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the period ended June 30, 2024 was approximately US$693,000 and was primarily attributable to the addition of approximately US$654,000 of intangible assets.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately US$736,000 for the period ended June 30, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) the purchase of approximately US$115,000 of property, plant and equipment, and (ii) the addition of approximately US$634,000 of intangible assets.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately US$625,000 for the period ended June 30, 2024 and was primarily attributable to (i) approximately US$2.5 million from the issuance of 10 million shares. The share issuance increased the weighted average number of shares from approximately 6.4 million shares as of December 31, 2023 to approximately 14 million shares as of June 30, 2024; and (ii) proceeds from bank borrowings of approximately US$747,000 offset by (i) repayment of approximately US$1.7 million of bank borrowings, (ii) repayment of approximately US$600,000 of underwriting fees, (iii) the repayment of approximately US$143,000 of lease liabilities, and (iv) the payment of approximately US$147,000 of interest.

Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately US$952,000 for the period ended June 30, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) share issuance of approximately US$754,000 and (ii) proceeds from bank borrowings of approximately US$2.2 million offset by (i) repayment of approximately US$1.8 million of bank borrowings, (ii) the repayment of approximately US$58,000 of lease liabilities, and (iii) the payment of approximately US$159,000 of interest.

Trade Receivables

The Group’s trade receivables balances remained relatively unchanged, decreasing marginally by approximately US$7,000 from approximately US$461,000 as of December 31, 2023 to approximately US$454,000 as of June 30, 2024.

13

The Group seeks to maintain strict control over its outstanding receivables, and overdue balances are reviewed regularly by its senior management. The following table sets out an ageing analysis of the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired, as of the dates indicated:

|  | Unaudited |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Less than 30 days |  |  | 32,438 |  |  |  | 44,543 |
30 to 90 days |  |  | 93,230 |  |  |  | 15,214 |
|  |  | 125,668 |  |  |  | 59,757 |

As of June 30, 2024, the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired amounted to approximately US$126,000. These trade receivables were all subsequently settled as of date of this prospectus.

Average trade receivables turnover days indicates the average time required for the Group to collect cash payments from its provision of goods or services. The Group’s average trade receivables turnover days remained stable at 24 and 25 as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 respectively.

The Group has applied the simplified approach by using the provision matrix to measure the lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) for trade receivables.

The Group’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer rather than the industry or country in which the customers operate and therefore significant concentrations of credit risk primarily arise when the Group has significant exposure to individual customers. At the end of June 30, 2024, 69.6% of total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers. As of December 31, 2023 48.0% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers.

Individual credit evaluations are performed on all customers. These evaluations focus on the customer’s past history of making payments when due and current ability to pay and take into account information specific to the customer as well as pertaining to the economic environment in which the customer operates. Unless agreed the otherwise, trade receivables are generally due within 30 days from the date of billing. Normally, the Group does not obtain collateral from customers.

The Group measures loss allowances for trade receivables at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, which is calculated with reference to the credit spread for each of the groupings (which taking into consideration of historical credit loss experience, average actual date of receipt, customers’ background, listing status and size as groupings of various debtors), which reflect the credit risk of the debtors, over the expected life of the debtors and are adjusted for forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort. As the Group’s historical credit loss experience does not indicate significantly different loss patterns for different customer segments, the loss allowance based on past due status is not further distinguished between the Group’s different customer bases.

Expected loss rates are based on actual loss experience. These rates are adjusted to reflect differences between economic conditions during the period over which the historic data has been collected, current conditions and the Group’s view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables. The movements in loss allowance for trade receivables during the periods indicated:

|  | Unaudited |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
At January 1 |  |  | 46,768 |  |  |  | 46,768 |
Foreign exchange rates movements |  |  | (478 | ) |  |  | - |
At June 30 and December 31 |  |  | 46,290 |  |  |  | 46,768 |

14

Trade Payables

Trade payables represent primarily the Group’s obligations to pay for goods or services that have been engaged in the ordinary course of business from suppliers, including purchases of raw materials and utilities, as well as payment to its logistics providers. The Group is generally granted credit periods ranging from 30 to 60 days. Trade payables decreased by approximately US$197,000 (37.3%) from approximately US$529,000 as of December 31, 2023 to approximately US$332,000 as of June 30, 2024 as the Group purchased less packaging materials for the disposal of liquid hazardous wastes.

Lease Liabilities

The Group recognized and measured lease liabilities in accordance with IFRS 16 “Leases”. The Group leases properties in Singapore mainly for use as factory space for the processing and storage of waste. The table below sets forth the breakdown of the Group’s lease liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | Unaudited |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Current |  |  | 149,516 |  |  |  | 192,282 |
Non-current |  |  | 1,852,343 |  |  |  | 1,974,524 |
|  |  | 2,001,859 |  |  |  | 2,166,806 |

The Group’s lease liabilities (comprising current and non-current liabilities) decreased approximately US$165,000 from approximately US$2.2 million as of December 31, 2023 to approximately US$2.0 million as of June 30, 2024, in line with the normal utilization of the lease tenure.

Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following summarizes the key components of the Group’s cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Net cash generated from operating activities |  |  | 5,282,766 |  |  |  | 1,969,910 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (2,019,189 | ) |  |  | (1,484,274 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (3,149,215 | ) |  |  | (370,251 | )
Net increase in cash and bank balances |  |  | 114,362 |  |  |  | 115,385 |

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group generated net cash from operating activities of approximately US$5.3 million despite a loss before income tax of approximately US$94.8 million. The significant loss before taxation was mainly due to listing expense of US$93.1 million and primarily arose from the accounting effects of the acquisition of GUCC and has no impact on operational cash flows. Net cash generated from operating activities was primarily attributable to (i) positive cash inflows after the adjustments for the depreciation of property, plant and equipment and the amortization of intangible assets of approximately US$2.4 million, and (ii) the overall improvements in working capital.

15

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group generated net cash from operating activities of approximately US$2.0 million despite a loss before income tax of approximately US$2.4 million. This was primarily attributable to (i) positive cash inflows after the adjustments for the depreciation of property, plant and equipment and the amortization of intangible assets of approximately US$2.3 million, and (ii) the overall improvements in working capital.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately US$2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) the purchase of approximately US$651,000 of property, plant and equipment, and (ii) the addition of approximately US$1.4 million of intangible assets.

Net cash used in investing activities was approximately US$1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily attributable to (i) the purchase of approximately US$503,000 of property, plant and equipment, and (ii) the addition of approximately US$1.0 million of intangible assets.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was approximately US$3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) the repayment of approximately US$3.8 million of bank borrowings, (ii) the settlement of approximately US$3.2 of promissory note to shares, (iii) the repayment of approximately US$186,000 of lease liabilities, and (iv) the payment of approximately US$389,000 of interest, which was partially offset by the share issuance of approximately US$754,000 and draw down of bank borrowings of approximately US$3.6 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was approximately US$370,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and was primarily attributable to (i) the repayment of approximately US$1.5 million of bank borrowings, (ii) the repayment of approximately US$186,000 of lease liabilities, and (iii) the payment of approximately US$246,000 of interest, which was partially offset by the share issuance of approximately US$1.6 million.

Trade Receivables

The Group’s trade receivables increased by approximately US$72,000 from approximately US$390,000 as of December 31, 2022 to approximately US$461,000 as of December 31, 2023, which is in line with the increase in sales as mentioned above.

The Group seeks to maintain strict control over its outstanding receivables, and overdue balances are reviewed regularly by its senior management. The following table sets out an ageing analysis of the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired, as of the dates indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Less than 30 days |  |  | 44,543 |  |  |  | 22,473 |
30 to 90 days |  |  | 15,214 |  |  |  | 1,895 |
More than 90 days |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,117 |
|  |  | 59,757 |  |  |  | 26,485 |

As of December 31, 2023, the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired amounted to approximately US$60,000. These trade receivables were all subsequently settled as of date of this prospectus.

16

The following table sets out the Group’s average trade receivables turnover days for the periods indicated:

Average trade receivables turnover days indicates the average time required for the Group to collect cash payments from its provision of goods or services. The Group’s average trade receivables turnover days were 25 and 23 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in the Group’s average trade receivables turnover days as of December 31, 2023 as compared to 2022 was mainly attributable to the increased sales from the provision of waste disposal services to multi-national companies which generally require an average credit term of 60 days.

The Group has applied the simplified approach by using the provision matrix to measure the lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) for trade receivables.

The Group’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer rather than the industry or country in which the customers operate and therefore significant concentrations of credit risk primarily arise when the Group has significant exposure to individual customers. At the end of the financial year, 48.0% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers. In 2022, 48.0% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers.

Individual credit evaluations are performed on all customers. These evaluations focus on the customer’s past history of making payments when due and current ability to pay, and take into account information specific to the customer as well as pertaining to the economic environment in which the customer operates. Unless agreed the otherwise, trade receivables are generally due within 30 days from the date of billing. Normally, the Group does not obtain collateral from customers.

The Group measures loss allowances for trade receivables at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, which is calculated with reference to the credit spread for each of the groupings (which taking into consideration of historical credit loss experience, average actual date of receipt, customers’ background, listing status and size as groupings of various debtors), which reflect the credit risk of the debtors, over the expected life of the debtors and are adjusted for forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort. As the Group’s historical credit loss experience does not indicate significantly different loss patterns for different customer segments, the loss allowance based on past due status is not further distinguished between the Group’s different customer bases.

Expected loss rates are based on actual loss experience. These rates are adjusted to reflect differences between economic conditions during the period over which the historic data has been collected, current conditions and the Group’s view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables. The movements in loss allowance for trade receivables during the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 (US$) |  |  | 2022 (US$) |
At January 1 |  |  | 46,768 |  |  |  | 150,000 |
Impairment losses recognized |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,768 |
Amount written off as uncollectible |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150,000 |
At December 31 |  |  | 46,768 |  |  |  | 46,768 |

Trade Payables

Trade payables represent primarily the Group’s obligations to pay for goods or services that have been engaged in the ordinary course of business from suppliers, including purchases of raw materials and utilities, as well as payment to its logistics providers. The Group is generally granted credit periods ranging from 30 to 60 days.

There were no significant changes to the Group’s trade payables balance for the two financial years under review.

17

Lease Liabilities

The Group recognized and measured lease liabilities in accordance with IFRS 16 “Leases”. The Group leases properties in Singapore mainly for use as factory space for the processing and storage of waste. The table below sets forth the breakdown of the Group’s lease liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Current |  |  | 192,282 |  |  |  | 185,764 |
Non-current |  |  | 1,974,524 |  |  |  | 2,071,571 |
|  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | 2,257,335 |

The Group’s lease liabilities (comprising current and non-current liabilities) decreased approximately US$91,000 from approximately US$2.3 million as of December 31, 2022 to approximately US$2.2 million as of December 31, 2023, in line with the normal utilization of the lease tenure.

Capital Commitments

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Group incurred capital expenditures mainly for the procurement of property, plant and equipment. The following table sets out the Group’s capital expenditure contracted for as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 but not recognized in the financial statements:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 (US$) |  |  | 2022 (US$) |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,328,306 |  |  |  | 1,339,532 |

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Group has no off-balance sheet arrangements including arrangements that would affect its liquidity, capital resources, market risk support and credit risk support or other benefits.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities, each as of the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the periods presented. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates their estimates, assumptions and judgments, and the effects of any such revisions are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which they are determined to be necessary. Management bases their estimates on historical experience and on various other factors, including expectations of future events, that they believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual outcomes could differ materially from those estimates in a manner that could have a material effect on the Group’s consolidated financial statements. While the Group’s significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to its consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, the Group believes that the following accounting policies and estimates are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of the Group’s financial statements and understanding and evaluating its reported financial results.

18

Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

Revenue from contracts with customers

(a) | Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering of services is recognized when the entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time, generally when the significant acts have been completed and when transfer of control occurs, or for services that are not significant, transactions revenue is recognized as the services are provided. The Group’s primary service consists of collecting and disposing of industrial wastes for its customers.

(b) | Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good to the customer. Control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods (in this respect, incoterms are considered).

Other revenue

(c) | Interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset, or where appropriate, a shorter period.

Critical judgements in applying the entity’s accounting policies

(a) | Determination of functional currency

In determining the functional currency of the Group, judgment is used by the management to determine the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates. Consideration factors include the currency that mainly influences sales prices of goods and services and the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determines the sales prices of its goods and services.

(b) | Determination of lease term of contracts with extension options

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Group has several lease contracts that include extension options. The Group applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain whether or not to exercise the option to extend the lease. That is, it considers all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for it to exercise the extension. After the commencement date, the Group reassesses the lease term to consider whether there is a significant event or change in circumstances that is within its control and affects its ability to exercise or not to exercise the option to extend (e.g., construction of significant leasehold improvements or significant customization to the leased asset).

The Group includes the extension option in the lease term for leases of leasehold buildings because of the leasehold improvements made and the significant costs that would arise to replace the assets. The extension options for leases of motor vehicles are not included as part of the lease term because the Group typically leases motor vehicles for not more than five years and, hence, will not exercise the extension options.

19

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

(a) | Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment is estimated at the time the asset is acquired and is based on historical experience with similar assets and takes into account anticipated technological or other changes. If changes occur more rapidly than anticipated or the asset experiences an unexpected level of wear and tear, the useful life will be adjusted accordingly. The carrying amount of the Group’s property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 was US$21,786,365 (as of December 31, 2022: US$22,493,283).

(b) | Inventory valuation method

Inventory write-down is made based on the current market conditions, historical experience and selling goods of a similar nature. It could change significantly as a result of changes in market conditions. A review is made periodically for excess inventories, obsolescence and declines in net realizable value and an allowance is recorded against the inventory balances for any such declines. The realizable value represents the best estimate of the recoverable amount and is based on the most reliable evidence available and inherently involves estimates regarding the future expected realizable value. The carrying amount of the Group’s inventories as of December 31, 2023 was US$64,184 (as of December 31, 2022: US$221,151).

(c) | Provision for expected credit losses of trade receivables

The Group uses a provision matrix to calculate ECLs for trade receivables. The provision rates are based on days past due for groupings of various customer segments that have similar loss patterns.

The provision matrix is initially based on the Group’s historical observed default rates. The Group will calibrate the matrix to adjust historical credit loss experience with forward-looking information. At every reporting date, historical default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed.

The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, forecasted economic conditions and ECLs is a significant estimate. The amount of ECLs is sensitive to changes in circumstances and of forecasted economic conditions. The Group’s historical credit loss experience and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of customers’ actual default in the future.

The carrying amount of the Group’s trade receivables as of December 31, 2023 was US$461,497 (as of December 31, 2022: US$389,648).

(d) | Impairment of non-financial assets

The impairment testing of non-financial assets requires assumptions about the future cash flows projections as well as about the discount rate to be applied. The assumptions used to arrive at the cash flow projections are dependent on the future market shares, the market trend and the profitability of the Group’s products.

Impairment testing of non-financial assets requires estimates about the extent and probability of the occurrence of future events. As far as possible, estimates are derived from past experience taking into account current market conditions and the stage of technological advancement.

(e) | Capitalization of intangible assets

The costs of internally generated intangible assets are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.6 to the financial statements. Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgement that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model. In determining the amounts to be capitalized, management makes assumptions regarding the expected future cash generation of the project, discount rates to be applied and the expected period of benefits. The carrying amount of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 was US$2,381,465 (as of December 31, 2022: US$1,845,912).

20

The Group’s internally generated intangible assets consist of software development projects. These include an inventory management system, a proprietary software for tracking real time used catalytic converters to facilitate buying and selling decisions, a database to facilitate reporting, analysis and certification in its laboratory, a thermal treatment and desiccation system, an acid treatment and renewal system and a system to convert waste plastics to oil. These intangible assets were developed to improve efficiency, increase productivity and generate circular products. The costs incurred for each project consist principally of the salaries of the employees working directly on the projects and include time to develop business requirements, programming and coding, software architecture design and version deployment and testing.

Emerging Growth Company Status

ESGL is an “emerging growth company”, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, the Group is eligible to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to SEC reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies. For so long as ESGL remains an emerging growth company, it will not be required to, among other things:

| ● | present more than two years of audited consolidated financial statements and two years of related selected financial data and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure;
| ● | have an auditor report on its internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and
| ● | disclose certain executive compensation related items.

ESGL will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year during which ESGL has total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.07 billion, (iii) the date on which ESGL is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which means the market value of its ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700.0 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and (iv) the date on which ESGL has issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

ESGL has taken advantage of certain of the reduced reporting requirements as a result of being an emerging growth company and a foreign private issuer. Among those advantages, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. ESGL has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period. Accordingly, when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, ESGL, as an emerging growth company, can defer adopting the new or revised standard until the later of the two application dates. As a result, the information that ESGL provides here may be different than the information you may receive from other public companies in which you hold equity interests. If some investors find ESGL’s securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for its securities and the prices of its securities may be more volatile.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Risk management overview

The Group has exposure to market risk (including currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk and commodity price risk. The Group’s exposure to each of these risks, and its objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk are more fully described in the notes to its consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

Market Risk

(i) | Currency Risk

While the Group’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, almost all of its sales and purchases are denominated in Singapore dollars. As a result, the Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Singapore dollar. If the Singapore dollar depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of the Group’s Singapore dollar revenues, earnings and assets as expressed in the Group’s U.S. dollar consolidated financial statements will decline. The Group does not have a policy to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange risk.

21

(ii) | Interest Rate Risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its non-current borrowings at variable rates.

The Group’s borrowings at variable rates are denominated mainly in Singapore dollars. At December 31, 2023, if the Singapore dollar interest rates had increased/decreased by 0.5% (at December 31, 2022: 0.5%) with all other variables including tax rate being held constant, the loss after tax for the financial year would have been lower/higher by US$18,830 (2022: US$18,554) as a result of higher/lower interest expense on these borrowings.

Credit risk

The Group has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial conditions and generally do not require collateral.

Financial assets are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk and failures by counterparties to discharge their obligations in full or in a timely manner. These arise principally from cash and cash equivalents, receivables and other financial assets. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the total of the fair value of the financial assets at the end of the reporting year. Credit risk on cash balances with banks and any other financial instruments is limited because the counter-parties are entities with acceptable credit ratings.

Liquidity risk

The Group is exposed to liquidity risk, which is risk that it will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, the Group will turn to other financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

Capital risk

The primary objective of the Group’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains a strong credit rating and a net current asset position to support its business and maximize its shareholders’ value. The capital structure of the Group comprises issued share capital and retained earnings.

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

The Group is in compliance with all externally imposed capital requirements for the financial years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Commodity Price Risk

As the Group derives part of its revenue from the sales and trading of its circular products, which typically include zinc, precious metals and base metals, the Group is exposed to commodity price risk, which is risk on its financial performance and profitability upon fluctuations in the prevailing market prices of these commodities that are out of its control since they are primarily driven by external market forces.

22

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: February 7, 2025 |  |

23

Exhibit 99.1

ESGL Holdings Limited

Index to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

|  | Page
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 |  | F-2
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-3
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-4
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 |  | F-5
Notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements |  | F-7

F-1

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023

|  | Notes |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  | Unaudited
|  | Notes |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  | 256,501 |  |  |  | 366,761 |
Trade and other receivables |  | 12 |  |  | 985,951 |  |  |  | 1,032,522 |
Prepaid forward purchase agreement |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 969 |
Inventories |  | 13 |  |  | 78,682 |  |  |  | 64,184 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  | 1,321,134 |  |  |  | 1,464,436 |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 10 |  |  | 21,043,668 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 11 |  |  | 2,475,974 |  |  |  | 2,381,465 |
Total non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 23,519,642 |  |  |  | 24,167,830 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  | 24,840,776 |  |  |  | 25,632,266 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 16 |  |  | 5,503,478 |  |  |  | 6,560,559 |
Lease liabilities |  | 15 |  |  | 149,516 |  |  |  | 192,282 |
Borrowings |  | 17 |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 5,666,160 |
Deferred underwriting fee payable |  |  |  |  | 2,153,125 |  |  |  | 2,753,125 |
Tax liabilities |  |  |  |  | 203,020 |  |  |  | 56,540 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 12,681,425 |  |  |  | 15,228,666 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities (non-current) |  | 15 |  |  | 1,852,343 |  |  |  | 1,974,524 |
Borrowings (non-current) |  | 17 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,319 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 18 |  |  | 298,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 2,150,343 |  |  |  | 2,382,843 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  | 14,831,768 |  |  |  | 17,611,509 |
Net assets |  |  |  |  | 10,009,008 |  |  |  | 8,020,757 |
EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share Capital |  | 19 |  |  | 11,892 |  |  |  | 10,892 |
Accumulated losses |  |  |  |  | (100,457,352 | ) |  |  | (99,985,928 | )
Other reserves |  |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |
Share premium reserve |  | 14 |  |  | 92,183,727 |  |  |  | 89,725,052 |
Exchange Reserves |  |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | (123,198 | )
Revaluation Surplus |  | 14 |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |
Total equity |  |  |  |  | 10,009,008 |  |  |  | 8,020,757 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-2

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

|  |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  |  | Unaudited |
|  |  |  | For the Periods Ended June 30, |
|  |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Note |  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Revenue |  | 4 |  |  | 3,487,879 |  |  |  | 3,394,313 |
Other income |  | 5 |  |  | 282,213 |  |  |  | 189,335 |
Cost of inventory |  |  |  |  | (78,366 | ) |  |  | (407,291 | )
Logistics costs |  |  |  |  | (264,638 | ) |  |  | (792,079 | )
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | (781,394 | ) |  |  | (758,519 | )
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  | (559,340 | ) |  |  | (426,515 | )
Employee benefits expense |  | 7 |  |  | (1,049,897 | ) |  |  | (639,060 | )
Finance expense |  |  |  |  | (147,128 | ) |  |  | (158,912 | )
Other operating expenses |  | 6 |  |  | (1,212,273 | ) |  |  | (991,526 | )
Loss before income tax |  |  |  |  | (322,944 | ) |  |  | (590,254 | )
Income tax expense |  | 9 |  |  | (148,480 | ) |  |  | (39,000 | )
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  | (471,424 | ) |  |  | (629,254 | )
Loss per share |  |  |  |  | (0.03 | ) |  |  | (0.10 | )
Weighted average number of shares |  |  |  |  | 14,000,514 |  |  |  | 6,378,267 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

|  | Share capital |  |  | Revaluation reserve |  |  | Exchange reserve |  |  | Share premium reserve |  |  | Other reserve |  |  | Accumulated losses |  |  | Total equity |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 15,157,824 |  |  |  | (460,481 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (5,006,590 | ) |  |  | 13,123,552 |
Issuance of new shares |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 753,587 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 753,590 |
Loss for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (629,254 | ) |  |  | (629,254 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 10,003 |  |  |  | 15,157,824 |  |  |  | (460,481 | ) |  |  | 753,587 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (5,635,844 | ) |  |  | 13,247,888 |
Unaudited |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (99,985,928 | ) |  |  | 8,020,757 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (99,985,928 | ) |  |  | 8,020,757 |
Issuance of new shares |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,458,675 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,459,675 |
Loss for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (471,424 | ) |  |  | (471,424 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  |  | 11,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 92,183,727 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (100,457,352 | ) |  |  | 10,009,008 |
Ending balance |  |  | 11,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 92,183,727 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (100,457,352 | ) |  |  | 10,009,008 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

|  |  |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | June 30, 2023 |
|  |  |  | Unaudited |
|  |  |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | June 30, 2023 |
|  |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income tax |  |  |  |  | (322,944 | ) |  |  | (590,254 | )
Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Prepaid forward purchase agreement written-off |  |  |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | - |
- Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |  | 10 |  |  | 781,394 |  |  |  | 758,519 |
- Amortisation of intangible assets |  | 11 |  |  | 559,340 |  |  |  | 426,515 |
- Interest income |  |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (12,002 | )
- Interest expense |  | 8 |  |  | 147,128 |  |  |  | 158,912 |
- Loss/(gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | 5 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,795 |
- Foreign exchange adjustment |  |  |  |  | (191,391 | ) |  |  | 312,051 |
Total adjustments |  |  |  |  | 974,493 |  |  |  | 1,055,536 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilties : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Trade and other receivables |  |  |  |  | 40,746 |  |  |  | (687,016 | )
- Inventories |  |  |  |  | (14,498 | ) |  |  | 153,252 |
- Trade and other payables |  |  |  |  | (1,043,521 | ) |  |  | 167,205 |
Net cash (used in)/generated by operating activities |  |  |  |  | (42,780 | ) |  |  | 688,977 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | (38,697 | ) |  |  | (115,334 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,352 |
Additions to intangible assets |  |  |  |  | (653,849 | ) |  |  | (633,912 | )
Interest received |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 12,002 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  |  | (692,543 | ) |  |  | (735,892 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  |  |  | 747,197 |  |  |  | 2,246,518 |
Repayment of bank borrowings |  |  |  |  | (1,691,453 | ) |  |  | (1,831,341 | )
Shares issuance |  |  |  |  | 2,459,675 |  |  |  | 753,590 |
Repayment of underwriting fees |  |  |  |  | (600,000 | ) |  |  | - |
Repayments of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  | (143,228 | ) |  |  | (57,718 | )
Interest paid |  |  |  |  | (147,128 | ) |  |  | (158,912 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  |  |  | 625,063 |  |  |  | 952,137 |
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and bank balances |  |  |  |  | (110,260 | ) |  |  | 905,222 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of the financial year |  |  |  |  | 366,761 |  |  |  | 252,399 |
End of the financial period |  |  |  |  | 256,501 |  |  |  | 1,157,621 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

Reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities

Unaudited |  | Lease liabilities |  |  | borrowings |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  | Interest- |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | bearing bank |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | and other |  |  |  |
Unaudited |  | Lease liabilities |  |  | borrowings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
At January 1 2023 |  |  | 2,257,335 |  |  |  | 5,798,641 |  |  |  | 8,055,976 |
Changes from financing cash flows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,596,071 |  |  |  | 3,596,071 |
Repayment of bank loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,775,481 | ) |  |  | (3,775,481 | )
Principal element of lease payments |  |  | (185,536 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (185,536 | )
Borrowing cost paid |  |  | (55,934 | ) |  |  | (332,783 | ) |  |  | (388,717 | )
Total change from financing cash flows |  |  | (241,470 | ) |  |  | (512,193 | ) |  |  | (753,663 | )
Other changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange adjustments |  |  | 86,777 |  |  |  | 159,248 |  |  |  | 246,025 |
Lease modification |  |  | 8,230 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,230 |
Interest expenses |  |  | 55,934 |  |  |  | 332,783 |  |  |  | 388,717 |
Total other changes |  |  | 150,941 |  |  |  | 492,031 |  |  |  | 642,972 |
At December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | 7,945,285 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | 7,945,285 |
Changes from financing cash flows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 747,197 |  |  |  | 747,197 |
Repayment of bank loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,691,453 | ) |  |  | (1,691,453 | )
Principal element of lease payments |  |  | (143,228 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (143,228 | )
Borrowing cost paid |  |  | (26,129 | ) |  |  | (120,999 | ) |  |  | (147,128 | )
Total change from financing cash flows |  |  | (169,357 | ) |  |  | (1,065,255 | ) |  |  | (1,234,612 | )
Other changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange adjustments |  |  | (21,719 | ) |  |  | (161,937 | ) |  |  | (183,656 | )
Interest expenses |  |  | 26,129 |  |  |  | 120,999 |  |  |  | 147,128 |
Total other changes |  |  | 4,410 |  |  |  | (40,938 | ) |  |  | (36,528 | )
At June 30, 2024 |  |  | 2,001,859 |  |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 6,674,145 |
Ending balance |  |  | 2,001,859 |  |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 6,674,145 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

These notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements.

1. General information

ESGL Holdings Limited

ESGL Holdings Limited (“ESGL” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on November 18, 2022. Following the successful completion of a business combination on August 3, 2023, ESGL listed on Nasdaq and is a publicly traded company. ESGL’s stock commenced trading August 4, 2023.

ESGL’s subsidiaries are as follows:

Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited

Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited is a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on June 14, 2022. The address of its registered office is 71 Fort Street, PO Box 500, George Town, Grand Cayman, KY1-1106, Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, ESGH conducts all of its operations through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd.

Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited (“ESAH”)

ESAH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the ESGH, was incorporated on June 29, 2022 and domiciled in the British Virgin Islands with its registered office at Mandar House, 3rd Floor, Johnson’s Ghut, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. (“ESA”)

ESA was incorporated and domiciled in Singapore, with its registered office at 101 Tuas, South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226. ESA is a waste management, treatment and recycling company involved in the collection and recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste from customers such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and electroplating companies.

As ESGL, ESGH, ESAH and ESA (collectively the “Group”) were under common control, the Merger constituted a reorganization under common control and are required to be retrospectively applied to the consolidated financial statements at their historical amounts. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared as if the existing corporate structure had been in existence throughout all periods. This includes a retrospective presentation for all equity related disclosures, including issued shares, which have been revised to reflect the effects of the reorganization in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

These financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost convention, except for Prepaid forward purchase agreement and leasehold land and buildings which are measured at fair value.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. It also requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions.

F-7

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.1 | Basis of preparation (continued)

The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the financial statements are disclosed in Note 3.

2.2 Basis of Consolidation

The financial statements are presented in United States Dollars (“US$”), which is the Group’s functional currency. All financial information presented in United States Dollars has been rounded to the nearest dollar, unless otherwise indicated.

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries as at June 30, 2024 and 2023. A subsidiary is an entity (including a structured entity), directly or indirectly, controlled by the Company. Control is achieved when the Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give the Company the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee).

When the Company has, directly or indirectly, less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:-

| ● | Power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee);
| ● | Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and
| ● | The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns.

The financial statements of subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the Company, using consistent accounting policies. The results of subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which the Company obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date that such control ceases.

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Company has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

| ● | The contractual arrangement(s) with the other vote holders of the investee;
| ● | Rights arising from other contractual arrangements;
| ● | The Company’s voting rights and potential voting rights.

The Company assesses whether it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Company loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Company gains control until the date the Company ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Company and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies in line with the Group’s accounting policies. All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Company loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

F-8

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.3 Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the goods or services. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

Revenue from contracts with customers

| (a) | Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering of services is recognized when the entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time, generally when the significant acts have been completed and when transfer of control occurs, or for services that are not significant, transactions revenue is recognized as the services are provided. The Group’s primary service consists of collecting and disposing of industrial wastes for its customers.

| (b) | Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good to the customer. Control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods (in this respect, incoterms are considered).

Other revenue

Interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset, or where appropriate, a shorter period.

Contract assets

The contract assets are for the Group’s rights to consideration for work completed but not billed at the reporting date on its contracts; costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer; and any impairment losses recognized in the reporting year. The contract assets are transferred to the receivables when the right to payment becomes unconditional.

2.4 Government grants

Grants from the government are recognized as a receivable at their fair value when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with all the attached conditions.

Government grants receivable are recognized as income over the periods necessary to match them with the related costs which they are intended to compensate, on a systematic basis. Government grants relating to expenses are shown separately as other income.

Government grants relating to non-monetary assets are deducted against the carrying amount of the non-monetary assets.

F-9

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.5 Property, plant and equipment

| (a) | Measurement

| (i) | Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment other than leasehold land and buildings are initially recognized at cost and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Leasehold land and buildings are measured at fair value less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses recognized after the date of the revaluation. Valuations are performed frequently to ensure that the fair value of a revalued asset does not differ materially from its carrying amount. Any revaluation surplus is credited to the property revaluation reserve in equity, except to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized in the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income, in which case the increase is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

A revaluation deficit is recognized in the statement of profit or loss, except to the extent that it offsets an existing surplus on the same asset recognized in the asset revaluation reserve.

An annual transfer from the property revaluation reserve to accumulated losses is made for the difference between depreciation based on the revalued carrying amount of the assets and depreciation based on the assets original cost. Upon disposal, any revaluation reserve relating to that particular asset being sold is transferred to retained profits.

| (ii) | Components of costs

The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment initially recognized includes its purchase price and any cost that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

| (b) | Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate depreciable amounts over the estimated useful lives as follows:

Schedule of property, plant and equipment depreciation, estimated useful lives

|  | Useful lives
Leasehold land and buildings |  | Over the lease term period ranging from 2 to 30 years
Plant and equipment |  | 3 to 5 years
Machineries |  | 2 to 10 years
Renovation |  | 5 years
Motor vehicles |  | 10 years
Furniture and fittings |  | 5 years

The residual values, estimated useful lives and depreciation method of property, plant and equipment are reviewed, and adjusted as appropriate, at each reporting date. The effects of any revision are recognized in profit or loss when the changes arise.

Fully depreciated property, plant and equipment are retained in the financial statements until they are no longer in use.

| (c) | Subsequent expenditure

Subsequent expenditure relating to property, plant and equipment that has already been recognized is added to the carrying amount of the asset only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance expenses are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.

F-10

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.5 | Property, plant and equipment (continued)

| (d) | Disposal

On disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment, the difference between the disposal proceeds and its carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss.

2.6 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured initially at cost. Following initial acquisition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangible assets, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and expenditure is reflected in profit or loss in the year in which the expenditure is incurred.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over the estimated useful lives and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate depreciable amounts over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Schedule of intangible assets depreciable, estimated useful lives

|  |  | Useful lives
Software |  |  | 3 years

2.7 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

2.8 Impairment of non-financial assets

Intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets are tested for impairment whenever there is any objective evidence or indication that these assets may be impaired or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required.

For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets. If this is the case, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating units (“CGU”) to which the asset belongs.

If the recoverable amount of the asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount.

The difference between the carrying amount and recoverable amount is recognized as an impairment loss in profit or loss.

An impairment loss for an asset is reversed if, and only if, there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The carrying amount of this asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

A reversal of impairment loss for an asset is credited to profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

F-11

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 Financial assets

| (a) | Classification and measurement

The Group classifies its financial assets at amortized cost.

The classification of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets as well as the contractual terms of the cash flows of the financial assets.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

The Group reclassifies debt instruments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

At initial recognition

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of the financial assets not a fair value through profit or loss, transactions costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.

At subsequent measurement

Debt instruments are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. A gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at amortized cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in interest income using the effective interest rate method.

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables). The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

Lifetime ECL represents the ECL that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of the relevant instrument. In contrast, 12-month ECL (“12m ECL”) represents the portion of lifetime ECL that is expected to result from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date. Assessments are done based on the Group’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current conditions at the reporting date as well as the forecast of future conditions.

The Group always recognizes lifetime ECL for trade and other receivables. The ECL on these assets are assessed individually for debtors with significant balances and/or collectively using a provision matrix with appropriate groupings.

For all other instruments, the Group measures the loss allowance as equal to 12m ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition for which the Group recognizes lifetime ECL. The assessment of whether lifetime ECL should be recognized is based on significant increases in the likelihood or risk of a default occurring since initial recognition.

F-12

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 | Financial assets (continued)

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets (continued)

| (i) | Significant increase in credit risk

In assessing whether the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition. In making this assessment, the Group considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort.

In particular, the following information is taken into account when assessing whether credit risk has increased significantly:

| ● | An actual or expected significant deterioration in the financial instrument’s external (if available) or internal credit rating;
| ● | Significant deterioration in external market indicators of credit risk, e.g. a significant increase in the credit spread, or the credit default swap prices for the debtor;
| ● | Existing or forecast adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions that are expected to cause a significant decrease in the debtor’s ability to meet its debt obligations;
| ● | An actual or expected significant deterioration in the operating results of the debtor;
| ● | An actual or expected significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the debtor that results in a significant decrease in the debtor’s ability to meet its debt obligations.

Irrespective of the outcome of the above assessment, the Group presumes that the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days past due, unless the Group has reasonable and supportable information that demonstrates otherwise.

The Group regularly monitors the effectiveness of the criteria used to identify whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and revises them as appropriate to ensure that the criteria are capable of identifying significant increase in credit risk before the amount becomes past due.

| (ii) | Definition of default

For internal credit risk management, the Group considers an event of default occurs when information developed internally or obtained from external sources indicates that the debtor is unlikely to pay its creditors, including the Group, in full (without taking into account any collateral held by the Group).

Irrespective of the above, the Group considers that default has occurred when a financial asset is more than 90 days past due unless the Group has reasonable and supportable information to demonstrate that a more lagging default criterion is more appropriate.

| (iii) | Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events of default that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial asset have occurred. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events:

| (a) | Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower;
| (b) | A breach of contract, such as a default or past due event;
| (c) | The lender(s) of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender(s) would not otherwise consider.

F-13

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 | Financial assets (continued)

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets (continued)

| (iii) | Credit-impaired financial assets (continued)

| (d) | It is becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; or

| (e) | The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

| (iv) | Write-off policy

The Group writes off a financial asset when there is information indicating that the counterparty is in severe financial difficulty and there is no realistic prospect of recovery, for example, when the counterparty has been placed under liquidation or has entered into bankruptcy proceedings, or in the case of trade receivables, when the amounts are over one year past due, whichever occurs sooner. Financial assets written off may still be subject to enforcement activities under the Group’s recovery procedures, taking into account legal advice where appropriate. A write-off constitutes a derecognition event. Any subsequent recoveries are recognized in profit or loss.

| (v) | Measurement and recognition of ECL

The measurement of ECL is a function of the probability of default, loss given default (i.e. the magnitude of the loss if there is a default) and the exposure to default. The assessment of the probability of default and loss given default is based on historical data adjusted by forward-looking information. Estimation of ECL reflects an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined with the respective risks of default representing the weights.

Generally, the ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at the effective interest rate determined at initial recognition.

Where ECL is measured on a collective basis or for cases where evidence at the individual instrument level may not yet be available, the financial instruments are grouped on the following basis:

| ● | Nature of financial instruments;
| ● | Past-due status;
| ● | Nature, size and industry of debtors; and
| ● | External credit ratings where available.

The groups are regularly reviewed by management to ensure the constituents of each group continue to share similar credit risk characteristics.

Interest income is calculated based on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset unless the financial asset is credit impaired, in which case interest income is calculated based on amortized cost of the financial asset.

| (c) | Recognition and derecognition

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the trade date – the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.

On disposal of a debt instrument, the difference between the carrying amount and the sale proceeds is recognized in profit or loss. Any amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income relating to that asset is reclassified to profit or loss.

F-14

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.10 Financial Liabilities

Borrowings are presented as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least 12 months after the reporting date, in which case they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair values (net of transaction costs) and subsequently carried at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Trade and other payables represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of the financial year which are unpaid. They are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). Otherwise, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value, and subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

| (a) | Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

| (b) | Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

2.11 Leases

When the Group is the lessee

At the inception of the contract, the Group assesses if the contract contains a lease. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Reassessment is only required when the terms and conditions of the contract are changed.

Right-of-use assets

The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and lease liability at the date at which the underlying asset is available for use. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost which comprises the initial measurement of lease liabilities adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date and lease incentive received. Any initial direct costs that would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained are added to the carrying amount of the right-of-use assets.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term.

Right-of-use assets are presented within “Property, plant and equipment”.

F-15

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.11 | Leases (continued)

Lease liabilities

The initial measurement of a lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments discounted using the implicit rate in the lease, if the rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group shall use its incremental borrowing rate.

Lease payments include the following:

| ● | Fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable;
| ● | Variable lease payment that is based on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
| ● | Amount expected to be payable under residual value guarantees;
| ● | The exercise price of a purchase option if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised; and
| ● | Payment of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising that option.

For a contract that contains both lease and non-lease components, the Group allocates the consideration to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease and non-lease components. The Group has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for property leases and accounts for these as one single lease component.

Lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Lease liability shall be remeasured when:

| ● | There is a change in future lease payments arising from changes in an index or rate;
| ● | There is a change in the Group’s assessment of whether it will exercise an extension option; or
| ● | There is modification in the scope or the consideration of the lease that was not part of the original term.

Lease liability is remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use assets, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Group presents lease liabilities as a separate line item on the statement of financial position.

Short-term and low-value leases

The Group has elected to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have lease terms of 12 months or less and leases of low value. Payments relating to these leases are expensed to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Variable lease payments

Variable lease payments that are not based on an index or a rate are not included as part of the measurement and initial recognition of the lease liability. The Group shall recognize those lease payments in profit or loss in the periods that triggered those lease payments.

Lease modifications

The Group accounts for a lease modification as a separate lease if:

| ● | The modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets; and

F-16

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.11 | Leases (continued)

| ● | The consideration for the leases increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract.

For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, the Group remeasures the lease liability based on the lease term of the modified lease by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate at the effective date of the modification.

The Group accounts for the remeasurement of lease liabilities by making corresponding adjustments to the relevant right-of-use asset. When the modified contract contains a lease component and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, the Group allocates the consideration in the modified contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.

When the Group is the lessor

Classification and measurement of leases

Leases for which the Group is a lessor are classified as finance or operating leases. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recognized as receivables at commencement date at amounts equal to net investments in the leases, measured using the interest rate implicit in the respective leases. Initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the net investments in the leases. Interest income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Group’s net investment outstanding in respect of the leases.

Rental income from operating leases is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset, and such costs are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term except for investment properties measured under the fair value model. Variable lease payments for operating leases that depend on an index or a rate are estimated and included in the total lease payments to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as income when they arise.

Refundable rental deposits

Refundable rental deposits received are accounted for under IFRS 9 and initially measured at fair value. Adjustments to fair value at initial recognition are considered as additional lease payments from lessees.

Lease modification

Changes in consideration of lease contracts that were not part of the original terms and conditions are accounted for as lease modifications, including lease incentives provided through forgiveness or reduction of rentals.

The Group accounts for a modification to an operating lease as a new lease from the effective date of the modification, considering any prepaid or accrued lease payments relating to the original lease as part of the lease payments for the new lease.

F-17

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.12 Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is calculated using the specific identification method and includes all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

When necessary, allowance is provided for damaged, obsolete and slow moving items to adjust the carrying values of inventories to the lower of cost and net realizable value.

2.13 Income taxes

Income tax represents the sum of current and deferred tax. Income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period, taking into consideration interpretations and practices prevailing in the countries in which the Group operates.

Deferred tax is provided, using the liability method, on all temporary differences at the end of the reporting period between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:-

| ● | When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit or loss nor taxable profit or loss; and

| ● | In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carryforward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences, the carryforward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

| ● | When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary differences arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit or loss nor taxable profit or loss; and

| ● | In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

F-18

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.13 | Income Taxes (continued)

Deferred tax is calculated, without discounting, at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Group intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Current and deferred taxes are recognized as income or expenses in profit or loss, except to the extent that the tax arises from a transaction which is recognized directly in equity.

The Group accounts for investment tax credits similar to accounting for other tax credits where a deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized.

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably.

Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

2.14 Employee benefits

Employee benefits are recognized as an expense, unless the cost qualifies to be capitalized as an asset.

| (a) | Defined contribution plans

Defined contribution plans are post-employment benefit plans under which the Group pays fixed contributions into separate entities such as the Central Provident Fund on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid.

| (b) | Short-term employees benefits

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

F-19

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.15 Currency translation

The financial statements are presented in United States Dollar (“US$”), which is the functional currency of the Group.

Transactions in a currency other than the United States Dollar (“foreign currency”) are translated into the United States Dollar using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Currency exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the closing rates at the reporting date are recognized in profit or loss. Non-monetary items measured at fair values in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair values are determined.

All foreign exchange gains and losses impacting profit or loss are presented in statement of comprehensive income within “Other operating expenses”.

2.16 Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and deposits with financial institutions which are subject to any insignificant risk of changes in value, and have a short maturity of generally within three months when acquired.

2.17 Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares are deducted against the share capital account.

2.18 Related parties

| (a) | A person, or a close member of that person’s family, is related to the Company if that person :

| (i) | Has control or joint control over the Company;

| (ii) | Has significant influence over the Company; or

| (iii) | Is a member of key management personnel of the Company or the Company’s parent;

or

| (b) | An entity is related to the Company if any of the following conditions applies:-

| (i) | The entity and the Company are members of the same group;

| (ii) | One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member);

| (iii) | The entity and the Company are joint ventures of the same third party;

| (iv) | One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity;

| (v) | The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the Company or an entity related to the Company;

| (vi) | The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a);

| (vii) | A person identified in (a)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity); and

| (viii) | The entity, or any member of a group of which it is a part, provides key management personnel services to the Company or to the Company’s parent.

F-20

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.18 | Related parties (continued)

Close members of the family of a person are those family members who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that person in their dealings with the entity and include:

| (a) | That person’s children and spouse or domestic partner;

| (b) | Children of that person’s spouse or domestic partner; and

| (c) | Dependents of that person or that person’s spouse or domestic partner.

2.19 Fair value measurement

The Group measures its properties at the end of each reporting period. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:-

Level 1 – based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – based on valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is observable, either directly or indirectly

Level 3 – based on valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

F-21

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

2. | Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.20 Application of amendments to IFRS

In the preparation of the financial statements for the period ended June 30, 2024, the Group has applied the following amendments to IFRSs, for the first time, which are mandatorily effective for the annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024:

| Amendments to IFRS 16 | Leases on sale and leaseback
| Amendments to IFRS 7 | Supplier finance
| Amendments to IAS 1 | Classification of liabilities as current or non-current
|  | Non-current liabilities with covenants

The application of the amendments to IFRSs in the current year has had no material impact on the Group’s financial positions and performance for the current and prior years and/or on the disclosures set out in these financial statements.

3. Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements

Estimates, assumptions and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Critical judgements in applying the entity’s accounting policies

| (a) | Determination of functional currency

In determining the functional currency of the Group, judgment is used by the management to determine the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates. Consideration factors include the currency that mainly influences sales prices of goods and services and the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determines the sales prices of its goods and services.

| (b) | Determination of lease term of contracts with extension options

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Group has several lease contracts that include extension options. The Group applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain whether or not to exercise the option to extend the lease. That is, it considers all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for it to exercise the extension. After the commencement date, the Group reassesses the lease term to consider whether there is a significant event or change in circumstances that is within its control and affects its ability to exercise or not to exercise the option to extend (e.g. construction of significant leasehold improvements or significant customization to the leased asset).

The Group includes the extension option in the lease term for leases of leasehold buildings because of the leasehold improvements made and the significant costs that would arise to replace the assets. The extension options for leases of motor vehicles are not included as part of the lease term because the Group typically leases motor vehicles for not more than five years and, hence, will not exercise the extension options.

F-22

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

3. | Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements (continued)

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

| (a) | Useful lives of plant and equipment

The useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment is estimated at the time the asset is acquired and is based on historical experience with similar assets and takes into account anticipated technological or other changes. If changes occur more rapidly than anticipated or the asset experiences an unexpected level of wear and tear, the useful life will be adjusted accordingly. The carrying amount of the Group’s plant and equipment as at June 30, 2024 was US$21,043,668 (2023: US$21,786,365).

| (b) | Inventory valuation method

Inventory write-down is made based on the current market conditions, historical experience and selling goods of a similar nature. It could change significantly as a result of changes in market conditions. A review is made periodically for excess inventories, obsolescence and declines in net realizable value and an allowance is recorded against the inventory balances for any such declines. The realizable value represents the best estimate of the recoverable amount and is based on the most reliable evidence available and inherently involves estimates regarding the future expected realizable value. The carrying amount of the Group’s inventories as at June 30, 2024 was US$78,682 (2023: US$64,184).

| (c) | Provision for expected credit losses of trade receivables

The Group uses a provision matrix to calculate ECLs for trade receivables. The provision rates are based on days past due for groupings of various customer segments that have similar loss patterns.

The provision matrix is initially based on the Group’s historical observed default rates. The Group will calibrate the matrix to adjust historical credit loss experience with forward-looking information. At every reporting date, historical default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analysed.

The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, forecasted economic conditions and ECLs is a significant estimate. The amount of ECLs is sensitive to changes in circumstances and of forecasted economic conditions. The Group’s historical credit loss experience and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of customers’ actual default in the future.

The carrying amount of the Group’s trade receivables as at June 30, 2024 was US$454,398 (2023: US$461,497).

| (d) | Impairment of non-financial assets

The impairment testing of non-financial assets requires assumptions about the future cash flows projections as well as about the discount rate to be applied. The assumptions used to arrive at the cash flow projections are dependent on the future market shares, the market trend and the profitability of the Group’s products.

Impairment testing of non-financial assets requires estimates about the extent and probability of the occurrence of future events. As far as possible, estimates are derived from past experience taking into account current market conditions and the stage of technological advancement.

F-23

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

3. | Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements (continued)

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions (continued)

| (e) | Capitalization of intangible assets

The costs of internally generated intangible assets are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.6 to the financial statements. Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgement that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model. In determining the amounts to be capitalized, management makes assumptions regarding the expected future cash generation of the project, discount rates to be applied and the expected period of benefits. The carrying amount of the intangible assets at the reporting date is US$2,475,974 (2023: US$2,381,465).

| (f) | Forward Purchase Agreement

On July 27, 2023, the Company, ESGL entered into an agreement (“Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC (“ARRT”, together with Vellar, the “Sellers”).

In aggregate, Vellar purchased 931,915 shares, and ARRT 500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Recycled Shares”). In connection with these purchases, the Sellers revoked any redemption elections. The purchases were recognized as a current asset in the financial statements as Prepaid Forward Purchase Agreement (“Prepaid FPA”), at fair value at the time of the purchase transaction. For the financial year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Prepaid FPA was assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation model to be US$969 and accordingly, an adjustment to the carrying amount of the Prepaid FPA was made.

Termination of Forward Purchase Agreement

On or about December 4, 2023, the Company and ARRT mutually agreed to terminate the Forward Purchase Agreement. Subsequently, the Company received a termination notice from Vellar dated March 14, 2024, notifying the Company that the Valuation Date with Vellar shall be deemed to be March 15, 2024. Upon the Valuation Date, the obligations of Vellar and the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement shall terminate.

F-24

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

4. Revenue

Revenue classified by type of good or service is as follows :

Schedule of revenue classified by type of good or service

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Period Ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Revenue from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Sales of circular products |  |  | 800,129 |  |  |  | 1,313,953 |
- Waste disposal services |  |  | 2,687,750 |  |  |  | 2,080,360 |
Revenue |  |  | 3,487,879 |  |  |  | 3,394,313 |

The revenue from sales of goods and other service income is recognized based on a point in time.

5. Other income

Schedule of other income

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | 264,158 |  |  |  | 65,015 |
Interest income |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 12,002 |
Gain from disposal of motor vehicle |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,130 |
Government grants |  |  | 18,052 |  |  |  | 33,511 |
Grant from AEPW1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,320 |
Warehousing and logistic services |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,357 |
Other income |  |  | 282,213 |  |  |  | 189,335 |

1 | The Alliance to End Plastic Waste (“AEPW”) is an industry-founded and funded non-governmental and non-profit organization based in Singapore. Founding members include BASF, Chevron Phillips Chemical, ExxonMobil, Dow Chemical, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings, Proctor & Gamble and Shell

6. Other operating expenses

Schedule of other operating expenses

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Foreign exchange loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign worker levy |  |  | 82,944 |  |  |  | 78,335 |
Impairment loss on receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance |  |  | 189,192 |  |  |  | 38,647 |
Professional fees |  |  | 285,343 |  |  |  | 291,303 |
Property tax |  |  | 54,293 |  |  |  | 54,630 |
Rental and storage |  |  | 211,561 |  |  |  | 214,175 |
Utilities |  |  | 36,889 |  |  |  | 92,045 |
Upkeep, repair and maintenance |  |  | 58,165 |  |  |  | 53,392 |
Chemical and incineration fees |  |  | 189,545 |  |  |  | 70,378 |
Bank service charges |  |  | 3,528 |  |  |  | 45,878 |
Listing fees and expenses |  |  | 75,641 |  |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | 25,172 |  |  |  | 52,743 |
Other operating expenses |  |  | 1,212,273 |  |  |  | 991,526 |

F-25

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

7. Employee benefits expense

Schedule of employee benefits expense

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Salaries, wages and bonuses |  |  | 524,521 |  |  |  | 472,611 |
Directors’ remuneration |  |  | 373,093 |  |  |  | 110,651 |
Directors’ fees |  |  | 64,002 |  |  |  | - |
Employer’s contribution to defined contribution plans including Central Provident Fund |  |  | 60,679 |  |  |  | 53,577 |
Other short term benefit |  |  | 27,602 |  |  |  | 2,221 |
Employee benefits expense |  |  | 1,049,897 |  |  |  | 639,060 |

8. Finance expense

Schedule of finance expense

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Lease liabilities |  |  | 26,129 |  |  |  | 28,492 |
- Borrowings |  |  | 120,999 |  |  |  | 130,420 |
Interest expenses |  |  | 147,128 |  |  |  | 158,912 |

9. Income tax expense

Schedule of tax expense attributable to loss

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Tax expense attributable to loss is made up of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Current income tax |  |  | 146,480 |  |  |  | - |
- Movements in deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 39,000 |
Tax expense attributable to loss |  |  | 148,480 |  |  |  | 39,000 |

The tax on profit or loss before income tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the Singapore standard rate of income tax expense as follows :

Schedule of income tax rates to profit or loss before income tax expense

|  | Unaudited |
|  | For the Periods Ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (322,944 | ) |  |  | (590,254 | )
Tax calculated at tax rate of 17% (2023: 17%) |  |  | (54,900 | ) |  |  | (100,343 | )
Effects of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Expenses not deductible for tax purposes |  |  | 178,809 |  |  |  | 5,331 |
- Income not subject to tax |  |  | (43,011 | ) |  |  | (21,754 | )
- Temporary difference |  |  | 67,582 |  |  |  | 155,766 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 148,480 |  |  |  | 39,000 |

F-26

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

10. Property, plant and equipment

Schedule of property, plant and equipment

|  | Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | Plant and equipment |  |  | Machineries |  |  | Renovation |  |  | Motor vehicles |  |  | Furniture and fittings |  |  | Total |
|  | Unaudited |
|  | Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | Plant and equipment |  |  | Machineries |  |  | Renovation |  |  | Motor vehicles |  |  | Furniture and fittings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial period |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 7,490,797 |
Valuation |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,264,346 |
Beginning of financial period |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 26,755,143 |
Additions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,570 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 38,697 |
End of financial period |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,998,877 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 132,100 |  |  |  | 26,793,840 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 459,252 |  |  |  | 249,964 |  |  |  | 48,935 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | 22,187 |  |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | 781,394 |
End of financial period |  |  | 1,191,607 |  |  |  | 2,353,891 |  |  |  | 1,023,737 |  |  |  | 487,831 |  |  |  | 565,336 |  |  |  | 127,770 |  |  |  | 5,750,172 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial period |  |  | 18,072,739 |  |  |  | 2,644,986 |  |  |  | 189,950 |  |  |  | 2,408 |  |  |  | 129,255 |  |  |  | 4,330 |  |  |  | 21,043,668 |

F-27

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

10. | Property, plant and equipment (continued)

|  | Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | Plant and equipment |  |  | Machineries |  |  | Renovation |  |  | Motor vehicles |  |  | Furniture and fittings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,385,903 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 487,229 |  |  |  | 692,142 |  |  |  | 127,487 |  |  |  | 6,906,448 |
Valuation |  |  | 19,828,888 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,828,888 |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 19,828,888 |  |  |  | 4,385,903 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 487,229 |  |  |  | 692,142 |  |  |  | 127,487 |  |  |  | 26,735,336 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 19,828,888 |  |  |  | 4,385,903 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 487,229 |  |  |  | 692,142 |  |  |  | 127,487 |  |  |  | 26,735,336 |
Additions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 580,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,010 |  |  |  | 63,423 |  |  |  | 4,486 |  |  |  | 651,044 |
Disposal |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,721 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,974 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (66,695 | )
Lease modifications |  |  | 8,230 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,230 |
Revaluation |  |  | (910,055 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (910,055 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | 337,283 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337,283 |
End of financial year |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 26,755,143 |
Ending balance |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 26,755,143 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 523,495 |  |  |  | 1,689,985 |  |  |  | 874,266 |  |  |  | 486,040 |  |  |  | 545,593 |  |  |  | 122,674 |  |  |  | 4,242,053 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 523,495 |  |  |  | 1,689,985 |  |  |  | 874,266 |  |  |  | 486,040 |  |  |  | 545,593 |  |  |  | 122,674 |  |  |  | 4,242,053 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 932,231 |  |  |  | 416,516 |  |  |  | 100,536 |  |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  | 46,695 |  |  |  | 4,341 |  |  |  | 1,501,809 |
Disposal |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,574 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (49,139 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (51,713 | )
Revaluation |  |  | (723,371 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (723,371 | )
End of financial year |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Ending balance |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial year |  |  | 18,531,991 |  |  |  | 2,856,380 |  |  |  | 238,885 |  |  |  | 2,709 |  |  |  | 151,442 |  |  |  | 4,958 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |
Ending balance |  |  | 18,531,991 |  |  |  | 2,856,380 |  |  |  | 238,885 |  |  |  | 2,709 |  |  |  | 151,442 |  |  |  | 4,958 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |

F-28

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

11. Intangible assets

Schedule of intangible assets

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 4,349,839 |  |  |  | 2,961,256 |
Additions - internal development |  |  | 653,849 |  |  |  | 1,388,583 |
End of financial period and year |  |  | 5,003,688 |  |  |  | 4,349,839 |
Accumulated amortisation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 1,968,374 |  |  |  | 1,115,344 |
Amortization |  |  | 559,340 |  |  |  | 853,030 |
End of financial period and year |  |  | 2,527,714 |  |  |  | 1,968,374 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial period and year |  |  | 2,475,974 |  |  |  | 2,381,465 |

12. Trade and other receivables

Schedule of trade and other receivables

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Trade receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Non-related parties |  |  | 454,398 |  |  |  | 461,497 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 454,398 |  |  |  | 461,497 |
Non-trade receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Advance payment to suppliers |  |  | 329,597 |  |  |  | 329,597 |
- Amount due from a director |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
- Deposits |  |  | 169,737 |  |  |  | 46,035 |
- Goods and services tax recoverable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 184 |
- Prepayments |  |  | 32,219 |  |  |  | 195,209 |
Non-trade receivables |  |  | 531,553 |  |  |  | 571,025 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 985,951 |  |  |  | 1,032,522 |

F-29

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

12. | Trade and other receivables (continued)

Receivables that are past due but not impaired

The Group had trade receivables amounting to US$125,668 (2023: US$59,757) that were past due at the reporting date but were not impaired. These receivables were unsecured and the analysis of their aging based on their trade date at the reporting date is as follows:

Schedule of components of trade receivables aging

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Less than 30 days |  |  | 32,438 |  |  |  | 44,543 |
30 to 90 days |  |  | 93,230 |  |  |  | 15,214 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 125,668 |  |  |  | 59,757 |

13. Inventories

Schedule of inventories

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Raw materials |  |  | 78,682 |  |  |  | 64,184 |
Finished goods |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Inventories |  |  | 78,682 |  |  |  | 64,184 |

14. Reserve

| (a) | Revaluation reserve

Revaluation reserve represents increases in the fair value of leasehold land and buildings, net of tax, and decreases to the extent that such decrease relates to an increase on the same asset previously recognized in other comprehensive income.

| (b) | Other reserve

Other reserve represents member’s deemed contribution arising from reorganization.

| (c) | Exchange reserve

The exchange reserve represents the exchange differences relating to the translation of the Group’s leasehold land and building from the revaluation. The exchange differences are recognized directly in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the exchange reserve. Such exchange differences accumulated in the exchange reserve are reclassified to the consolidated income statement on the disposal of the leasehold land and building.

| (d) | Share premium reserve

The share premium reserve represents the excess amounts paid by shareholders above the par value of the shares issued.

F-30

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

15. Leases – The Group as a lessee

Nature of the Group’s leasing activities

The Group has lease contracts for land, buildings, machineries and equipment. The Group’s obligations under these leases are secured by the lessor’s title to the leased assets. The Group is restricted from assigning and subleasing the leased assets.

The Group regularly enters into short-term leases of 12 months or less for certain plant and equipment and machineries. The Group applies the ‘short-term lease’ recognition exemptions for these leases.

| (a) | Carrying amounts

ROU assets classified within property, plant and equipment

Schedule of ROU assets classified within property, plant and equipment

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Carrying amounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | 1,894,746 |  |  |  | 1,999,304 |
Plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 270 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 110,162 |  |  |  | 130,642 |
Carrying amounts ROU assets |  |  | 2,004,908 |  |  |  | 2,130,216 |

(b) Depreciation charge during the financial year

Schedule of depreciation charge

|  | Unaudited |
|  | Periods ended June 30, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | 104,559 |  |  |  | 104,302 |
Plant and equipment |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 3,941 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 20,479 |  |  |  | 20,001 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 125,308 |  |  |  | 128,244 |

Interest expense

Schedule of interest expense

|  | Unaudited |
|  | Periods ended June 30 |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Interest expense on lease liabilities |  |  | 26,129 |  |  |  | 28,492 |

F-31

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

16. Trade and other payables

Schedule of trade and other payables

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Trade payables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Non-related parties |  |  | 331,541 |  |  |  | 528,865 |
Trade payables |  |  | 331,541 |  |  |  | 528,865 |
Other payables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Amount due to shareholders |  |  | 331,248 |  |  |  | 189,595 |
- Contract liabilities |  |  | 1,133,784 |  |  |  | 2,077,358 |
- Amount due to directors |  |  | 1,127,472 |  |  |  | 910,541 |
- Deposit from customers |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
- Accruals and other payables |  |  | 2,543,992 |  |  |  | 2,837,205 |
- Goods and services tax payable |  |  | 22,596 |  |  |  | 6,340 |
- Withholding tax |  |  | 12,845 |  |  |  | 10,655 |
Other payables |  |  | 5,171,937 |  |  |  | 6,031,694 |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 5,503,478 |  |  |  | 6,560,559 |

17. Borrowings

Schedule of borrowings term loan

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Term loan I (i) |  |  | 157,980 |  |  |  | 201,945 |
Term loan IV (iii) |  |  | 238,778 |  |  |  | 378,323 |
Term loan V (iv) |  |  | 276,040 |  |  |  | 426,589 |
Term loan VI (v) |  |  | 713,103 |  |  |  | 924,276 |
Term loan VII (vi) |  |  | 1,765,182 |  |  |  | 2,014,258 |
Trade receivables financing |  |  | 71,074 |  |  |  | 81,231 |
Revolving credit |  |  | 1,450,129 |  |  |  | 1,751,857 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |

Details of the repayment schedule in respect of the interest-bearing borrowings are as follows :

Schedule of respect of the interest-bearing borrowings trade and other payables

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Bank borrowings repayable : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year or on demand |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 5,666,160 |
Within a period of more than one year but not exceeding two years |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,319 |
Total Bank borrowings repayable |  |  | 4,672,286 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |

F-32

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

17. | Borrowings (continued)

| (i) | Term loan I was obtained for refinancing the outstanding loan amount in relation to the leasehold land and building of the Group. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 120 months period commencing 2015. The interest rates charged were between 2.30% to 1.30% per annum below the bank’s commercial rate 2 for the 1st to 3rd year of the loan and thereafter at the bank’s Commercial Rate 2 (“CR2”) of 4.68% to 5.68% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023

| (ii) | Term loan II was obtained to finance the construction of the proposed erection of a single user 1-story factory with part 3-story ancillary. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 7 year period commencing from 2016. The interest rates charged were between 2.65% to 3.45% per annum below the bank’s prevailing Enterprise Financing Rate for the 1st to 3rd year of the loan and thereafter at Singapore Interbank Offered Rate (“SIBOR”) plus 3% per annum. Term loan II was fully repaid during the financial year 2023.

| (iii) | Term loan IV was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2.00% per annum on monthly rests.

| (iv) | Term loan V was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

| (v) | Term loan VI was obtained for purchasing of machineries for core business operations. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2.50% per annum on monthly rests. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

| (vi) | Term loan VII was obtained as a replacement for Term Loan II and also for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 3 year period commencing year 2023. The interest rates charged are 2.0% above the Bank’s Cost of Funds. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

| (vii) | Revolving credit is obtained for working capital purposes. These loans are repayable 1 to 6 months from the date of each drawdown. The interest rates charged are 2.00% per annum above the Bank’s Cost of Funds or 2.00% above the prevailing SIBOR per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

During the current financial year, the Group entered into a trade receivables financing agreement with one of its lenders. The arrangement will provide immediate payment of up to 90% of the receivables upon presentation of relevant documents by the Group. The remaining 10% will be paid upon settlement of the receivables by the customer. This arrangement has recourse and the Group is liable for any unpaid receivables

Security granted

The Group’s borrowings are secured by:

| (a) | A legal mortgage on the Group’s leasehold land and buildings with net book value of US$16,177,993 (2023: US$16,532,686) (Note 10);

| (b) | Several guarantees from a director and a former director of the Group in their personal capacities.

F-33

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

18. Deferred tax

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Deferred tax assets recognized |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Deferred tax liabilities recognized |  |  | 298,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 298,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |

The movement in deferred tax liabilities (prior to offsetting of balances) during the financial year is as follows:

Schedule of deferred tax liabilities

|  | Unaudited |  |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Balance as at beginning of financial year |  |  | 296,000 |  |  |  | 163,000 |
Movements in deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 133,000 |
Balance as at end of financial year |  |  | 298,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |

19. Share capital

Schedule of share capital

|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
No. of ordinary shares |  |  | 22,683,039 |  |  |  | 12,683,039 |

F-34

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023

20. Group information

Subsidiaries

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include :

Schedule of consolidated financial statements

|  |  |  | Place of |  |  |
|  |  |  | incorporation |  | Effective equity held by the |
Name of subsidiary |  | Principal activities |  | and business |  | Group |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  | % |
Held by the Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited |  | Investment holding company |  | Cayman Island |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Held by Subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited |  | Investment holding company |  | British Virgin Islands |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte Ltd |  | Waste management and recycling of industrial wastes |  | Singapore |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |

F-35

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For February 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

Share Purchase Agreement

On February 26, 2025, ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“ESGL” or the “Company”), entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“DT”), and certain of DT’s shareholders named therein, including De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Marshall Islands company, and Ideal Team Ventures Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, pursuant to which ESGL agreed to purchase from the DT shareholders, and the DT shareholders agreed to sell to ESGL, the entire issued share capital of DT (the “DT Shares”), for the Consideration (as defined below), such that upon the closing, DT shall become a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of ESGL, and the DT shareholders shall become shareholders of ESGL (the “Acquisition”).

Consideration

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the aggregate consideration to be paid by ESGL at the closing of the Acquisition to the DT shareholders is $1,030,000,000 (the “Consideration”), which will be paid in 1,000,000,000 newly issued ordinary shares of ESGL (the “Consideration Shares”) at a deemed issue price of $1.03 per share. In addition, subject to DT and its subsidiaries (the “DT Group”) having achieved the FY2025 Performance Target (as defined below) and the FY2026 Performance Target (as defined below), ESGL shall issue additional ordinary shares to the DT shareholders equal to 5% of the number of Consideration Shares (the “Earnout Shares”) for each fiscal year. The total number of Earnout Shares that may be issued in both FY2025 and FY2026 shall not exceed 10% of the number of the Consideration Shares. In the event that the FY2025 Performance Target is not satisfied by the end of 2025 but the FY2025 Performance Target and the FY2026 Performance Target have been satisfied by the end of FY2026, all of the Earnout Shares in respect of both fiscal years (to the extent not yet issued) shall be issued to the DT shareholders. The “FY2025 Performance Target” means 36 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year. The “FY2026 Performance Target” means 74 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year.

The Closing

The parties have agreed that the closing of the Acquisition shall occur on or before May 31, 2025 (the “closing date”), which date may be extended upon the agreement of the parties.

Representations and Warranties

In the Agreement, ESGL makes certain representations and warranties relating to, among other things: (a) authority; (b) no breach; (c) corporate status and information; (d) accuracy and adequacy of information disclosed to DT and the DT shareholders; (e) accounts; (f) financial obligations, including financial facilities, guarantees, off-balance sheet financing, grants and subsidies, liabilities, compliance and internal controls; (g) assets, including real properties and buildings, ownership of assets, accounts receivable, plant and machinery, sufficiency of assets and bank accounts; (h) intellectual property and know-how, including sufficiency of IP, ownership of IP, registration, IP licenses, infringement, advertising and marketing materials and assignment of IP rights; (i) contracts, including capital commitments, validity, enforceability and nature of contracts, arrangements with connected persons, compliance with agreements and effect of the Acquisition; (j) employees, including employment contracts, termination of employment, incentive schemes, pensions and social security funds and compliance; (k) legal compliance, including licenses and approvals, compliance with laws, regulatory filings and investigations, anti-money laundering and no questionable payments; (l) no bribery; (m) anti-competitive agreements and practices; (n) litigation; (o) insurance; (p) taxation; (q) important business issues since the accounts date; (r) insolvency; and (s) no integrated offering.

In the Agreement, DT makes certain representations and warranties (with certain exceptions set forth in the disclosure schedules to the Agreement) relating to, among other things: (a) authority; (b) no breach; (c) corporate status and information; (d) accuracy and adequacy of information disclosed to ESGL; (e) accounts; (f) financial obligations, including financial facilities, guarantees, off-balance sheet financing, grants and subsidies and liabilities; (g) assets, including real properties and buildings, ownership of assets, accounts receivable, plant and machinery and sufficiency of assets; (h) intellectual property and know-how, including sufficiency of IP, ownership of IP, registration, IP licenses, infringement, advertising and marketing materials and assignment of IP rights; (i) contracts, including capital commitments, arrangements with connected persons, compliance with agreements and effect of the Acquisition; (j) employees, including employment contracts, termination of employment, incentive schemes, pensions and social security funds and compliance; (k) legal compliance, including licenses and approvals, compliance with laws, regulatory filings and investigations, anti-money laundering and no questionable payments; (l) no bribery; (m) anti-competitive agreements and practices; (n) litigation; (o) insurance; (p) taxation; (q) important business issues since the accounts date; and (r) insolvency.

In the Agreement, the DT shareholders make certain representations and warranties relating to, among other things: (a) authority; (b) no breach; (c) share capital and ownership of shares; and (d) status and investment intent.

Conduct Prior to Closing; Covenants Pending Closing

Each of ESGL and DT has agreed to, and cause its subsidiaries to, operate its respective business in the ordinary course, consistent with past practice, prior to the closing of the transaction and not to take certain specified actions without the prior written consent of the other party. The Agreement also contains customary closing covenants.

Conditions to Closing

Consummation of the Agreement and the Acquisition is conditioned on, among other things: (a) the representations and warranties given by each party shall be true, accurate and correct in all respects as of the closing date; (b) each party shall have performed all of its obligations under the Agreement expressed to be performed on or before the closing date; (c) ESGL shall have been satisfied with the results of the due diligence investigation on the DT Group; (d) the DT shareholders shall have been satisfied with the results of the due diligence investigation on ESGL and its subsidiaries (the “ESGL Group”); (e) all preferred shares in the share capital of DT and convertible loan received by the DT Group shall have been converted into DT shares; (f) ESGL shall have filed the ordinary resolutions approving, among others, the ESGL share consolidation, the increase in authorized share capital to ensure a sufficient reserve covering all ESGL ordinary shares to be issued or issuable in connection with the Acquisition, including all Consideration Shares and Earnout Shares, and the special resolutions approving, among others, the change in Company name and the amendments to the memorandum and articles of association in the form approved by ESGL’s shareholders with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands; (g) DT shall have entered into employment agreements with certain key executives named in the Agreement; (h) certain DT shareholders shall have entered into the deed of adherence to the Agreement to agree to sell their respective portion of the DT Shares; (i) all applicable regulatory approvals and third party consents for the transactions contemplated by the Agreement shall have been obtained and not been revoked or modified, and shall remain in full force and effect as at closing; (j) the Nasdaq listing application shall have been approved by Nasdaq; (k) the three individuals nominated by DT shall have been appointed to ESGL’s board of directors (the “ESGL Board”), effective as of the closing date; (l) on the closing date, there shall not have occurred any change, or any development or event reasonably likely to involve a change, in the financial condition, operations, legal environment, business or properties of the DT Group, which, in ESGL’s reasonable opinion, is material and adverse to the Acquisition; (m) on the closing date, there shall not have occurred any change, or any development or event reasonably likely to involve a change, in the financial condition, operations, legal environment, business or properties of the ESGL Group, which, in the DT shareholders’ reasonable opinion, is material and adverse to the Acquisition; (n) there shall not have been, in the reasonable opinion of any party, since the date of the Agreement, any change, or any development involving a prospective change, in national or international monetary, financial, political or economic conditions or currency exchange rates or foreign exchange controls which would be likely to prejudice the Acquisition; and (o) there shall not have occurred an outbreak or escalation of hostilities, act of terrorism, epidemic, pandemic, act of God or disaster which would, in the reasonable opinion of any party, be likely to prejudice the Acquisition.

Board of Directors of Surviving Corporation

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, immediately after the closing, ESGL’s Board shall consist of no less than six directors, of whom three individuals will be designated by DT, one of which will be Choi Sung Fung, and the remaining two designees shall be deemed independent in accordance with Nasdaq requirements.

Termination

If, prior to the closing, (i) ESGL is delisted from Nasdaq, or (ii) there is any action or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of ESGL, threatened against ESGL by Nasdaq to prohibit or terminate the listing of ESGL’s ordinary shares on Nasdaq, the DT shareholders may:

| ● | defer the closing to a date not more than 28 days after the proposed initial closing date;
| ● | proceed to closing so far as practicable, without prejudice to DT’s rights under the Agreement; or
| ● | treat the Agreement as terminated, and discharge itself of any further obligations thereunder, without prejudice to its rights to sue for damages.

In addition, unless otherwise agreed among the parties in writing, if the closing conditions contained in the Agreement have not been fulfilled or waived on or before July 31, 2025, the Agreement shall automatically terminate (other than the surviving provisions under the Agreement which shall remain binding on the parties) and the obligation of ESGL to purchase, and the obligation of the DT shareholders to sell, the DT Shares shall cease.

Indemnification

The Agreement provides for indemnification obligations of the parties, subject to certain minimum claim thresholds. The representations and warranties of the parties contained in the Agreement, and the indemnification obligations contained with respect thereto, shall survive for 18 months after the closing date, subject to certain limited exceptions contained in the Agreement. In addition, the maximum aggregate liability of the DT shareholders for its indemnification obligations is US$500,000, subject to certain exceptions contained in the Agreement.

The foregoing description of the Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the actual Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 2.1 hereto and incorporated by reference herein.

Additional Agreements at the Signing of the Agreement

Shareholder Support Agreement

Contemporaneously with the execution of the Agreement, one of the DT shareholders entered into a support agreement (the “Shareholder Support Agreement”), pursuant to which such holder agreed to, among other things, approve the Agreement and the proposed Acquisition.

The foregoing description of the Shareholder Support Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the actual Shareholder Support Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

Additional Agreements to be Executed at Closing

Lock-Up Agreements

At the closing, the DT shareholders will execute lock-up agreements (the “Lock-up Agreements”), pursuant to which such holders shall agree, subject to certain customary exceptions, not to offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, whether directly or indirectly, any of the Consideration Shares, or enter into a transaction that would have the same effect or any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers any of the economic consequences of ownership of such Consideration Shares, until the date that is six months or twelve months, as applicable, after the closing date of the Acquisition.

The foregoing description of the Lock-up Agreements does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by the terms and conditions of the form of actual Lock-up Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 10.2 hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated February 26, 2025 by and among ESGL, DT and the DT shareholders named therein.
10.1 |  | Shareholder Support Agreement dated February 26, 2025 by and among ESGL, DT and certain DT shareholder.
10.2 |  | Form of Lock-up Agreement.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: February 27, 2025 |  |

Exhibit 2.1

Execution Version

DATED 26 FEBRUARY 2025

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

and

DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED

and

DE TOMASO SHAREHOLDERS

(as defined herein)

SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT

THIS SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is made on the 26th day of February 2025

AMONG:

(1) | ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, having its registered office at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands (“ESGL”);

(2) | DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, having its registered office at P.O. Box 31119 Grand Pavilion, Hibiscus Way, 802 West Bay Road, Grand Cayman, KY1-1205 Cayman Islands (“DTA”);

(3) | DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED, a limited company incorporated under the laws of the Marshall Islands, having its registered office at Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake Island, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands, MH 96960 (“DT MH”); and

(4) | IDEAL TEAM VENTURES LIMITED, a limited company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands with its registered office at Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands (“Ideal Team”, together with DT MH and FTAG, the “Existing DT Majority Shareholders”),

(each a “Party” and collectively the “Parties”).

WHEREAS:

(A) | As at the date of this Agreement, ESGL is a holding company whose ordinary shares of US$0.0001 par value each (“ESGL Shares”) are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ESGL” and, through its subsidiaries, is principally engaged in the business of collection and recycling of industrial waste into sustainable circular economy products (the “ESGL Business”). Particulars of ESGL and its subsidiaries (the “ESGL Subsidiaries”, together with ESGL, the “ESGL Group”, and each a “ESGL Group Company”) as at the date of this Agreement are set out in Schedule 1.

(B) | DTA is the holding company of the De Tomaso Group (as defined below), a high-end ultra-luxury automotive group. As at the date of this Agreement, DTA has a total issued share capital of US$1,450 divided into 145,000,000 paid-up shares of a par value of US$0.00001 each, of which 100,000,000 ordinary shares are held directly by DT MH, and 25,000,000 and 20,000,000 preferred shares are held directly by FTAG Asset Management Ltd., a private company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Malaysia (“FTAG”), and Ideal Team, respectively. Particulars of DTA and its subsidiaries (the “DT Subsidiaries”, together with DTA, the “De Tomaso Group”, and each a “DT Group Company”) are set out in Schedule 2.

(C) | Upon and subject to the terms and conditions set out herein, ESGL agrees to purchase from the De Tomaso Shareholders (as defined below), and the De Tomaso Shareholders agree to sell to ESGL, the entire issued share capital of DTA for the Consideration, such that upon Closing, DTA shall become a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of ESGL, and the De Tomaso Shareholders shall become shareholders of ESGL.

(D) | As at the date of this Agreement, FTAG has entered into a transaction support agreement with ESGL and DTA to support the transactions contemplated hereunder.

In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth, and intending to be legally bound thereby,

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IT IS AGREED as follows:

1. | DEFINITIONS

1.1 | Unless otherwise defined in this Agreement, capitalised terms used herein shall have the following meanings:

Accounts |  | means the latest available consolidated audited accounts of DTA as at the date of this Agreement;
Accounts Date |  | means the date on which the Accounts are being drawn up;
Acquisition |  | means the sale and purchase of the Sale Shares in accordance with the terms and conditions set out herein;
Affiliates |  | means:

| (a) | with respect to any company, any other Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, or is Controlled by, or is under common Control with, such Person, including without limitation any investment funds managed by such Person or such other Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls, or is Controlled by, or is under common Control with, such Person, excluding the company and its affiliates;
| (b) | with respect to any natural person:

| (i) | any other Person that directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries is Controlled by such natural person;
| (ii) | any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-In-law or sister-in-law of that natural person or his spouse, including adoptive relationships; or
| (iii) | the trustees, acting in their capacity as such trustees, of any trust of which that natural person or any natural person within paragraph (iii)(b) of this definition is a beneficiary or, in the case of a discretionary trust, is a discretionary object;

Approvals |  | has the meaning given in Schedule 4;
Award Shares |  | means the ESGL Shares to be allotted and issued by ESGL in satisfaction of share awards granted to the Grantees pursuant to the ESOP;
Business Day |  | means a day (other than Saturday, Sunday or a public holiday) on which banks located in Singapore and Hong Kong are open for business;
Capricorn Claim |  | means the legal proceedings brought in Germany by DT HK and DT US as plaintiffs against, among others, Capricorn Composite GmbH and Capricorn Works GmbH;
Change in Company Name |  | means the change of ESGL’s company name to “OIO Group” (or any other name as the Parties may agree);

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Change in Ticker Symbol |  | means the change of ESGL’s Nasdaq ticker symbol to “OIO” (or any other symbol as the Parties may agree);
CJ Dispute |  | means the legal proceedings brought in the U.S. by Carmen Jorda against DT US;
Claim |  | has the meaning given in Clause 9.3;
Closing |  | means the closing of the Acquisition on the Closing Date in accordance with Clause 4;
Closing Date |  | means the date of Closing and has the meaning given in Clause 4.1;
Closing Form 6-K |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.14;
Confidential Information |  | means all non-public information disclosed by any Party, whether in writing, orally or otherwise, directly or indirectly, to the other Party, including but not limited to any information relating to operations, assets, financial positions, trade secrets, market opportunities as well as businesses of the DT Group and the ESGL Group (as the case may be), any of their proprietary information and any information which by its nature ought to be regarded as confidential, but does not include any document, material or other information that:

| (a) | was lawfully in the possession of the receiving Party prior to its disclosure by the disclosing Party and had not been obtained from the disclosing Party;
| (b) | is or becomes generally known to the public (other than by breach of this Agreement or any other obligation of confidentiality owed between the Parties);
| (c) | is or becomes available to the receiving Party other than as a result of a disclosure by a Person known by the receiving Party to be bound by an obligation of secrecy to the disclosing Party; or
| (d) | is independently developed by the receiving Party without reference to the Confidential Information;

Consideration |  | means the purchase price of the Acquisition as set out in Clause 3;
Consideration Shares |  | means the ESGL Shares to be allotted and issued by ESGL in accordance with Clause 3 to the De Tomaso Shareholders as the Consideration as set out in Part A of Schedule 3, subject to adjustments pursuant to the ESGL Share Consolidation;
Control |  | means possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the operations and management or policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise, and Controlled and Controls shall be construed accordingly;
Conversion |  | means the conversion of (a) the preferred share(s) of US$0.00001 nominal or par value each in the issued share capital of DTA, and (b) the convertible loan received by the De Tomaso Group, into Share(s) pursuant to the terms of the relevant subscription agreement and convertible loan agreement, respectively;

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De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders |  | means DT MH and Ideal Team;
De Tomaso Group |  | has the meaning given in Recital (B);
De Tomaso Shareholders |  | means the holders of the Sale Shares immediately prior to Closing;
De Tomaso Shareholders’ Warranties |  | means the representations and warranties to be given by the De Tomaso Shareholders set out in Part A(I) of Schedule 4;
Deed of Adherence |  | has the meaning given in Clause 4.1(a)(x);
Directors |  | means the directors of DTA;
Disclosure Letter |  | has the meaning given in Clause 6.2;
DTA’s Warranties |  | means the representations and warranties to be given by DTA set out in Part A(II) of Schedule 4;
DT DE |  | means De Tomaso Automobili GmbH, a company with limited liability registered in Germany and a DT Subsidiary as at the date of this Agreement;
DT Group Company |  | has the meaning given in Recital (B);
DT HK |  | means De Tomaso Automobili Limited, a company incorporated in Hong Kong with limited liability and a DT Subsidiary as at the date of this Agreement;
DT Nominees |  | has the meaning given in Clause 4.1(a)(viii);
DT Subsidiaries |  | has the meaning given in Recital (B);
DT US |  | means De Tomaso Automobili Holdings N.A. LLC, a company incorporated in the state of Delaware of the U.S. with limited liability and a DT Subsidiary as at the date of this Agreement;
Earnout Shares |  | has the meaning given in Clause 3(b);
Earnout Shares Issuance Date |  | has the meaning given in Clause 3(b);
Encumbrance |  | means any mortgage, pledge, lien, charge, interest under any pre-sale contracts, hypothecation, right of set-off or counterclaim, security interest, transfer restriction, security agreement or arrangement of any kind, purchase or option agreement or arrangement, subordination agreement or arrangement, and agreements to create or effect any of the foregoing;
Enlarged Group |  | means ESGL and its subsidiaries (including all DT Group Companies) after Closing;

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ESGL |  | an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, having its registered office at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands, ordinary shares of which are listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “ESGL”;
ESGL Business |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
ESGL Existing ESOP |  | means ESGL’s equity incentive plan adopted on 16 December 2024 as referred to in ESGL’s Form 6-K dated 15 January 2025 and Form S-8 registration statement filed on 10 February 2025;
ESGL Group |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
ESGL Group Company |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
ESGL Share Consolidation |  | means any consolidation of the authorised and/or issued share capital of ESGL prior to Closing;
ESGL Shares |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
ESGL Subsidiaries |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
ESGL’s Board |  | means the board of directors of ESGL;
ESGL’s Warranties |  | means the representations and warranties to be given by ESGL set out in Part B of Schedule 4;
ESOP |  | means the employee equity incentive plan adopted by shareholders of ESGL in the form as agreed by DTA;
Exchange Act |  | means the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended;
FTAG |  | has the meaning given in Recital (B);
FY2025 |  | means the financial year ending 31 December 2025;
FY2026 |  | means the financial year ending 31 December 2026;
Grantees |  | means recipients of share awards under the ESOP;
Holder |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.2;
Hong Kong |  | means Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China;
Indemnified Amount |  | has the meaning given in Clause 9.5;
Indemnified Parties |  | has the meaning given in Clause 9.1;
Indemnifiers |  | has the meaning given in Clause 9.1;
Intellectual Property Rights |  | means Confidential Information, business or trade secrets, database rights, rights in know-how, patents, trade marks, service marks, trade names, design rights, copyright, domain names and other intellectual property rights, whether now known or created in future (of whatever nature and wherever arising), and in each case whether registered or unregistered and including applications for the grant of any such rights;

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Interim Period |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.1;
Key Executives |  | has the meaning given in Clause 4.1(a)(vii);
Lock-up Agreement |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.2;
Lock-up Period |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.2;
Nasdaq |  | has the meaning given in Recital (A);
Nasdaq Listing Application |  | means the initial listing application to be made by ESGL to Nasdaq in connection with the Acquisition, the Change in Company Name, the Change in Ticker Symbol and other transactions contemplated by this Agreement pursuant to Rule 5110(a) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules;
Other Investor |  | means holder of Sale Shares other than the Existing DT Majority Shareholders and FTAG who acquire or subscribe for Shares during the Interim Period (if any);
Parties |  | means the undersigned parties to this Agreement (and Party shall be construed accordingly);
Performance Targets |  | means such performance targets as set out in Part B of Schedule 3 to be fulfilled by the De Tomaso Group in FY2025 and/or FY2026 for the De Tomaso Shareholders to receive Earnout Shares pursuant to Clause 3(b);
Person |  | means any natural person, firm, company, governmental authority, joint venture, partnership, association or other entity (whether or not having separate legal personality);
RB Dispute |  | means the legal proceedings brought in the U.S. by Ryan Berris against, among others, DT US;
Reviewable Document |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.15;
Right |  | has the meaning given in Clause 17;
Sale Shares |  | means such number of issued and fully paid Shares representing the entire issued share capital of DTA as at the Closing Date, including 1,254 issued and fully paid Shares held by the Existing DT Shareholders in aggregate as at the date of this Agreement;
SEC |  | means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission;
Securities Act or Act |  | means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended;
Shares |  | means all or any of the ordinary shares of US$0.00001 nominal or par value each in the issued share capital of DTA from time to time (and Share shall be construed accordingly);
Signing Form 6-K |  | has the meaning given in Clause 7.13;
Surviving Provisions |  | means Clauses 10 to 24;
Transfer Documents |  | has the meaning given in Clause 4.1(a)(iii);
U.S. |  | means the United States of America;
US$ |  | means United States Dollars, the lawful currency of the U.S.;
Warranties |  | means the De Tomaso Shareholders’ Warranties, DTA’s Warranties and ESGL’s Warranties (and Warranty shall be construed accordingly); and
% |  | per cent.

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1.2 | The headings in this Agreement do not affect its interpretation.

1.3 | Where any obligation in this Agreement is expressed to be undertaken or assumed by any Party, that obligation is to be construed as requiring the Party concerned to exercise, to the extent possible, all rights and powers of control over the affairs of any other Person which it is able to exercise (whether directly or indirectly) in order to secure performance of the obligation.

1.4 | In this Agreement, unless otherwise indicated:

| (a) | each reference to any Schedule shall be deemed to refer to a schedule to this Agreement, and the schedules to this Agreement shall be deemed to form part of this Agreement;

| (b) | each reference to, and the definition of, any document shall be deemed to refer to such document as it may be amended from time to time in accordance with its terms;

| (c) | each reference to a law or governmental approval shall be deemed to refer to such law or governmental approval as it may be amended from time to time;

| (d) | any reference to a Person in any capacity includes a reference to its permitted successors and assigns in such capacity and, in the case of any government entity, any Person succeeding to any of its functions and capacities;

| (e) | defined terms in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa, and the masculine, feminine or neuter gender shall include all genders; and

| (f) | the words “include”, “includes” and “including” are deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation”.

2. | ACQUISITION

2.1 | Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, on the Closing Date, the De Tomaso Shareholders hereby agree to sell to ESGL, and ESGL hereby agrees to purchase from the De Tomaso Shareholders, the Sale Shares, together with all rights now or hereafter attaching thereto, free from all Encumbrances at the Consideration, which shall be settled by ESGL’s allotment and issuance of the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares in the manner set out in Clause 3.

2.2 | Each certificate issued to any holder of Sale Shares shall bear the legend set forth below, or legend substantially equivalent thereto, together with any other legends that may be required by any applicable securities laws at the time of the Closing:

THE ORDINARY SHARES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE UNITED STATES SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “ACT”) OR THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION, AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED, SOLD OR OTHERWISE TRANSFERRED, PLEDGED OR HYPOTHECATED UNLESS AND UNTIL (I) SUCH OFFER, SALE, TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION HAS BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE ACT AND THE SECURITIES LAWS OF ANY STATE OR OTHER JURISDICTION COVERING SUCH SECURITIES OR (II) THE ISSUER OF THE ORDINARY SHARES HAS RECEIVED AN OPINION OF COUNSEL IN FORM AND SUBSTANCE SATISFACTORY TO THE ISSUER THAT SUCH OFFER, SALE OR TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR HYPOTHECATION IS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE ACT AND SUCH OTHER APPLICABLE LAWS.

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3. | CONSIDERATION

The Consideration for the Acquisition shall be the aggregate of the following:

| (a) | US$1,030,000,000, which shall be settled by ESGL by way of allotting and issuing on the Closing Date such number of Consideration Shares as set out in Part A of Schedule 3, each credited as fully paid, at an issue price of US$1.03 per Consideration Share to the De Tomaso Shareholders (or their nominee(s) as they may direct) in the proportion of their shareholding in DTA immediately prior to the Closing Date;

| (b) | subject to the De Tomaso Group having achieved the annual Performance Target designated for each of FY2025 and FY2026 as set out in Part B of Schedule 3, ESGL shall allot and issue within one (1) month after the end of the relevant financial year (the “Earnout Shares Issuance Date”) ESGL Shares in such number as set out in Part C of Schedule 3 (the “Earnout Shares”) for no additional consideration, each credited as fully paid, to the De Tomaso Shareholders (or their nominee(s) as they may direct) in the proportion of their shareholding in DTA immediately prior to the Closing Date. The total number of Earnout Shares that may be allotted and issued in both FY2025 and FY2026 shall not exceed 10% of the number of the Consideration Shares. In the event that the Performance Target for any relevant financial year is not satisfied, provided that the aggregate Performance Targets for FY2025 and FY2026 have been satisfied by the end of FY2026, all of the Earnout Shares in respect of FY2025 and FY2026 (to the extent not yet issued) shall be allotted and issued to the De Tomaso Shareholders (or their nominee(s) as they may direct) within one (1) month after the end of FY2026; and

| (c) | in consideration of the Acquisition, ESGL shall allot and issue to the De Tomaso Shareholders (or their nominee(s) as they may direct) the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares in the manner set out above, register the De Tomaso Shareholders (or their nominee(s) as they may direct) as member(s) of ESGL, and cause the relevant share certificates of the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares, to be delivered, at the option of the relevant De Tomaso Shareholders:

| (i) | to the depository for immediate credit to such securities account as the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder shall notify to ESGL no later than five (5) Business Days before the Closing Date or the Earnout Shares Issuance Date (as the case may be); or

| (ii) | physically to the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder definitive share certificate(s) in respect thereof in the name of the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder (or its nominee(s) as it may direct),

or in any other manner as agreed between the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder and ESGL, each in such denomination as shall be notified by the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder to ESGL no later than five (5) Business Days before the Closing Date or the Earnout Shares Issuance Date (as the case may be).

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4. | CLOSING

4.1 | Subject to the fulfilment or waiver (as the case may be) of the conditions set out in Clause 5, the Closing shall take place on or before 31 May 2025, or such other time and/or date as the Parties may agree (the “Closing Date”), and when all (but not some only) of the following businesses shall be transacted:

| (a) | the De Tomaso Shareholders shall deliver or make available or release to ESGL, or procure such delivery, availability or release of:

| (i) | a certified copy of the duly executed board resolutions of each of the De Tomaso Shareholders authorising and approving, inter alia, the approval and execution of this Agreement, the Acquisition, and all matters incidental hereto, including but not limited to (A) the sale of Sale Shares to ESGL, and (B) the subscription of the Consideration Shares and the Earnout Shares;

| (ii) | a certified copy of the duly executed Shareholders’ and board resolutions of DTA authorising and approving, inter alia, the approval and execution of this Agreement, the Acquisition, and all matters incidental hereto, including but not limited to the sale of Sale Shares to ESGL; provided, however, the board of directors of DTA shall have the right at any time prior to the Closing to effect a change in such approvals, or recommendation to shareholders of such approvals, if required pursuant to their fiduciary duties under applicable law;

| (iii) | a duly executed instrument of transfer in respect of the Sale Shares by each of the De Tomaso Shareholders in favour of ESGL (the “Transfer Documents”);

| (iv) | for the inspection of ESGL only, a draft share certificate of DTA representing the Sale Shares, in the name of ESGL (or any other Person(s) designated by ESGL to be the holder(s) of the Sale Shares) evidencing the transfer of Sale Shares to ESGL;

| (v) | a copy of the updated register of members of DTA evidencing the transfer of Sale Shares to ESGL;

| (vi) | a copy of the updated Disclosure Letter signed by DTA and the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders;

| (vii) | a copy of the employment agreement entered into between DT HK (or such other entity as the Parties may agree) and each of Choi Sung Fung and En Ti Diana Majcher (the “Key Executives”);

| (viii) | a duly executed consent to act as executive director and independent director (as the case may be) by each of the three (3) director nominees nominated by DTA (the “DT Nominees”) to ESGL’s Board;

| (ix) | a duly executed Lock-up Agreement, in such form and substance as agreed between DTA and ESGL and set out in Schedule 5, signed by each De Tomaso Shareholder;

| (x) | if applicable, a duly executed deed of adherence to this Agreement, in such form and substance as agreed between DTA and ESGL, signed by FTAG and each Other Investor (the “Deed of Adherence”); and

| (xi) | such other documents as may be reasonably necessary to complete the Acquisition.

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| (b) | against the delivery and completion of all the items in Clause 4.1 (a), ESGL shall simultaneously deliver or make available or release to the De Tomaso Shareholders, or procure such delivery, availability or release of:

| (i) | a certified copy of the duly executed board resolutions of ESGL’s Board authorising and approving, inter alia, the approval and completion of this Agreement, the Acquisition, and all matters incidental hereto, including but not limited to, (A) the increase in authorised share capital, (B) the ESGL Share Consolidation, (C) the amendments to the memorandum and articles of association reflecting ESGL Share Consolidation and the increased authorised share capital, (D) the allotment and issuance of Consideration Shares and, if applicable, Earnout Shares to the De Tomaso Shareholders, (E) the appointment of three (3) DT Nominees as directors of ESGL (i.e., Choi Sung Fung as executive director, and two director nominees nominated by DTA as independent directors) and the resignation of two (2) outgoing directors of ESGL (the “Outgoing Directors”) effective upon Closing, and (F) the Change in Company Name and the Change in Ticker Symbol;

| (ii) | a certified copy of the duly executed minutes of the general meeting of ESGL authorising and approving (A) the increase in authorised share capital, (B) the ESGL Share Consolidation, (C) the amendments to the memorandum and articles of association reflecting ESGL Share Consolidation, the increased authorised share capital and the Change in Company Name, and (D) the Change in Company Name;

| (iii) | a share certificate of the Consideration Shares in the name of each De Tomaso Shareholder (or any other Person(s) designated by the De Tomaso Shareholder to be the holder(s) of the Consideration Shares), or equivalent evidence of ownership of the Consideration Shares, reflecting their proportional ownership of DTA as at the Closing Date;

| (iv) | (i) evidence reasonably satisfactory to DTA of the valid issuance and allotment of the Consideration Shares to the De Tomaso Shareholders (or any other Person(s) designated by the De Tomaso Shareholders to be the holder(s) of the Consideration Shares), and (ii) a certified copy of the updated register of directors and officers of ESGL, evidencing the change to ESGL’s Board pursuant to Clauses 4.1 (b)(i) and 7.8, respectively;

| (v) | a copy of the signed resignation letter of each of the two (2) Outgoing Directors; and

| (vi) | if requested by DTA, all assistance required to set up new bank account(s) of ESGL.

4.2 | For the avoidance of doubt, Closing shall only occur when all De Tomaso Shareholders sell their respective Sale Shares simultaneously such that ESGL shall hold the entire issued share capital of DTA upon Closing.

4.3 | As soon as practicable following the Parties’ compliance with the provisions in Clauses 4.1 (a) and 4.1(b), the Parties shall serve on DTA the duly executed Transfer Documents, together with the relevant share certificates (to be cancelled and re-issued, taking into account the Sale Shares).

4.4 | Upon presentation of the duly executed Transfer Documents and the relevant share certificates in accordance with Clause 4.3 to DTA, DTA shall update its register of members and issue a new share certificate representing the Sale Shares to ESGL, evidencing the transfer of Sale Shares to ESGL.

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4.5 | Without prejudice to any other remedies available to ESGL or the De Tomaso Shareholders (as the case may be) and unless expressly waived by the non-defaulting Party, if the provisions of Clauses 4.1 (a) and 4.1 (b) are not complied with by the relevant Party on the Closing Date, the non-defaulting Party may:

| (a) | defer Closing to a day not more than 28 days after the Closing Date (and so that the provisions of this Clause 4 shall apply to Closing as so deferred);

| (b) | proceed to Closing so far as practicable, without prejudice to its rights hereunder; or

| (c) | treat this Agreement as terminated, and discharge itself of any further obligations hereunder, without prejudice to its rights to sue for damages.

4.6 | Without prejudice to any other remedies available to the De Tomaso Shareholders and unless expressly waived by the De Tomaso Shareholders, if, prior to the Closing, (i) ESGL is de-listed from Nasdaq, or (ii) there is any action or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of ESGL, threatened against ESGL by Nasdaq or any other entity with respect to any intention by Nasdaq or such entity to prohibit or terminate the listing of ESGL’s ordinary shares on Nasdaq, the De Tomaso Shareholders may:

| (a) | defer Closing to a day not more than 28 days after the Closing Date (and so that the provisions of this Clause 4 shall apply to Closing as so deferred);

| (b) | proceed to Closing so far as practicable, without prejudice to its rights hereunder; or

| (c) | treat this Agreement as terminated, and discharge itself of any further obligations hereunder, without prejudice to its rights to sue for damages.

5. | CONDITIONS TO CLOSING

5.1 | Closing under this Agreement shall be conditional upon:

| (a) | on the Closing Date, (i) the representations and warranties given by each Party herein, shall be true, accurate and correct in all respects at, and as if made on such date, and (ii) each Party shall have performed all of its obligations hereunder expressed to be performed on or before such date;

| (b) | ESGL shall have been satisfied with the results of the due diligence investigation on the De Tomaso Group;

| (c) | the De Tomaso Shareholders shall have been satisfied with the results of the due diligence investigation on the ESGL Group;

| (d) | all preferred shares in the share capital of DT and convertible loan received by the De Tomaso Group shall have been converted into Shares;

| (e) | ESGL shall have filed the ordinary resolutions approving, among others, the ESGL Share Consolidation, the increase in authorised share capital to ensure a sufficient reserve covering all ESGL Shares to be issued or issuable in connection with the Acquisition, including all issuable Earnout Shares and the special resolutions approving, among others, the Change in Company Name and the amendments to the memorandum and articles of association in the form approved by ESGL’s shareholders with the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands;

| (f) | DTA shall have entered into employment agreements with the Key Executives;

| (g) | FTAG and each Other Investor shall have entered into the Deed of Adherence to agree to sell its respective portion of the Sale Shares;

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| (h) | all applicable regulatory approvals and third party consents for the transactions contemplated by this Agreement shall have been obtained or not been revoked or modified, and shall remain in full force and effect as at Closing;

| (i) | the Nasdaq Listing Application shall have been approved by Nasdaq;

| (j) | the DT Nominees shall have been appointed to ESGL’s Board, effective as of the Closing Date;

| (k) | on the Closing Date, there shall not have occurred any change, or any development or event reasonably likely to involve a change, in the financial condition, operations, legal environment, business or properties of the De Tomaso Group, which, in ESGL’s reasonable opinion, is material and adverse to the Acquisition;

| (l) | on the Closing Date, there shall not have occurred any change, or any development or event reasonably likely to involve a change, in the financial condition, operations, legal environment, business or properties of the ESGL Group, which, in the De Tomaso Shareholders’ reasonable opinion, is material and adverse to the Acquisition;

| (m) | there shall not have been, in the reasonable opinion of any Party, since the date of this Agreement, any change, or any development involving a prospective change, in national or international monetary, financial, political or economic conditions or currency exchange rates or foreign exchange controls which would be likely to prejudice the Acquisition; and

| (n) | there shall not have occurred an outbreak or escalation of hostilities, act of terrorism, epidemic, pandemic, act of God or disaster which would, in the reasonable opinion of any Party, be likely to prejudice the Acquisition.

5.2 | The Parties may agree to waive any of the conditions set out in Clause 5.1 at any time on or before the Closing Date (or such other date as the Parties may agree in writing). Any such waiver shall be without prejudice to any other rights which ESGL may have under this Agreement.

5.3 | Each Party shall act in good faith and use its best efforts (to the extent within its control) to ensure that the conditions set out in Clause 5.1 are fulfilled in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

5.4 | Unless otherwise agreed among the Parties in writing, if the conditions contained in Clause 5.1 have not been fulfilled or waived on or before 31 July 2025, this Agreement shall automatically terminate (other than the Surviving Provisions which shall remain binding on the Parties) and the obligation of ESGL to purchase, and the obligation of the De Tomaso Shareholders to sell, the Sale Shares shall cease. In such event, each of the Parties shall cease to have any rights or obligations under this Agreement, save for the accrued rights or liabilities of any Party to any other Party in respect of the terms herein at or before such termination.

6. | REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

6.1 | The De Tomaso Shareholders hereby represent and warrant to ESGL, on a several (but not joint and several) basis, that the De Tomaso Shareholders’ Warranties are true, accurate and not misleading in any material respects as at the date of this Agreement.

6.2 | Subject to such exceptions as may be specifically set forth in the disclosure letter delivered by DTA and the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders to ESGL as of the date hereof (the “Disclosure Letter”), DTA hereby represents and warrants to ESGL that DTA’s Warranties are true, accurate and not misleading in any material respects as at the date of this Agreement. Except for the DTA’s Warranties as expressly provided in Schedule 4 (as modified by the Disclosure Letter), DTA hereby expressly disclaims and negates any other representation or warranty whatsoever, whether express or implied, with respect to the De Tomaso Group or any of its past, present or future value or quality of assets, liabilities, financial condition or results of operations and business prospects.

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6.3 | ESGL hereby represents and warrants to DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders that ESGL’s Warranties are true, accurate and not misleading in any material respects as at the date of this Agreement.

6.4 | Each Warranty is to be construed independently and is not limited by any other Warranty or any other terms of this Agreement. DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders acknowledge that ESGL is entering into this Agreement in reliance on each of the Warranties of DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders, and ESGL acknowledges that DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders are entering into this Agreement in reliance on ESGL’s Warranties.

6.5 | The Warranties shall be deemed to have been repeated at the date of this Agreement and on the Closing Date, taking into account facts and circumstances subsisting at such date.

6.6 | The Warranties are in addition to, and do not limit, affect or prejudice, any other right or remedy available to the Parties, and shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding the Closing.

7. | COVENANTS

7.1 | Each Party undertakes and covenants with the other Parties that during the period from the date of this Agreement to the Closing Date (the “Interim Period”), subject to any binding confidentiality obligations, such Party shall notify the other Parties promptly of any circumstances which may result in any of the Warranties in relation to such Party being untrue, inaccurate or misleading in any material respect or which will or may constitute a breach, whether repudiatory in nature or not, of any terms under this Agreement at any time prior to the Closing and take such steps as may be reasonably requested by any other Party to remedy the same.

7.2 | In consideration of the Parties entering into this Agreement, DTA shall procure that each holder of the Consideration Shares (the “Holder”) enters into a lock-up agreement as set out in Schedule 5 (the “Lock-up Agreement”) and be subject to a lock-up period as set out in Part A of Schedule 3 commencing from the Closing Date, or such longer period as agreed by the Parties (the “Lock-up Period”), provided that ESGL’s compliance with the applicable criteria in relation to the Nasdaq Listing Application will not be undermined or otherwise affected by such arrangement. Subject to the terms of the Lock-up Agreement, during the relevant Lock-up Period, the De Tomaso Shareholders shall not, and shall procure that none of their affiliates, without the prior written consent of ESGL, sell, transfer, convey, assign, dispose of, pledge, grant any option over, or otherwise encumber, or agree to sell, transfer, convey, assign, dispose of, pledge, grant any option over, or otherwise encumber, whether directly or indirectly, any of the Consideration Shares.

7.3 | During the Interim Period, ESGL shall procure that all ESGL Group Companies, and DTA and the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders shall procure that all DT Group Companies:

| (a) | preserve and maintain in full force and effect their corporate existence and material assets;

| (b) | conduct their business in the ordinary course and maintain their employees, contractors, suppliers, customers and operations in a manner consistent with their past practice;

| (c) | comply with all applicable laws; and

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| (d) | notwithstanding any provisions in their constitutional documents, to the extent permissible under the applicable laws, do not take or agree to take or permit to be taken the following actions unless prior written consent has been obtained from the other Parties (whose consent shall not be unreasonably withheld):

| (i) | materially amend, modify or supplement their constitutional documents other than pursuant to this Agreement;

| (ii) | engage in any form of reorganisation, including amalgamation, reconstruction, subdivision, recapitalization, or reclassification of any of its shares or other equity interests, other than for the purpose of the Acquisition;

| (iii) | merge or consolidate or enter into a similar transaction with, or acquire all or substantially all of the assets or business of, any other Person, or make any material investment in or be acquired by any other Person, other than pursuant to this Agreement;

| (iv) | engage in liquidation, administration, winding-up, bankruptcy, dissolution or similar transaction;

| (v) | incorporate a new subsidiary or acquire any share or equity capital or other securities of any body corporate;

| (vi) | make any material change in the nature or scope of their respective businesses;

| (vii) | modify, amend or enter into any contract, agreement, licence or commitment which obligates the payment of more than US$1,250,000 (in the case of ESGL Group Companies) or US$5,000,000 (in the case of DT Group Companies) per transaction or a series of related transactions;

| (viii) | make any capital expenditure or other purchase of tangible assets of an amount in excess of US$2,000,000 per transaction or a series of related transactions;

| (ix) | sell, lease, license or otherwise dispose of any of their material assets other than pursuant to existing commitments or in the ordinary course of business consistent with their past practice;

| (x) | declare, make or pay any dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, equity or property or any combination thereof) with respect to their share capital;

| (xi) | save as required by law, increase the compensation or benefits or otherwise change the terms and conditions of employment, appointment or engagement of any director or member of senior management;

| (xii) | obtain, incur, create, assume, prepay or otherwise become liable for any loan or other indebtedness (directly, contingently or otherwise), other than any drawings under any existing lines of credit;

| (xiii) | create or incur any charge, security or other Encumbrance over their assets or property except for the purpose of securing borrowings (or indebtedness in the nature of borrowings) in the ordinary course of business consistent with their past practice;

| (xiv) | delay, accelerate or cancel, or waive any material right with respect to their receivables other than in the ordinary course of business consistent with their past practice;

| (xv) | terminate or allow to lapse any insurance policy protecting them or their assets unless simultaneously with such termination or lapse, a replacement policy providing coverage equal to or greater than the coverage under the terminated or lapsed policy for substantially similar premium or less is in full force and effect;

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| (xvi) | suffer any damage, destruction or loss or property related to any of their assets, whether or not covered by insurance, of an amount exceeding US$625,000 (following any available insurance reimbursement);

| (xvii) | commence or settle any litigation, arbitration or other proceedings, except for such litigation and proceedings as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter;

| (xviii) | make any change to their financial year or any material change to their accounting policies, methods or practices or write down the value of their assets;

| (xix) | make any loan or advance to any Person of an amount exceeding US$1,250,000 per transaction and per Person or outstanding to this Person at any time, or guarantee or endorse any indebtedness, liability or obligation of any Person; or

| (xx) | enter into any transaction with, or distribute or advance any material assets or property to, any of their Affiliates, other than payment of remuneration and benefits in the ordinary course of business.

7.4 | During the Interim Period, without obtaining prior written consent from ESGL, the De Tomaso Shareholders shall not create or permit to exist any Encumbrance with respect to the Sale Shares owned or held by them.

7.5 | During the Interim Period, without obtaining prior written consent from the De Tomaso Shareholders, ESGL shall not create or permit to exist any Encumbrance with respect to the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares.

7.6 | During the Interim Period, DTA shall, and the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders shall procure that DTA shall:

| (a) | upon receipt of written request of any other Party, provide that Party and its directors, officers and professional advisers with reasonable access to information in connection with the business and operations of the De Tomaso Group; and

| (b) | procure that FTAG and each Other Investor shall execute the Deed of Adherence and agree to sell all the Sale Shares held by it.

7.7 | DTA shall use best efforts to procure (a) IDIADA Automotive Technology S.A. to acknowledge in writing the validity of all subsisting service contracts, development agreements and support agreements entered into therewith; and (b) the signing of the supply contract with HWA AG.

7.8 | The Parties acknowledge and agree that effective upon the Closing, (a) ESGL’s Board shall consist of no less than six (6) directors. DTA shall be entitled to designate or cause to be designated no less than three (3) directors, at least two (2) of which shall be deemed independent in accordance with the applicable Nasdaq requirements. The chairman of ESGL’s Board shall be a representative nominated by DTA and shall be entitled to a casting vote if the votes are tied in a second vote. No less than three (3) directors of ESGL as at the date of this Agreement shall remain on ESGL’s Board immediately after the Closing, and at least two (2) of which shall be deemed independent in accordance with the applicable Nasdaq requirements; and (b) DTA shall be entitled to designate or cause to be designated representative(s) to the board of directors of any ESGL Subsidiary. ESGL shall procure all consents and approvals required to effect the change to ESGL’s Board and the board of directors of any ESGL Subsidiary pursuant to this Clause 7.8.

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7.9 | ESGL further undertakes and covenants the following during the Interim Period:

| (a) | to (i) use its commercially reasonable efforts to ensure that ESGL remains listed as a public company on Nasdaq and (ii) file the Nasdaq Listing Application, in each case in compliance with all applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations;

| (b) | to keep current and timely file all reports or information required to be filed or furnished with the SEC and otherwise comply in all material respects with its reporting obligations under applicable legal requirements;

| (c) | to take all reasonable actions necessary to cause ESGL to qualify as “foreign private issuer” as such term is defined under the Exchange Act Rule 3b-4 and to maintain such status through the Closing; and

| (d) | to comply with all applicable laws, regulations and listing rules in relation to the signing of this Agreement and the consummation of the Acquisition and other transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Parties shall furnish ESGL and its professional advisers with all information as may be reasonably requested in connection therewith.

7.10 | At all times prior to the last Earnout Shares Issuance Date, ESGL shall keep available for issuance a sufficient number of unissued ESGL Shares to permit ESGL to satisfy its obligations to issue Earnout Shares as set forth in Clause 3(b) and shall take all actions required to increase the authorized number of ESGL Shares if at any time there shall be insufficient unissued ESGL Shares to permit such reservation.

7.11 | The Parties shall use commercially reasonable efforts to cause ESGL to have at least three hundred (300) shareholders of record with each holding at least one hundred (100) shares of ESGL’s ordinary shares at the Closing.

7.12 | Notwithstanding any party’s obligation under the CJ Dispute or the RB Dispute, in the event that the plaintiff under any of the CJ Dispute or the RB Dispute shall be awarded ESGL Shares as a result of the conclusion of the CJ Dispute or the RB Dispute (as the case may be), it shall be satisfied by the transfer of ESGL Shares held by the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders to such plaintiff.

7.13 | As promptly as practicable after signing of this Agreement, ESGL shall prepare and file a Current Report on Form 6-K pursuant to the Exchange Act to report the execution of this Agreement (the “Signing Form 6-K”), content of which shall be reviewed and agreed by DTA prior to filing.

7.14 | At least five (5) days prior to the Closing Date, ESGL shall provide DTA with a draft Current Report on Form 6-K in connection with and announcing the Closing, together with, or incorporating by reference, such information that is required to be disclosed with respect to the Acquisition pursuant to Form 6-K (the “Closing Form 6-K”). As soon as practicable after the Closing, ESGL shall file the Closing Form 6-K with the SEC, with the form and content to be agreed by ESGL and DTA. ESGL and DTA may issue such press release in relation to the Acquisition from time to time as they consider necessary with the form and content to be mutually agreed by ESGL and DTA.

7.15 | In connection with the preparation of the Signing Form 6-K, the Closing Form 6-K and any press release in relation to the Acquisition as may be mutually agreed by ESGL and DTA, or any other statement, filing notice or application made by or on behalf of ESGL or DTA to any governmental entity, or any other public statement or announcement, in connection with the Acquisition (each, a “Reviewable Document”), and for such other reasonable purposes, each of ESGL and DTA shall, upon request by the other, furnish the other with all information concerning themselves, their respective directors, officers and stockholders (including the directors of ESGL to be elected effective as of the Closing) and such other matters as may be reasonably necessary or advisable in connection with the Acquisition. At a reasonable time prior to the filing, issuance or other submission or public disclosure of a Reviewable Document by either ESGL or DTA, the other Party shall be given an opportunity to review and comment upon such Reviewable Document and give its prior written consent to the form thereof, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, and each Party shall accept and incorporate all reasonable comments from the other Party to any such Reviewable Document prior to filing, issuance, submission or disclosure thereof.

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Prior to the Closing Date (i) ESGL and DTA shall notify each other as promptly as reasonably practicable upon becoming aware of any event or circumstances which should be described in an amendment or supplement to a Reviewable Document that has been filed with the SEC, and (ii) ESGL and DTA shall each notify the other as promptly as practicable after the receipt by it of any written or oral comments from the SEC on, or of any written or oral request by the SEC for amendments or supplements to, any such Reviewable Document, and shall promptly supply the other with copies of all correspondence between it or any of its representatives and the SEC with respect to any of the foregoing filings. ESGL and DTA shall use their respective commercially reasonable efforts, after consultation with each other, to resolve all such requests or comments with respect to any Reviewable Document as promptly as reasonably practicable after receipt of any comments from the SEC. All correspondence and communications to the SEC made by ESGL or DTA with respect to the Acquisition or any agreement ancillary hereto shall be considered to be Reviewable Documents subject to the provisions of this Clause 7.15.

7.16 | ESGL shall not sell, offer for sale or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the ESGL Shares under this Agreement (i) in a manner that would require the registration under the Securities Act of the sale of the ordinary shares under this Agreement, or (ii) for purposes of the rules and regulations of Nasdaq or any other principal trading exchange or market on which any of the securities of ESGL are listed or designated such that it would require shareholder approval prior to the closing of such other transaction unless shareholder approval is obtained before the closing of such subsequent transaction.

8. | IMPLEMENTATION OF ESOP

ESGL may, after the Closing Date and at the discretion of ESGL’s Board and the designated committee thereof, authorise and approve the adoption of the ESOP and allot and issue Award Shares and/or grant restricted share units to the Grantees pursuant to the ESOP. In the event that such ESOP is adopted, ESGL shall file a registration statement on Form S-8 (or other applicable form) with respect to the ESGL Shares issuable under the ESOP, and ESGL shall use reasonable efforts to maintain the effectiveness of such registration statement (and maintain the current status of the prospectus contained therein) for so long as awards granted pursuant to the ESOP remain outstanding.

9. | INDEMNITY

9.1 | Each Party (in such capacity, an “Indemnifier”) agrees and undertakes with each of the other Parties that it shall hold the other Parties and their Affiliates, and their respective directors, officers, employees, agents and representatives (collectively the “Indemnified Parties” and each an “Indemnified Party”) fully and effectually indemnified from and against any and all losses, liabilities, costs, claims, charges, actions, proceedings, damages, expenses or demands which they (or any of them) may incur or which may be made against them (or any of them) as a result of or arising out of, or in relation to, any misrepresentation or alleged misrepresentation or any breach or alleged breach of any of the representations, warranties or undertakings of or by the Indemnifier contained in this Agreement. Such indemnity shall extend to include all charges and expenses which any of the Indemnified Parties may pay or incur in investigating, disputing or defending any claim or action or other proceedings in respect of which the Indemnifier is or may be liable to indemnify under this Clause 9 and all charges and expenses that are the subject of this indemnity shall be reimbursed by the Indemnifier(s) on demand from the relevant Indemnified Party.

9.2 | In addition to and without prejudice to any other rights and remedies available to DTA and ESGL and notwithstanding any other provision in this Agreement, the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders, on a joint and several basis, shall hold ESGL fully and effectually indemnified from and against any and all losses, liabilities, costs, claims, charges, actions, proceedings, damages, expenses or demands whatsoever (including but not limited to all expenses of investigation and enforcement of this indemnity and all legal and other advisers’ fees and expenses, on a full indemnity basis) which ESGL may incur or which may be made against ESGL, in connection with or arising from any of the matters as set out in the Disclosure Letter.

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9.3 | If any action, proceeding, claim or demand (“Claim”) shall be brought or asserted against an Indemnified Party in respect of which an Indemnifier is or may be liable to indemnify as herein provided, any such Indemnified Party shall notify such Indemnifier in writing, specifying in reasonable details the matter, event or default to which the Claim relates and the nature of such Claim, as soon as reasonably practicable, and shall employ such legal advisers as such Indemnified Party may select, except that failure to provide such notice to the Indemnifier shall not relieve the Indemnifier of its obligations hereunder unless the relevant Indemnifier is materially prejudiced thereby. The Indemnifier shall not be liable in respect of any settlement of any such action effected without its consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.

9.4 | No Claims shall be made under or in respect of this Agreement if such Claim is attributable to:

| (a) | any voluntary act, omission, transaction or arrangement carried out directly by the non-defaulting Party or on its behalf;

| (b) | the promulgation of, or a change in, a law of regulation after Closing (whether or not that change has retrospective effect) and such promulgation or change is not contemplated or announced on or prior to Closing; or

| (c) | a change in an accounting or tax policy or practice of any DT Group Company or ESGL Group Company introduced or having effect after Closing and such change is not contemplated or announced on or prior to Closing.

9.5 | Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that (i) any Claim in relation to the CJ Dispute and/or the RB Dispute has been made against the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders and such sum is settled in cash by the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders pursuant to this Clause 9 (the “Indemnified Amount”), and (ii) the Capricorn Claim is concluded in favour of the De Tomaso Group, all of the amounts recovered by the De Tomaso Group under the Capricorn Claim, for an amount up to the Indemnified Amount, shall be paid to the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders as soon as practicable.

9.6 | This Clause 9 shall not be deemed to preclude or otherwise limit in any way the exercise of any other rights or pursuit of any other remedies for the breach of or misrepresentation under this Agreement or any other agreement contemplated herein.

9.7 | Without prejudice to the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders’ obligation under Clause 7.12, the aggregate liability of the De Tomaso Controlling Shareholders under this Agreement (including this Clause 9) shall not exceed US$500,000.

9.8 | No Party shall be liable in respect of any Claim unless each individual loss suffered or incurred subject to such Claim exceeds US$100,000 and the aggregate amount of all such qualifying losses which may be presented under this Agreement exceeds US$200,000, in which case subject to Clause 9.7 (if applicable), the full amount of such qualifying losses shall be recoverable.

9.9 | The representations and warranties contained in or made pursuant to this Agreement, and the indemnification obligations contained in this Clause 9 with respect thereto, shall survive for 18 months after the Closing Date (save that the representations and warranties and the indemnification obligations in relation to the CJ Dispute and/or the RB Dispute shall survive until their respective conclusion), after which no Claims shall be brought or asserted by any Indemnified Party against an Indemnifier under or in respect of this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, those representations and warranties relating to compliance of applicable law (including tax-related applicable law) and the corresponding indemnification obligations shall survive indefinitely so long as the relevant governmental authorities or any other person have the right to impose fines or claim any payments under applicable law.

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10. | CONFIDENTIALITY

10.1 | Subject to the other provisions under this Clause 10, each Party shall keep strictly confidential and not disclose or use, and shall ensure that its respective Affiliates and its respective officers, employees, agents and professional and other advisers keep strictly confidential and not disclose or use, any documents, materials and other information in whatever form, whether technical or commercial, received or obtained by it as a result of entering into this Agreement which relates to:

| (a) | the business, financial or other affairs (including future plans and targets) of the De Tomaso Group and/or the ESGL Group (as the case may be);

| (b) | the existence or terms of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated by this Agreement; or

| (c) | any discussions or negotiations with regard to this Agreement or any transaction contemplated by this Agreement.

10.2 | Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, no Party may make any disclosure or divulge any information without the consent of such Party that would be identified or would otherwise reasonably be affected by such disclosure or divulgence concerning the terms herein.

10.3 | The obligation of confidentiality under Clause 10.1 shall not prohibit disclosure or use of any information if and to the extent that:

| (a) | the disclosure or use is required by law, rules or regulations or by any securities exchange or regulatory or governmental body having jurisdiction over the disclosing Party or its Affiliates, wherever situated, and whether or not the requirement has the force of law, including but not limited to the applicable U.S. securities laws and the Nasdaq Listing Rules;

| (b) | the disclosure or use is required to vest the full benefit of this Agreement in the receiving Party;

| (c) | the disclosure or use is required for the purpose of any judicial, arbitration or other similar proceedings arising out of this Agreement, the disclosure is reasonably required to be made to a taxation authority in connection with the taxation affairs of the receiving Party or the disclosure is reasonably required for the purpose of preparing any statutory accounts of the receiving Party;

| (d) | the disclosure is made to the Affiliates of the receiving Party, or to the directors, officers, employees, agents and professional and other advisers (or any of them) of the receiving Party or its Affiliates, where such Person has a business-related need to have access to the Confidential Information on terms that such Person undertakes to comply with the provisions of Clause 10 in respect of such information as if they were a party to this Agreement and the Party disclosing such information to such Person shall be liable for any breach of this Clause 10 by such Person; or

| (e) | the disclosing Party has given prior written approval to the disclosure or use, provided that prior to disclosure or use of any information pursuant to Clause 10.3(c) (except in the case of disclosure to a taxation authority), the receiving Party concerned shall give reasonable prior written notice to the disclosing Party (including a copy of any relevant written request which may exist) and the information is disclosed in a manner that is designed to preserve its confidential nature to the extent permitted by law, if on the receipt of such a notice a Party wishes to take action to oppose or limit such potential disclosure or seek a protective order in respect of the information required to be disclosed, it may do so at its own cost and the receiving Party shall provide it with any reasonable assistance required.

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10.4 | If any Party is required to make any announcement in relation to this Agreement pursuant to Clause 10.3 (a), where permissible, such Party shall inform the other Parties and obtain their consent to such announcement as soon as practicable (which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), and upon such Party’s request, the other Parties shall provide all relevant information relating to themselves within their knowledge or in their possession as may be reasonably necessary or as may be required by the relevant stock exchange or regulatory body to be included in the announcement.

10.5 | Each Party shall inform any agent or any professional or other adviser advising it in relation to the matters referred to in this Agreement, or to whom it provides Confidential Information, that such information is confidential and shall instruct them:

| (a) | to keep it confidential; and

| (b) | not to disclose it to any third party (other than those Persons to whom it has already been disclosed in accordance with the terms of this Agreement).

10.6 | Each Party is responsible for any breach of this Clause 10 by the Person to whom the Confidential Information is disclosed.

10.7 | The provisions of this Clause 10 shall continue to apply for three (3) years after termination of this Agreement.

11. | NOTICES

11.1 | Each notice, demand or other communication given or made under this Agreement shall be in writing and deemed validly given or served if delivered or sent to the Parties at the address or email address set out below (or such other address as a Party has by five (5) Business Days’ prior written notice specified to the other Party).

ESGL:

| Address: | 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226
| Email: | queklc@env-solutions.com
| Attention: | Quek Leng Chuang

DTA, DT MH and Ideal Team:

| Address: | Unit 716, Spaces, 8 Queens Road East, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| Email: | norman.choi@detomaso-automobili.com
| Attention: | Norman Choi

11.2 | Any notice, demand or other communication so addressed to the relevant Party shall take effect, in the case of a letter sent by courier, at the time of delivery, or if sent by email, upon the receipt by the sender of the confirmation note indicating that the notice or communication has been sent in full to the recipient’s email address, or such other similar medium of confirmation.

12. | ASSIGNMENT

12.1 | None of the rights or obligations under this Agreement shall not be assignable by any Party except with the prior written consent of the other Parties, and in that event, this Agreement shall thereafter be read and construed and shall have the effect as if the assignee were a Party thereto.

12.2 | Any purported transfer in contravention of this Clause 12 shall be null and void ab initio. This Agreement shall be binding on and enure to the benefit of the parties thereto and their successors and permitted assigns.

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13. | TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE

Time shall be of the essence of this Agreement both as regards any dates, times and periods mentioned and as regards any dates, times and periods which may be substituted for them in accordance with this Agreement or by agreement in writing among the Parties.

14. | FURTHER ASSURANCES

At any time after the date of this Agreement, the Parties shall, and shall use all commercially reasonable efforts to procure that any necessary third party shall, at the cost of the relevant Party, execute such documents and do such acts and things as a Party may reasonably require for the purpose of carrying into effect or giving to that Party the full benefit of all the provisions of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereunder.

15. | REMEDIES

The Parties agree that monetary damages may not be a sufficient remedy for any breach of this Agreement and that the Parties shall be entitled to specific performance or injunctive relief (as appropriate) as a remedy for any breach or threatened breach of this Agreement, in addition to any other remedies available at law or in equity. No remedy conferred by any of the provisions of this Agreement is intended to be exclusive of any other remedy which is otherwise available at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, and each and every other remedy shall be cumulative and shall be in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise. The election of any one or more of such remedies by any Party shall not constitute a waiver by such Party of the right to pursue any other available remedies.

16. | AMENDMENTS

This Agreement may not be altered, amended, modified, superseded, cancelled or terminated except by an express written agreement duly executed by the Parties which makes specific reference to this Agreement.

17. | WAIVER

No failure of each Party to exercise, and no delay by it in exercising, any right, power or remedy in connection with this Agreement (each a “Right”) will operate as a waiver thereof, nor will any single or partial exercise of any Right preclude any other or further exercise of such Right or the exercise of any other Right. The Rights provided in this Agreement are cumulative and not exclusive of any other Rights (whether provided by law or otherwise). Any express waiver of any breach of this Agreement shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any subsequent breach.

18. | SURVIVING PROVISIONS

Without prejudice to Clause 5.4, all the Surviving Provisions shall remain binding on the Parties notwithstanding any Closing and/or any rescission or termination of this Agreement by any Party and any rights or obligations of the Parties in respect of any breach of this Agreement accruing prior to, on or as a result of such termination or rescission shall continue to subsist notwithstanding such termination or rescission.

19. | WHOLE AGREEMENT

So far as is permitted by law and except in the case of fraud, this Agreement (together with any documents referred to herein) constitutes the whole agreement among the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof as at the date of this Agreement and supersedes any previous written or oral agreement among the Parties in relation to the matters dealt with in this Agreement.

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20. | SEVERANCE

If any provision of this Agreement or part thereof shall be held to be or is rendered void, illegal or unenforceable by any court or any legislation to which it is subject, it shall be rendered void, illegal or unenforceable to that extent and it shall in no way affect or prejudice the enforceability of the remainder of such provision or the other provisions of this Agreement.

21. | COUNTERPARTS

This Agreement may be executed and delivered in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed and delivered shall be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Any Party may enter into this Agreement by signing any such counterpart (which may include counterparts delivered by email or electronic transmission) and each counterpart shall be as valid and effectual as if executed as an original.

22. | COSTS

Each Party shall bear its own fees, costs and expenses incurred in relation to the negotiation, preparation, review and/or execution (where applicable) of this Agreement, any due diligence exercise and/or other matters (including Closing) incidental to any of the foregoing.

23. | THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

A Person who is not a Party shall have no rights under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 of Singapore to enforce any term of this Agreement.

24. | GOVERNING LAW

24.1 | The validity, construction and performance of the terms set out in this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore, without reference to its conflict of laws provisions.

24.2 | Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore. Each of the Parties hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore.

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IN WITNESS HEREOF this Agreement has been executed by the Parties on the date and year first above written.

SIGNED by | )
QUEK LENG CHUANG | )
for and on behalf of | ) /s/ Quek Leng Chuang
ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED | )
| )
in the presence of: |
/s/ Ho Shian Ching |

SIGNED by | )
CHOI SUNG FUNG | )
for and on behalf of | ) /s/ Choi Sung Fung
DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED | )
| )
in the presence of: |
/s/ Diana Majcher |

SIGNED by | )
CHOI SUNG FUNG | )
for and on behalf of | ) /s/ Choi Sung Fung
DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED | )
| )
in the presence of: |
/s/ Diana Majcher |

SIGNED by | )
CHOI SUNG FUNG | )
for and on behalf of | ) /s/ Choi Sung Fung
IDEAL TEAM VENTURES LIMITED | )
| )
in the presence of: |
/s/ Diana Majcher |

Schedule 1

Particulars of ESGL Group

[intentionally omitted]

Sch 3 - 1

Schedule 2

Particulars of De Tomaso Group

[intentionally omitted]

Sch 3 - 2

Schedule 3

Part A

Sale Shares, Consideration Shares and Lock-up Period

[intentionally omitted]

Part B

Performance Targets

FY2025 |  | 36 units of De Tomaso vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year
FY2026 |  | 74 units of De Tomaso vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year

Part C

Earnout Shares

|  | Number of Earnout Shares to be allotted and issued by ESGL upon satisfaction of Performance Targets
FY2025 |  | 5% of the number of the Consideration Shares
FY2026 |  | 5% of the number of the Consideration Shares

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Schedule 4

Part A

(I) De Tomaso Shareholders’ Warranties

1 | Authority

1.1 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder is a company duly incorporated under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation.

1.2 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder has the legal right and full power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by the De Tomaso Shareholders pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, which when executed will constitute valid and binding obligations on the De Tomaso Shareholders, in accordance with their respective terms.

1.3 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder has taken all necessary corporation actions to authorise the entry into and performance of this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by the De Tomaso Shareholders pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, and such actions remain in full force and effect. The De Tomaso Shareholders (either by themselves or through their representatives) who have signed this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by the De Tomaso Shareholder pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement have the full power or authority to do so by or on behalf of the De Tomaso Shareholders.

1.4 | All approvals, registrations and filings with the governmental authorities and all other consents, authorisations and approvals (or, as the case may be, the relevant waiver(s)) necessary for each De Tomaso Shareholder to enter into this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by the De Tomaso Shareholders pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement and to perform their obligations thereunder have been obtained.

2 | No Breach

The execution and delivery of, and the performance by each De Tomaso Shareholder of its obligations under this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by each De Tomaso Shareholder pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement will not and are not likely to:

| (a) | result in a breach of the articles of association or any other constitutional documents of the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder;

| (b) | result in a breach of, require any consent under or give any third party a right to terminate, accelerate or modify, or result in the creation or enforcement of any Encumbrance under any agreement, licence or other instrument to which the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder is a party; or

| (c) | result in a breach of any law or regulation or any judgment, order, decree or directive of any court, governmental authority or regulatory body to which either the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder is a party or by which either the relevant De Tomaso Shareholder or any of its assets are bound.

3 | SHARE CAPITAL AND OWNERSHIP OF Sale Shares

3.1 | Immediately prior to the Closing, each De Tomaso Shareholder shall be the sole legal and beneficial owner of its respective portion of the Sale Shares.

3.2 | The Sale Shares represent the entire issued share capital of DTA and are Shares credited as fully paid, properly and validly allotted and issued, and free of Encumbrances and with the right to receive all dividends and distributions which may be declared, made and paid.

3.3 | There are no agreements or commitments outstanding which call for the issue of any Shares, local stock or debentures in or other securities of DTA or accord to any Person the right to call for the issue of any such Shares, loan stock or debentures or other securities.

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4 | STATUS AND INVESTMENT INTENT

4.1 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks of its investment in the shares of ESGL, and it is capable of bearing the economic risks of such investment, including a complete loss of its investment.

4.2 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder is subscribing for shares of ESGL under this Agreement for its own account for investment purposes only and not with the view to, or with any intention of, resale, distribution or other disposition thereof. It does not have any present intention of distributing any of such shares nor any direct or indirect arrangement, or understanding with any other Person to distribute, or regarding the distribution of such shares in violation of the Securities Act or any other applicable state securities law.

4.3 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder acknowledges that the Consideration Shares and the Earnout Shares are “restricted securities” that have not been registered under the Securities Act or any applicable state securities law. Each De Tomaso Shareholder further acknowledges that, absent an effective registration under the Securities Act, such shares may only be offered, sold or otherwise transferred to (i) ESGL, (ii) outside the U.S. in accordance with Rule 904 of Regulation S under the Securities Act or (iii) pursuant to an exemption from registration under the Securities Act.

4.4 | Each De Tomaso Shareholder acknowledges that (i) it is not a “U.S. person” as defined in Rule 902 of Regulation S under the Securities Act, (ii) in issuing the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares to the De Tomaso Shareholder pursuant hereto, ESGL is relying upon the exemption from registration provided by Regulation S under the Securities Act applicable to an offshore transaction, and (iii) the certificate(s) representing or evidencing the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares contain(s) a customary restrictive legend restricting the offer, sale or transfer of such shares except in accordance with the provisions of Regulation S, pursuant to registration under the Securities Act, or pursuant to an available exemption from registration.

4.5 | Neither any De Tomaso Shareholder nor any Person acting on its behalf has engaged, nor will engage, in any directed selling efforts to a “U.S. person” (as defined in the Securities Act) with respect to the Consideration Shares and, where applicable, the Earnout Shares, and each De Tomaso Shareholder and any Person acting on its behalf has complied and will comply with the “offering restrictions” requirements under Regulation S.

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(II) DTA’s Warranties

1 | Authority

1.1 | DTA has the legal right and full power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by DTA pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, which when executed will constitute valid and binding obligations on DTA, in accordance with their respective terms.

1.2 | DTA has taken all necessary corporation actions to authorise the entry into and performance of this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by DTA pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, and such actions remain in full force and effect. The representative(s) of DTA who has/have signed this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by DTA pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement have the full power or authority to do so by or on behalf of DTA.

1.3 | All approvals, registrations and filings with the governmental authorities and all other consents, authorisations and approvals (or, as the case may be, the relevant waiver(s)) necessary for DTA to enter into this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by DTA pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement and to perform its obligations thereunder have been obtained.

2 | No Breach

The execution and delivery of, and the performance by DTA of its obligations under this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by DTA pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement will not and are not likely to:

| (a) | result in a breach of the articles of association or any other constitutional documents of any DT Group Company;

| (b) | result in a breach of, require any consent under or give any third party a right to terminate, accelerate or modify, or result in the creation or enforcement of any Encumbrance under any agreement, licence or other instrument to which any DT Group Company is a party; or

| (c) | result in a breach of any law or regulation or any judgment, order, decree or directive of any court, governmental authority or regulatory body to which either any DT Group Company is a party or by which either any DT Group Company or any of its assets are bound.

3 | Corporate STATUS AND Information

3.1 | Each DT Group Company is a company duly incorporated under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation.

3.2 | The particulars of all the DT Group Companies set out in Schedule 2 are true, complete and accurate in all respects.

3.3 | The Sale Shares represent the entire issued share capital of DTA as at the Closing Date and credited as fully paid, properly and validly allotted and issued, free from all Encumbrances and with the right to receive all dividends and distributions which may be declared, made and paid, and there is no agreement or commitment to give or create any Encumbrance over or affecting the Shares and no claim has been made by any Person to be entitled to any such Encumbrance.

3.4 | There are no agreements or commitments outstanding which call for the allotment, conversion, issue, registration, sale, transfer, amortisation or repayment of any Shares, local stock or debentures in or other securities of DTA or accord to any Person the right to call for the allotment, conversion, issue, registration, sale, transfer, amortisation or repayment of any such Shares, loan stock or debentures or other securities.

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3.5 | There are no nominee or trust interests or other indirect ownership interests in any shares of DTA.

3.6 | None of the DT Group Companies has:

| (a) | any interests in or has agreed to acquire, any equity interests or share capital or other security of any other company or entity (wherever incorporated);

| (b) | any rights or interests to exercise or control the exercise of any voting rights in, or to nominate any directors or veto, amend, modify, limit or add conditions to any resolution at general meetings of, any other company or entity (wherever incorporated); or

| (c) | any branch, division or establishment outside the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated.

3.7 | DTA has not given a power of attorney or any other authority which is still outstanding or effective to any Person to enter into any contract or commitment or to do anything on its behalf.

3.8 | There have not been and are not any material breaches by any of the DT Group Companies of its constitutional document.

3.9 | All DT Group Companies maintain all statutory books and other records in accordance with all applicable legal requirements, and such books and records contain up-to-date, complete and accurate records of all matters required to be dealt with therein.

4 | Accuracy and Adequacy of Information Disclosed to ESGL

All information contained in this Agreement and all other information which has been given in writing or electronic form or made available by DTA or on behalf of DTA to ESGL or any of its agents, employees or professional advisers in the course of the negotiations leading to this Agreement or in the course of any due diligence or other investigation carried out by or on behalf of ESGL prior to entering into this Agreement was when given and remains true, complete and accurate in all material respects and not misleading and DTA is not aware of any fact or matter or circumstances not disclosed in writing to ESGL which renders any such information untrue and inaccurate in any material respects or misleading.

5 | ACCOUNTS

The Accounts (i) have been prepared in accordance with applicable laws and the accounting principles, standards, practices and policies used in preparing such Accounts have been applied on a consistent basis, and (ii) give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities and state of affairs of the De Tomaso Group at Accounts Date and of the profits or losses for the period ended on such date.

6 | FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS

6.1 | Financial Facilities

Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, none of the DT Group Companies has any outstanding loans, derivatives and hedging arrangements as at the date of this Agreement. There are no circumstances whereby the continuation of any such facilities might be prejudiced or affected as a result of a transaction effected by this Agreement.

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6.2 | Guarantees

There is no outstanding guarantee, indemnity, suretyship or security (whether or not legally binding) given by or for the benefit of any DT Group Company.

6.3 | Off-Balance Sheet Financing

None of the DT Group Companies has outstanding loan capital, nor has it factored, discounted or authorised any of its debts, nor has it engaged in any financing of a type which would not be required to be shown or reflected in the accounts of DTA or borrowed any money which it has not repaid.

6.4 | Grants and Subsidies

6.4.1 | The entering into and the performance of any of this Agreement and any of the documents to be entered into pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement will not result in the forfeiture or repayment of any grant, subsidy or financial aid (if any).

6.4.2 | There are no current applications for investment grants, loan subsidies or financial aid from any government authority being made by any DT Group Company.

6.5 | Liabilities

There are no liabilities, whether actual or contingent, of the De Tomaso Group other than (a) liabilities disclosed or provided for in the Accounts, (b) liabilities incurred in, arising out of or incidental to the ordinary and usual course of business since the Accounts Date, none of which is material, or (c) liabilities disclosed elsewhere in this Agreement or the Disclosure Letter or information/ documents provided during the course of due diligence carried out by or on behalf of ESGL.

7 | Assets

7.1 | Real Properties and Buildings

7.1.1 | None of the DT Group Companies owns any real property and buildings. The leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements in relation to the use of the office premises of the De Tomaso Group are held under valid, subsisting and enforceable contracts, leases or other grants.

7.1.2 | No default (or event which with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) by any DT Group Company has occurred and is continuing under any of such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements.

7.1.3 | There are no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any thereof.

7.1.4 | None of the DT Group Companies has notice of any claim of any nature that has been asserted by anyone adverse to their rights under such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements or negatively affecting their rights to the continued possession of such property or other assets.

7.2 | Ownership of Assets

All assets included in the Accounts or acquired by the De Tomaso Group or which have otherwise arisen since the Accounts Date, other than any assets disposed of or realised in the ordinary and usual course of business:

| (a) | are assets over which the De Tomaso Group has lawful ownership rights;

| (b) | are, where capable of possession, in the possession or under the control of the De Tomaso Group;

| (c) | are free from Encumbrances; and

| (d) | are not the subject of any factoring arrangement, conditional sale or credit agreement.

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7.3 | Accounts Receivable

None of the accounts receivable by any DT Group Company which are included in the Accounts or which have subsequently arisen has been released on terms that the debtor has paid less than the full value of his/its debt, and all such debts have realised or will realise in the normal course of collection their full value as included in the Accounts or in the books of any DT Group Company after taking into account the provision for bad and doubtful debts made in the Accounts. For the avoidance of doubt, a debt shall not be regarded as realising its full value to the extent that it is paid, received or otherwise recovered in circumstances in which such payment, receipt or recovery is or may be void, voidable or otherwise liable to be reclaimed or set aside.

7.4 | Plant and Machinery

The plant and machinery, vehicles and other equipment, where applicable, owned or used by the De Tomaso Group are in good repair and condition and in reasonable working order, have been regularly and properly maintained and are not dangerous, obsolete, inefficient or surplus to requirements.

7.5 | Sufficiency of Assets

The property, rights and assets owned, or leased by the DT Group Companies comprise all the property, rights and assets necessary or convenient for the carrying on of the business of the De Tomaso Group fully and effectively in the manner in, and to the extent to, which it is presently being conducted.

8 | Intellectual Property and Knowhow

8.1 | Sufficiency of Intellectual Property Rights and Knowhow

The De Tomaso Group owns or has valid and enforceable licences to use all the Intellectual Property Rights and Knowhow necessary or convenient for the carrying on of the business of the De Tomaso Group fully and effectively in the manner in, and to the extent to, which it is or has been conducted at, or in the one (1) year immediately before, Closing.

8.2 | Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights

8.2.1 | All Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the DT Group Companies are:

| (a) | valid, subsisting and enforceable and no act or omission has been done or not been done which may cause them to cease to be valid, subsisting and enforceable;

| (b) | not subject to any claim or opposition from any Person as to title, validity, enforceability, or otherwise; and

| (c) | free from any licence, Encumbrance, restriction on use or exploitation, option to buy or sell, or disclosure obligation.

8.2.2 | The entry into or performance of this Agreement will not result in the termination of, or affect, any Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the DT Group Companies.

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8.3 | Registration

All application and renewal fees payable in respect of the registered Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the DT Group Companies has been paid. All other reasonable steps necessary to apply for, maintain and protect the registered rights have been taken. There are no grounds on which any registration or application for registration in respect of any such rights may be challenged, refused, forfeited or modified.

8.4 | IP Licences

Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, none of the DT Group Companies has granted nor is it obliged to grant any licences in respect of all or any part of the Intellectual Property Rights owned by it to third parties. There are no pending or threatened applications for licences of right, compulsory licences or equivalent relief in any jurisdiction in respect of such rights.

8.5 | Infringement

8.5.1 | The DT Group Companies have neither infringed nor been infringing the Intellectual Property Rights of any other Person.

8.5.2 | No third party has infringed or is infringing the Intellectual Property Rights of the DT Group Companies.

8.6 | Advertising and Marketing Materials

All advertising and marketing material used or proposed to be used in connection with the business of the De Tomaso Group complies with all legal and regulatory requirements in all material respects in all countries in which such material is used or proposed to be used. There are no grounds under which such material could be challenged or give rise to any complaint or liability for any reason whatsoever including, without limitation, defamation, trade libel, copyright, moral rights or any analogous law.

8.7 | Assignment of rights

All Persons, including current and former employees, contractors or consultants, who have contributed to the development, creation or invention of any material Intellectual Property Rights owned or purported to be owned by the De Tomaso Group, have entered into valid and enforceable written agreements in which such persons have assigned to the De Tomaso Group any and all ownership interests or rights they may have in such Intellectual Property Rights.

9 | Contracts

9.1 | Capital Commitments

There are no capital commitments entered into or proposed by the DT Group Companies.

9.2 | Contracts

9.2.1 | All the contracts and agreements of whatsoever nature to which a DT Group Company is a party are legal, valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the parties thereto and the terms thereof have been complied with by the relevant DT Group Company and, save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, there are no circumstances likely to give rise to any breach of such terms, no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of the contracts or agreements and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any thereof.

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9.2.2 | Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, none of the DT Group Companies is a party to or subject to any contract, transaction, arrangement, understanding or obligation which:

| (a) | is not in the ordinary and usual course of business;

| (b) | is not wholly on an arm’s length basis;

| (c) | is of a long-term nature that is, unlikely to have been fully performed, in accordance with its terms, more than six (6) months after the date on which it was entered into or undertaken or is incapable of termination in accordance with its terms by the DT Group Companies on six (6) months’ notice or less;

| (d) | is of a loss-making nature (that is, known to be likely to result in loss on completion or performance);

| (e) | cannot readily be fulfilled or performed without undue or unusual expenditure of money or effort;

| (f) | restricts its freedom to carry on its business in any part of the world in such manner as it thinks fit; and

| (g) | involves an aggregate outstanding expenditure by it of more than US$100,000,000 (or the equivalent amount in other currencies), exclusive of tax.

9.3 | Arrangements with Connected Persons

9.3.1 | Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, there is no indebtedness (actual or contingent) nor any indemnity, guarantee or security arrangement in the De Tomaso Group, any shareholder of DTA and any current or former employee, current or former director or any current or former consultant of any DT Group Company.

9.3.2 | Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, none of the DT Group Companies is or has been party to any contract, arrangement or understanding with any current or former employee, current or former director or any current or former consultant of such DT Group Company or any Person connected with any of such Persons or any Person connected with any of such Persons, or in which any such Person is interested (whether directly or indirectly).

9.4 | Compliance with Agreements

9.4.1 | All the contracts and all leases, tenancies, licences, concessions and agreements which are material to the business and operation of the De Tomaso Group and to which any DT Group Company is a party are valid, binding and enforceable obligations of such DT Group Company and the terms thereof have been complied with by such DT Group Company.

9.4.2 | There are no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of such contracts or matters referred to in paragraph 9.4.1 and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any of them.

9.4.3 | There are no contracts, agreements or arrangements to which any DT Group Company is a party that are illegal, registrable or notifiable under any of the laws or regulations of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or any other applicable laws.

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9.5 | Effect of Acquisition

Neither the entry into, nor compliance with, nor completion of this Agreement nor the entry into, compliance with, or completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will, or is likely to:

| (a) | cause any DT Group Company to lose the benefit of any right or privilege it presently enjoys;

| (b) | cause any Person who normally does business with or gives credit to any DT Group Company not to continue to do so on the same basis;

| (c) | cause any management personnel of the De Tomaso Group to leave his or her employment, prejudicially affect the attitude or action of government authorities, major customers and suppliers with regard to the De Tomaso Group; or

| (d) | result in a breach of, or give any third party a right to terminate or vary, or result in any Encumbrance under, any contract or arrangement to which any DT Group Company is a party.

10 | Employees

10.1 | Employees and Terms of Employment

10.1.1 | The DT Group Companies have entered into employment contracts with all of their employees, and there is no labour or employment contract or agreement which has not been entered into pursuant to the requirements of the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or operates.

10.1.2 | All agreements or arrangements relating to the employment of the employees of the DT Group Companies have been entered into on an arm’s length basis between the relevant parties.

10.1.3 | There is no agreement or arrangement in place in any DT Group Company and any trade union or other organisation representing all, or any group of, employees of the relevant DT Group Company.

10.2 | Termination of Employment

10.2.1 | Since the Accounts Date, there have been no proposals to terminate the employment of the management personnel of the De Tomaso Group.

10.2.2 | None of the DT Group Companies has made or agreed to make any payment or provided or agreed to provide any benefit to any employee or consultant or former employee or consultant of any DT Group Company or any dependant of any such Persons in connection with the actual or proposed termination or suspension of employment other than making payment in accordance with the provisions of the applicable employment laws, nor is it liable to make any such payment or to provide any such benefit.

10.3 | Incentive Schemes

There are no share incentive, share option, profit sharing, bonus or other incentive arrangements for or affecting any employees or other workers or former employees or other former workers of the De Tomaso Group.

10.4 | Pensions and Social Security Funds

10.4.1 | No liability has been or may be incurred by any DT Group Company for breach of any obligation for contribution to any pension fund or any other social security funds so provided under the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or the competent authorities from time to time to which the DT Group Company is obliged to make contributions for its employees (together, the “social security funds”).

10.4.2 | Other than under the social security funds, there are no pension, provident, superannuating or retirement benefit funds, schemes or arrangements under which any DT Group Company is obliged, whether contractually or otherwise, to provide to any of its employees or officers or former employees or officers or any spouse or other dependants of any such Person retirement benefits of any kind (which expression shall include benefits payable upon retirement, leaving service, death, disablement and any other benefits which are commonly provided for under provident or retirement schemes).

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10.5 | Compliance

The DT Group Companies have complied with their obligations to their employees and former employees, whether under the terms of their employment or under the law of the jurisdiction in which they are incorporated or operate.

11 | Legal Compliance

11.1 | Licences and Approvals

11.1.1 | All licences, consents, authorisations, confirmations, certificates, approvals, registrations and filings (the “Approvals”) necessary for the due establishment of, the carrying on of the businesses and operations as now carried on and as previously carried on by the DT Group Companies have been obtained, are in full force and effect, do not contain conditions which would hinder the ordinary and usual course of business and have been and are being complied with.

11.1.2 | There is no investigation, enquiry or proceeding, outstanding or anticipated, against any DT Group Company with respect to the Approvals, the conduct of the DT Group Companies’ business or the absence of any required internal policy or procedure. None of the DT Group Companies has received any notice or other communication from any government authority or regulatory body alleging that any DT Group Company has not obtained valid Approvals required for carrying on its business effectively as now carried on and as previously carried on by the DT Group Company in accordance with the law.

11.1.3 | None of the Approvals or any conditions attached thereto has been breached.

11.1.4 | None of the Approvals is likely to be suspended, cancelled, refused, modified or revoked or its renewal refused (whether as a result of the entry into or completion of this Agreement or the entry into or completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise).

11.2 | Compliance with Laws

11.2.1 | The DT Group Companies are conducting, and have conducted, the De Tomaso Group’s business and hold all its assets in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdiction in which they were incorporated or operate, and are not in default of any statute, regulation, order, decree or judgment of any court or any government authority or regulatory body in such jurisdiction.

11.2.2 | The DT Group Companies have not received any notice or other communication from any court, tribunal, arbitrator, government authority or regulatory body with respect to an alleged, actual or potential violation and/ or failure to comply with any such applicable laws or regulation, or requiring it to take or omit any action.

11.3 | Regulatory Filings and Investigations

11.3.1 | The DT Group Companies have filed all material reports, data and other information, applications and notices required to be filed with or otherwise provided to any government authority or regulatory body and no deficiencies material to the operations, financial condition, assets, properties, or the business of the DT Group Companies have been asserted by any governmental authority or regulatory body with respect to any such reports, data and other information, applications and notices filed with them.

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11.3.2 | Neither any DT Group Company nor any of its directors or employees has been investigated or audited by any government authority or regulatory body (in the case of any employee, in connection with any act or omission in the course of his employment), resulting in a government authority or regulatory body imposing any fines and/or penalties.

11.4 | Anti-money Laundering

The DT Group Companies maintain adequate internal control procedures and policies to identify and prevent money laundering and undertakes appropriate money laundering compliance checks in order to identify its customers prior to accepting or conducting business with or accepting money from such customers.

11.5 | No Questionable Payments

None of the directors, officers, agents, employees or other Persons acting on behalf of any DT Group Company has been party to the use of any of the assets of the DT Group Company for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity or to the making of any direct or indirect unlawful payment to government officials or employees from such assets; to the establishment or maintenance of any unlawful or unrecorded fund of monies or other assets; to the making of any false or fictitious entries in the books or records of the DT Group Company; or to the making of any unlawful or undisclosed payment.

12 | No Bribery

None of the DT Group Companies has taken, or caused to be taken, or will take, or cause to be taken, directly or indirectly, any action, including without limitation (a) any contribution, payment or gift of funds or property to any official, employee or agent of any government authority or instrumentality, or (b) any contribution to any political party or any candidate for public office, either independently or as part of implementing any aspect of the transactions or actions contemplated in this Agreement, that, if such action had been taken directly by ESGL or any of its Affiliates, would, or could, (assuming such law, treaty or convention were directly applicable to such entity and any such treaty or convention had the force of law) cause ESGL or any of its Affiliates to be in violation of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development or any other relevant law, treaty or convention relating to anti-bribery, anti-corruption or similar matters.

13 | Anti-Competitive Agreements and Practices

The DT Group Companies are not a party to any agreement, arrangement or concerted practice or are or have been carrying on any practice:

| (a) | which in whole or in part may contravene or may be invalidated by any anti-trust, fair trading, dumping, state aid, consumer protection or similar laws or regulations in any jurisdiction; or

| (b) | in respect of which any approval, filing, registration or notification is required or is advisable pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations (whether or not the same has in fact been made).

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14 | Litigation

14.1 | Current Proceedings

Save as disclosed in the Disclosure Letter, none of the DT Group Companies (or any Person for whose acts or defaults any DT Group Company may be vicariously liable) is involved whether as claimant or defendant or other party in any claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration.

14.2 | Pending or Threatened Proceedings

No such claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration referred to in paragraph 14.1 is pending or threatened by or against the DT Group Companies (or any Person for whose acts or defaults any DT Group Company may be vicariously liable).

14.3 | Circumstances likely to lead to claims

There are no disputes, investigations, disciplinary proceedings or other circumstances likely to lead to any such claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration referred to in paragraph 14.1.

14.4 | No Court Orders

The DT Group Companies, nor any of the properties, assets or operations which they own or in which it is interested, is not subject to any continuing injunction, judgment or order of any court, arbitrator, government authority or regulatory body, nor in default under any order, licence, regulation or demand of any government authority or regulatory body or with respect to any order, suit, injunction or decree of any court.

15 | Insurance

15.1 | Particulars of Insurance

15.1.1 | All the assets of the DT Group Companies which are material to the operation of the De Tomaso Group and are capable of being insured are insured to against risks normally insured against by companies carrying on similar businesses or owning assets of a similar nature.

15.1.2 | The De Tomaso Group is adequately and effectively covered against accident, physical loss or damage, liability in relation to employees’ compensation, third party liability (including product liability), environmental liability (to the extent that insurance is reasonably available), and other risks normally covered by insurance by such companies in a similar status.

15.2 | Details of Policies

In respect of the insurances referred to in paragraph 15.1:

| (a) | all premiums and any related insurance premium taxes have been duly paid to date;

| (b) | all the policies are in full force and effect, and there have been no cancellations or non-renewals of the policies;

| (c) | no act, omission, misrepresentation or non-disclosure by or on behalf of any DT Group Company has occurred which makes any of these policies void, voidable or unenforceable; and

| (d) | no circumstances have arisen which would render any of the policies void or unenforceable for illegality or otherwise;

| (e) | there has been no breach of the terms, conditions and warranties of any of the policies by any DT Group Company that would entitle insurers to decline to pay all or any part of any claim made under the policies or to terminate any policy;

| (f) | there are no special or unusual limits, terms, exclusions or restrictions in any of the policies; and

| (g) | no circumstances exist which are likely to give rise to any increase in premiums.

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15.3 | Insurance Claims

15.3.1 | None of the DT Group Companies has made any insurance claims in excess of US$100,000 (or the equivalent amount in other currencies) since its incorporation.

15.3.2 | No insurance claim in excess of US$100,000 (or the equivalent amount in other currencies) is outstanding and no circumstances exist which are likely to give rise to any insurance claim.

15.4 | Claims Refused

No claim has been refused or settled below the amount claimed.

16 | Taxation

16.1 | Compliance

16.1.1 | The DT Group Companies have within the time limits prescribed by relevant law duly registered with the relevant taxation authority, duly paid all tax, made all returns, given all notices, supplied all other information required to be supplied to any Taxation authority and all such information was and remains complete and accurate in all material respects and all such returns and notices were and remain complete and accurate in all material respects and were made on a proper basis and the none of the DT Group Companies is the subject of a back duty, additional tax or other tax investigation and there are no facts which are likely to cause such an investigation to be initiated and no notices of any dispute regarding tax recoverable from any DT Group Company or regarding the availability of any relief from tax to any DT Group Company have been served or made. The DT Group Companies have not, and have not at any time since the Accounts Date been, liable to pay any penalty or interest on any unpaid tax.

16.1.2 | The DT Group Companies have made all deductions and withholdings in respect or on account of tax which they are required or entitled by any relevant legislation to make from any payments made by them. They have accounted in full to the relevant Taxation and fiscal authorities for any tax so deducted or withheld.

16.2 | Returns, Information and Clearances

16.2.1 | All returns, computations, notices and information which are or have been required to be made or given by the DT Group Companies for any taxation purpose (a) have been made or given within the requisite periods and on a proper basis and are up-to-date and correct, and (b) none of them is, or is likely to be, the subject of any dispute with any taxation authorities.

16.2.2 | The DT Group Companies are in possession of sufficient information to enable them to compute their liability to taxation insofar as it depends on any transaction occurring on or before Closing.

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16.3 | Taxation Claims, Liabilities and Reliefs

16.3.1 | There is no liability to taxation in respect of which a claim could be made against DTA in connection with any DT Group Company and there are no circumstances likely to give rise to such a liability.

16.3.2 | No relief (whether by way of deduction, reduction, set-off, exemption, postponement, roll-over, hold-over, repayment or allowance or otherwise) from, against or in respect of any taxation has been claimed and/ or given to any DT Group Company which could or might be effectively withdrawn, postponed, restricted, clawed back or otherwise lost as a result of any act, omission, event or circumstance arising or occurring at or at any time after Closing.

16.3.3 | None of the DT Group Companies has taken any action which has had, or will have, the result of altering, prejudicing or in any way disturbing any arrangement or agreement which it has previously had with any government authorities in relation to taxation.

16.4 | Company Residence

Each DT Group Company has been and continues to be resident for tax purposes in the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated and nowhere else at all times since its incorporation.

16.5 | Finance Leases

None of the DT Group Companies is or has been the lessor or the lessee under any finance lease of an asset. For the purposes of this paragraph, “finance lease” means any arrangements for the leasing of an asset which fall for the purposes of the accounts of DTA to be treated in accordance with normal accountancy practice as a finance lease or loan.

16.6 | Indemnification

None of the DT Group Companies is a party to any agreement under which it is liable to indemnify any Person with respect to taxes or otherwise share liability to taxes with any Person.

16.7 | Avoidance

None of the DT Group Companies has at any time been in breach of applicable laws, entered into, engaged in or been a party to or otherwise been involved in any transaction, scheme or arrangement for the avoidance of, or reduction in liability to, taxes.

17 | Important Business Issues since the Accounts Date

Save as disclosed, since the Accounts Date as regards each DT Group Company:

| (a) | there has been no material adverse change in its financial or trading position or prospects, and no event, fact or matter has occurred or is likely to occur which will or is likely to give rise to any such change;

| (b) | its business has not been materially and adversely affected by any abnormal factor whether or not affecting similar businesses to a like extent and there are no facts which are likely to give rise to any such effects;

| (c) | its business has been carried on as a going concern in the ordinary and usual course, without any interruption or alteration in its nature, scope or manner;

| (d) | the business has not been materially and adversely affected by the loss of any important customer or source of supply and there are no facts or circumstances which are likely to give rise to any such effects. For these purposes, an important customer or source of supply means one which in any of the years immediately preceding the Accounts Date accounted for twenty (20) per cent or more (in the case of a customer) of the turnover of the De Tomaso Group (in the case of a source of supply) of the goods, services or equipment supplied to the De Tomaso Group;

| (e) | the DT Group Company has not issued or agreed to issue any equity interest or any other security giving rise to a right over equity interest in it;

| (f) | the DT Group Company has not redeemed or purchased or agreed to redeem or purchase any equity interest in it; and

| (g) | the DT Group Company has not incurred any additional borrowings or incurred any other indebtedness.

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18 | Insolvency

18.1 | None of the DT Group Companies is insolvent or unable to pay its debts when they become due, or is in liquidation under the applicable laws.

18.2 | None of the DT Group Companies has proposed or intends to propose any arrangement of any type with its creditors or any group of creditors whether by court process or otherwise.

18.3 | No outstanding petition has been presented, application made, proceedings commenced, resolution passed or meeting convened for the termination, liquidation, bankruptcy or dissolution of any DT Group Company any process been commenced whereby the business of any DT Group Company is terminated and the assets of the DT Group Company are distributed amongst the creditors or shareholders or other contributories of the DT Group Company or whereby the affairs, business or assets of the DT Group Company are managed by a Person appointed for the purpose by a court, government authority or similar body or by any creditor or the DT Group Company itself, nor has any such order or relief been granted or appointment made, and there are no cases or proceedings under any applicable insolvency, reorganisation, or similar laws in any jurisdiction concerning any DT Group Company and no events have occurred which, under the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or it operates, or other applicable laws, would justify any such cases or proceedings.

18.4 | No liquidator, trustee, supervisor, nominee, custodian or similar official has been appointed in respect of the whole or any part of the business or assets of any DT Group Company nor has any step been taken for or with a view to the appointment of such a Person nor has any event taken place or is likely to take place as a consequence of which such an appointment might be made.

18.5 | No creditor of any DT Group Company has taken, or is entitled to take any steps to enforce, or has enforced any security over any assets of the DT Group Company or is likely to do so in the immediate future.

18.6 | None of the DT Group Companies is in default of any of its obligations in relation to any of its financial facilities which will constitute an event of default thereto.

18.7 | None of the businesses or assets of any DT Group Company is the subject of any seizure, execution or other compulsory disposal procedure, either in whole or in part, no liquidation committee or similar body or Person has been appointed in any jurisdiction in respect of the whole or any part of the business or assets of any DT Group Company and no step has been taken for or with a view to the appointment of such a body or Person.

18.8 | No ruling declaring the insolvency of any DT Group Company has been made and no public announcement in respect of the same has been pronounced by a court of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated.

18.9 | There is no unfulfilled or unsatisfied judgment or order of a court of the jurisdiction in which it was incorporated or it operates outstanding against any DT Group Company.

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Part B

ESGL’s Warranties

Save as disclosed in publicly available information:

1 | Authority

1.1 | ESGL has the legal right and full power and authority to enter into and perform this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by ESGL pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, which when executed will constitute valid and binding obligations on ESGL, in accordance with their respective terms.

1.2 | ESGL has taken all necessary corporation actions to authorise the entry into and performance of this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by ESGL pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement, and such actions remain in full force and effect. The representative(s) of ESGL who has/have signed this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by ESGL pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement have the full power or authority to do so by or on behalf of ESGL.

1.3 | All approvals, registrations and filings with the governmental authorities and all other consents, authorisations and approvals (or, as the case may be, the relevant waiver(s)) necessary for ESGL to enter into this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by ESGL pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement and to perform its obligations thereunder will have been obtained by Closing.

2 | No Breach

The execution and delivery of, and the performance by ESGL of its obligations under this Agreement and any other documents to be executed by ESGL pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement will not and are not likely to:

| (a) | result in a breach of the articles of association or any other constitutional documents of any ESGL Group Company;

| (b) | result in a breach of, require any consent under or give any third party a right to terminate, accelerate or modify, or result in the creation or enforcement of any Encumbrance under any agreement, licence or other instrument to which any ESGL Group Company is a party; or

| (c) | result in a breach of any law or regulation or any judgment, order, decree or directive of any court, governmental authority or regulatory body to which either any ESGL Group Company is a party or by which either any ESGL Group Company or any of its assets are bound.

3 | Corporate STATUS AND Information

3.1 | ESGL is a company duly incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands whose ordinary shares are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “ESGL”. Each ESGL Subsidiary is a company duly incorporated under the laws of its jurisdiction of incorporation. None of ESGL or any of its Affiliates has taken any action to intentionally terminate the registration of ESGL’s ordinary shares under the Exchange Act. ESGL qualifies as a foreign private issuer pursuant to Rule 3b-4 of the Exchange Act. ESGL is not an issuer identified in Rule 144(i)(1)(i) of the Securities Act, or a “shell company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Exchange Act.

3.2 | The particulars of all the ESGL Group Companies set out in Schedule 1 are true, complete and accurate in all respects.

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3.3 | Upon their allotment and issue, the Consideration Shares and the Earnout Shares are shares of ESGL credited as fully paid, properly and validly allotted and issued, and rank pari passu in all respects with the existing shares of the same class of ESGL, free of Encumbrances and with the right to receive all dividends and distributions which may be declared, made and paid, and there is no agreement or commitment to give or create any Encumbrance over or affecting such shares and no claim has been made by any Person to be entitled to any such Encumbrance.

3.4 | There are no agreements or commitments outstanding which call for the allotment, conversion, issue, registration, sale, transfer, amortisation or repayment of any shares, local stock or debentures in or other securities of ESGL or accord to any Person the right to call for the allotment, conversion, issue, registration, sale, transfer, amortisation or repayment of any such shares, loan stock or debentures or other securities.

3.5 | To the best of the knowledge of the directors of ESGL, there are no nominee or trust interests or other indirect ownership interests in any shares of ESGL not disclosed to the public in its filings with the SEC.

3.6 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has:

| (a) | any interests in or has agreed to acquire, any equity interests or share capital or other security of any other company or entity (wherever incorporated);

| (b) | any rights or interests to exercise or control the exercise of any voting rights in, or to nominate any directors or veto, amend, modify, limit or add conditions to any resolution at general meetings of, any other company or entity (wherever incorporated); or

| (c) | any branch, division or establishment outside the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated.

3.7 | ESGL has not given a power of attorney or any other authority which is still outstanding or effective to any Person to enter into any contract or commitment or to do anything on its behalf.

3.8 | There have not been and are not any material breaches by any of the ESGL Group Companies of its constitutional document.

3.9 | All ESGL Group Companies maintain all statutory books and other records in accordance with all applicable legal requirements, and such books and records contain up-to-date, complete and accurate records of all matters required to be dealt with therein.

3.10 | There is no action or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of ESGL, threatened against ESGL by Nasdaq or any other entity with respect to any intention by Nasdaq or such entity to prohibit or terminate the listing of ESGL’s ordinary shares on Nasdaq.

4 | Accuracy and Adequacy of Information Disclosed to DTA AND THE DE TOMASO SHAREHOLDERS

4.1 | All information contained in this Agreement and all other information which has been given in writing or electronic form or made available by ESGL or on behalf of ESGL to DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders or any of their agents, employees or professional advisers in the course of the negotiations leading to this Agreement or in the course of any due diligence or other investigation carried out by or on behalf of DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders prior to entering into this Agreement was when given and remains true, complete and accurate in all material respects and not misleading and ESGL is not aware of any fact or matter or circumstances not disclosed in writing to DTA and the De Tomaso Shareholders which renders any such information untrue and inaccurate in any material respects or misleading.

4.2 | None of the information supplied or to be supplied by ESGL expressly for inclusion or incorporation by reference in any filings with the SEC and mailings to ESGL’s shareholders with respect to the solicitation of proxies to approve the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or in any other Filed SEC Reports or Interim Period SEC Reports, will, at the date of its filing and/or mailing, as the case may be, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading (subject to the qualifications and limitations set forth in the materials provided by ESGL or that is included in the Filed SEC Reports or Interim Period SEC Reports).

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5 | ACCOUNTS

The accounts of ESGL (i) have been prepared in accordance with applicable laws and the accounting policies used in preparing such accounts have been applied on a consistent basis, and (ii) give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities and state of affairs of the ESGL Group at the relevant account date and of the profits or losses for the period ended on such date.

6 | FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS

6.1 | Financial Facilities

Save as disclosed in ESGL’s consolidated audited accounts, none of the ESGL Group Companies has any outstanding loans, derivatives and hedging arrangements as at the date of this Agreement. There are no circumstances whereby the continuation of any such facilities might be prejudiced or affected as a result of a transaction effected by this Agreement.

6.2 | Guarantees

Save for personal guarantees given by Quek Leng Chuang in relation to the outstanding bank loans as disclosed in ESGL’s consolidated audited accounts, there is no outstanding guarantee, indemnity, suretyship or security (whether or not legally binding) given by or for the benefit of any ESGL Group Company.

6.3 | Off-Balance Sheet Financing

None of the ESGL Group Companies has outstanding loan capital, nor has it factored, discounted or authorised any of its debts, nor has it engaged in any financing of a type which would not be required to be shown or reflected in the accounts of ESGL or borrowed any money which it has not repaid.

6.4 | Grants and Subsidies

6.4.1 | The entering into and the performance of any of this Agreement and any of the documents to be entered into pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement will not result in the forfeiture or repayment of any grant, subsidy or financial aid (if any).

6.4.2 | There are no current applications for investment grants, loan subsidies or financial aid from any government authority being made by any ESGL Group Company.

6.5 | Liabilities

There are no liabilities, whether actual or contingent, of the ESGL Group other than liabilities disclosed or provided for in ESGL’s latest audited accounts published or disclosed elsewhere in the information/ documents provided during the course of due diligence carried out by or on behalf of DTA or the De Tomaso Shareholders.

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6.6 | Compliance and Internal Control

6.6.1 | ESGL’s financial statements and notes contained or incorporated by reference in the Filed SEC Reports as of the date of this Agreement (the “ESGL Financial Statements”) fairly present, and those to be contained in or to be incorporated by reference in the Interim Period SEC Reports will fairly present, in all material respects the consolidated financial condition and the results of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows of ESGL and the ESGL Subsidiaries as at the respective dates of, and for the periods referred to in, such financial statements, subject, in the case of interim financial statements, to normal recurring year-end adjustments (the effect of which will not, individually or in the aggregate, be material to the ESGL Group Companies, taken as a whole) and the absence of footnotes, and (i) (as of the date of this Agreement) were prepared and (as of the Closing Date) will be prepared in accordance with: (x) IFRS applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved; and (y) Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, as applicable, subject, in the case of interim financial statements, to normal recurring year-end adjustments (the effect of which will not, individually or in the aggregate, be material to the ESGL Group Companies, taken as a whole) and the absence of footnotes, (ii) complied as to form in all material respects with the published rules and regulations of the SEC with respect thereto, (iii) were prepared from the books and records of the ESGL Group Companies; and (iv) were prepared in good faith based upon reasonable assumptions made by ESGL on a basis consistent with the basis employed in such books and records for the relevant periods.

6.6.2 | ESGL makes and keeps books, records, and accounts and has devised and maintains a system of internal controls, in each case as required pursuant to Section 13(b)(2) under the Exchange Act. ESGL has established and maintains disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting (as such terms are defined in paragraphs (e) and (f), respectively, of Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act) as required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act and the applicable listing standards of the Nasdaq. Such disclosure controls and procedures are reasonably designed to ensure that all material information required to be disclosed by ESGL in the reports that it files under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that all such material information is accumulated and communicated to its management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to make the certifications required pursuant to Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”).

6.6.3 | ESGL has established and maintained a system of internal controls over financial reporting that comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such internal controls are sufficient to provide reasonable assurances (i) regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the accounting principles which have been consistently applied by ESGL, (ii) that transactions, receipts and expenditures of the ESGL Group Companies are being executed and made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors of ESGL, (iii) that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with such accounting principles and to maintain accountability for assets, (iv) regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the assets of the ESGL Group Companies that could have a material effect on the financial statements, and (v) that accounts, notes and other receivables are recorded accurately. To the knowledge of ESGL, there is no (A) significant deficiency or material weakness in the system of internal controls over financial reporting of the ESGL Group Companies, (B) fraud, whether or not material, that involves ESGL’s management or other employees or Affiliates who have a significant role in the preparation of financial statements or the internal accounting controls utilized by ESGL, or (C) claim or allegation regarding any of the foregoing or any whistleblower complaint or report whether regarding the foregoing or any other matter.

6.6.4 | There are no outstanding loans or other extensions of credit made by ESGL to any executive officer (as defined in Rule 3b-7 under the Exchange Act) or director of ESGL. ESGL has not taken any action prohibited by Section 402 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

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7 | Assets

7.1 | Real Properties and Buildings

7.1.1 | The leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements in relation to the use of the office premises of the ESGL Group are held under valid, subsisting and enforceable contracts, leases or other grants.

7.1.2 | No default (or event which with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute a default) by any ESGL Group Company has occurred and is continuing under any of such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements.

7.1.3 | There are no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any thereof.

7.1.4 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has notice of any claim of any nature that has been asserted by anyone adverse to their rights under such leases, tenancies, licences, concessions or agreements or negatively affecting their rights to the continued possession of such property or other assets.

7.2 | Ownership of Assets

All assets included in the or acquired by the ESGL Group or which have otherwise arisen since the date of its latest audited accounts, other than any assets disposed of or realised in the ordinary and usual course of business:

| (a) | are assets over which the ESGL Group has lawful ownership rights;

| (b) | are, where capable of possession, in the possession or under the control of the ESGL Group;

| (c) | are free from Encumbrances; and

| (d) | are not the subject of any factoring arrangement, conditional sale or credit agreement.

7.3 | Accounts Receivable

None of the accounts receivable by any ESGL Group Company which are included in ESGL’s latest audited accounts or which have subsequently arisen has been released on terms that the debtor has paid less than the full value of his/its debt, and all such debts have realised or will realise in the normal course of collection their full value as included in its latest audited accounts or in the books of any ESGL Group Company after taking into account the provision for bad and doubtful debts made in its latest audited accounts. For the avoidance of doubt, a debt shall not be regarded as realising its full value to the extent that it is paid, received or otherwise recovered in circumstances in which such payment, receipt or recovery is or may be void, voidable or otherwise liable to be reclaimed or set aside.

7.4 | Plant and Machinery

The plant and machinery, vehicles and other equipment, where applicable, owned or used by the ESGL Group are in good repair and condition and in reasonable working order, have been regularly and properly maintained and are not dangerous, obsolete, inefficient or surplus to requirements.

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7.5 | Sufficiency of Assets

The property, rights and assets owned, or leased by the ESGL Group Companies comprise all the property, rights and assets necessary or convenient for the carrying on of the business of the ESGL Group fully and effectively in the manner in, and to the extent to, which it is presently being conducted.

7.6 | Bank Accounts

Save for the bank accounts opened in the name of Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte Ltd, the ESGL Group does not have any bank accounts in any jurisdiction.

8 | Intellectual Property and Knowhow

8.1 | Sufficiency of Intellectual Property Rights and Knowhow

The ESGL Group owns or has valid and enforceable licences to use all the Intellectual Property Rights and Knowhow necessary or convenient for the carrying on of the business of the ESGL Group fully and effectively in the manner in, and to the extent to, which it is or has been conducted at, or in the one (1) year immediately before, Closing.

8.2 | Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights

8.2.1 | All Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the ESGL Group Companies are:

| (a) | valid, subsisting and enforceable and no act or omission has been done or not been done which may cause them to cease to be valid, subsisting and enforceable;

| (b) | not subject to any claim or opposition from any Person as to title, validity, enforceability, or otherwise; and

| (c) | free from any licence, Encumbrance, restriction on use or exploitation, option to buy or sell, or disclosure obligation.

8.2.2 | The entry into or performance of this Agreement will not result in the termination of, or affect, any Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the ESGL Group Companies.

8.3 | Registration

All application and renewal fees payable in respect of the registered Intellectual Property Rights owned by or licensed to the ESGL Group Companies has been paid. All other reasonable steps necessary to apply for, maintain and protect the registered rights have been taken. There are no grounds on which any registration or application for registration in respect of any such rights may be challenged, refused, forfeited or modified.

8.4 | IP Licences

None of the ESGL Group Companies has granted nor is it obliged to grant any licences in respect of all or any part of the Intellectual Property Rights owned by it. There are no pending or threatened applications for licences of right, compulsory licences or equivalent relief in any jurisdiction in respect of such rights.

8.5 | Infringement

8.5.1 | The ESGL Group Companies have neither infringed nor been infringing the Intellectual Property Rights of any other Person.

8.5.2 | No third party has infringed or is infringing the Intellectual Property Rights of the ESGL Group Companies.

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8.6 | Advertising and Marketing Materials

All advertising and marketing material used or proposed to be used in connection with the business of the ESGL Group complies with all legal and regulatory requirements in all material respects in all countries in which such material is used or proposed to be used. There are no grounds under which such material could be challenged or give rise to any complaint or liability for any reason whatsoever including, without limitation, defamation, trade libel, copyright, moral rights or any analogous law.

8.7 | Assignment of rights

All Persons, including current and former employees, contractors or consultants, who have contributed to the development, creation or invention of any material Intellectual Property Rights owned or purported to be owned by the ESGL Group, have entered into valid and enforceable written agreements in which such Persons have assigned to the ESGL Group any and all ownership interests or rights they may have in such Intellectual Property Rights.

9 | Contracts

9.1 | Capital Commitments

Save as disclosed in ESGL’s consolidated audited accounts, there are no capital commitments entered into or proposed by the ESGL Group Companies.

9.2 | Contracts

9.2.1 | All the contracts and agreements of whatsoever nature to which an ESGL Group Company is a party are legal, valid, binding and enforceable obligations of the parties thereto and the terms thereof have been complied with by the relevant ESGL Group Company and there are no circumstances likely to give rise to any breach of such terms, no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of the contracts or agreements and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any thereof.

9.2.2 | None of the ESGL Group Companies is a party to or subject to any contract, transaction, arrangement, understanding or obligation which:

| (a) | is not in the ordinary and usual course of business;

| (b) | is not wholly on an arm’s length basis;

| (c) | is of a long-term nature that is, unlikely to have been fully performed, in accordance with its terms, more than six (6) months after the date on which it was entered into or undertaken or is incapable of termination in accordance with its terms by the ESGL Group Companies on six (6) months’ notice or less;

| (d) | is of a loss-making nature (that is, known to be likely to result in loss on completion or performance);

| (e) | cannot readily be fulfilled or performed without undue or unusual expenditure of money or effort; or

| (f) | restricts its freedom to carry on its business in any part of the world in such manner as it thinks fit.

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9.3 | Arrangements with Connected Persons

9.3.1 | Save for (a) outstanding loans owing to certain shareholders of ESGL and (b) personal guarantees given by Quek Leng Chuang in relation to the outstanding bank loans as disclosed in ESGL’s consolidated audited accounts, there is no indebtedness (actual or contingent) nor any indemnity, guarantee or security arrangement in the ESGL Group, any shareholder of ESGL and any current or former employee, current or former director or any current or former consultant of any ESGL Group Company.

9.3.2 | None of the ESGL Group Companies is or has been party to any contract, arrangement or understanding with any current or former employee, current or former director or any current or former consultant of such ESGL Group Company or any Person connected with any of such Persons or any Person connected with any of such Persons, or in which any such Person is interested (whether directly or indirectly).

9.4 | Compliance with Agreements

9.4.1 | All the contracts and all leases, tenancies, licences, concessions and agreements which are material to the business and operation of the ESGL Group and to which any ESGL Group Company is a party are valid, binding and enforceable obligations of such ESGL Group Company and the terms thereof have been complied with by such ESGL Group Company.

9.4.2 | There are no grounds for rescission, avoidance or repudiation of any of such contracts or matters referred to in paragraph 9.4.1 and no notice of termination or of intention to terminate has been received in respect of any of them.

9.4.3 | There are no contracts, agreements or arrangements to which any ESGL Group Company is a party that are illegal, registrable or notifiable under any of the laws or regulations of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or any other applicable laws.

9.5 | Effect of Acquisition

Neither the entry into, nor compliance with, nor completion of this Agreement nor the entry into, compliance with, or completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement will, or is likely to:

| (a) | cause any ESGL Group Company to lose the benefit of any right or privilege it presently enjoys;

| (b) | cause any Person who normally does business with or gives credit to any ESGL Group Company not to continue to do so on the same basis;

| (c) | cause any management personnel of the ESGL Group to leave his or her employment, prejudicially affect the attitude or action of government authorities, major customers and suppliers with regard to the ESGL Group; or

| (d) | result in a breach of, or give any third party a right to terminate or vary, or result in any Encumbrance under, any contract or arrangement to which any ESGL Group Company is a party.

10 | Employees

10.1 | Employees and Terms of Employment

10.1.1 | The ESGL Group Companies have entered into employment contracts with all of their employees, and there is no labour or employment contract or agreement which has not been entered into pursuant to the requirements of the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or operates.

10.1.2 | All agreements or arrangements relating to the employment of the employees of the ESGL Group Companies have been entered into on an arm’s length basis between the relevant parties.

10.1.3 | There is no agreement or arrangement in place in any ESGL Group Company and any trade union or other organisation representing all, or any group of, employees of the relevant ESGL Group Company.

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10.2 | Termination of Employment

10.2.1 | Since the date of ESGL’s latest audited accounts, there have been no proposals to terminate the employment of the management personnel of the ESGL Group.

10.2.2 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has made or agreed to make any payment or provided or agreed to provide any benefit to any employee or consultant or former employee or consultant of any ESGL Group Company or any dependant of any such Persons in connection with the actual or proposed termination or suspension of employment other than making payment in accordance with the provisions of the applicable employment laws, nor is it liable to make any such payment or to provide any such benefit.

10.3 | Incentive Schemes

Save for the ESGL Existing ESOP, there are no share incentive, share option, profit sharing, bonus or other incentive arrangements for or affecting any employees or other workers or former employees or other former workers of the ESGL Group.

10.4 | Pensions and Social Security Funds

10.4.1 | No liability has been or may be incurred by any ESGL Group Company for breach of any obligation for contribution to any pension fund or any other social security funds so provided under the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or the competent authorities from time to time to which the ESGL Group Company is obliged to make contributions for its employees (together, the “social security funds”).

10.4.2 | Other than under the social security funds, there are no pension, provident, superannuating or retirement benefit funds, schemes or arrangements under which any ESGL Group Company is obliged, whether contractually or otherwise, to provide to any of its employees or officers or former employees or officers or any spouse or other dependants of any such Person retirement benefits of any kind (which expression shall include benefits payable upon retirement, leaving service, death, disablement and any other benefits which are commonly provided for under provident or retirement schemes).

10.5 | Compliance

The ESGL Group Companies have complied with their obligations to their employees and former employees, whether under the terms of their employment or under the law of the jurisdiction in which they are incorporated or operate.

11 | Legal Compliance

11.1 | Licences and Approvals

11.1.1 | All Approvals necessary for the due establishment of, the carrying on of the businesses and operations as now carried on and as previously carried on by the ESGL Group Companies have been obtained, are in full force and effect, do not contain conditions which would hinder the ordinary and usual course of business and have been and are being complied with.

11.1.2 | There is no investigation, enquiry or proceeding, outstanding or anticipated, against any ESGL Group Company with respect to the Approvals, the conduct of the ESGL Group Companies’ business or the absence of any required internal policy or procedure. None of the ESGL Group Companies has received any notice or other communication from any government authority or regulatory body alleging that any ESGL Group Company has not obtained valid Approvals required for carrying on its business effectively as now carried on and as previously carried on by the ESGL Group Company in accordance with the law.

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11.1.3 | None of the Approvals or any conditions attached thereto has been breached.

11.1.4 | None of the Approvals is likely to be suspended, cancelled, refused, modified or revoked or its renewal refused (whether as a result of the entry into or completion of this Agreement or the entry into or completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or otherwise).

11.2 | Compliance with Laws

11.2.1 | The ESGL Group Companies are conducting, and have conducted, the ESGL Group’s business and hold all its assets in compliance with the applicable laws and regulations of the jurisdiction in which they were incorporated or operate, and are not in default of any statute, regulation, order, decree or judgment of any court or any government authority or regulatory body in such jurisdiction.

11.2.2 | The ESGL Group Companies have not received any notice or other communication from any court, tribunal, arbitrator, government authority or regulatory body with respect to an alleged, actual or potential violation and/ or failure to comply with any such applicable laws or regulation, or requiring it to take or omit any action.

11.3 | Regulatory Filings and Investigations

11.3.1 | Save for ESGL’s Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2023 which was not timely filed, the ESGL Group Companies have timely filed all material reports, data and other information, applications and notices required to be filed with or otherwise provided to any government authority or regulatory body and no deficiencies material to the operations, financial condition, assets, properties, or the business of the ESGL Group Companies have been asserted by any governmental authority or regulatory body with respect to any such reports, data and other information, applications and notices filed with them.

11.3.2 | Neither any ESGL Group Company nor any of its directors or employees has been investigated or audited by any government authority or regulatory body (in the case of any employee, in connection with any act or omission in the course of his employment), resulting in a government authority or regulatory body imposing any fines and/or penalties.

11.3.3 | Save for ESGL’s Form 20-F for the year ended 31 December 2023 which was not timely filed, ESGL has timely (including following any extensions of time for filing provided by Rule 12b-25 promulgated under the Exchange Act) filed or furnished all registration statements, forms, reports, schedules, statements and other documents together with any amendments, restatements or supplements thereto required to be filed or furnished by ESGL with the SEC under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act (all of the foregoing filed prior to the date of this Agreement, the “Filed SEC Reports”) since ESGL’s formation under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, and will have timely filed or furnished all such forms, reports, schedules, statements and other documents required to be filed or furnished subsequent to the date of this Agreement through the Closing Date (the “Interim Period SEC Reports”). Except to the extent such Filed SEC Reports are available on the SEC’s website through EDGAR, ESGL has delivered to DTA copies, in the form filed with or furnished to the SEC, of all Filed SEC Reports.

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11.3.4 | With respect to all agreements, documents and other instruments that previously had been filed by ESGL with the SEC, to the extent there is any amendment and modification thereto currently in effect which has not been filed or furnished by ESGL with the SEC, ESGL has disclosed or provided true and complete copies of such amendments and modifications to the De Tomaso Shareholders. As of their respective filing dates and except to the extent corrected by a subsequent Filed SEC Report, (i) the Filed SEC Reports did not, and the Interim Period SEC Reports will not, contain, when filed or furnished, any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and (ii) Filed SEC Reports complied, and the Interim Period SEC Reports will comply, in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, as the case may be, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder. All certifications and statements required by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (as the case may be) with respect to the Filed SEC Reports and the Interim Period SEC Reports are each true and correct in all material respects.

11.3.5 | ESGL maintains disclosure controls and procedures required under the Exchange Act to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. As at the date of this Agreement, (i) there are no outstanding or unresolved comments from the SEC with respect to ESGL or the Filed SEC Reports and (ii) to the knowledge of ESGL, none of the Filed SEC Reports filed on or prior to the date of this Agreement or ESGL is subject to outstanding SEC comment or any ongoing investigation or review by the SEC or any other regulatory body. ESGL is in compliance in all material respects with the applicable listing and corporate governance rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Except as disclosed in the Filed SEC Reports, ESGL has not received any written deficiency notice from Nasdaq for non-compliance with any Nasdaq listing rule.

11.3.6 | Neither ESGL nor its Affiliates have taken, and will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to, or that might reasonably be expected to, cause or result in stabilization or manipulation of the price of ESGL’s ordinary shares to facilitate the sale or resale of ESGL’s ordinary shares or affect the price at which ESGL’s ordinary shares may be issued or resold.

11.3.7 | ESGL is not an “investment company” or a Person directly or indirectly “controlled” by or acting on behalf of an “investment company”, in each case within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

11.3.8 | ESGL is in compliance with applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC thereunder in effect as of the date of this Agreement, except where such non-compliance could not be reasonably expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect.

11.4 | Anti-money Laundering

The ESGL Group Companies maintain adequate internal control procedures and policies to identify and prevent money laundering and undertakes appropriate money laundering compliance checks in order to identify its customers prior to accepting or conducting business with or accepting money from such customers.

11.5 | No Questionable Payments

None of the directors, officers, agents, employees or other Persons acting on behalf of any ESGL Group Company has been party to the use of any of the assets of the ESGL Group Company for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses relating to political activity or to the making of any direct or indirect unlawful payment to government officials or employees from such assets; to the establishment or maintenance of any unlawful or unrecorded fund of monies or other assets; to the making of any false or fictitious entries in the books or records of the ESGL Group Company; or to the making of any unlawful or undisclosed payment.

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12 | No Bribery

None of the ESGL Group Companies or any director, officer, agent or employee of the ESGL Group Companies (in their capacities as such) has taken, or caused to be taken, or will take, or cause to be taken, directly or indirectly, any action, including without limitation (a) any contribution, payment or gift of funds or property to any official, employee or agent of any government authority or instrumentality, or (b) any contribution to any political party or any candidate for public office, either independently or as part of implementing any aspect of the transactions or actions contemplated in this Agreement, that, if such action had been taken directly by DTA, the De Tomaso Shareholders or any of their Affiliates, would, or could, (assuming such law, treaty or convention were directly applicable to such entity and any such treaty or convention had the force of law) cause DTA, the De Tomaso Shareholders or any of their Affiliates to be in violation of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions adopted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 or any other relevant law, treaty or convention relating to anti-bribery, anti-corruption or similar matters.

13 | Anti-Competitive Agreements and Practices

The ESGL Group Companies are not a party to any agreement, arrangement or concerted practice or are or have been carrying on any practice:

| (a) | which in whole or in part may contravene or may be invalidated by any anti-trust, fair trading, dumping, state aid, consumer protection or similar laws or regulations in any jurisdiction; or

| (b) | in respect of which any approval, filing, registration or notification is required or is advisable pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations (whether or not the same has in fact been made).

14 | Litigation

14.1 | Current Proceedings

None of the ESGL Group Companies (or any Person for whose acts or defaults any ESGL Group Company may be vicariously liable) is involved whether as claimant or defendant or other party in any claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration.

14.2 | Pending or Threatened Proceedings

No such claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration referred to in paragraph 14.1 is pending or threatened by or against the ESGL Group Companies (or any Person for whose acts or defaults any ESGL Group Company may be vicariously liable).

14.3 | Circumstances likely to lead to claims

There are no disputes, investigations, disciplinary proceedings or other circumstances likely to lead to any such claim, legal action, proceeding, suit, litigation, prosecution, investigation, enquiry, mediation or arbitration referred to in paragraph 14.1.

14.4 | No Court Orders

The ESGL Group Companies, nor any of the properties, assets or operations which they owns or in which it is interested, is not subject to any continuing injunction, judgment or order of any court, arbitrator, government authority or regulatory body, nor in default under any order, licence, regulation or demand of any government authority or regulatory body or with respect to any order, suit, injunction or decree of any court.

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15 | Insurance

15.1 | Particulars of Insurance

15.1.1 | All the assets of the ESGL Group Companies which are material to the operation of the ESGL Group and are capable of being insured are insured to against risks normally insured against by companies carrying on similar businesses or owning assets of a similar nature.

15.1.2 | The ESGL Group is adequately and effectively covered against accident, physical loss or damage, liability in relation to employees’ compensation, third party liability (including product liability), environmental liability (to the extent that insurance is reasonably available), and other risks normally covered by insurance by such companies in a similar status.

15.2 | Details of Policies

In respect of the insurances referred to in paragraph 15.1:

| (a) | all premiums and any related insurance premium taxes have been duly paid to date;

| (b) | all the policies are in full force and effect, and there have been no cancellations or non-renewals of the policies;

| (c) | no act, omission, misrepresentation or non-disclosure by or on behalf of any ESGL Group Company has occurred which makes any of these policies void, voidable or unenforceable; and

| (d) | no circumstances have arisen which would render any of the policies void or unenforceable for illegality or otherwise;

| (e) | there has been no breach of the terms, conditions and warranties of any of the policies by any ESGL Group Company that would entitle insurers to decline to pay all or any part of any claim made under the policies or to terminate any policy;

| (f) | there are no special or unusual limits, terms, exclusions or restrictions in any of the policies; and

| (g) | no circumstances exist which are likely to give rise to any increase in premiums.

15.3 | Insurance Claims

15.3.1 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has made any insurance claims in excess of US$100,000 (or the equivalent amount in other currencies) since its incorporation.

15.3.2 | No insurance claim in excess of US$100,000 (or the equivalent amount in other currencies) is outstanding and no circumstances exist which are likely to give rise to any insurance claim.

15.4 | Claims Refused

No claim has been refused or settled below the amount claimed.

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16 | Taxation

16.1 | Compliance

16.1.1 | The ESGL Group Companies have within the time limits prescribed by relevant law duly registered with the relevant taxation authority, duly paid all tax, made all returns, given all notices, supplied all other information required to be supplied to any Taxation authority and all such information was and remains complete and accurate in all material respects and all such returns and notices were and remain complete and accurate in all material respects and were made on a proper basis and the none of the ESGL Group Companies is the subject of a back duty, additional tax or other tax investigation and there are no facts which are likely to cause such an investigation to be initiated and no notices of any dispute regarding tax recoverable from any ESGL Group Company or regarding the availability of any relief from tax to any ESGL Group Company have been served or made. The ESGL Group Companies have not, and have not at any time since the date of ESGL’s latest audited accounts been, liable to pay any penalty or interest on any unpaid tax.

16.1.2 | The ESGL Group Companies have made all deductions and withholdings in respect or on account of tax which they are required or entitled by any relevant legislation to make from any payments made by them. They have accounted in full to the relevant Taxation and fiscal authorities for any tax so deducted or withheld.

16.2 | Returns, Information and Clearances

16.2.1 | All returns, computations, notices and information which are or have been required to be made or given by the ESGL Group Companies for any taxation purpose (a) have been made or given within the requisite periods and on a proper basis and are up-to-date and correct, and (b) none of them is, or is likely to be, the subject of any dispute with any taxation authorities.

16.2.2 | The ESGL Group Companies are in possession of sufficient information to enable them to compute their liability to taxation insofar as it depends on any transaction occurring on or before Closing.

16.3 | Taxation Claims, Liabilities and Reliefs

16.3.1 | There is no liability to taxation in respect of which a claim could be made against ESGL in connection with any ESGL Group Company and there are no circumstances likely to give rise to such a liability.

16.3.2 | No relief (whether by way of deduction, reduction, set-off, exemption, postponement, roll-over, hold-over, repayment or allowance or otherwise) from, against or in respect of any taxation has been claimed and/ or given to any ESGL Group Company which could or might be effectively withdrawn, postponed, restricted, clawed back or otherwise lost as a result of any act, omission, event or circumstance arising or occurring at or at any time after Closing.

16.3.3 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has taken any action which has had, or will have, the result of altering, prejudicing or in any way disturbing any arrangement or agreement which it has previously had with any government authorities in relation to taxation.

16.4 | Company Residence

Each ESGL Group Company has been and continues to be resident for tax purposes in the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated and nowhere else at all times since its incorporation.

16.5 | Finance Leases

Save as disclosed in ESGL’s consolidated audited accounts, none of the ESGL Group Companies is or has been the lessor or the lessee under any finance lease of an asset. For the purposes of this paragraph, “finance lease” means any arrangements for the leasing of an asset which fall for the purposes of the accounts of ESGL to be treated in accordance with normal accountancy practice as a finance lease or loan.

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16.6 | Indemnification

None of the ESGL Group Companies is a party to any agreement under which it is liable to indemnify any Person with respect to taxes or otherwise share liability to taxes with any Person.

16.7 | Avoidance

None of the ESGL Group Companies has at any time been in breach of applicable laws, entered into, engaged in or been a party to or otherwise been involved in any transaction, scheme or arrangement for the avoidance of, or reduction in liability to, taxes.

17 | Important Business Issues since tHE DATE OF LATEST ACCOUNTS

Since the date of ESGL’s latest audited accounts as regards each ESGL Group Company:

| (a) | there has been no material adverse change in its financial or trading position or prospects, and no event, fact or matter has occurred or is likely to occur which will or is likely to give rise to any such change;

| (b) | its business has not been materially and adversely affected by any abnormal factor whether or not affecting similar businesses to a like extent and there are no facts which are likely to give rise to any such effects;

| (c) | its business has been carried on as a going concern in the ordinary and usual course, without any interruption or alteration in its nature, scope or manner;

| (d) | the business has not been materially and adversely affected by the loss of any important customer or source of supply and there are no facts or circumstances which are likely to give rise to any such effects. For these purposes, an important customer or source of supply means one which in any of the years immediately preceding the date of EGSL’s latest audited accounts accounted for twenty (20) per cent or more (in the case of a customer) of the turnover of the ESGL Group (in the case of a source of supply) of the goods, services or equipment supplied to the ESGL Group;

| (e) | save as disclosed in publicly available information, the ESGL Group Company has not issued or agreed to issue any equity interest or any other security giving rise to a right over equity interest in it;

| (f) | the ESGL Group Company has not redeemed or purchased or agreed to redeem or purchase any equity interest in it; and

| (g) | the ESGL Group Company has not incurred any additional borrowings or incurred any other indebtedness.

18 | Insolvency

18.1 | None of the ESGL Group Companies is insolvent or unable to pay its debts when they become due, or is in liquidation under the applicable laws.

18.2 | None of the ESGL Group Companies has proposed or intends to propose any arrangement of any type with its creditors or any group of creditors whether by court process or otherwise.

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18.3 | No outstanding petition has been presented, application made, proceedings commenced, resolution passed or meeting convened for the termination, liquidation, bankruptcy or dissolution of any ESGL Group Company any process been commenced whereby the business of any ESGL Group Company is terminated and the assets of the ESGL Group Company are distributed amongst the creditors or shareholders or other contributories of the ESGL Group Company or whereby the affairs, business or assets of the ESGL Group Company are managed by a Person appointed for the purpose by a court, government authority or similar body or by any creditor or the ESGL Group Company itself, nor has any such order or relief been granted or appointment made, and there are no cases or proceedings under any applicable insolvency, reorganisation, or similar laws in any jurisdiction concerning any ESGL Group Company and no events have occurred which, under the law of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated or it operates, or other applicable laws, would justify any such cases or proceedings.

18.4 | No liquidator, trustee, supervisor, nominee, custodian or similar official has been appointed in respect of the whole or any part of the business or assets of any ESGL Group Company nor has any step been taken for or with a view to the appointment of such a Person nor has any event taken place or is likely to take place as a consequence of which such an appointment might be made.

18.5 | No creditor of any ESGL Group Company has taken, or is entitled to take any steps to enforce, or has enforced any security over any assets of the ESGL Group Company or is likely to do so in the immediate future.

18.6 | None of the ESGL Group Companies is in default of any of its obligations in relation to any of its financial facilities which will constitute an event of default thereto.

18.7 | None of the businesses or assets of any ESGL Group Company is the subject of any seizure, execution or other compulsory disposal procedure, either in whole or in part, no liquidation committee or similar body or Person has been appointed in any jurisdiction in respect of the whole or any part of the business or assets of any ESGL Group Company and no step has been taken for or with a view to the appointment of such a body or Person.

18.8 | No ruling declaring the insolvency of any ESGL Group Company has been made and no public announcement in respect of the same has been pronounced by a court of the jurisdiction in which it is incorporated.

18.9 | There is no unfulfilled or unsatisfied judgment or order of a court of the jurisdiction in which it was incorporated or it operates outstanding against any ESGL Group Company.

19 | NO INTEGRATED OFFERING

Assuming the accuracy of De Tomaso Shareholders’ Warranties and DTA’s Warranties in Part A(I) and (II) of Schedule 4, neither ESGL, nor any of its Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf has, directly or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause this offering of the ESGL Shares to be integrated with prior offerings by ESGL for purposes of (i) the Securities Act which would require the registration of any such shares under the Securities Act, or (ii) any applicable shareholder approval provisions of Nasdaq or any principal trading exchange or market on which any of the securities of ESGL are listed or designated.

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Schedule 5

Form of Lock-up Agreement

[intentionally omitted]

Sch 5 - 1

Exhibit 10.1

DATED 26 FEBRUARY 2025

BETWEEN

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

and

DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED

and

FTAG ASSET MANAGEMENT LTD.

TRANSACTION SUPPORT AGREEMENT

This transaction support agreement (the “Agreement”) is made on the 26TH day of February 2025

AMONG:

(1) | ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, having its registered office at 71 Fort Street, PO Box 500, George Town, Grand Cayman, KY1-1106, Cayman Islands (“ESGL”);

(2) | DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI HOLDINGS LIMITED, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, having its registered office at P.O. Box 31119 Grand Pavilion, Hibiscus Way, 802 West Bay Road, Grand Cayman, KY1-1205 Cayman Islands (“DTA”);

(3) | FTAG ASSET MANAGEMENT LTD., a private company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of Malaysia, having its registered office at Level 15(A1), Main Office Tower, Financial Park Labuan, Jalan Merdeka, 87000 Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia (“FTAG”),

(each a “Party”, and collectively the “Parties”)

WHEREAS:

(A) | As at the date of this Agreement, ESGL has entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Share Purchase Agreement”) with the majority shareholders of DTA, pursuant to which ESGL agreed to acquire the entire issued share capital of DTA from its shareholders, such that DTA shall become a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of ESGL upon closing of the acquisition (the “Acquisition”). Unless otherwise indicated, capitalised terms herein shall have the same meaning as defined in the Share Purchase Agreement.

(B) | As at the date of this Agreement, FTAG is the legal and beneficial owner of 25,000,000 preferred shares of DTA.

(C) | FTAG acknowledges and agrees to support and pursue the Acquisition in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein.

IT IS AGREED as follows:

1 | Acknowledgment and Consent

Until the termination of this Agreement in accordance with its terms, FTAG irrevocably and unconditionally consents to and approves the entering into, execution and performance of the Share Purchase Agreement by DTA and all other related documents to which DTA is or will be a party and any transactions contemplated thereunder.

2 | COVENANTS

FTAG irrevocably and unconditionally undertakes and agrees that it shall so long as this Agreement has not been terminated:

| (a) | enter into, execute and deliver the Deed of Adherence on or prior to the Closing Date and perform its obligations thereunder (including but not limited to selling its Sale Shares to ESGL in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Share Purchase Agreement);

| (b) | support and take all reasonable actions necessary or reasonably requested by DTA to facilitate the implementation and consummation of the Acquisition, including but not limited to, (i) executing and delivering all documentation, voting in favour of the Acquisition and all relevant resolutions and taking all necessary actions to support and complete the Acquisition and all other transactions contemplated under the Share Purchase Agreement and this Agreement and, (ii) refraining from taking any actions inconsistent with, and not failing or omitting to take an action that is required by, the Share Purchase Agreement and this Agreement;

| (c) | not, whether directly or indirectly, (i) object to, delay or impede the Acquisition or the implementation thereof or initiate any legal proceedings that are inconsistent with, or that would delay, prevent, frustrate, or impede the approval, solicitation, or consummation of, the Acquisition and all other transactions contemplated under the Share Purchase Agreement and this Agreement, or take any other action that is inconsistent with or barred by this Agreement; or (ii) solicit, encourage, or direct any Person to undertake any action set forth in this paragraph (c); and

| (d) | unless with the prior written consent of ESGL and DTA, not Transfer or agree to Transfer any of its shares in DTA or any right or interest therein. For the purpose of this paragraph (d), “Transfer” shall mean, any sale, transfer, assignment, pledge, mortgage, exchange, hypothecation, grant of a security interest or encumbrance in or disposition of an interest, whether direct or indirect, with or without consideration, voluntarily or involuntarily, or by operation of law or otherwise.

3 | TERMINATION

3.1 | This Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the date of earlier termination of the Share Purchase Agreement in accordance with its terms.

3.2 | In the event that this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Clause 3.1, this Agreement shall forthwith become null and void and have no further force or effect, each Party hereto shall be released from its covenants, undertakings and agreements under or related to this Agreement and there shall be no liability or obligation hereunder on the part of any Party hereto; provided that in no event shall any such termination relieve a Party hereto from (i) liability for its breach or non-performance of its obligations hereunder prior to the termination of this Agreement, notwithstanding the termination of this Agreement, and (ii) obligations under the Surviving Provisions.

4 | CONFIDENTIALITY

4.1 | FTAG shall keep confidential and shall not disclose or divulge (and to ensure that their affiliates, agents and professional and other advisers keep confidential and not disclose or divulge) any confidential information in relation to the Acquisition or the Share Purchase Agreement which it may have or acquire before or after the date of this Agreement.

4.2 | The obligation of confidentiality under Clause 4.1 does not apply to:

| (a) | the disclosure in confidence on a “need to know” basis by FTAG to its professional adviser(s) (if any) where the disclosure is for a purpose reasonably incidental to this Agreement;

| (b) | the disclosure of information to the extent required to be disclosed by law or any binding judgment, order or requirement of any court or other competent authority;

| (c) | the disclosure in confidence to the Parties’ professional advisers of information reasonably required to be disclosed for a purpose reasonably incidental to this Agreement; or

| (d) | information which becomes within the public domain (otherwise than as a result of a breach of this Clause 4).

5 | NOTICES

5.1 | Each notice, demand or other communication given or made under this Agreement shall be in writing and deemed validity given or served if delivered or sent to the Parties at the address or email address set out below (or such other address as a Party has by five (5) days’ prior written notice specified to the other Parties).

ESGL:

[Intentionally omitted]

DTA, DT MH and Ideal Team:

[Intentionally omitted]

FTAG:

[Intentionally omitted]

5.2 | Any notice, demand or other communication so addressed to the relevant Party shall take effect, in the case of a letter sent by courier, at the time of delivery, or if sent by email, upon the receipt by the sender of the confirmation note indicating that the notice or communication has been sent in full to the recipient’s email address, or such other similar medium of confirmation.

6 | ASSIGNMENT

6.1 | None of the rights or obligations under this Agreement shall not be assignable by any Party except with the prior written consent of the other Parties, and in that event, this Agreement shall thereafter be read and construed and shall have the effect as if the assignee were a Party thereto.

6.2 | Any purported transfer in contravention of this Clause 6 shall be null and void ab initio. This Agreement shall be binding on and enure to the benefit of the parties thereto and their successors and permitted assigns.

7 | FURTHER ASSURANCES

At any time after the date of this Agreement, the Parties shall, and shall use all commercially reasonable efforts to procure that any necessary third party shall, at the cost of the relevant Party, execute such documents and do such acts and things as a Party may reasonably require for the purpose of carrying into effect or giving to that Party the full benefit of all the provisions of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereunder.

8 | REMEDIES

The Parties agree that monetary damages may not be a sufficient remedy for any breach of this Agreement and that the Parties shall be entitled to specific performance or injunctive relief (as appropriate) as a remedy for any breach or threatened breach of this Agreement, in addition to any other remedies available at law or in equity. No remedy conferred by any of the provisions of this Agreement is intended to be exclusive of any other remedy which is otherwise available at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, and each and every other remedy shall be cumulative and shall be in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise. The election of any one or more of such remedies by any Party shall not constitute a waiver by such Party of the right to pursue any other available remedies.

9 | AMENDMENTS

This Agreement may not be altered, amended, modified, superseded, cancelled or terminated except by an express written agreement duly executed by the Parties which makes specific reference to this Agreement.

10 | WAIVER

No failure of each Party to exercise, and no delay by it in exercising, any right, power or remedy in connection with this Agreement (each a “Right”) will operate as a waiver thereof, nor will any single or partial exercise of any Right preclude any other or further exercise of such Right or the exercise of any other Right. The Rights provided in this Agreement are cumulative and not exclusive of any other Rights (whether provided by law or otherwise). Any express waiver of any breach of this Agreement shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any subsequent breach.

11 | SEVERANCE

If any provision of this Agreement or part thereof shall be held to be or is rendered void, illegal or unenforceable by any court or any legislation to which it is subject, it shall be rendered void, illegal or unenforceable to that extent and it shall in no way affect or prejudice the enforceability of the remainder of such provision or the other provisions of this Agreement.

12 | COUNTERPARTS

This Agreement may be executed and delivered in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed and delivered shall be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Any Party may enter into this Agreement by signing any such counterpart (which may include counterparts delivered by email or electronic transmission) and each counterpart shall be as valid and effectual as if executed as an original.

13 | COSTS

Each Party shall bear its own fees, costs and expenses incurred in relation to the negotiation, preparation, review and/or execution (where applicable) of this Agreement, any due diligence exercise and/or other matters incidental to any of the foregoing.

14 | THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

A person who is not a Party shall have no rights under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 of Singapore to enforce any term of this Agreement.

15 | GOVERNING LAW

15.1 | The validity, construction and performance of the terms set out in this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore, without reference to its conflict of laws provisions.

15.2 | Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore. Each of the Parties hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore.

[The remainder of this page has been left deliberately blank]

IN WITNESS HEREOF this Agreement has been executed by the Parties as a deed on the date and year first above written.

EXECUTED AS A DEED by | ) |
QUEK LENG CHUANG | ) |
for and on behalf of | ) | /s/ Quek Leng Chuang
ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED | ) |
| ) |
in the presence of: |  |
/s/ Ho Shian Ching |  |

EXECUTED AS A DEED by | ) |
CHOI SUNG FUNG | ) |
for and on behalf of | ) | /s/ Choi Sung Fung
DE TOMASO AUTOMOBILI | ) |
HOLDINGS LIMITED | ) |
in the presence of: |  |
/s/ Diana Majcher |  |

EXECUTED AS A DEED by | ) |
PHILIP WONG YEE TENG | ) |
for and on behalf of | ) | /s/ Philip Wong Yee Teng
FTAG ASSET MANAGEMENT LTD. | ) |
| ) |
in the presence of: |  |
/s/ James Chong Yao Xuan |  |

Exhibit 10.2

DATED [●]

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

and

[NAME OF RESTRICTED SHAREHOLDER]

LOCK-UP AGREEMENT

THIS LOCK-UP AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is made on the [●] day of [●]

BETWEEN:

(1) | ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with company number 395568, having its registered office at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands (the “Company”, together with its subsidiaries, the “Group”); and

(2) | [NAME OF RESTRICTED SHAREHOLDER], [a [limited company] incorporated under the laws of [place of incorporation], having its registered office at [address] / holder of [[●] passport / identity card number [●]] whose residential address is [address]] (the “Restricted Shareholder”),

(each a “Party” and collectively the “Parties”).

WHEREAS:

(A) | On [●], the Company, the Restricted Shareholder and other holders of ordinary shares in De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands (“DTA”), have entered into a share purchase agreement (as may be amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Share Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company shall purchase the entire issued share capital of DTA from the De Tomaso Shareholders in consideration for the allotment and issuance of the Consideration Shares to the De Tomaso Shareholders.

(B) | In consideration of the Share Purchase Agreement being entered into and to consummate the transactions contemplated thereunder, the parties thereto have agreed that the Restricted Shareholder, being a holder of [●] Consideration Shares upon Closing, shall enter into this Agreement with the Company.

In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth, and intending to be legally bound thereby,

IT IS AGREED as follows:

1. | DEFINITIONS

1.1 | Unless otherwise defined in this Agreement or the Share Purchase Agreement, capitalised terms used herein shall have the following meanings:

| Lock-up Period | means with respect to the Lock-up Shares, the period commencing from the Closing Date and ending on the date that is [six (6) / twelve (12)] months thereafter, or such longer period as agreed between the Parties;
| Lock-up Shares | means any of the Consideration Shares held by the Restricted Shareholder from time to time after Closing; and
| Short Sales | include, without limitation, all “short sales” as defined in Rule 200 promulgated under Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act, and all types of direct and indirect stock pledges, forward sale contracts, options, puts, calls, swaps and similar arrangements (including on a total return basis), and sales and other transactions through non-U.S. broker dealers or foreign regulated brokers.

1.2 | The headings in this Agreement do not affect its interpretation.

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1.3 | Where any obligation in this Agreement is expressed to be undertaken or assumed by any Party, that obligation is to be construed as requiring the Party concerned to exercise, to the extent possible, all rights and powers of control over the affairs of any other Person which it is able to exercise (whether directly or indirectly) in order to secure performance of the obligation.

1.4 | In this Agreement, unless otherwise indicated:

| (a) | each reference to any Schedule shall be deemed to refer to a schedule to this Agreement, and the schedules to this Agreement shall be deemed to form part of this Agreement;

| (b) | each reference to, and the definition of, any document shall be deemed to refer to such document as it may be amended from time to time in accordance with its terms;

| (c) | each reference to a law or governmental approval shall be deemed to refer to such law or governmental approval as it may be amended from time to time;

| (d) | any reference to a Person in any capacity includes a reference to its permitted successors and assigns in such capacity and, in the case of any government entity, any Person succeeding to any of its functions and capacities;

| (e) | defined terms in the singular shall include the plural and vice versa, and the masculine, feminine or neuter gender shall include all genders; and

| (f) | the words “include”, “includes” and “including” are deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation”.

2. | LOCK-UP

2.1 | Subject to Clauses 2.3 and 2.4, the Restricted Shareholder irrevocably agrees that during the Lock-up Period, it will not offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the Lock-up Shares, enter into a transaction that would have the same effect, or enter into any swap, hedge or other arrangement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of such Lock-up Shares, whether any of these transactions are to be settled by delivery of any such Lock-up Shares, in cash or otherwise, publicly disclose the intention to make any offer, sale, pledge or disposition, or to enter into any transaction, swap, hedge or other arrangement, or engage in any Short Sales with respect to any security of the Company.

2.2 | In furtherance of the lock-up restriction in Clause 2.1 above, the Company shall:

| (a) | place an irrevocable stop order on all Lock-up Shares, including those which may be covered by a registration statement; and

| (b) | notify its transfer agent in writing of the stop order and the restrictions on such Lock-up Shares under this Agreement and direct its transfer agent not to process any attempts by the Restricted Shareholder to resell or transfer any Lock-up Shares, except in compliance with this Agreement.

2.3 | The lock-up restriction in Clause 2.1 shall cease to apply upon the earlier of the expiry of the Lock-up Period and the consummation of any of the following change of control events:

| (a) | the sale of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Group to a third-party purchaser;

| (b) | a sale resulting in no less than a majority of the voting rights of the Company being held by a Person who did not own a majority of the voting rights of the Company prior to such sale; and

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| (c) | except the transactions contemplated under the Share Purchase Agreement, a merger, consolidation, recapitalization or reorganization of the Company with or into a third-party purchaser that results in the inability of the pre-transaction shareholders to designate or elect a majority of the board of directors (or its equivalent) of the resulting entity or its parent company.

The Company shall notify its transfer agent of the cessation of lock-up restriction as soon as practicable and direct its transfer agent to lift the prohibition on the resale or transfer of Lock-up Shares by the Restricted Shareholder, and shall take all other necessary steps to enable such resale or transfer.

2.4 | The lock-up restriction in Clause 2.1 shall not to apply to the following circumstances:

| (a) | transfers or distributions to the Restricted Shareholder’s current or former general or limited partners, managers or members, stockholders, other equity holders or direct or indirect affiliates (within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act) or to the estates of any of the foregoing;

| (b) | transfers by bona fide gift to a member of the Restricted Shareholder’s immediate family or to a trust, the beneficiary of which is the Restricted Shareholder or a member of the Restricted Shareholder’s immediate family for estate planning purposes;

| (c) | by virtue of the laws of descent, succession and distribution upon death of the Restricted Shareholder; and

| (d) | pursuant to a qualified domestic relations order, in each case where such transferee agrees to be bound by the terms of this Agreement.

3. | REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

Each Party hereby represents and warrants to the other Party that as at the date of this Agreement:

| (a) | such Party has the legal right and full power and authority to enter into, deliver and perform its respective obligations under this Agreement, which when executed will constitute valid and binding obligations on such Party in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; and

| (b) | the execution, delivery and performance of such Party’s obligations under this Agreement will not and are not likely to conflict with or breach the terms of any other agreement, contract, commitment or understanding to which such Party is a party or to which the assets or securities of such Party are bound.

4. | NO ADDITIONAL FEES

Other than the consideration specifically referenced herein, the Parties acknowledge and agree that no additional fee, payment or consideration in any form has been or will be paid to the Restricted Shareholder in connection with this Agreement.

5. | NOTICES

5.1 | Each notice, demand or other communication given or made under this Agreement shall be in writing and deemed validity given or served if delivered or sent to the Parties at the address or email address set out below (or such other address as a Party has by five (5) Business Days’ prior written notice specified to the other Party).

3

The Company:

| Address: | PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands
| Email: | [●]
| Attention: | [●]

The Restricted Shareholder:

| Address: | [●]
| Email: | [●]
| [Attention: | [●]]

5.2 | Any notice, demand or other communication so addressed to the relevant Party shall take effect, in the case of a letter sent by courier, at the time of delivery, or if sent by email, upon the receipt by the sender of the confirmation note indicating that the notice or communication has been sent in full to the recipient’s email address, or such other similar medium of confirmation.

6. | ASSIGNMENT

6.1 | None of the rights or obligations under this Agreement shall not be assignable by any Party except with the prior written consent of the other Parties, and in that event, this Agreement shall thereafter be read and construed and shall have the effect as if the assignee were a Party thereto.

6.2 | Any purported transfer in contravention of this Clause 6 shall be null and void ab initio. This Agreement shall be binding on and enure to the benefit of the parties thereto and their successors and permitted assigns.

7. | FURTHER ASSURANCES

At any time after the date of this Agreement, the Parties shall, and shall use all commercially reasonable efforts to procure that any necessary third party shall, at the cost of the relevant Party, execute such documents and do such acts and things as a Party may reasonably require for the purpose of carrying into effect or giving to that Party the full benefit of all the provisions of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereunder.

8. | REMEDIES

The Parties agree that monetary damages may not be a sufficient remedy for any breach of this Agreement and that the Parties shall be entitled to specific performance or injunctive relief (as appropriate) as a remedy for any breach or threatened breach of this Agreement, in addition to any other remedies available at law or in equity. No remedy conferred by any of the provisions of this Agreement is intended to be exclusive of any other remedy which is otherwise available at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise, and each and every other remedy shall be cumulative and shall be in addition to every other remedy given hereunder or now or hereafter existing at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise. The election of any one or more of such remedies by any Party shall not constitute a waiver by such Party of the right to pursue any other available remedies.

9. | AMENDMENTS

This Agreement may not be altered, amended, modified, superseded, cancelled or terminated except by an express written agreement duly executed by the Parties which makes specific reference to this Agreement.

10. | WAIVER

No failure of each Party to exercise, and no delay by it in exercising, any right, power or remedy in connection with this Agreement (each a “Right”) will operate as a waiver thereof, nor will any single or partial exercise of any Right preclude any other or further exercise of such Right or the exercise of any other Right. The Rights provided in this Agreement are cumulative and not exclusive of any other Rights (whether provided by law or otherwise). Any express waiver of any breach of this Agreement shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any subsequent breach.

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11. | SEVERANCE

If any provision of this Agreement or part thereof shall be held to be or is rendered void, illegal or unenforceable by any court or any legislation to which it is subject, it shall be rendered void, illegal or unenforceable to that extent and it shall in no way affect or prejudice the enforceability of the remainder of such provision or the other provisions of this Agreement.

12. | COUNTERPARTS

This Agreement may be executed and delivered in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed and delivered shall be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same instrument. Any Party may enter into this Agreement by signing any such counterpart (which may include counterparts delivered by email or electronic transmission) and each counterpart shall be as valid and effectual as if executed as an original.

13. | COSTS

Each Party shall bear its own fees, costs and expenses incurred in relation to the negotiation, preparation, review and/or execution (where applicable) of this Agreement incidental to any of the foregoing.

14. | conflict with sHaRe purchase agreement

To the extent the terms of this Agreement (as amended, supplemented, restated or otherwise modified from time to time) directly conflicts with a provision in the Share Purchase Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail.

15. | THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

A Person who is not a Party shall have no rights under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 of Singapore to enforce any term of this Agreement.

16. | GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION

15.1 | The validity, construction and performance of the terms set out in this Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of Singapore, without reference to its conflict of laws provisions.

15.2 | Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore. Each of the Parties hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in Singapore.

[The remainder of this page has been left deliberately blank]

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IN WITNESS HEREOF this Agreement has been executed by the Parties on the date and year first above written.

SIGNED by | )
QUEK LENG CHUANG | )
for and on behalf of | )
ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED | )
| )
in the presence of: | )

SIGNED by | )
[NAME OF AUTHORISED REPRESENTATIVE] | )
for and on behalf of | )
[NAME OF RESTRICTED SHAREHOLDER] | )
| )
in the presence of: | )

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16 UNDER

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For March 2025

Commission File No. 001-41772

ESGL Holdings Limited

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of principal executive offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☒ Form 40-F ☐

Information Contained in this Form 6-K Report

As previously reported, on February 26, 2025, ESGL Holdings Limited (“ESGL”) entered into a definitive share purchase agreement with De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited (“De Tomaso”), and certain of De Tomaso’s shareholders named therein, relating to a proposed business combination between ESGL and De Tomaso.

Furnished as Exhibit 99.1 hereto is the investor presentation that will be used by ESGL and De Tomaso in connection with the proposed business combination and related matters.

Furnished as Exhibit 99.2 hereto is a copy of the press release issued by ESGL and De Tomaso relating to the proposed business combination.

Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
99.1 |  | Investor presentation.
99.2 |  | Press release.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| ESGL Holdings Limited
| By: | /s/ Ho Shian Ching
| Name: | Ho Shian Ching
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
Dated: March 4, 2025 |  |

Exhibit 99.1

Exhibit 99.2

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

ESGL Holdings Limited Announces Signing of Definitive Share Purchase Agreement with De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited

SINGAPORE, March 4, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — ESGL Holdings Limited (NASDAQ: ESGL) (“ESGL” or the “Company”), a leading carbon-neutral, innovative enviro-tech company regenerating spent industrial chemicals into sustainable circular products, and De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited (“De Tomaso Automobili”), a luxury automotive manufacturer, and the shareholders of De Tomaso Automobili have signed a definitive share purchase agreement, pursuant to which ESGL has agreed to acquire the entire issued share capital of De Tomaso Automobili in exchange for the issuance of newly issued ordinary shares of ESGL, subject to certain closing conditions being satisfied.

This transaction aims to enhance shareholder value and create a strategic partnership between ESGL and De Tomaso Automobili for future growth.

Strategic Highlights of the Merger:

| ● | Enhanced Shareholder Value – The parties believe that the transaction will strengthen the financial positioning of both entities, unlocking long-term value for investors and accelerating growth opportunities.

| ● | Strategic Partnership – The parties believe that the business combination will foster collaboration, combining expertise, resources, and global networks to drive innovation, efficiency and international market expansion.

The transaction has been unanimously approved by the directors of both companies and is expected to close in the second quarter of 2025, subject to necessary approvals and other customary closing conditions.

“By leveraging ESGL’s expertise in low-impact manufacturing, De Tomaso Automobili believes that it can enhance the production of its highly sought after vehicles while further expanding its global market presence,” comments De Tomaso Automobili CEO Norman Choi. “This partnership underscores both companies’ commitment to driving operational efficiency without compromising the craftsmanship and prestige that defines De Tomaso Automobili’s legacy.”

Quek Leng Chuang, CEO of ESGL, added, “This partnership is a strategic step toward delivering long-term value for our shareholders. By strengthening our financial positioning, diversifying our portfolio, and unlocking new revenue streams, we are setting the stage for sustained growth. This transaction accelerates our ability to scale profitably while driving value creation for all stakeholders.”

The material terms of the share purchase agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby (the “Transactions”) were publicly disclosed in a Form 6-K filed by ESGL with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 27, 2025.

About De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited

De Tomaso Automobili is a renowned Italian high-performance automotive brand, celebrated for iconic models like the Pantera and the P72. With a legacy spanning over 65 years, De Tomaso Automobili remains dedicated to luxury, cutting-edge design, and exceptional performance.

About ESGL Holdings Limited

ESGL Holdings Limited is a Singapore-based carbon-neutral enviro-tech company dedicated to transforming spent industrial chemicals into sustainable circular products. With a commitment to sustainable waste management solutions, ESGL is a leading player in the environmental solutions industry. ESGL conducts all its operations through its operating subsidiary incorporated in Singapore, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. For more information, including the Company’s filings with the SEC, please visit https://esgl.asia.

Investor Relations Contact:

ESGL Holdings Limited

Investor Relations Department

Email: ir@esgl.asia

Phone: +65 6653 2299

Forward Looking Statements

Certain statements in this press release may be considered to contain certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: “target,” “believe,” “expect,” “will,” “shall,” “may,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “would,” “positioned,” “future,” “forecast,” “intend,” “plan,” “project” and other similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements made in this press release regarding ESGL’s and De Tomaso Automobili’s expectations with respect to future performance, the anticipated financial impact of the Transactions, the satisfaction of the closing conditions to the share purchase agreement and the timing of the completion of the Transactions. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on ESGL management’s current beliefs, expectations, and assumptions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Actual results and outcomes may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. A further list and description of risks and uncertainties can be found in documents filed with the SEC by ESGL and other documents that the Company may file or furnish with the SEC, which you are encouraged to read. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this press release is based only on information currently available to the Company and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise, except as required by law.

No Assurances

There can be no assurance that the Transactions will be completed, nor can there be any assurance, if the Transactions are completed, that the potential benefits of the Transactions will be realized.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(B) OR 12(G) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF

1934

Commission File Number: 001-41772

ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not applicable |  | Cayman Islands
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English) |  | (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Quek Leng Chuang, Chief Executive Officer

101 Tuas South Avenue 2

Singapore 637226

Tel: +65 6653 2299

Email: queklc@env-solutions.com

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share |  | ESGL |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase ordinary shares |  | ESGLW |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 41,816,240 ordinary shares and 9,317,331 warrants.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ☒
|  | Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ | Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 1
INTRODUCTION | 2
PART I |  | 4
| ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 4
| ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 4
| ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION | 4
| ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 18
| ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 27
| ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 27
| ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 41
| ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 48
| ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 49
| ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING | 49
| ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 49
| ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS | 58
| ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 59
PART II |  | 60
| ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 60
| ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 60
| ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 60
| ITEM 16. [RESERVED] | 60
| ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 61
| ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS | 61
| ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 61
| ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 61
| ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 61
| ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 61
| ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 61
| ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 61
| ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS. | 61
| ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES | 62
| ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY | 62
PART III |  | 63
| ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 63
| ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 63
| ITEM 19. EXHIBITS | 63

i

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F is being filed by ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands business company. Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours” and “ESGL” refer to ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands business company, and its subsidiaries. References to “ESGH,” “Legacy ESGL,” and “Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited” refer to Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company. References to ESA refer to Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte Ltd, a company incorporated in Singapore. “S$” refers to the legal currency of Singapore. References to ESGC refer to ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd., a company incorporated in Malaysia.

Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward- looking. Forward-looking statements in this report may include, for example, statements about:

| ● | our business strategies and outcomes;
| ● | our financial performance;
| ● | government regulations governing business operations, and in particular those governing the environmental industry;
| ● | macro-economic conditions in Singapore;
| ● | the outcome of any known and unknown litigation and regulatory proceedings.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this report, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

This report also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers of market intelligence. These industry publications and reports generally indicate that the information contained therein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information.

1

INTRODUCTION

We are a holding company primarily operating in Singapore through our subsidiary, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. (“ESA”). Unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “Company,” “the registrant,” “our company,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours” and “ESGL” refer to ESGL Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands business company, and its subsidiaries.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. All references in this annual report to “$,” “U.S. $,” “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars, unless otherwise noted.

We completed a merger with Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp., a Delaware corporation (“GUCC”), on August 2, 2023 and ESGL’s ordinary shares and warrants began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on August 4, 2023. The Company, Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp., a Delaware corporation (“GUCC”), ESGH Merger Sub Corp, a Cayman Islands exempted company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger Sub”), and Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“Legacy ESGL”), entered into a Merger Agreement dated as of November 29, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provided for a business combination which was effected in two steps: (i) GUCC reincorporated to Cayman Islands by merging with and into the Company, with the Company remaining as the surviving publicly traded entity (the “Reincorporation Merger”); and (ii) following the Reincorporation Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy ESGL, resulting in Legacy ESGL being a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Acquisition Merger,” together with Reincorporation Merger, the “Business Combination”).

Further, in this annual report:

| ● | “$” or “US$” or “U.S. dollars” or “USD” refers to the legal currency of the United States.
| ● | “Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association” means ESGL’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association adopted by special resolutions dated July 28, 2023 and effective on August 2, 2023.
| ● | “Amended and Restated Articles of Association” means ESGL’s amended and restated articles of association adopted by special resolutions dated July 28, 2023 and effective on August 2, 2023.
| ● | “Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association” means ESGL’s amended and restated memorandum of association adopted by special resolutions dated July 28, 2023 and effective on August 2, 2023.
| ● | “Board” means the board of directors of the Company.
| ● | “Business Combination” means the Merger contemplated by the Merger Agreement.
| ● | “Code” means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
| ● | “Company” means ESGL Holdings Limited.
| ● | “Closing” means the closing of the Business Combination.
| ● | “ESA” means Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd., which was incorporated under the laws of Singapore on May 8, 1999.
| ● | “ESGC” means ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. which was incorporated under the laws of Malaysia on December 22, 2023.
| ● | “ESGH” means Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited, a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on June 14, 2022.
| ● | “ESGL” means ESGL Holdings Limited, a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on November 18, 2022.

2

| ● | “Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
| ● | “founder shares” means the 2,156,250 Ordinary Shares issued to the Initial Stockholders at Closing in exchange for the 2,156,250 shares of GUCC Class B common stock issued for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000 in March 2021.
| ● | “GAAP” means accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
| ● | “Group” means ESGL and its subsidiaries, including ESGH, ES BVI, ESA and ESGC.
| ● | “GUCC” means Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp., a Delaware corporation.
| ● | “GUCC Class A common stock” or “Class A common stock” means the Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp.
| ● | “GUCC Class B common stock” or “Class B common stock” means the Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, of Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp.
| ● | “GUCC common stock” or “common stock” means shares of GUCC Class A common stock and GUCC Class B common stock, collectively.
| ● | “IASB” means International Accounting Standards Board.
| ● | “IFRS” means International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the IASB.
| ● | “Initial Stockholders” means the Sponsor and other initial holders of founder shares.
| ● | “IPO” refers to the initial public offering of 8,625,000 units (including 1,125,000 units as a result of the underwriters’ exercise of its over-allotment option) of GUCC consummated on February 17, 2022.
| ● | “IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.
| ● | “Legacy ESGL” means Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited.
| ● | “Merger” means the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement.

| ● | “Merger Agreement” means that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of November 29, 2022, as may be amended from time to time, by and among ESGL, GUCC, ESGH, and the other parties named therein.
| ● | “Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value per share, of ESGL.
| ● | “Private Units” means the units issued to the Sponsor in a private placement simultaneously with the closing of IPO, with each unit included one Ordinary Share and one Private Warrant.
| ● | “Private Warrants” means the warrants included in the Private Units issued to the Sponsor in a private placement simultaneously with the closing of IPO, with each Private Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one Ordinary Share.
| ● | “Public Warrants” means the public warrants issued in the IPO, with each Public Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one Ordinary Share.
| ● | “SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
| ● | “Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
| ● | “Sponsor” means Genesis Unicorn Capital, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

3

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. | [Reserved]

B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. | Risk Factors

Risks Relating to the Group’s Business and Industry

For the two years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group has incurred operating losses and may incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. The Group may not generate sufficient revenue or become profitable or, if it achieves profitability, it may not be able to sustain it.

For the two years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group’s net losses were US$633,257 and US$94,979,338, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Group had an accumulated deficit of US$100,619,185 (2023: US$99,985,928).

Notably, the Group’s main operating subsidiary, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte Ltd, returned to profitability in 2024, marking a key milestone in the Group’s turnaround journey.

The significant losses reported in 2023 were primarily due to non-operational and non-recurring listing expenses of approximately US$93.1 million, largely related to accounting treatments tied to the Business Combination and revaluation of the Forward Purchase Agreement (FPA). Excluding these one-off charges, the Group’s operational fundamentals have remained resilient despite ongoing investments in growth. This improvement reflects strong cost discipline, including reductions in inventory and logistics costs of approximately US$1.2 million and US$283,000 respectively, and the absence of one-off listing expenses incurred in 2023.

The other major contributors to the net loss were expenses incurred in connection with the depreciation of property, plant and equipment, the purchase of raw materials, employee benefits expenses and other operating expenses. The Group may continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future as it continues its research and development activities, pursues potential mergers and acquisitions, seeks product certification approvals in the territories it has identified, hires additional personnel, obtains and protects its intellectual property and incurs additional costs for commercialization or to expand its pipeline of waste materials it collects and the circular products it generates from the recycled waste collected from its customers with respect to its waste collection and disposal services.

To become and remain profitable, the Group must increase its operating capacity to treat higher volumes of wastes and succeed in developing and eventually commercializing circular products that can generate sufficient revenue. In that regard, the Group has commenced sales of Fluorspar and Kao Lin, and regenerated acids from the wastes the Group collected.

4

In addition, the Group has not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the environmental services industry. Because of these numerous risks and uncertainties, the Group is unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, it will be able to achieve profitability. Even if the Group achieves profitability, it may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Its failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of the Company and could impair the ability of the Company to raise capital, expand its business, maintain its research and development efforts, diversify its products, or even continue its operations. A decline in the value of the Company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

The environmental services industry is highly competitive and includes competitors that may have greater financial and operational resources, flexibility to reduce prices or other competitive advantages that could make it difficult for the Group to compete effectively.

The Group principally competes with waste management companies who collect and dispose the waste the Group needs for its waste management and treatment processes. Competition for waste collection is typically based on factors such as geographic location, quality of services, ease of doing business and/or price. the Group ‘s competitors may have greater financial and operational resources than we do. They could also seek to gain market share by reducing the prices they charge customers, introducing products and solutions that are similar to the Group’s or introducing new technology tools. If the Group were to lose market share or if it were to lower prices to address competitive issues, it could negatively impact the Group’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Group requires a significant amount of capital to fund its operations and growth. If the Group cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms, its business, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

The Group requires a significant amount of capital and resources for its operations and continued growth. The Group expects to make significant investments to develop new operating capabilities and technology, which are fundamental to the Group’s business operations and future growth. However, the Group cannot assure you that these investments will generate the optimal returns, if at all. To date, the Group has historically funded its cash requirements primarily through the issuance of ordinary shares, cash generated by operations and borrowings from banks. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy the Group’s cash requirements, the Group may seek to raise funds through additional equity offering or debt financing or additional bank facilities. The Group’s ability to obtain additional capital in the future, however, is subject to a number of uncertainties, including those relating to its future business development, financial condition, and results of operations, general market conditions for financing activities by companies in its industry, and macro-economic and other conditions. If the Group cannot obtain sufficient capital on acceptable terms to meet its capital needs, the Group may not be able to execute its growth strategies, and the Group’s business, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

The Group did not meet its revenue projection for the fiscal year ended 2024.

The projected revenues of the Group for fiscal year 2024 was between $7.6 million to $9.5 million. The revenues of the Group for the fiscal year ended 2024 was approximately US$6.1 million. The Group did not meet its 2024 revenue projection mainly due to shortfall in the revenue from collection and treatment of hazardous chemical wastes such as acids.

In addition, the Group faced challenges in meeting its funding requirement to enhance technologies and capacity, essential for effectively serving market needs. This limitation hindered the Group’s ability to capitalize on growth and innovation opportunities, consequently affecting revenue generation. Furthermore, geopolitical tensions and market volatility presented additional obstacles to revenue generation efforts. Lower manufacturing activity, potentially influenced by these external factors, led to reduced waste from customers, impacting revenue streams. Lastly, unexpected waste management regulatory changes in Singapore posed operational challenges, particularly in the final quarter of the financial year. Adapting to these regulatory shifts proved to be a complex task, affecting operational efficiency. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the Group’s actual financial results would meet the financial projections and there is a significant likelihood that the Group’s actual financial results over the time periods and under the scenarios covered by the projections would be materially different. At this time, the Group’s management estimates that the impact of the lack of funds for capital investments may continue in the near future and therefore, the Group may not be able to meet its original revenue projections for 2025 and/or 2026. The Group has not updated its projections due to uncertainties surrounding recent developments, their future outcomes, and their impact on the Group’s projections.

5

Fluctuations in prices for recyclable waste materials the Group collects from its customers and the circular products that it sells to local and international end users, traders or overseas refiners may adversely affect the Group’s revenue, operating income, and cash flows.

The Group collects a variety of recyclable waste materials from its customers and processes and transforms them into circular products for sale to local and international end users, traders or overseas refiners, and the Group may directly or indirectly receive proceeds from its waste collection services and the sale of circular products. The Group’s results of operations may be affected by changing prices or market requirements for the recyclable waste materials and the circular products. The resale and purchase prices of, and market demand for, the circular products can be volatile because of changes in economic conditions and numerous other factors beyond the Group’s control. These fluctuations may affect the cost of and demand for the Group’s services and the Group’s future revenue, operating income, and cash flows.

The Group is also exposed to inflationary pressures and rising interest rates which may adversely affect the selling price of its circular products. If this causes purchasing demand from the Group’s customers for its circular products to reduce, the selling price of certain of the Group’s circular products such as copper and zinc could drop and reduce its revenue. Inflation has also resulted in higher costs for the maintenance of the Group’s equipment, higher electricity and fuel costs and freight and payroll costs, which had an adverse impact on the Group’s operating profit and operating profit margin. Moreover, certain suppliers who are affected by supply chain inflationary pressures may decide to reduce their production and as a result the volume of industrial waste that is generated and supplied to the Group may be reduced. Similarly, following the general decline in the spending power of consumers, the Group’s waste disposal customers which are mainly semi-conductor companies with products that are used in mobile devices to cars may also decide to reduce their production which in turn would lead to lower volumes of waste being disposed to the Group. Although increasing the selling price of the Group’s circular products could mitigate the impact of inflation, competitive pressures may constrain the Group’s ability to fully recover any increased costs in this way. In addition, efforts to mitigate the effect of inflation through continuous investments in waste treatment processes and software developments to automate, streamline and improve the productivity of the Group’s business operations may not be sufficient.

The Group may not be able to enhance its existing recycling, reuse, disposal and waste treatment solutions and develop new solutions in a timely manner.

The Group’s future operating results will depend, to a significant extent, on its ability to continue to provide efficient and innovative recycling, reuse, disposal and waste treatment services that compare favorably with alternative services on the basis of cost, performance, and customer preferences. The Group’s success in maintaining and growing with its existing customers and attracting new customers depends on various factors, including the following:

| ● | innovative development of new services for customers;
| ● | maintenance of quality standards;
| ● | efficient and cost-effective services; and
| ● | utilization of advances in technology.

The Group’s inability to enhance its existing services and develop new services on a timely basis could harm its operating results and impede its growth.

6

The Group’s revenues, earnings and cash flows will fluctuate based on changes in commodity prices, and commodity prices for circular products are particularly susceptible to volatility based on regulations and tariffs that affect its ability to export products.

Enforcement or implementation of foreign and domestic regulations can affect the Group’s ability to export its circular products. In 2017, the Chinese government announced bans on certain scrap materials and begun to enforce extremely restrictive quality and other requirements, which significantly reduced China’s import of recyclables. As of January 1, 2021, China ceased importing virtually all recyclables, including those exported by the Group. Many other markets, both domestic and foreign, have also tightened their quality expectations and limited or restricted the import of certain circular products. The recent slew of tariffs announced by the United States of America in 2025 and the ripple effects of escalating trade tension may have far-reaching implications. Higher tariffs on a global scale risk disrupting supply chains, raising costs and weakening trade flows and culminate in slower and/or lower growth.

Such trade restrictions may disrupt the global trade of recyclables, creating excess supply and decreasing recyclable commodity prices. The Group has been actively working to identify alternative markets for recycling commodities, but there may not be demand for all of the circular products it produces. The heightened quality requirements have been difficult for the industry to achieve and have driven up operating costs. As prices of circular products have fallen and operating costs have increased, the Group and other recyclers are passing cost increases through to waste collection customers.

Fluctuation in energy prices also affects the Group’s business, including recycling of plastics manufactured from petroleum products. Significant variations in the price of methane gas, electricity and other energy- related products can result in a corresponding significant impact to the Group’s revenue from yield from such operations. Any of the commodity prices to which the Group is subject may fluctuate substantially and without notice in the future.

Acute and chronic weather events, including those brought about by climate change, may limit the Group’s operations and increase the costs of collection, transfer, disposal, and other environmental services it provides.

The Group’s operations could be adversely impacted by extreme weather events, changing weather patterns, and rising mean temperature and sea levels, some of which the Group is already experiencing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (“IPCC”), which includes more than 1,300 scientists from the United States and other countries, forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5° to 10° Fahrenheit over the next century. Changing weather patterns and rising temperatures are expected to result in more severe heat waves, fires, storms, and other extreme weather events. Any of these extreme weather events such as flash flooding in Singapore could significantly decrease the volume of waste material the Group collects from its waste disposal customers and suppliers of industrial waste as they may be required to temporarily cease or suspend their business activities, thereby reducing the volume of waste they generate. Other than the Group’s customers and suppliers, such adverse weather conditions may also result in the temporary suspension of the Group’s business operations, ability to utilize the Group’s normal commercial channels and supply chain, and the incursion of significant costs to repair its fixtures, equipment and property, all of which could significantly affect the Company’s operating results during those periods.

The Group’s businesses are subject to operational and safety risks.

Providing waste management, treatment and recycling services to the Group’s customers involves risks such as equipment defects, malfunctions and failures and natural disasters, which could potentially result in releases of hazardous materials, damage to or total loss of the Group’s property or assets, injury or death of the Group’s employees or a need to shut down or reduce operations of the Group’s facilities while remedial actions are undertaken. The Group’s employees and logistics providers, when necessary, often work under potentially hazardous conditions. These risks expose the Group to potential liability for pollution and other environmental damages, personal injury, loss of life, business interruption and property damage or destruction. The Group must also maintain a solid safety record in order to remain a preferred supplier to its major customers. While the Group seeks to minimize its exposure to such risks primarily through entering and maintaining various insurance policies in relation to the business, operations, employees and assets of ESA, such actions and insurance may not be adequate to cover all of the Group’s potential liabilities which could negatively impact its results of operations and cash flows.

7

The Group’s insurance coverage and self-insurance reserves may be inadequate to cover all significant risk exposures, and increasing costs to maintain adequate coverage may significantly impact the Group’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Group carries a range of insurance policies intended to protect its assets and operations, including general liability insurance, property damage, business interruption and environmental risk insurance. While the Group endeavors to purchase insurance coverage appropriate to its risk assessment, it is unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims for direct or consequential damages, and as a result the Group’s insurance program may not fully cover itself for losses it may incur.

As a result of a number of catastrophic weather and other events, insurance companies have incurred substantial losses and in many cases they have substantially reduced the nature and amount of insurance coverage available to the market, have broadened exclusions and/or have substantially increased the cost of such coverage. If this trend continues, the Group may not be able to maintain insurance of the types and coverage it desires at reasonable rates. A partially or completely uninsured claim against the Group (including liabilities associated with cleanup or remediation), if successful and of sufficient magnitude, could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Any future difficulty in obtaining insurance could also impair the Group’s ability to secure future contracts, which may be conditional upon the availability of adequate insurance coverage. In addition, claims associated with risks for which the Group is to some extent self-insured (property, workers’ compensation, employee medical, comprehensive general liability and vehicle liability) may exceed the Group’s recorded reserves, which could negatively impact future earnings.

The Group may have environmental liabilities that are not covered by its insurance. Changes in insurance markets also may impact its financial results.

The Group may incur environmental liabilities arising from its operations or properties. The Group maintains high deductibles for its environmental liability insurance coverage. If the Group was to incur substantial liability for environmental damage, its insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover such liability. This could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Also, due to the variable condition of the insurance market, the Group has experienced, and may experience in the future, increased insurance retention levels and increased premiums or unavailability of insurance. As the Group assumes more risk for insurance through higher retention levels, the Group may experience more variability in its insurance reserves and expense.

The Group depends on key personnel who would be difficult to replace, and its business will likely be harmed if it loses their services or cannot hire additional qualified personnel.

The Group’s success depends, to a significant extent, upon the continued services of its current management team and key personnel. The loss of one or more of its key executives or employees could have a material adverse effect on its business. The Group does not maintain “key person” insurance policies on the lives of any of its executives or any of its other employees. The Group employs all of its executives and key employees on an at-will basis, and their employment can be terminated by the Group or them at any time, for any reason, and without notice, subject, in certain cases, to severance payment rights.

The Group’s success also depends on its ability to attract, retain, and motivate additional skilled management personnel. The Group plans to continue to expand its work force to continue to enhance its business and operating results. The Group believes that there is significant competition for qualified personnel with the skills and knowledge that it requires. Many of the other companies with which the Group competes for qualified personnel have substantially greater financial and other resources than the Group does. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than those which the Group has to offer. If the Group is not able to retain its current key personnel or attract the necessary qualified key personnel to accomplish its business objectives, it may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of its business objectives and its ability to pursue its business strategy. New hires require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. New employees may not become as productive as the Group expects, and the Group may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals. If the Group’s recruiting, training, and retention efforts are not successful or do not generate a corresponding increase in revenue, the Group’s business will be harmed.

8

General economic conditions can directly and adversely affect revenues for environmental services and the Group’s income from operations margins.

The Group’s business is directly affected by changes in national and general economic factors that are outside of the Group’s control, including consumer confidence, interest rates and access to global markets. A weak economy generally results in decreases in volumes of waste generated, which negatively impacts the ability to grow through new business or service upgrades, and may result in customer turnover and reduction in the waste service needs of the Group’s customers and the demand for circular products from end users, traders or overseas refiners. Consumer uncertainty and the loss of consumer confidence may also reduce the number and variety of services and/or circular products requested by customers. This decrease in demand can negatively impact commodity prices and the Group’s operating income and cash flows.

The Group could become involved in litigation matters that may be expensive and time consuming, and, if resolved adversely, could harm its business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Although the Group is not currently involved in any litigation matters, any such litigation to which it is a party may result in an onerous or unfavorable judgment that may not be reversed upon appeal, or the Group may decide to settle lawsuits on similarly unfavorable terms. Any negative outcome could result in payments of substantial monetary damages or fines, or changes to the Group’s products or business practices, and accordingly the Group’s business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The Group could be required to make immediate repayment of certain of its outstanding debt with financial institutions.

As of December 31, 2024, the Group has certain borrowings with outstanding balances of approximately US$4.3 million classified as current liabilities, as the relevant loan agreements the Group entered with the lenders provide them discretion to demand immediate repayment of the outstanding balances from us. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, the Group had obtained waivers from the relevant lenders in relation to certain terms and conditions under the relevant loan agreements in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, except for Term Loan IV with an outstanding balance of approximately S$148,000 (US$109,000) as of December 31, 2024 from the relevant bank (the “Relevant Bank”). On July 20, 2022, the Group had obtained a written consent from the Relevant Bank for, among other things, the undertaking of a proposed restructuring of the Group. Subsequently on January 17, 2023, the Group had requested a waiver from the Relevant Bank for the closing of the Business Combination. As of the date of this annual report, the Group had not obtained the waiver or any notice from the Relevant Bank objecting, disagreeing to the matter or demanding any immediate repayment of Term Loan IV in connection with the closing of the Business Combination.

Notwithstanding the above, the lenders could demand immediate repayment of the outstanding balances from the Group for the borrowings classified as current liabilities and it may be unable to repay, negotiate, extend or refinance the bank borrowings on favorable terms or at all, which may have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations and financial position. If the Group fails to repay certain of the bank borrowings, some lenders could enforce their security interests under the relevant loan agreements and take possession of the Group’s leasehold land and buildings where it operates its business, thereby resulting in a material adverse effect on the Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition. See Note 17 to the Group’s financial statements for further information on the Group’s outstanding debt with financial institutions.

The Group’s strategy includes an increasing dependence on technology in its operations. If any of its key technology fails, its business could be adversely affected.

The Group’s operations are increasingly dependent on technology. The Group’s information technology systems are critical to its ability to drive profitable growth, implement standardized processes and deliver a consistent customer experience. Problems with the operation of the information or communication technology systems it uses could adversely affect, or temporarily disable, all or a portion of the Group’s operations. Inabilities and delays in implementing new systems can also affect its ability to realize projected or expected revenue or cost savings. Further, any systems failures could impede its ability to timely collect and report financial results in accordance with applicable laws.

9

Emerging technologies represent risks, as well as opportunities, to the Group’s current business model. The costs associated with developing or investing in emerging technologies could require substantial capital and adversely affect the Group’s results of operations and cash flows. Delays in the development or implementation of such emerging technologies and difficulties in marketing new products or services based on emerging technologies could have similar negative impacts. The Group’s financial results may suffer if it is not able to develop or license emerging technologies, or if a competitor obtains exclusive rights to an emerging technology that disrupts the current methods used in the environmental services industry.

A cyber security incident could negatively impact the Group’s business and its relationships with customers.

The Group uses information technology, including computer and information networks, in substantially all aspects of its business operations. The Group also use mobile devices, social networking and other online activities to connect with its employees and its customers. Such uses give rise to cyber security risks, including security breach, espionage, system disruption, theft and inadvertent release of information. The Group’s business involves the storage and transmission of numerous classes of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including customers’ personal information, private information about employees, and financial and strategic information about the Group and its business partners. In connection with its strategy to grow through acquisitions and to pursue new initiatives that improve its operations and cost structure, the Group is also expanding and improving its information technologies, resulting in a larger technological presence and corresponding exposure to cyber security risk. If the Group fails to assess and identify cyber security risks associated with acquisitions and new initiatives, it may become increasingly vulnerable to such risks. Additionally, while the Group has implemented measures to prevent security breaches and cyber incidents, its preventive measures and incident response efforts may not be entirely effective. Also, the regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with the frequent imposition of new and constantly changing requirements. This changing regulatory landscape may cause increasingly complex compliance challenges, which may increase the Group’s compliance costs. Any failure to comply with these changing security and privacy laws and regulations could result in significant penalties, fines, legal challenges and reputational harm. The theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information or intellectual property, or interference with the Group’s information technology systems or the technology systems of third parties on which it relies, could result in business disruption, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential liability and competitive disadvantage.

The Group may be subject to intellectual property claims that create uncertainty about ownership of technology essential to its business and divert its managerial and other resources.

The Group can provide no assurance that third parties will not claim infringement by it with respect to its current or future services, trademarks, or other proprietary rights. The Group’s success depends, in part, on its ability to protect its intellectual property and to operate without infringing the intellectual property rights of others in the process. There can be no assurance that any of its intellectual property will be adequately safeguarded or that it will not be challenged by third parties. The Group may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims that would be costly to defend, could limit its ability to use certain critical technologies, and may divert its technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. The Group may not prevail in any of these suits. An adverse determination of any litigation or defense proceedings could cause the Group to pay substantial damages, including treble damages, if it willfully infringes and also could increase the risk of its patent applications not being issued.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of the Group’s confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, during the course of this kind of litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments in the litigation. If these results are perceived to be negative, it could have an adverse effect on the Group’s business.

Changes in policies imposed by governments may impact on the availability and costs of employing non-Singapore workers.

The Group is dependent on non-Singapore workers for its business operations. The Group’s ability to meet its labor requirements for operational needs is subject to various factors, including changes in the labor policies of such foreign workers’ countries of origin or the policies imposed by Ministry of Manpower (“MOM”) in Singapore. The Group is therefore vulnerable to any shortage in the supply of foreign workers and any increase in the cost of foreign labor, the occurrence of which would adversely affect its business and financial performance.

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Government policies affecting labor costs include, inter alia, the new progressive wage model (“PWM”) and foreign worker levies. Changes in these policies may lead to an increase in the Group’s labor costs which may result in its business, financial condition and results of operations being materially and adversely affected. The Group is subject to foreign worker levies for the foreign workers it hires. The Group paid foreign worker levies in the amount of US$173,632 and US$168,137 for the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The foreign worker levies applicable to the Group will differ according to the percentage of the Group’s total workforce comprising of foreign workers. As of March 31, 2025 approximately 68.4% of the Group’s total workforce comprised of foreign workers for whom it might have to pay such foreign worker levies. Further, the criteria for applying for certain foreign work permits will be tightened moving forward and there will be increase in foreign worker levies. There is no assurance that the Singapore Government will not further increase the levy rates in future, and if they do so, the Group may face a significant increase in labor costs.

In January 2022, the National Environment Agency (“NEA”) and MOM announced a new waste management PWM with a six (6) year schedule of sustained PWM wage increases from 2023 to 2028 and a mandatory annual PWM bonus for eligible workers from January 2024. Under the new PWM wage schedule, the monthly baseline wage of an entry-level waste collection crew worker is expected to increase from S$2,210 in 2023 to S$3,260 in 2028 or possibly sooner. The implementation of and revisions to the PWM has increased the Group’s labor costs and there is no assurance that the Singapore government will not revise the PWM to further increase the base salaries beyond 2028.

The Group is exposed to environmental liability.

The Group’s business operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations in Singapore, in particular on the disposal and treatment of industrial and toxic waste and obligations to protect public health and the environment. While the Group has not had any material non-compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations to date, there is no assurance that it will continue to be in compliance with all the applicable laws and regulations, and the Group may incur additional costs in complying with such laws and regulations. Any violation of the relevant environmental laws and regulations may lead to substantial fines, costs for implementation of preventive or corrective measures, clean-up costs or even suspension of operations that could materially and adversely affect the Group’s business, operations, financial performance, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects.

The Group is exposed to the risk of non-renewal, non-granting or suspension of its licenses, permits and accreditations that are required to operate its business.

The waste management industry in Singapore in which the Group operates in is highly regulated. The Group’s licenses and registrations are subject to periodic renewal by the relevant government authorities and are generally subject to a variety of conditions which are stipulated either within the licenses and registrations themselves, or under the laws and/or regulations issued by the competent authorities. Failure to comply with such conditions, laws or regulations could result in the revocation, non-renewal or downgrade of the relevant licenses, permits or accreditations and/or imposition of penalties. In such an event, the Group’s business and financial performance will be adversely affected.

Developments in the social, political, regulatory and economic environment in the country where the Group operates, may have a material and adverse impact on the Group.

The Group’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by social, political, regulatory and economic developments in the country in which the Group operates. Such political and economic uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks of war, terrorism, nationalism, nullification of contract, changes in interest rates, imposition of capital controls and methods of taxation. For example, all of the Group’s current operations are located in Singapore, and negative developments in Singapore’s socio-political environment may adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Disruptions in the international trading environment may seriously decrease the Group’s international sales outside Singapore.

The success and profitability of the Group’s international activities depends on factors such as general economic conditions, labor conditions, political stability, macro-economic regulating measures, tax laws, import and export duties, transportation difficulties, fluctuation of local currency and foreign exchange controls of the countries in which the Group sells its services, as well as the political and economic relationships in Singapore where the Group sources waste materials and jurisdictions where the Group’s end users, traders or overseas refiners are located. As a result, the Group’s sales are vulnerable to disruptions in the international trading environment, including adverse changes in foreign government regulations, political unrest and international economic downturns. Any disruptions in the international trading environment may affect the demand for the Group’s products, which could impact its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Many of the economies in Asia are experiencing substantial inflationary pressures which may prompt the governments to take action to control the growth of the economy and inflation that could lead to a significant decrease in the Group’s profitability.

While many of the economies in Asia have experienced rapid growth over the last two decades, they currently are experiencing inflationary pressures, and the rate of growth is slowing down. The economy in Singapore and globally has experienced general increases in certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses, as a result of higher inflation. Average wages in Singapore are expected to continue to increase and the Group expects that its employee costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless the Group is able to control its employee costs or pass them on to its clients, the Group’s financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

As governments in Asia (and worldwide) take steps to address current inflationary pressures, there may be significant changes in the availability of bank credit, commercial reasonability of interest rates, limitations on loans, restrictions on currency conversions and foreign investment rules, thereby restricting the availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions that may be implemented to combat inflation and public speculation about any possible additional actions also may contribute materially to economic uncertainty in Asia (and worldwide) and accordingly weaken investor confidence, thus adversely impacting economic growth and causing decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for the Group’s products and services, and consequently have a material adverse effect on the Group’s businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, more lenient government policies and interest rate decreases may trigger increases in inflation and, consequently, growth volatility and the need for sudden and significant interest rate increases, which could negatively affect the Group’s business. There also may be imposition of price controls. If prices for the Group’s waste disposal services and/or circular products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the costs of supplies and operations, it may have an adverse effect on the Group’s profitability. If these or other similar restrictions are imposed by a government to influence the economy, it may lead to a slowing of economic growth.

Cayman Islands economic substance requirements may have an effect on the Group’s business and operations.

Pursuant to the International Tax Cooperation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands (“ES Act”) that came into force on 1 January 2019, a “relevant entity” is required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands as is the Company; however, it does not include an entity that is tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as the Company is a tax resident outside the Cayman Islands, it is not required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act.

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Risks Relating to our Securities

Currently, our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are listed on Nasdaq Capital Market. However, there may not be enough liquidity in such market to enable shareholders to sell their securities.

Currently, our Ordinary Shares and Warrants are listed on Nasdaq Capital Market. If a public market for our securities does not develop, investors may not be able to re-sell their Ordinary Shares or Warrants, rendering their shares illiquid and possibly resulting in a complete loss of their investment. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in us will lead to the development of an active, liquid trading market. The trading price of and demand for the Ordinary Shares and the development and continued existence of a market and favorable price for the Ordinary Shares will depend on a number of conditions, including the development of a market following, including by analysts and other investment professionals, the businesses, operations, results, and prospects of the Group, general market and economic conditions, governmental actions, regulatory considerations, legal proceedings, and developments or other factors. These and other factors may impair the development of a liquid market and the ability of investors to sell shares at an attractive price. These factors also could cause the market price and demand for the Ordinary Shares of the Group to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares and may otherwise affect negatively the price and liquidity of the Ordinary Shares. Many of these factors and conditions are beyond the control of the Group or the shareholders.

We do not anticipate that we will pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of Ordinary Shares.

We intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of its business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In addition, in the future we may enter into agreements that prohibit or restrict its ability to declare or pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares if the market price of such shares increases.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Group conducts most of its operations in Singapore and substantially all of its operations outside of the United States. Substantially all of the Group’s assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, all of our senior executive officers reside outside the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As of the date of this annual report, there are no officers, directors, or director nominees residing in China or Hong Kong, except for Lim Boon Yew Gary, who is one of our independent directors and resides in Hong Kong. A judgment of a court in the United States predicated upon U.S. federal or state securities laws may be enforced in Hong Kong at common law by bringing an action in a Hong Kong court on that judgment for the amount due thereunder, and then seeking summary judgment on the strength of the foreign judgment, provided that the foreign judgment, among other things, is (1) for a debt or a definite sum of money; (2) made by a court of competent jurisdiction over the parties and the subject matter; (3) between the same parties on an identical issue; (4) final and conclusive on the merits; and (5) not impeachable according to the rules on conflicts of laws of Hong Kong. Such a judgment may not, in any event, be so enforced in Hong Kong if (a) it was obtained by fraud; (b) the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were opposed to natural justice; or (c) its enforcement or recognition would be contrary to the public policy of Hong Kong. It will be costlier and more time-consuming for the investors to effect service of process outside the United States, or to enforce judgments obtained from the U.S. courts in the courts of the jurisdictions where our directors and officers reside. For example, to enforce a foreign judgment in Hong Kong, the applicant will be required to apply to the Hong Kong High Court to enforce a foreign judgment (the “Application”) for which the applicant will be required to (i) engage a local counsel to facilitate or prepare the Application; and (ii) go through the standard litigation process to sue on the judgment as a debt. In addition, a judgment of a United States court for civil liabilities predicated upon the federal securities laws of the United States may also not be enforceable in or recognized by the courts of the jurisdictions where our directors and officers reside.

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Furthermore, as of the date of this annual report, most of officers, directors, or director nominees reside in Singapore. It is possible that the Singapore courts may not (i) recognize and enforce judgments of courts in the United States, based upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state or territory of the United States (ii) enter judgments in original actions brought in the Singapore courts based solely on the civil liability provisions of these securities laws. An in personam final and conclusive judgment in the federal or state courts of the United States under which a fixed or ascertainable sum of money is payable may be enforced as a debt in the Singapore courts under the common law as long as it is (i) from a court of competent jurisdiction in the United States and (ii) final and conclusive on the merits under the laws of the United States. Additionally, the court where the judgment was obtained must have had international jurisdiction over the party sought to be bound in the local proceedings. However, the Singapore courts are unlikely to enforce a foreign judgment if (a) the foreign judgment is inconsistent with a prior local judgment that is binding on the same parties; (b) the enforcement of the foreign judgment would contravene the public policy of Singapore; (c) the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained were contrary to principles of natural justice; (d) the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud; or (e) the enforcement of the foreign judgment amounts to the direct or indirect enforcement of a foreign penal, revenue or other public law. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands, Singapore, and Hong Kong may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and Singapore, see “Comparison of Stockholders’ Rights — Enforceability of Civil Liabilities under the U.S. Securities Laws.”

Our share price may be volatile and could decline substantially.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile, both because of actual and perceived changes in our financial results and prospects, and because of general volatility in the stock market. The factors that could cause fluctuations in our share price may include, among other factors discussed in this section, the following:

| ● | actual or anticipated variations in the financial results and prospects of the company or other companies in the same industry;
| ● | changes in financial estimates by research analysts;
| ● | changes in the market valuations of other waste management companies;
| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of new products and services, expansions, investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures;
| ● | mergers or other business combinations;
| ● | additions and departures of key personnel and senior management;
| ● | changes in accounting principles;
| ● | the passage of legislation or other developments affecting us or our industry;
| ● | the trading volume of our Ordinary Shares in the public market;
| ● | the release of lockup or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities;
| ● | potential litigation or regulatory investigations;
| ● | changes in economic conditions, including fluctuations in global and Singaporean economies;
| ● | financial market conditions;
| ● | natural disasters, terrorist acts, acts of war, or periods of civil unrest; and
| ● | the realization of some or all of the risks described in this section.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced significant price and trading volume fluctuations from time to time, and the market prices of the equity securities have been volatile and are sometimes subject to sharp price and trading volume changes. These broad market fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us or our business, our Ordinary Shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Ordinary Shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the trading price for our Ordinary Shares would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our securities or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us, demand for our Ordinary Shares could decrease, which might cause the share price and trading volume to decline.

Our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contains anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of the Ordinary Shares.

The Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of us or cause us to engage in change of control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third-parties from seeking to obtain control of us in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, subject to any resolution of the shareholders to the contrary, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Ordinary Shares. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of us or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the Ordinary Shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of the Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected.

If the benefits of the Business Combination do not meet the expectations of financial or industry analysts, the market price of our securities may decline.

The market price of our securities may decline as a result of the Business Combination if:

| ● | we do not achieve the perceived benefits of the Business Combination as rapidly as, or to the extent anticipated by, financial or industry analysts; or
| ● | the effect of the Business Combination on the financial statements is not consistent with the expectations of financial or industry analysts.

Accordingly, investors may experience a loss as a result of declining share prices.

Risks Relating to Operating as a Public Company

Although as a foreign private issuer, ESGL is exempt from certain corporate governance standards applicable to US domestic issuers, if ESGL cannot continue to satisfy, the continued listing requirements and other rules of Nasdaq, ESGL’s securities may not be listed or may be delisted, which could negatively affect the price of its securities and your ability to sell them.

ESGL’s securities currently list on Nasdaq. ESGL cannot assure you that its securities will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. In order to maintain its listing on Nasdaq, ESGL is required to comply with certain rules of Nasdaq, including those regarding minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements.

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ESGL’s management team has limited experience managing a public company.

The members of ESGL’s management team have limited or no experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws, rules and regulations that govern public companies. There are significant obligations it is subject to relating to reporting, procedures and internal controls after ESGL becomes a publicly-traded company. These new obligations and scrutiny will require significant attention from management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of the Group’s business, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition and operating results.

If ESGL fails to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate its material weaknesses over financial reporting, ESGL may be unable to accurately report its results of operations, meets its reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Once ESGL ceases to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, ESGL’s independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of ESGL’s internal controls over financial reporting. Moreover, even if ESGL’s management concludes that ESGL’s internal controls over financial reporting is effective, ESGL’s independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting if it is not satisfied with ESGL’s internal controls or the level at which ESGL’s controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from ESGL. In addition, ESGL’s reporting obligations may place a significant strain on ESGL’s management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. ESGL may be unable to timely complete its evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing ESGL’s internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, ESGL may identify weaknesses and deficiencies in ESGL’s internal control over financial reporting. If ESGL fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented, or amended from time to time, ESGL may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if ESGL fails to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, it could result in material misstatements in ESGL’s financial statements and could also impair ESGL’s ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, ESGL’s businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ordinary shares, may be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose ESGL to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject ESGL to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which ESGL lists, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. ESGL may also be required to restate its financial statements from prior periods. ESGL will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

ESGL is a public company and expects to incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, ESGL needs to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. Operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for it to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and ESGL may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, ESGL will incur additional costs associated with its public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for ESGL to find qualified persons to serve on its Board of Directors or as executive officers.

After ESGL is no longer an “emerging growth company,” ESGL may incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

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If ESGL ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer, it would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and it would incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that it would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, ESGL will be exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of annual report, and its officers, directors, and principal shareholders will be exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, it will not be required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and it will not be required to disclose in its periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. ESGL currently prepares its financial statements in accordance with IFRS. ESGL will not be required to file financial statements prepared in accordance with or reconciled to U.S. GAAP so long as the Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. If it ceases to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future, it would incur significant additional expenses that could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations.

Because ESGL is a foreign private issuer and is exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if it were a domestic issuer.

ESGL’s status as a foreign private issuer exempts it from compliance with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements if it instead complies with the statutory requirements applicable to a Cayman Islands exempted company. The statutory requirements of ESGL’s home country of Cayman Islands, do not strictly require a majority of its board to consist of independent directors. Thus, although a director must act in the best interests of ESGL, it is possible that fewer board members will be exercising independent judgment and the level of board oversight of the management the company may decrease as a result. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have an independent compensation committee with a minimum of two members, a nominating committee, and an independent audit committee with a minimum of three members. ESGL, as a foreign private issuer, with the exception of needing an independent audit committee composed of at least three members, is not subject to these requirements. The Nasdaq Listing Rules may also require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters that ESGL’s home country’s rules do not. Following Cayman Islands governance practices, as opposed to complying with the requirements applicable to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq, may provide less protection to you than would otherwise be the case.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against ESGL’s directors, actions by ESGL’s minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of ESGL’s directors to ESGL under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of ESGL’s shareholders and the fiduciary duties of ESGL’s directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.

There is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against ESGL or ESGL’s directors or officers predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against ESGL or ESGL’s directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against ESGL or against these individuals in the Cayman Islands in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the applicable securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands may render you unable to enforce a judgment against ESGL’s assets or the assets of ESGL’s directors and officers.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like ESGL have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. ESGL’s directors have discretion under our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, its corporate records may be inspected by its shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to its shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

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As a result of all of the above, ESGL’s public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by ESGL’s management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a derivative action in a federal court of the United States. As a result, your ability to protect your interests if you are harmed in a manner that would otherwise enable you to sue in a United States federal court may be limited to direct shareholder lawsuits.

ESGL may be a “passive foreign investment company,” or “PFIC”, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders.

In general, we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of our gross income (looking through certain 25% or more-owned subsidiaries) is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the average value of our assets (looking through certain 25% or more-owned subsidiaries) is attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive income generally includes, without limitation, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder (as defined in the Section of this prospectus captioned “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”) of our securities, the U.S. Holder may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis applying principles and methodologies that in some circumstances are unclear and subject to varying interpretation. Our actual PFIC status for any taxable year will not be determinable until after the end of such taxable year. Accordingly, there can be no assurance with respect to our status as a PFIC for our current taxable year or any subsequent taxable year. We urge U.S. Holders to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules in light of their individual circumstances.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. | History and Development of the Company

The Company was formed to serve as a holding company for Legacy ESGL and GUCC after consummation of the Business Combination contemplated by the Merger Agreement. The Company, a Cayman Islands exempted company, was formed on November 18, 2022. Prior to the Business Combination, the Company owned no material assets and did not operate any business. The Company’s principal executive office is located at 101 Tuas South Avenue 2 Singapore 637226, and its telephone number is +65 6653 2299.

On August 3, 2023 the parties consummated the Business Combination, and an aggregate of 3,922,961 shares of common stock of GUCC were redeemed. On July 27, 2023, GUCC, the Company, and Legacy ESGL entered into an agreement (“Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Seller”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Seller assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC. The primary purpose of entering into the Forward Purchase Agreement was to provide cash to ESGL following the closing of the Business Combination.

ESGH is a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability on June 14, 2022. ESGH has no substantive operations other than holding all of the issued shares of Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited (“ES BVI”), a holding company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands on June 29, 2022. On August 5, 2022, as part of a reorganization, ES BVI acquired the entire equity interest in ESA, which was incorporated under the laws of Singapore on May 8, 1999, from its shareholders, namely Quek Leng Chuang, Law Beng Hui, Chem Integrated Management Pte. Ltd., LV Capital Holdings Limited, Ling Sheng Hwang, Ling Sheng Chung, Lim Suat Bee, Julie and other shareholders, and as consideration, ES BVI allotted and issued its ordinary shares to the aforementioned shareholders in the same proportion as their respective shareholdings in ESA. Upon completion of such reorganization, ESA became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ES BVI.

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B. | Business Overview

Overview

ESGL is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, ESGL conducts all of its operations through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, ESA.

ESA is a waste management, treatment and recycling company involved in the collection and recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste from customers such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and electroplating companies. ESA currently has two revenue streams, from: (i) services income which is primarily comprised of the fees it charges its customers for waste collection and disposal services, which fees are similar to those charged by ESA’s competitors, and (ii) the sales and trading of ESA’s circular products that are made and processed from the recycled waste collected from its customers with respect to its waste collection and disposal services, which ESA believes makes ESA a unique and environmentally friendly offering in the marketplace.

A fundamental tenet of ESA is that waste is a resource to be reused, repurposed and recirculated. ESA believes that this mindset of creating commodities from waste sets itself apart from the linear traditional waste industry participants, which largely only generate income from the collection, destruction and disposal of post-collection waste. This philosophy is ingrained and reflected in ESA’s business operations where it utilizes renewable energy and by-products produced from ESA’s waste treatment process to reduce its own operating costs. In line with this mindset, ESA’s primary business focus is the conversion and processing of industrial waste (that would otherwise be unused in the waste recycling process) into circular products such as pyrolysis oil, diesel, metals such as nickel, zinc, copper, silver, gold, minerals such as lime (calcium hydroxide) and fluorspar (calcium fluoride), and chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and calcium chloride. ESA then sells these converted circular products to local and international end users, traders or overseas refiners who require the circular products for their own commercial use or for further processing including manufacturing and galvanizing purposes.

Recent Developments

On February 26, 2025, ESGL entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“DT”), and certain of DT’s shareholders named therein, including De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Marshall Islands company, and Ideal Team Ventures Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, pursuant to which ESGL agreed to purchase from the DT shareholders, and the DT shareholders agreed to sell to ESGL, the entire issued share capital of DT (the “DT Shares”), for the Consideration (as defined below), such that upon the closing, DT shall become a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of ESGL, and the DT shareholders shall become shareholders of ESGL (the “Acquisition”).

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the aggregate consideration to be paid by ESGL at the closing of the Acquisition to the DT shareholders is $1,030,000,000 (the “Consideration”), which will be paid in 1,000,000,000 newly issued ordinary shares of ESGL (the “Consideration Shares”) at a deemed issue price of $1.03 per share. In addition, subject to DT and its subsidiaries (the “DT Group”) having achieved the FY2025 Performance Target (as defined below) and the FY2026 Performance Target (as defined below), ESGL shall issue additional ordinary shares to the DT shareholders equal to 5% of the number of Consideration Shares (the “Earnout Shares”) for each fiscal year. The total number of Earnout Shares that may be issued in both FY2025 and FY2026 shall not exceed 10% of the number of the Consideration Shares. In the event that the FY2025 Performance Target is not satisfied by the end of 2025 but the FY2025 Performance Target and the FY2026 Performance Target have been satisfied by the end of FY2026, all of the Earnout Shares in respect of both fiscal years (to the extent not yet issued) shall be issued to the DT shareholders. The “FY2025 Performance Target” means 36 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year. The “FY2026 Performance Target” means 74 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year.

The parties have agreed that the closing of the Acquisition shall occur on or before May 31, 2025 (which date may be extended upon the agreement of the parties), subject to the satisfaction of the closing conditions contained in the Agreement.

Competitive Strengths

Revolutionizing Waste Management for a Sustainable Future

ESGL is at the forefront of a new era in waste management, pioneering innovative solutions that transform industrial waste into valuable resources instead of discarding it. By reimagining waste as an opportunity, ESGL is driving a more sustainable and circular economy. Our circular economy-driven approach has not only differentiated us from traditional waste management companies but has also positioned us as an industry pioneer. With increased operational capacity in 2024, ESGL’s impact in sustainable waste management is greater than before.

With an expanded portfolio of six circular products derived from waste, ESGL is offering a greater variety of high-value sustainable raw materials. As demand for circular solutions rises, ESGL is at the forefront of this transformation, helping industries meet ambitious sustainability targets. ESGL’s pioneering renewable energy capture techniques continue to gain traction, allowing us to optimize energy use while reinforcing Singapore’s Zero Waste to Landfill commitment. Our ISCC-certified NewOil remains a trusted, sustainable alternative for businesses looking to reduce their carbon footprint while embracing a circular economy.

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Sustainable & Renewable Energy Technologies

ESA owns and operates an industrial waste management plant in Singapore that uses waste wood gasification and solar energy for the thermal treatment processing of industrial waste. In order to harness the solar energy for the thermal treatment of industrial waste, ESA currently has 640kWp photovoltaic panels (also known as solar panels) installed in its plant building. ESA also owns and operates a commercial plant in Singapore to supply ISCC PLUS-certified circular pyrolysis oil made from waste plastics in Singapore.

| ● | Harnessing the Power of the Sun: ESA has significantly scaled up its use of solar and waste-to-energy technologies, increasing solar capacity by 20% and expanding waste-to-energy conversion rates by 35% compared to 2023. These advancements ensure cleaner, more efficient waste processing, reducing reliance on conventional energy sources.
| ● | High Waste Recovery Rates: In 2024, we sent approximately 5-8% of collected waste to landfill. In 2024, we are closer than ever to near-total resource recovery, solidifying our commitment to full circularity.
| ● | Transforming Waste into Opportunity: Our accelerated material regeneration processes are unlocking new possibilities for high-value circular chemicals, reaffirming ESA’s pioneering role in waste innovation

Experienced Management Team

The Group’s core executive and management team, which consists of Mr. Quek Leng Chuang, Mr. Law Beng Hui, Mr. Ho Shian Ching and Mr. Lee Meng Seng, has amassed approximately a combined 100 years of relevant experience in waste management and the chemical supply chain and general management, including but not limited to corporate and financial management and services. The Company is led by its two executive directors, Mr. Quek Leng Chuang and Mr. Law Beng Hui. Mr. Quek, ESGL’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of ESGL’s board of directors, has over 30 years of experience in the waste management industry. In addition, Mr. Quek was awarded a Singapore Armed Force Scholarship to pursue Engineering in 1986, and subsequently served full time in the Singapore Army as an officer with an Elite Infantry Division. He continued service honorably in the reserve until 2016 and attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Mr. Law, the Company’s Chief Growth and Sustainability Officer, has over 20 years of experience in business strategy, brand portfolio and marketing management, including roles at Diageo plc and WPP plc.

Growth Strategy

We are committed to advancing ESGL’s position as a sustainability-driven, innovation-led organization focused on delivering long-term shareholder value. Our growth strategy is structured around four core strategic pillars : (i) positioning our Singapore operations as a center of excellence for circular technologies, (ii) expanding into overseas markets through recyclable materials offtake, (iii) leveraging partnerships through technology licensing and joint ventures. This strategy supports our broader objective to diversify into sectors where innovation and brand power can drive meaningful growth, enabling us to address emerging opportunities within the global circular economy. (iv) to opportunistically acquire companies in order to diversify our portfolio and to enter into adjacent sectors.

Pillar 1: Singapore Operations – Centre of Excellence for Circular Technologies

We continue to invest in our wholly owned subsidiary, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. (“ESA”), to establish it as a regional center of excellence for circular technologies. Subject to the availability of funding, we plan to expand ESA’s operational capabilities through:

| ● | Increasing sludge thermal processing capacity to broaden the types of industrial waste ESA can treat;
| ● | Enhancing spent acid treatment capacity through the acquisition of additional reactors, filter presses, and supporting auxiliaries; and
| ● | Constructing a high-temperature hazardous waste treatment system designed to improve ESA’s ability to recover valuable materials and generate eligible carbon and plastic credits under Singapore’s regulated environmental credit schemes.

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We have previously also entered into a Joint Development Agreement (the “JDA”) with Nanomatics Pte. Ltd. (“NMT”), a technology spin-off from Nanyang Technological University, to jointly develop and integrate NMT’s THERMO-CVD process with ESA’s proprietary FR-3 Pyrolysis Technology. The purpose of the collaboration is to convert synthetic gas from plastic pyrolysis into carbon nanotubes and hydrogen. Upon achieving commercially viable outputs in the pilot phase, we intend to explore licensing arrangements with NMT for exclusive use of the technology in Southeast Asia.

Pillar 2: Overseas Expansion – Recyclable Materials Offtake

We believe our business model is scalable and applicable to other regional markets. To this end, we have begun expanding beyond Singapore through the establishment of warehousing and circular product sales infrastructure in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. This facility, launched in late 2024, serves as a base to scale operations and distribute our circular products across Malaysia.

We are also actively evaluating other ASEAN markets where industrial waste management infrastructure is underdeveloped. For example, in Batam, Indonesia—a free trade zone near Singapore with significant manufacturing activity—hazardous waste is currently shipped to West Java for treatment. We believe the establishment of local treatment capabilities could reduce transportation costs for waste generators and provide an effective demonstration of our sustainable waste management model in a cross-border context.

Pillar 3: Partnerships via Technology Licensing and Joint Ventures

We intend to expand our international presence through strategic partnerships and licensing arrangements. Our approach includes:

| ● | Protecting and patenting key proprietary technologies and trade secrets;
| ● | Entering into licensing agreements with overseas partners to deploy ESGL’s circular technologies in industrial markets similar to Singapore’s; and
| ● | Forming joint development programs or joint venture entities to facilitate technology transfer, drive local adoption, and accelerate recycling rates across partner jurisdictions.

Pillar 4: Portfolio Diversification – Entry into Adjacent Sectors

In line with our strategic vision to build a diversified and future-ready business, we are actively pursuing opportunities beyond traditional environmental services. In February 2025, we signed a definitive agreement to acquire De Tomaso Automobili Holdings S.A., an iconic high-performance automotive brand. This acquisition represents a deliberate move into the luxury innovation sector, where we believe our expertise in sustainable materials, engineering capabilities, and brand development can unlock meaningful long-term growth.

We believe the execution of our growth strategy across these three pillars will enhance our competitive positioning, expand our customer and revenue base, and create sustainable value for our shareholders over the long term. We are committed to advancing our business through strategic diversification into sectors where innovation and brand power can drive meaningful growth, reinforcing our position as a differentiated, sustainability-focused organization.

Product & Service Quality and Safety

ESA’s waste management operations are ISO 14001:2015 certified. All of ESA’s operating procedures are documented and the associated risks of each business activity is reviewed at least annually, and updated where necessary. To ensure ESA’s waste collection procedures are followed correctly, ESA provides operator training to our operator staff and this training is conducted by our safety and production managers.

In addition to ESA’s waste collection procedures, its waste treatment and conversion processes are also ISO 9001: 2015 certified and we follow strict operational procedures in the treatment and conversion of waste. Moreover, ESA ensures its circular products meet its quality control standards with the support of its in-house laboratory. More recently, ESA’s business operations involved in the conversion of waste plastics into oil have complied with the requirements of the certification systems of ISCC Plus (International Sustainability and Carbon Certification). These certifications and qualifications are renewed annually, with the provision of regular training to ESA’s management team and employees being an integral requisite. ESA’s workplace safety and health procedures are certified as Bizsafe Level 3, as issued by the Workplace Safety and Health Council in Singapore.

Suppliers and Logistics Providers

In addition to the waste generated by ESA’s customers, ESA acquires industrial waste from suppliers, such as companies from the biomedical, pharmaceutical, electronics, semiconductors, electroplating, and petrochemicals industries. ESA also has suppliers that provide it with certain equipment such as bins, containers for waste, machine parts, as well as other auxiliary equipment used in ESA’s waste generation plant and laboratory that is essential to ESA’s business operations.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, one supplier accounted for approximately 23.6% of the Group’s total inventory and logistic costs. For the year ended December 31, 2024, one supplier accounted for approximately 36.9% of the Group’s total inventory and logistic costs.

The following summarizes the material terms of ESA’s typical purchase contracts:

Term: |  | The agreed term is generally 1 to 2 years.
Description and type of product: |  | The contract stipulates the type and specifications of the waste to be purchased by ESA.
Rebate Scheme: |  | The purchase price for the waste is determined based on the concentration and amount of precious metals in the waste and sold to ESA via a rebate scheme.
Weight: |  | The contract stipulates how ESA will perform the weighing procedures and the containers used to pack the waste.
Acceptance: |  | The waste shall be transported to the plants of ESA.
Sample and Analysis: |  | The contract stipulates how the sampling and analysis of the waste will be performed by ESA.
Payment terms: |  | Payment is generally made in US dollars upon receipt of the invoice within 30 days from the relevant supplier.
Termination: |  | The contract shall be renewed automatically unless termination notice has been issued to either party at least 1 to 3 months before the expiry date.
|  | The contract shall be terminated by the supplier if:
|  | ● | ESA fails to observe or perform any provision or terms of the agreement.
|  | ● | ESA gives or offers any substantial gift whether by way of money, goods or otherwise to an employee of the supplier, or if any employee/family of an employee of the supplier has an unrevealed substantial interest in the business of ESA of which ESA has knowledge of.

Confidentiality: |  | It also stipulates both parties shall not disclose the existence of the contract, its terms and conditions, without prior consent from the other party and any information received by the parties under this contract shall not be used other than for the waste treatment/storage/conditioning services and shall not be disclosed to any third parties.
|  | This clause shall survive 3 years from the termination or expiration of the contract.

ESA engages third party logistics providers to provide ESA with freight and transportation services for the collection of waste and the transportation of ESA’s circular products to customers.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, three logistics providers in the aggregate accounted for approximately 13.4% of the Group’s total cost of inventory and logistics. For the year ended December 31, 2024, two logistics providers in the aggregate accounted for approximately 52.2% of the Group’s total cost of inventory and logistics.

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The following summarizes the material terms of the typical contracts with the Company’s logistics providers:

Term: |  | The agreed term is generally 1 to 2 years.
Service Fee for transportation: |  | The contract stipulates the amount of service fees (i) per trip during specified hours and (ii) per hour after specified hours.
Service Fee for loading: |  | The service fees for the loading of goods per trip.
Payment terms: |  | Generally within 30 days and prices quoted excluding good and services tax.

Sales and Marketing

ESA’s sales team is comprised of two employees, and they are involved in providing sales support administration and customer services.

Sales and marketing generally is a business-to-business endeavor, and ESA adopts email marketing as the primary method of reaching out to potential customers. ESA acquires new email-registered members through a diverse set of paid and unpaid marketing channels. ESA’s paid advertising efforts include search engine marketing, affiliate channels, and specific offline marketing channels. ESA’s non-paid advertising efforts include search engine optimization, non-paid social media, customer referrals and email. Upon acquiring a customer or a potential customer’s email address, ESA focuses on how to increase their engagement with ESA’s products and services. This effort to increase engagement and repeat purchasing is primarily accomplished by providing consistent customer service and email marketing efforts. ESA also has a cloud-based customer relationship management system to promote its sales and marketing efforts. ESA also adopts search engine optimization strategies to place it on the first page of most relevant searches so that potential customers and suppliers can easily locate ESA.

Other than the above traditional means to attract potential customers, ESA is also a member of the Waste Management Recycling Association of Singapore, the United Nations Global Compact, and Association of Process Industry where it actively participates in industry forums to promote the ESA’s brand and awareness to sustainable solutions towards waste management. Additionally, and as part of ESA’s corporate social responsibility efforts, ESA has partnered up with the non-profit, Alliance to End Plastic Waste, to develop an educational program which aims to recycle at least 350 metric tons of plastics through educational institutions in Singapore.

Customers

We provide our waste collection and disposal services to the following customers, which include but are not limited to:

| (i) | petrochemical companies such as Shell Eastern Petroleum Pte Ltd (“Shell”), ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Huntsman Corporation and Singapore Refining Company Pte Ltd;
| (ii) | semi-conductors such as Micron Semiconductor Asia Operations Pte Ltd (“Micron”), STMicroelectronics Pte Ltd (“STMicro”) and Systems on Silicon Manufacturing Company Pte Ltd (“SSMC”);
| (iii) | pharmaceutical corporations such as AbbVie Operations Singapore Pte Ltd, Alcon Singapore Manufacturing Pte Ltd and Pfizer Asia Manufacturing Pte Ltd;
| (iv) | technology equipment manufacturers such as Linxens Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore Epson Industrial Pte Ltd and Lincstech Circuit Singapore Pte Ltd; and
| (v) | chemical product companies such as Stella Chemifa Singapore Pte Ltd and BASF South East Asia Pte Ltd.

In line with our circularity mission, we treat and process the collected waste into circular products, which include but are not limited to, pyrolysis oil, fluorspar, regenerated acid, base metals and nickel carbonate, and sell them to local and international end users, traders or overseas refiners, including Shell, Gee Hoe Seng Pte Ltd, Progress Galvanizing Pte Ltd, GRM Co. Ltd and NickelHutte Aue GMBH.

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When selecting ESA’s customers, ESA considers factors such as their size, creditworthiness and financial strength. ESA generally delivers the circular products to its customers after they have made approximately more than 80% of the payment to ESA to minimize any risk of bad debt and non-payment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, two of the Group’s customers accounted for approximately 23.92%, and 17.66%, of the Group’s total revenue. Trade receivables from these customers was approximately US$175,000 as of December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, four of the Group’s customers accounted for approximately 22.3%, 15.4%, 14.7% and 13.4% of the Group’s total revenue. Trade receivables from these customers was approximately US$558,000 as of December 31, 2024.

The following summarizes the material terms of the Company’s typical service contracts:

Term: |  | The agreed term is generally for 1 to 2 years.
Description and type of waste: |  | The contract stipulates the type and specifications of the waste to be collected by ESA.
Service Fee: |  | The service fees for the collection and disposal of waste are determined based on a fixed price per unit of the waste.
Payment terms: |  | Full payment of the service fees is to be made within 7 to 14 working days after receipt of the invoice from ESA.
Termination: |  | The contract shall be renewed automatically unless termination notice has been issued to either party at least 1 to 3 months before the expiry date.
|  | The contract shall be terminated by the customer if:
|  | ● | ESA fails to observe or perform any provision or terms of the agreement.
|  | ● | ESA gives or offers any substantial gift whether by way of money, goods or otherwise to an employee of the customer, or if any employee/family of an employee of the customer has an unrevealed substantial interest in the business of ESA of which ESA has knowledge of.

Confidentiality: |  | The contract stipulates that ESA shall not assign, transfer or subcontract the contract nor assign rights, obligations or duties under the contract to any other party without the prior written consent of the customer.
|  | It also stipulates both parties shall not disclose the existence of the contract, its terms and conditions, without prior consent from the other party and any information received by the parties under this contract shall not be used other than for the waste treatment/storage/conditioning services and shall not be disclosed to any third parties.
|  | This clause shall survive 3 years from the termination or expiration of the contract.

The following summarizes the material terms of a typical purchase order:

Description and type of product: |  | The purchase order stipulates the type and specifications of the circular products to be supplied and delivered to the customer.
Price of product: |  | The price of the circular product is determined based on a fixed price per unit.
Weight: |  | The contract stipulates how ESA will perform the weighing procedures for the circular products.
Payment terms: |  | Full payment of the price of the product is to be made within 30 days after receipt of the invoice from ESA.

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Research and Development

ESA is committed to researching and developing its industrial waste treatment technologies in order to meet the demands of its customers in the industrial waste treatment market.

Internally, ESA collects feedback from its completed projects and modifies its equipment and technologies based on the feedback and from its previous experiences. ESA believes scientific and technological innovations will aid it to achieve its long-term strategic objective of becoming one of the premier industrial waste treatment companies in Singapore. For this reason, ESA devotes significant financial and personnel resources to research and development. ESA’s current research and development efforts are primarily focused on waste treatment methodologies. ESA’s internal research and development team is comprised of highly skilled engineers and scientists with extensive experience in industrial waste treatment technologies, chemistry, and design. To supplement ESA’s internal expertise, it is also looking to collaborate with third-party institutions.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the Company’s capitalized research and development expenses were approximately US$4.3 million and US$6.1 million, respectively. The Company intends to continue to invest in research and development to support and enhance its existing waste management methodologies and promote further innovation in the realm of waste management and treatment to enhance ESA’s position in the market.

Seasonality

The volume of industrial waste tends to increase during summer. ESA’s second and third quarter revenues and results of operations typically reflect these seasonal trends. Service disruptions caused by severe storms, extended periods of inclement weather or climate events can significantly affect ESA’s operating results.

Intellectual Property

The following Company logos have been approved by the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore. . In addition, the Group intends to register the trademark and as the Company and ESA’s logo in Indonesia.

The Group believes that its intellectual property is important to the success and positioning of the Company. Through ESA’s trademarks and domain name, the Group believes it has enhanced its brand recognition as well as highlighted NewOil as one of its key products, hence distinguishing ESA from its competitors and reinforcing the positive corporate image ESA has among its customers and suppliers.

The Group cannot assure you that any pending trademark, patent or copyright will be approved by the relevant government authorities. In addition, any rights granted under any of ESA’s existing or future patents, copyrights or trademarks may not provide meaningful protection or any commercial advantage to the Company. With respect to our other proprietary rights, it may be possible for third parties to copy or otherwise obtain and use proprietary technology without authorization or to develop similar technology independently. The Group may in the future initiate claims or litigation against third parties to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others. In addition, the Group may in the future initiate litigation to enforce its intellectual property rights or to protect its trade secrets.

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Competition

The Group faces significant competition from the numerous waste management companies who collect and dispose of the waste ESA needs for its waste management and treatment processes. Such competitors include ECO Special Waste Management Pte Ltd, Chem-Solv Technologies Pte Ltd, Modern Asia Environmental Holdings Pte Ltd, and Veolia ES Singapore Industrial Pte. Ltd.

A substantial majority of the Group’s competitors are significantly larger than the ESA and have more capital to invest in their businesses. Competitors could also seek to gain market share by reducing the prices they charge customers, introducing products and solutions that are similar to ESA’s or introducing new technology tools.

C. | Organizational Structure

The Company’s organizational chart is below:

D. | Property, Plant and Equipment

ESGL’s headquarters are located at 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226, with approximately 95,000 square feet of facility space, pursuant to a 17-year state lease that terminates on November 30, 2030. ESGL pays S$9,502.43 per month under such lease, which may be subject to a potential increase of the rent based on the prevailing market rate every year. This facility is used for the processing of solid and liquid industrial waste and the physical-chemical treatment of acids and alkali wastes. The facility also processes waste wood to be converted into renewable heat energy, and the auxiliaries and offices are powered by 640 KWp Solar PV on the main building roof.

ESGL also leases a factory space at 62 Tuas Street 5, Singapore 637802, with approximately 25,000 square feet of facility space, pursuant to a 30-year state lease that terminates on March 31, 2038. This facility is used for the processing of chemical wastes and the pyrolysis of waste plastics into NewOil. ESGL pays S$2,489.53 per month under such lease, which may be subject to a potential increase of the rent based on the prevailing market rate every year.

ESGL leases another factory space at 110 Tuas South Avenue 3, Singapore 637369 (“110 Tuas”), with approximately 34,000 square feet of facility space, pursuant to a two-year tenancy agreement that terminates on January 31, 2025. This facility is used for the storage of waste and circular products. This facility was integral to ESGL’s supply chain operations and is used mainly for the storage of waste prior to treatment and the Group’s circular products prior to dispatch or export for sales. During October 2024, the Company gave notice to terminate the lease at 110 Tuas and commenced the move of its storage operations to Malaysia. This shift is estimated to reduce the Company’s rental expense by approximately S$17,000 monthly.

In Malaysia, ESGL leases factory space at PLO 67, Jalan Cyber 2, Kawasan Perindustrian Estate III, 81400 Senai, Johor, with approximately 52,270 square feet of facility space, pursuant to a two year tenancy agreement that expires on October 15, 2026. This facility is integral to ESGL’s supply chain operations and is used mainly for storage of circular products for sale to customers in Malaysia.

ESGL believes that its facilities are adequate to meet its needs for the immediate future, and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available on commercially reasonable terms to accommodate any expansion of the ESGL’s operations.

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ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Overview

ESGL is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, the Group’s operations are conducted almost entirely through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, ESA. In late 2024, a subsidiary, ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd., was incorporated in Johor for purposes of growing the Group’s business activities in Malaysia.

The Group is a waste management, treatment and recycling company involved in the collection and recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste from customers such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and electroplating companies. The Group currently has two revenue streams, from: (i) services income which is primarily comprised of the fees charged to customers for the provision of waste collection and disposal services, which fees are similar to those charged by the Group’s competitors, and (ii) the sales and trading of its circular products made from recycled waste, which is believed to make the Group a unique and environmentally-friendly offering in the marketplace.

Factors Affecting the Group’s Performance and Related Trends

The Group believes that the key factors affecting its performance and financial performance include:

| (i) | Continuous Engagement with the Group’s Customers: The Group benefits from its unique approach to waste handling — captive consumption, which has allowed it to capture customers from the target market segment of multinational corporations that aim to meet their environmental, social and governance goals. The Group’s revenue growth largely depends on its ability to retain current customers and attract new customers, including its ability to form relationships with and manage an increasing number of customers. In addition to the traditional means of attracting potential customers via emails, business brochures and LinkedIn, ESA is also a member of the Waste Management Recycling Association of Singapore and the United Nations Global Compact where it actively participates in industry forums to promote the Group’s brand and awareness of sustainable solutions, which has resulted in a substantial increase in customer engagement.
| (ii) | Manufacturing Activities: The Group derives part of its revenue by charging a disposal fee for the use of its collection and disposal service. Since the Group’s core business is tied to the volume of waste generated by its customers, its revenue growth could be influenced by manufacturing activities which are affected by the global supply and demand, as well as macroeconomic conditions.
| (iii) | Commodities Price: The Group derives part of its revenue from the sales and trading of its circular products, which typically include zinc, precious metals and base metals. As such, the prevailing market prices and the demand of these commodities will also determine the Group’s profitability and the sale of each commodity, respectively.
| (iv) | Inflation: While many of the economies in Asia have experienced rapid growth over the last two decades, they currently are experiencing inflationary pressures, and the rate of growth is slowing down. The economy in Singapore and globally has experienced general increases in certain operating costs and expenses, such as employee compensation and office operating expenses as a result of higher inflation. Average wages in Singapore are expected to continue to increase and the Group expects that its employee costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless the Group is able to control its employee costs or pass them on to its clients, its financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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|  | As governments in Asia (and worldwide) take steps to address current inflationary pressures, there may be significant changes in the availability of bank credit, commercial reasonability of interest rates, limitations on loans, restrictions on currency conversions and foreign investment rules, thereby restricting the availability of credit and reducing economic growth. Inflation, actions that may be implemented to combat inflation and public speculation about any possible additional actions also may contribute materially to economic uncertainty in Asia (and worldwide) and accordingly weaken investor confidence, thus adversely impacting economic growth and causing decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for the Group’s products and services, and consequently have a material adverse effect on its businesses, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, more lenient government policies and interest rate decreases may trigger increases in inflation and, consequently, growth volatility and the need for sudden and significant interest rate increases, which could negatively affect the Group’s business. There also may be imposition of price controls. If prices for the Group’s waste disposal services and/or its circular products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in the costs of supplies and operations, it may have an adverse effect on the Group’s profitability. If these or other similar restrictions are imposed by a government to influence the economy, it may lead to a slowing of economic growth.
| (v) | Government Regulations in Singapore: The Group’s operating subsidiary, ESA, is incorporated, and its operations and assets are all located, in Singapore. Accordingly, the Group’s business could be influenced by economic policies and initiatives undertaken by the Singapore government, changes in the Singapore business or regulatory environment affecting its customers and changes in the Singapore government policy on waste management. Unfavorable changes could affect demand for services that the Group provides and could materially and adversely affect its results of operations. Although the Group has generally benefited from Singapore’s economic growth and the policies to encourage the improvement of waste management, it is also affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in the Singapore economic conditions and regulations governing the waste industry.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | Change |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |  |  | (%) |
Revenue |  |  | 6,099,777 |  |  |  | 6,164,173 |  |  |  | (64,396 | ) |  |  | -1.0 | %
Other income |  |  | 427,147 |  |  |  | 169,819 |  |  |  | 257,328 |  |  |  | 151.5 | %
Cost of inventory |  |  | 215,059 |  |  |  | (977,619 | ) |  |  | 1,192,678 |  |  |  | 122.0 | %
Logistics costs |  |  | (642,423 | ) |  |  | (925,225 | ) |  |  | (282,802 | ) |  |  | -30.6 | %
Operating expenses |  |  | (3,789,227 | ) |  |  | (3,466,606 | ) |  |  | 322,621 |  |  |  | 9.3 | %
Finance expense |  |  | (350,145 | ) |  |  | (388,717 | ) |  |  | (38,572 | ) |  |  | -9.9 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (2,720,774 | ) |  |  | (2,354,839 | ) |  |  | 365,935 |  |  |  | 15.5 | %
Listing expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | (93,067,324 | ) |  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Loss before income tax |  |  | (760,586 | ) |  |  | (94,846,338 | ) |  |  | 94,085,752 |  |  |  | 99.2 | %
Income tax credit/(expense) |  |  | 127,329 |  |  |  | (133,000 | ) |  |  | 142,315 |  |  |  | 195.7 | %
Net loss |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (94,979,338 | ) |  |  | 94,228,067 |  |  |  | 99.3 | %

Revenue

The Group derives its revenue from (i) the sales and trading of its circular products and (ii) waste disposal services which generally comprises the disposal fees it charges its customers for waste collection and disposal services. The Group’s revenue decreased slightly by approximately US$64,000 or -1.0% from approximately US$6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“FY2023”) to approximately US$6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“FY2024”). This was mainly due to the decrease in collection and treatment of chemical waste which decreased by approximately US$87,000 and lower sales of circular products which decreased by approximately US$260,000. The decrease in the revenue from the above was mitigated by higher revenue from the collection and treatment of solid hazardous wastes which increased by approximately US$354,000 during the period ended December 31, 2024.

The decrease in sales of circular products was primarily attributable to the decrease in sales of base metals which decreased by approximately US$1.1 million (-51.3%) from approximately US$2.1 million in the previous financial year to approximately US$1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Other Income

The Group’s other income is mainly comprised of (i) foreign exchange gain, and (ii) write-back of deferred underwriting fees payable. The following table sets out the breakdown of other income for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | 251,897 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251,897 |  |  |  | nm |
Interest income |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 18,308 |  |  |  | (18,301 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Government grants |  |  | 21,779 |  |  |  | 42,819 |  |  |  | (21,040 | ) |  |  | -49.1 | %
Grant from AEPW1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,000 |  |  |  | (72,000 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Warehousing and logistic services |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,357 |  |  |  | (36,357 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
Write-back of deferred underwriting fees payable |  |  | 153,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153,125 |  |  |  | nm |
Others |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 335 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1.2 | %
|  |  | 427,147 |  |  |  | 169,819 |  |  |  | 257,328 |  |  |  | 151.5 | %

nm : not meaningful

1The Alliance to End Plastic Waste (“AEPW”) is an industry-founded and funded non-governmental and non-profit organization based in Singapore. Founding members include BASF, Chevron Phillips Chemical, ExxonMobil, Dow Chemical, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings, Proctor & Gamble and Shell

The Group’s other income increased by approximately US$257,000 (>100.0%) from approximately US$170,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately US$427,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to (i) foreign exchange gain which increased by approximately US$251,000 in FY2024 compared to the prior financial year, and (ii) the write-back of deferred underwriting fees of approximately US$153,000. The increase in Other Income for the financial year ended December 31, 2024 was offset mainly by a decrease in grants from AEPW and a decrease in warehousing and logistics services which decreased by approximately US$72,000 and US$36,000, respectively.

Cost of Inventory

The Group’s cost of inventory mainly represents costs and expenses attributable to the provision of its circular products and consists of costs arising from the change in inventory balances, the purchase of inventory and costs related to lab sampling and analysis. The Group’s cost of inventory decreased by approximately US$1.2 million (>100%) due mainly to positive movements in closing inventory balance and lower cost of raw materials. The positive inventory movements resulted mainly from the Group gearing up its production for the following:

| 1) | In FY2024, the Group secured purchase orders to supply regenerated calcium hydroxide to one of its major customers, STMicro. This calcium hydroxide is produced from waste collected from another customer;
| 2) | Treatment of chemical wastes collected to extract palladium for sale.

Logistics Costs

The Group’s logistics costs represent costs attributable to the collection of waste and the delivery of its circular products. The Group’s logistics costs decreased by approximately US$283,000 or 30.6% from approximately US$925,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately US$642,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This is mainly due to reductions in packaging materials as the Group embarked on stricter cost controls and initiatives to reuse packaging materials.

Operating Expenses

The Group’s operating expenses mainly comprise employee benefits expense and other operating expenses. The Group’s operating expenses increased by approximately US$323,000 or 9.3%, from approximately US$3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately US$3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily attributable to the increase in insurance expenses and professional fees which increased by approximately US$205,000 and US$524,000, respectively. The increase in insurance expenses in FY2024 is mainly due to the impact of a full year’s premium of the D&O insurance as compared to four months in FY2023. Increase in professional fees were mainly attributable to higher accounting and legal fees incurred post business combination.

29

Finance Expense

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Lease liabilities |  |  | 53,725 |  |  |  | 55,934 |  |  |  | (2,209 | ) |  |  | 3.9 | %
- Borrowings |  |  | 249,284 |  |  |  | 284,112 |  |  |  | (34,828 | ) |  |  | -12.3 | %
- Loans from Directors |  |  | 47,136 |  |  |  | 48,671 |  |  |  | (1,535 | ) |  |  | -3.2 | %
|  |  | 350,145 |  |  |  | 388,717 |  |  |  | (38,572 | ) |  |  | -9.9 | %

The Group’s finance expense decreased by approximately US$39,000 from approximately US$389,000 in the year ended December 31, 2023 to approximately US$350,000 (-9.9%) in FY2024. This was mainly due to lower interest expense on borrowings which decreased by approximately US$35,000 as loan interest is calculated on a reducing balance basis.

Depreciation and Amortization

The Group’s depreciation and amortization expense in FY2024 increased by approximately US$367,000 (15.5%) mainly due to a higher intangible assets balance that increased amortization expense by approximately US$266,000.

Listing expense

Listing expenses are non-recurring expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination and are as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Share issued as consideration |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67,641,500 |  |  |  | (67,641,500 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
Net assets of SPAC |  |  | - |  |  |  | (590,526 | ) |  |  | 590,526 |  |  |  | -100 | %
Revaluation of FPA |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,241,261 |  |  |  | (24,241,261 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
Professional fees |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,680,198 |  |  |  | (1,680,198 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
Printing, courier, and others |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,891 |  |  |  | (94,891 | ) |  |  | -100 | %
|  |  | - |  |  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | (93,067,324 | ) |  |  | -100 | %

Net Loss

As a result of the foregoing, the Group’s net loss after taxation for the year ended December 31, 2024 was reduced by approximately US$94.3 million (-99.3%) from approximately US$95.0 million to approximately US$633,000 as compared with the same period last year.

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Non-GAAP Measures

EBITDA

The Group defines EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, EBITDA consisted of the following:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Percentage |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |  |  | change % |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (760,586 | ) |  |  | (94,846,338 | ) |  |  | (94,983,744 | ) |  |  | -100.1 | %
Finance expense |  |  | 350,145 |  |  |  | 388,717 |  |  |  | (365,935 | ) |  |  | -15.5 | %
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 2,720,774 |  |  |  | 2,354,839 |  |  |  | (38,572 | ) |  |  | -9.9 | %
EBITDA |  |  | 2,310,333 |  |  |  | (92,102,782 | ) |  |  | 95.311.107 |  |  |  | -103.5 | %
add : non-recurring listing expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 93,067,324 |  |  |  | (93,067,324 | ) |  |  | -100.0 | %
|  |  | 2,310,333 |  |  |  | 964,542 |  |  |  | 2,243,783 |  |  |  | 232.6 | %

*Non-recurring expenses mainly relate to expenses incurred for the Business Combination

EBITDA is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. The Group’s management uses EBITDA (i) as a measure of operating performance, (ii) for planning and forecasting in future periods, and (iii) in communications with the Group’s board of directors concerning the Group’s financial performance. The Group’s presentation of EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to other similarly titled captions of other companies due to different methods of calculation and should not be used by investors as a substitute or alternative to net income or any measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Instead, the Group’s management believes EBITDA should be used to supplement the Group’s financial measures derived in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB, to provide a more complete understanding of the trends affecting the business.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

ESGL was incorporated in the Cayman Islands as a holding company and it did not have active business operations as of December 31, 2024. The Group’s consolidated assets and liabilities, consolidated revenue and net income are primarily the operation results of its subsidiary in Singapore. The Group has another operating subsidiary in Malaysia, ESG Chemicals Sdn Bhd (“ESGC”), that commenced operations in December 2024. ESGC’s contribution to the Group’s operating results were not significant in the financial year ended December 31, 2024. In assessing the Group’s liquidity, the Group monitors and analyzes its cash on-hand and its operating expenditure commitments. The Group’s liquidity needs are to meet its working capital requirements and operating expense obligations. Historically, the Group has financed its operations primarily through the (i) issuance of ordinary shares, (ii) cash generated by operations, (iii) loans from Directors and (iv) borrowings from banks. The Group has no other debt instruments other than those stated here.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Group’s working capital was approximately negative US$7.0 million, an approximately US$6.8 million (49.3%) improvement compared to working capital as of December 31, 2023. The Group’s cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024 amounted to approximately US$635,000, and it has current assets of approximately US$2.1 million and current liabilities of US$9.1 million. The negative working capital was primarily attributable to the classification of certain bank loan balances of approximately US$4.3 million as current liabilities due to clauses in the loan agreements that allow the banks to demand immediate repayment even though they were not due for repayment.

The following table illustrates the maturity profile of the Group’s borrowings:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2024 (US$) |  |  | 2023 (US$) |
Within 1 year or on demand |  |  | 2,928,509 |  |  |  | 3,233,637 |
Between 1 year and 2 years |  |  | 1,390,673 |  |  |  | 2,544,842 |
Total |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |

Interest rates for the Group’s borrowings range from a fixed rate of 2% and 2.5% per annum to a floating rate of up to 2% above the lending bank’s cost of funds on a reducing balance basis. The Group’s treasury policy is to maintain controls on all exposures, to adhere to stringent counterparty credit standards, and to actively monitor marketplace exposures.

The capital expenditure contracted for as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 but not recognized in the financial statements were approximately US$1.3 million.

Based on the Group’s current operating plan, the Group believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash generated from operating and fund raising activities will be sufficient to meet its anticipated working capital and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. The Group’s future working capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the rate of its revenue growth, its introduction of new products and processes, and its expansion of sales and marketing and product development activities. To the extent that the Group’s cash and cash equivalents and cash flow from operating activities are insufficient to fund its future activities, the Group may need to raise additional funds through bank credit arrangements, public or private equity or debt financings. The Group also may need to raise additional funds in the event it decides in the future to acquire businesses, technologies and products that will complement its existing operations. In the event additional funding is required, the Group may not be able to obtain bank credit arrangements or equity or debt financing on terms acceptable to it or at all.

Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following summarizes the key components of the Group’s cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities |  |  | (3,111,587 | ) |  |  | 5,282,766 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (2,019,272 | ) |  |  | (2,019,189 | )
Net cash generated from/(used in) financing activities |  |  | 5,398,980 |  |  |  | (3,149,215 | )
Net increase in cash and bank balances |  |  | 268 ,121 |  |  |  | 114,362 |

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Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately US$3.1 million was used for the Group’s operating activities. This was mainly due to the settlement of deferred underwriting fees amounting to approximately US$2.8 million and settlement of trade and other payables consisting mainly of contract liabilities of approximately US$1.1 million. Higher trade receivables and inventory balances as at December 31, 2024 also contributed to the net cash used in operating activities although this was partially offset by the adjustments for the depreciation of property, plant and equipment and the amortization of intangible assets of approximately US$2.7 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group generated net cash from operating activities of approximately US$5.3 million despite a loss before income tax of approximately US$94.8 million. The significant loss before taxation was mainly due to listing expense of US$93.1 million and primarily arose from the accounting effects of the acquisition of GUCC and has no impact on operational cash flows. Net cash generated from operating activities was primarily attributable to (i) positive cash inflows after the adjustments for the depreciation of property, plant and equipment and the amortization of intangible assets of approximately US$2.4 million, and (ii) the overall improvements in working capital.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately US$2.0 million and in FY2024, were primarily attributable to (i) the purchase property, plant and equipment amounting to approximately US$305,000 (2023: US$651,000), and (ii) the addition of intangible assets amounting to approximately US$1.7 million (2023: US$1.4 million).

Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group issued shares to investors and received US$7.5 million in funds raised. This cash inflow was offset by repayment of bank borrowings, interest, payments for share issuance expenses and lease repayments amounting to approximately US$2.1 million, resulting in net cash provided by financing activities of approximately US$5.4 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was approximately US$3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and was primarily attributable to (i) the repayment of approximately US$3.8 million of bank borrowings, (ii) the settlement of approximately US$3.2 million of promissory note to shares, (iii) the repayment of approximately US$186,000 of lease liabilities, and (iv) the payment of approximately US$389,000 of interest, which was partially offset by the share issuance of approximately US$754,000 and the draw down of bank borrowings of approximately US$3.6 million.

33

Trade Receivables

The Group’s trade receivables increased by approximately US$222,000 from approximately US$461,000 as of December 31, 2023 to approximately US$684,000 as of December 31, 2024.

The Group seeks to maintain strict control over its outstanding receivables, and overdue balances are reviewed regularly by its senior management. The following table sets out an ageing analysis of the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired, as of the dates indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Less than 30 days |  |  | 96,741 |  |  |  | 44,543 |
30 to 90 days |  |  | 20,412 |  |  |  | 15,214 |
|  |  | 117,152 |  |  |  | 59,757 |

As of December 31, 2024, the Group’s trade receivables that are past due but not impaired amounted to approximately US$117,000. These trade receivables were all subsequently settled as of date of this report .

The following table sets out the Group’s average trade receivables turnover days for the periods indicated:

|  | Average Trade Receivables Turnover Days |
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 34 |
As of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 25 |

Average trade receivables turnover days indicates the average time required for the Group to collect cash payments from its provision of goods or services. The Group’s average trade receivables turnover days were 34 and 25 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in the Group’s average trade receivables turnover days as of December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023 was mainly attributable to the increased sales from the provision of waste disposal services to multi-national companies which generally require an average credit term of 60 days.

The Group has applied the simplified approach by using the provision matrix to measure the lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) for trade receivables.

The Group’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer rather than the industry or country in which the customers operate and therefore significant concentrations of credit risk primarily arise when the Group has significant exposure to individual customers. At the end of the 2024 financial year, 76.3% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers. In 2023, 48.0% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers.

Individual credit evaluations are performed on all customers. These evaluations focus on the customer’s past history of making payments when due and current ability to pay, and take into account information specific to the customer as well as pertaining to the economic environment in which the customer operates. Unless agreed otherwise, trade receivables are generally due within 30 days from the date of billing. Normally, the Group does not obtain collateral from customers.

34

The Group measures loss allowances for trade receivables at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, which is calculated with reference to the credit spread for each of the groupings (which taking into consideration of historical credit loss experience, average actual date of receipt, customers’ background, listing status and size as groupings of various debtors), which reflect the credit risk of the debtors, over the expected life of the debtors and are adjusted for forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort. As the Group’s historical credit loss experience does not indicate significantly different loss patterns for different customer segments, the loss allowance based on past due status is not further distinguished between the Group’s different customer bases.

Expected loss rates are based on actual loss experience. These rates are adjusted to reflect differences between economic conditions during the period over which the historic data has been collected, current conditions and the Group’s view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables. The movements in loss allowance for trade receivables during the periods indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 (US$) |  |  | 2023 (US$) |
At January 1 |  |  | 46,768 |  |  |  | 46,768 |
Foreign exchange adjustment |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | - |
At December 31 |  |  | 47,691 |  |  |  | 46,768 |

Trade Payables

Trade payables represent primarily the Group’s obligations to pay for goods or services that have been engaged in the ordinary course of business from suppliers, including purchases of raw materials and utilities, as well as payment to its logistics providers. The Group is generally granted credit periods ranging from 30 to 60 days.

There were no significant changes to the Group’s trade payables balance for the two financial years under review.

Lease Liabilities

The Group recognized and measured lease liabilities in accordance with IFRS 16 “Leases”. The Group leases properties in Singapore mainly for use as factory space for the processing and storage of waste. The table below sets forth the breakdown of the Group’s lease liabilities as of the dates indicated:

|  | For the Year Ended |
|  | December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | (US$) |  |  | (US$) |
Current |  |  | 221,254 |  |  |  | 192,282 |
Non-current |  |  | 1,926,702 |  |  |  | 1,974,524 |
|  |  | 2,147,956 |  |  |  | 2,166,806 |

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The Group’s lease liabilities (comprising current and non-current liabilities) decreased approximately US$19,000 from approximately US$2.2 million as of December 31, 2023 to approximately US$2.1 million as of December 31, 2024. The reduction in lease liabilities arising from lease repayments in FY2024 was mitigated by the addition of a new lease for the warehouse in Malaysia, resulting in a modest decrease in overall lease liabilities.

Capital Commitments

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Group incurred capital expenditures mainly for the procurement of property, plant and equipment. The following table sets out the Group’s capital expenditures contracted for as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 but not recognized in the financial statements:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2024 (US$) |  |  | 2023 (US$) |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,312,753 |  |  |  | 1,328,306 |

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Group has no off-balance sheet arrangements including arrangements that would affect its liquidity, capital resources, market risk support and credit risk support or other benefits.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, contingent assets and liabilities, each as of the date of the financial statements, and revenues and expenses during the periods presented. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates their estimates, assumptions and judgments, and the effects of any such revisions are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which they are determined to be necessary. Management bases their estimates on historical experience and on various other factors, including expectations of future events, that they believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual outcomes could differ materially from those estimates in a manner that could have a material effect on the Group’s consolidated financial statements. While the Group’s significant accounting policies are more fully described in the notes to its consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report, the Group believes that the following accounting policies and estimates are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of the Group’s financial statements and understanding and evaluating its reported financial results.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

Revenue from contracts with customers

(a) Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering of services is recognized when the entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time, generally when the significant acts have been completed and when transfer of control occurs, or for services that are not significant, transactions revenue is recognized as the services are provided. The Group’s primary service consists of collecting and disposing of industrial wastes for its customers.

36

(b) Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good to the customer. Control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods (in this respect, incoterms are considered).

Other revenue

(c) Interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset, or where appropriate, a shorter period.

Critical judgements in applying the entity’s accounting policies

(a) | Determination of functional currency

In determining the functional currency of the Group, judgment is used by the management to determine the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates. Consideration factors include the currency that mainly influences sales prices of goods and services and the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determines the sales prices of its goods and services.

(b) | Determination of lease term of contracts with extension options

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Group has several lease contracts that include extension options. The Group applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain whether or not to exercise the option to extend the lease. That is, it considers all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for it to exercise the extension. After the commencement date, the Group reassesses the lease term to consider whether there is a significant event or change in circumstances that is within its control and affects its ability to exercise or not to exercise the option to extend (e.g., construction of significant leasehold improvements or significant customization to the leased asset).

The Group includes the extension option in the lease term for leases of leasehold buildings because of the leasehold improvements made and the significant costs that would arise to replace the assets. The extension options for leases of motor vehicles are not included as part of the lease term because the Group typically leases motor vehicles for not more than five years and, hence, will not exercise the extension options.

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

(a) | Useful lives of property, plant and equipment

The useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment is estimated at the time the asset is acquired and is based on historical experience with similar assets and takes into account anticipated technological or other changes. If changes occur more rapidly than anticipated or the asset experiences an unexpected level of wear and tear, the useful life will be adjusted accordingly. The carrying amount of the Group’s property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2024 was US$20,762,483 (as of December 31, 2023: US$21,786,365).

(b) | Inventory valuation method

Inventory write-down is made based on the current market conditions, historical experience and selling goods of a similar nature. It could change significantly as a result of changes in market conditions. A review is made periodically for excess inventories, obsolescence and declines in net realizable value and an allowance is recorded against the inventory balances for any such declines. The realizable value represents the best estimate of the recoverable amount and is based on the most reliable evidence available and inherently involves estimates regarding the future expected realizable value. The carrying amount of the Group’s inventories as of December 31, 2024 was US$440,194 (as of December 31, 2023: US$64,184).

37

(c) | Provision for expected credit losses of trade receivables

The Group uses a provision matrix to calculate ECLs for trade receivables. The provision rates are based on days past due for groupings of various customer segments that have similar loss patterns.

The provision matrix is initially based on the Group’s historical observed default rates. The Group will calibrate the matrix to adjust historical credit loss experience with forward-looking information. At every reporting date, historical default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed.

The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, forecasted economic conditions and ECLs is a significant estimate. The amount of ECLs is sensitive to changes in circumstances and of forecasted economic conditions. The Group’s historical credit loss experience and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of customers’ actual default in the future.

The carrying amount of the Group’s trade receivables as of December 31, 2024 was US$683,939 (as of December 31, 2023: US$461,497).

(d) | Impairment of non-financial assets

The impairment testing of non-financial assets requires assumptions about the future cash flows projections as well as about the discount rate to be applied. The assumptions used to arrive at the cash flow projections are dependent on the future market shares, the market trend and the profitability of the Group’s products.

Impairment testing of non-financial assets requires estimates about the extent and probability of the occurrence of future events. As far as possible, estimates are derived from past experience taking into account current market conditions and the stage of technological advancement.

(e) | Capitalization of intangible assets

The costs of internally generated intangible assets are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.6 to the financial statements. Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgement that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model. In determining the amounts to be capitalized, management makes assumptions regarding the expected future cash generation of the project, discount rates to be applied and the expected period of benefits. The carrying amount of the intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 was US$2,977,311 (as of December 31, 2023: US$2,381,465).

The Group’s internally generated intangible assets consist of software development projects. These include an inventory management system, a proprietary software for tracking real time used catalytic converters to facilitate buying and selling decisions, a database to facilitate reporting, analysis and certification in its laboratory, a thermal treatment and desiccation system, an acid treatment and renewal system and a system to convert waste plastics to oil. These intangible assets were developed to improve efficiency, increase productivity and generate circular products. The costs incurred for each project consist principally of the salaries of the employees working directly on the projects and include time to develop business requirements, programming and coding, software architecture design and version deployment and testing.

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Emerging Growth Company Status

ESGL is an “emerging growth company”, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, the Group is eligible to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to SEC reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies. For so long as ESGL remains an emerging growth company, it will not be required to, among other things:

| ● | present more than two years of audited consolidated financial statements and two years of related selected financial data and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure;
| ● | have an auditor report on its internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and
| ● | disclose certain executive compensation related items.

ESGL will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year during which ESGL has total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.07 billion, (iii) the date on which ESGL is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which means the market value of its ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700.0 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and (iv) the date on which ESGL has issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

ESGL has taken advantage of certain of the reduced reporting requirements as a result of being an emerging growth company and a foreign private issuer. Among those advantages, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. ESGL has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period. Accordingly, when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, ESGL, as an emerging growth company, can defer adopting the new or revised standard until the later of the two application dates. As a result, the information that ESGL provides here may be different than the information you may receive from other public companies in which you hold equity interests. If some investors find ESGL’s securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for its securities and the prices of its securities may be more volatile.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Risk management overview

The Group has exposure to market risk (including currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk and commodity price risk. The Group’s exposure to each of these risks, and its objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk are more fully described in the notes to its consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report.

Market Risk

(i) | Currency Risk

While the Group’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, almost all of its sales and purchases are denominated in Singapore dollars. As a result, the Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Singapore dollar. If the Singapore dollar depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of the Group’s Singapore dollar revenues, earnings and assets as expressed in the Group’s U.S. dollar consolidated financial statements will decline. The Group does not have a policy to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange risk.

(ii) | Interest Rate Risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its non-current borrowings at variable rates.

The Group’s borrowings at variable rates are denominated mainly in Singapore dollars. At December 31, 2024, if the Singapore dollar interest rates had increased/decreased by 0.5% (at December 31, 2023: 0.5%) with all other variables including tax rate being held constant, the loss after tax for the financial year would have been lower/higher by US$16,504 (2022: US$18,830) as a result of higher/lower interest expense on these borrowings.

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Credit risk

The Group has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial conditions and generally do not require collateral.

Financial assets are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk and failures by counterparties to discharge their obligations in full or in a timely manner. These arise principally from cash and cash equivalents, receivables and other financial assets. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the total of the fair value of the financial assets at the end of the reporting year. Credit risk on cash balances with banks and any other financial instruments is limited because the counter-parties are entities with acceptable credit ratings.

Liquidity risk

The Group is exposed to liquidity risk, which is risk that it will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, the Group will turn to other financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

Capital risk

The primary objective of the Group’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains a strong credit rating and a net current asset position to support its business and maximize its shareholders’ value. The capital structure of the Group comprises issued share capital and retained earnings.

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

The Group is in compliance with all externally imposed capital requirements for the financial years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Commodity Price Risk

As the Group derives part of its revenue from the sales and trading of its circular products, which typically include zinc, precious metals and base metals, the Group is exposed to commodity price risk, which is risk on its financial performance and profitability upon fluctuations in the prevailing market prices of these commodities that are out of its control since they are primarily driven by external market forces.

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. | Directors and Executive Officers

Our directors and executive officers are as follows:

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s)
Quek Leng Chuang |  | 59 |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
Ho Shian Ching |  | 56 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Law Beng Hui |  | 50 |  | Chief Growth and Sustainability Officer and Director
Lee Meng Seng |  | 56 |  | Chief Operating Officer
Anita Pushparani Dorett(1) |  | 58 |  | Independent Director
Lim Boon Yew Gary(1) |  | 51 |  | Independent Director
Yap Chin Yee Richard(1) |  | 59 |  | Independent Director
Ernest Fong(1) |  | 54 |  | Independent Director

| (1) | Member of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.

Quek Leng Chuang has served as ESGL’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board since August 2023 and as ESA’s Chief Executive Officer since December 2020. Mr. Quek founded ESA in May 1999 and has since served as its director and chairman since that time. From June 1996 to January 1997, Mr. Quek served as an operations manager of Green Singapore Pte Ltd, a waste paper recycling and industrial commercial solid waste recycling company. From February 1997 to December 1998, Mr. Quek served as an operations engineer at Eco Industrial Environmental Engineering Pte Ltd, an environmental engineering firm with particular focus on solid waste recovery facilities. Mr. Quek was awarded a Singapore Armed Force Scholarship to pursue Engineering in 1986, and subsequently served full time in the Singapore Army as an officer with Elite Infantry Division. He continued service honorably in the reserve till 2016, and attained the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Mr. Quek received a Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering) from the National University of Singapore in 1990, and a Master of Business Administration from Leicester University in 1996. We believe Mr. Quek’s wealth of industry experience qualifies him to serve on our Board.

Ho Shian Ching has served as ESGL’s Chief Financial Officer since August 2023. From January 2015 to May 2022, Mr. Ho served as the financial controller of ETH Enterprises Pte Ltd, a leading manufacturer of quality timber products. From May 2007 to May 2017, Mr. Ho served as the Chief Financial Officer of Fujian Zhenyun Plastics Industry Co., Ltd (SGX:5KT), a company principally engaged in research and development and manufacturing of plastic pipes and fittings. From January 2005 to February 2007, Mr. Ho served as the group financial controller of China Great Land Holdings Ltd (SGX:D50), an investment holding company. From March 2004 to January 2005, Mr. Ho served as company secretary, director and financial controller of Planet Fitness Co., Pte Ltd, a fitness gym company. From January 2001 to January 2004, Mr. Ho served as the commercial manager of Hanson Building Materials (S) Pte Ltd, a building materials company. From September 1999 to December 2000, Mr. Ho served as the internal auditor for NatSteel Electronics Ltd, a leading electronic manufacturer which offered box-building and related services. From December 1995 to July 1999, Mr. Ho was an external auditor with KPMG LLP, an audit firm, where he primarily performed statutory audits. Mr. Ho is a member of CPA Australia and is a Chartered Accountant of Singapore CA. Mr. Ho received a Bachelor of Commerce from Murdoch University in 1995.

Law Beng Hui has served as ESGL’s director and Chief Growth and Sustainability Officer since August 2023 and as ESA’s Chief Growth and Sustainability Officer and director since December 2020 and January 2021, respectively. Mr. Law co-founded NewOil Solutions Pte Ltd in July 2020, a chemical recycling company. Mr. Law is an Internationally Certified Practicing Management Consultant registered with Singapore Business Advisors and Consultants Council (SBACC). He currently sits on the board of consultants for Diageo plc’s carbon neutral whisky distillery investment in China and has taken on various leadership positions at Diageo plc since June 2011. From January 2005 to August 2008, Mr. Law served as regional client services director at Young and Rubicam Brands Ltd, one of the advertising groups owned by WPP plc (LON:WPP), an advertising and media conglomerate. Mr. Law received a Bachelor of Business Administration from the National University of Singapore in 1999 and an Executive Master of Business Administration from INSEAD Business School in 2021. We believe Mr. Law’s extensive experience qualifies him to serve on the Board, including his over 20 years of experience in business strategy, brand portfolio and marketing management at leading consumer packaged goods companies and advertising agencies, working across global and regional markets.

Lee Meng Seng has served as ESGL’s Chief Operating Officer since August 2023 and served as ESA’s Chief Operating Officer since August 2022. From June 2019 to June 2022, Mr. Lee served various roles with SembWaste Pte Ltd., a subsidiary of Sembcorp (SGX:U96) that primarily engages in solid waste management. Mr. Lee first joined SembWaste Pte Ltd as the Head of Operations Hub, and was later promoted to Head of Operations in 2021 and the Head of Maintenance of its maintenance department and the Head of Risk and Compliance in 2022. From June 2018 to March 2019, Mr. Lee was the Head of Operations of Global Ritz Protection Pte Ltd., a private security systems and management company in Singapore. Prior to that, Mr. Lee was re-enlisted and has served at the Singapore Armed Forces for almost 20 years since 1998 with his last appointment as the Head of Division/Brigade Training Branch and Deputy Head Civil Military Relations Training Centre. From April 1996 to June 1998, Mr. Lee was the Director of Operations at Edra Creations and Renovation, an interior design service provider in Singapore. Mr. Lee graduated in 1988 with an Advanced Certificate from Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education.

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Anita Pushparani Dorett has served as ESGL’s independent director since August 2023. Since September 2018, Ms. Dorett has worked with the Investor Alliance for Human Rights, an initiative of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility. Ms. Dorett took on the leadership role of director of the Investor Alliance since January 2021, providing support to investors on international laws and standards in relation to human rights risks and developing programs, tools and guidance for investors, to inform and advance their responsibility to respect human rights. From January 2015 to June 2017, Ms. Dorett served as Associate General Counsel at International Business Machines Corporation (NYSE:IBM). From October 2009 to December 2014, Ms. Dorett served as legal counsel for Dell Global BV, a computer hardware company, in Singapore and was the global legal lead for Dell Services Business, providing legal advice on regional and global strategy, as well as business planning. From August 1997 to August 2009, Ms. Dorett was employed by British Telecommunications Singapore Pte Ltd, a telecommunications company, as head legal counsel for Southeast Asia and as counsel for mergers and acquisitions in Asia Pacific and Japan. In July 1991, Ms. Dorett qualified as an advocate and solicitor from the Supreme Court of Singapore, and engaged in private legal practice with Wong Partnership. Ms. Dorett received a Bachelor of Laws from the National University of Singapore in 1990 and a Master of Laws from the Columbia University in 2018. We believe Ms. Dorett’s extensive legal experience and tenure serving as legal counsel to multinational corporations qualifies her to serve on the Board.

Lim Boon Yew Gary has served as ESGL’s independent director since August 2023. He is presently an Executive Director in Rockpool Capital Limited. Rockpool Capital is a multi-family office licensed by the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong. He manages the various relationships and advises the families on their wealth management matters. Mr. Lim served as an independent advisory director of A.Plus International Corporation Limited from February 2022 to January 2023. In January 2019, Mr. Lim served as an independent non-executive director and chairman of the remuneration committee of ZACD Group Limited (HKG:8313), an integrated real estate asset manager, although he has since stepped down from this role in June 2023 as part of the scheduled rotation of directors of the firm. Since June 2017, Mr. Lim served as a committee member of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong. During the period from January 2012 to January 2022, Mr. Lim co-founded A.Plus International Corporation Limited, a financial documentation services company, a subsidiary of A.Plus Group Holdings Limited (HKG: 1841). In addition, Mr. Lim served as the assistant general manager of Toppan Vite Limited, a company providing financial printing services, in Hong Kong from August 2002 to December 2012. Mr. Lim received a Bachelor’s of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (Honors) from Nanyang Technology University in 1999 and a Master’s of Business Administration from University of Chicago, Booth School of Business in 2008. We believe Mr. Lim’s extensive experience as a founder, executive and a director of publicly-traded companies qualifies him to serve on the Board.

Yap Chin Yee Richard has served as ESGL’s independent director since August 2023. Since June 2020, Dr. Yap has served various board roles with HCA Hospice Care, a charity organization that provides palliative care to patients. Since October 2020, Dr. Yap has served as a council member and a member of the finance and investment committee of Dyslexia Association of Singapore, a charity association that provides learning support for learning differences students. From July 2019 to February 2020, Dr. Yap served in Deloitte Consulting LLP as the subject matter expert on a project for a conglomerate in southeast Asia. From May 2015 to May 2019, Dr. Yap served as chief executive officer of Q Fund Management Ltd., an alternative asset manager licensed under the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong (“SFC”) specializing in fundamental equity investment in Chinese companies, where he oversaw risk, operations, regulatory, and technology matters, and investor relations. From September 2009 to April 2015, Dr. Yap served as managing director of Gemini Capital Ltd., a family office. From March 2009 to September 2009, Dr. Yap served as a consultant of the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited (HKG:1988) where he advised the senior management and its board of directors on establishing an offshore asset management business for the group. From April 2008 to January 2009, he served in Nomura International (Hong Kong) Limited as head of structured credit markets in Asia. From August 1994 to March 2008, Dr. Yap served as the managing director of Lehman Brothers and was responsible for sales management in Singapore until December 1999 and in Hong Kong until March 2008. Dr. Yap has obtained licenses for dealing in securities (type 1), advising on securities (type 4), corporate finance (type 6) and asset management (type 9) from the SFC. Dr. Yap further obtained Series 7 qualification from the US National Association of Securities Dealers in 1994. Dr. Yap received a Bachelor of Science in Computer and Information Science from the University of Oregon in 1986, a Master of Business Administration from New York University in 1994 and a Doctor of Business Administration from the City University of Hong Kong in 2018. We believe Dr. Yap’s extensive experience in the banking, investment and charitable giving fields qualifies him to serve on the Board.

Ernest Fong has served as ESGL’s independent director since August 2023. Since October 2021, Mr. Fong has been the Asia Pacific CEO of Optimas Capital, an Asian-based Hedge Fund with offices in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan. Mr. Fong joined Credit Suisse in March 1998 and after spending more than 21 years in its Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong offices, he retired from Credit Suisse in December 2019. His last position in Credit Suisse was as the Head of Markets Research in Asia Pacific and he was responsible for a team of almost 300 across 14 offices and 12 markets. Prior to Credit Suisse, Mr. Fong was an equity research analyst at Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia from June 1995 to February 1998. Since June 2020, Mr. Fong is also a non-executive director of Vincom Retail, listed in Vietnam, which is part of the Vincom group, the largest privately-owned company in Vietnam. Mr. Fong graduated from National University of Singapore with a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in Economics and Statistics. We believe Mr. Fong’s extensive experience in the banking and investment fields qualifies him to serve on the Board.

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B. | Compensation

Decisions with respect to the compensation of ESGL’s executive officers, including its named executive officers, will be made by the compensation committee of the Board. The actual compensation of the named executive officers will depend on the judgment of the members of the compensation committee and may differ from that set forth in the following discussion.

The compensation for ESGL’s executive officers has the following components: base salary, cash bonus opportunities, share incentive award, broad-based employee benefits, supplemental executive perquisites and severance benefits. Base salaries, broad-based employee benefits, supplemental executive perquisites and severance benefits are designed to attract and retain senior management talent. ESGL also uses cash bonuses and long-term equity awards to promote performance-based pay that aligns the interests of its named executive officers with the long-term interests of its equity owners and to enhance executive retention.

Base Salary

ESGL’s named executive officers’ base salaries in effect will continue to be subject to increases made in connection with ESGL’s annual review of its named executive officers’ base salaries, and be reviewed annually by the Compensation Committee. For the year ended December 31, 2024, base salary paid to our named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, amounted to US $563,596. For the year ended December 31, 2023, base salary paid to our named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, amounted to US$445,111.

Annual Bonuses

ESGL uses annual cash incentive bonuses for the named executive officers to motivate their achievement of short-term performance goals and tie a portion of their cash compensation to performance. An annual bonus amounting to US $37,840 was paid to our named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, in the year ended December 31, 2024. No annual bonuses were paid to our named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Other Compensation

ESGL continues to maintain various broad-based employee benefit plans similar to those in effect prior to the Business Combination. ESGL continues to provide its named executive officers with specified perquisites and personal benefits currently provided by ESGH prior to the Business Combination. For the year ended December 31, 2024, ESGL’s contribution to its defined contribution plan for the named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, amounted to US $44,884. For the year ended December 31, 2023, ESGL’s contribution to its defined contribution plan for the named executive officers, including Quek Leng Chuang, Ho Shian Ching, Law Beng Hui and Lee Meng Seng, amounted to US$35,745.

On December 16, 2024, the Board approved and adopted the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”), which became effective on January 2, 2025. The Plan provides for the granting and issuance of Unrestricted Stock Awards (as defined in the Plan). The maximum number of shares available for the grant and issuance of such Unrestricted Stock Awards under the Plan is 1,201,821 ordinary shares of the Company. On or about February 28, 2025, an aggregate of approximately 865,000 ordinary shares at a fair market value of US$1.03 were issued to the named executive officers, Quek Leng Chuang, Law Beng Hui, Ho Shian Ching and Lee Meng Seng.

Director Compensation

Non-employee directors of ESGL will receive varying levels of compensation for their services as directors and members of committees of the Board. ESGL anticipates that director compensation will be determined in accordance with industry practice and standards. ESGL’s non-employee directors’ total remuneration for the year ended December 31, 2024 was US$128,000. There were no annual bonuses paid to the non-employee directors. ESGL’s non-employee directors’ total remuneration for the year ended December 31, 2023 was US$55,252. There were no annual bonuses paid to the non-employee directors.

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C. | Board Practices

Board of Directors

The Board consists of six directors, including four independent directors, namely Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong. A director is not required to hold any shares in ESGL to qualify as a director.

Board Committees

The Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nomination and governance committee, which have the responsibilities and authority necessary to comply with applicable Nasdaq and SEC rules. The audit committee is comprised of Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong. The compensation committee is comprised of Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong. The nomination and governance committee is comprised of Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong. We have adopted a charter for each of these committees that complies with Nasdaq rules. The Board may establish other committees as it deems necessary or appropriate from time to time.

Audit Committee

Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong serve as members of the audit committee of the Company (the “Audit Committee”). Yap Chin Yee Richard serves as the chair of the Audit Committee. Each of the members of the Audit Committee satisfies all independence requirements under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq. Our Board has determined that Yap Chin Yee Richard possesses accounting or related financial management experience that qualifies him as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq.

The Audit Committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. The Audit Committee is generally responsible for, among other things:

| ● | appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;
| ● | reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;
| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;
| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;
| ● | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;
| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and
| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee

Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong serve as members of the compensation committee of the Company (the “Compensation Committee”). Lim Boon Yew Gary serves as the chair of the Compensation Committee. Each of the members of the Compensation Committee satisfies the independence requirements under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq.

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The Compensation Committee is generally responsible for overseeing and making recommendations to the Board regarding the salaries and other compensation of our Executive Officers and general employees and providing assistance and recommendations with respect to our compensation policies and practices. The Compensation Committee is generally responsible for, among other things:

| ● | reviewing and approving annually the corporate goals and objectives applicable to the compensation of the chief executive officer, evaluating the chief executive officer’s performance at least annually, and determining and approving the chief executive officer’s compensation level based on this evaluation;
| ● | reviewing and approving the compensation of all other Executive Officers;
| ● | reviewing, approving and recommending incentive compensation plans and equity-based plans to the Board and shareholders of the Company for approval, and administering the Company’s incentive compensation plans and equity-based plans;
| ● | reviewing, approving and recommending employment agreements and severance arrangements or plans to the Board for approval;
| ● | reviewing all Director compensation and benefits for service on the Board and Board committees at least once a year, and recommending any changes to the Board as necessary; and
| ● | overseeing, in conjunction with the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, engagement with shareholders and proxy advisory firms on executive compensation matters.

Nominating and Governance Committee

Anita Pushparani Dorett, Lim Boon Yew Gary, Yap Chin Yee Richard and Ernest Fong serve as members of the nominating and governance committee of ESGL (the “Nominating and Governance Committee”). Anita Pushparani Dorett serves as the chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Each of the members of the Nominating and Governance Committee satisfies all independence requirements under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq.

The Nominating and Governance Committee is generally responsible for identifying and proposing new potential director nominees to the Board for consideration and for reviewing our corporate governance policies. The Nominating and Governance Committee is generally responsible for, among other things:

| ● | determining the qualifications, qualities, skills, and other expertise required to be a Director, and developing and recommending to the Board the criteria to be considered in selecting director nominees for the Board’s approval;
| ● | identifying and screening individuals qualified to become members of the Board, and considering any director candidates recommended by the Company’s shareholders pursuant to the procedures described in the Company’s annual report;
| ● | selecting and approving the director nominees to be submitted to a shareholder vote at the shareholders’ annual meeting, subject to approval by the Board;
| ● | developing and recommending to the Board a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the Company, reviewing these principles at least once a year and recommending any changes to the Board;
| ● | overseeing the Company’s corporate governance practices and procedures, including identifying best practices, and reviewing and recommending to the Board for approval any changes to the documents, policies and procedures in the Company’s corporate governance framework;
| ● | reviewing the Board’s committee structure and composition and to make recommendations to the Board annually regarding the appointment of directors to serve as members of each committee and committee chairmen;
| ● | if a vacancy on the Board and/or any Board committee occurs, identifying and making recommendations to the Board regarding the selection and approval of candidates to fill such vacancy either by election by shareholders or appointment by the Board;
| ● | developing and overseeing a Company orientation program for new Directors and a continuing education program for current Directors, periodically reviewing these programs and updating them as necessary;
| ● | reviewing, approving and overseeing any transaction between the Company and any related person on an ongoing basis in accordance with the Company’s related party transaction approval policy;
| ● | reviewing and discussing with management disclosure of the Company’s corporate governance practices;
| ● | developing and recommending to the Board for approval an officer succession plan, to review such succession plan periodically with the chief executive officer, developing and evaluating potential candidates for executive positions, and recommending to the Board any changes to and any candidates for succession under the succession plan.

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Duties and Functions of Directors

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company — a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a profit based on his or her position as director (unless the company permits him to do so) and a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his or her personal interest or his or her duty to a third party, and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his or her duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his or her knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to the Company, the directors must ensure compliance with our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association. The Company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of the directors is breached.

Terms of Directors and Officers

ESGL’s officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the Board. Each director holds office for the term fixed by the resolution of shareholders or the resolution of directors appointing him until such time as his successor takes office or until the earlier of his or her death, resignation or removal from office by resolution of directors with or without cause or by resolution of shareholders for cause. The directors may at any time appoint any person to be a director either to fill a vacancy or as an addition to the existing directors. Where the directors appoint a person as director to fill a vacancy, the term shall not exceed the term that remained when the person who has ceased to be a director ceased to hold office. A vacancy in relation to directors occurs if a director dies or otherwise ceases to hold office prior to the expiration of his term of office.

Interested Transactions

A director may, subject to any separate requirements for Audit Committee approval under applicable laws or applicable Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rules, vote on a matter relating to the transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the interest of any directors in such transaction is disclosed by him or her to all other directors.

D. | Employees

As of December 31, 2024, ESGL had 79 full-time employees, all of whom are based in Singapore.

The following table sets forth the number of its employees by function as of December 31, 2024.

Function: |  |  |
Management |  |  | 4 |
Operations – Office staff |  |  | 13 |
Operations – workers |  |  | 47 |
Engineering |  |  | 5 |
Finance |  |  | 2 |
HR & Admin |  |  | 2 |
Sales & Marketing |  |  | 3 |
Laboratory |  |  | 3 |
Total |  |  | 79 |

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E. | Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares by:

| ● | each person or “group” (as such term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act) known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our ordinary shares;

| ● | each of our current executive officers and directors; and

| ● | all executive officers and directors of the Company as a group.

The beneficial ownership of ordinary shares of the Company is based on 41,816,240 ordinary shares issued and outstanding as of April 16, 2025.

Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security, including options and warrants that are currently exercisable or exercisable within sixty (60) days.

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. Any shares of our ordinary shares subject to options or warrants exercisable within 60 days of the consummation of this annual report are deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned by the persons holding those options or warrants for the purpose of computing the number of shares beneficially owned and the percentage ownership of that person. They are not, however, deemed to be outstanding and beneficially owned for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner (1) |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Percentage of Shares |
Five Percent or Greater Holders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chin Sor Fong (2) |  |  | 5,000,000 |  |  |  | 11.96 | %
Samuel Wu (3) |  |  | 7,016,380 |  |  |  | 16.78 | %
Ftag Investment Bank |  |  | 4,000,000 |  |  |  | 9.57 | %
Chau Loi Yau |  |  | 3,450,000 |  |  |  | 8.25 | %
Directors and Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Quek Leng Chuang |  |  | 3,121,630 |  |  |  | 7.47 | %
Ho Shian Ching |  |  | 246,356 |  |  |  | * |
Law Beng Hui |  |  | 1,763,854 |  |  |  | 4.22 | %
Lee Meng Seng |  |  | 372,717 |  |  |  | * |
Anita Pushparani Dorett |  |  | 13,333 |  |  |  | * |
Lim Boon Yew Gary |  |  | 13,333 |  |  |  | * |
Yap Chin Yee Richard |  |  | 40,122 |  |  |  | * |
Ernest Fong |  |  | 247,772 |  |  |  | * |
All Directors and Executive Officers as a group (8 individuals) |  |  | 5,819,117 |  |  |  | 13.92 | %

* Less than 1%.

(1) | Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of our officers and directors is 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226.
(2) | The address of Chin Sor Fong is 380 Jalan Besar, Wework Arc 380 #15-01, Singapore 209000
(3) | The address of Samuel Wu is 55 Li Hwan Drive, Singapore 557089.
(4) | The address of Ftag Investment Bank is Level 15 (A1), Main Office Tower, Financial Park Labuan, Jalan Merdeka, 87000 Labuan F.T.
(5) | The address of Chau Loi Yau is G/F, 249 Ping Ha Road, Lau Fau Shan, Yuen Long, NT, Hong Kong.

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ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. | Major Shareholders

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees— E. Share Ownership.”

B. | Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions of GUCC

Commencing from February 14, 2022, GUCC agreed to pay Genesis Unicorn Capital, LLC, the Sponsor, a total of $10,000 per month for office space, utilities and secretarial and administrative support. Upon Closing, GUCC ceased paying these monthly fees.

No compensation of any kind, including any finder’s fee, reimbursement, consulting fee or monies in respect of any payment of a loan, has been paid by GUCC to the Sponsor, GUCC’s officers or directors or any affiliate of the Sponsor, prior to, or in connection with any services rendered in order to effectuate, the consummation of a Business Combination (regardless of the type of transaction that it is). However, these individuals were reimbursed for any out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with activities on GUCC’s behalf such as identifying potential target businesses and performing due diligence on suitable business combinations. GUCC’s audit committee will review on a quarterly basis all payments that were made to the Sponsor, GUCC’s officers, directors or GUCC’s or their affiliates and will determine which expenses and the amount of expenses that will be reimbursed. There is no cap or ceiling on the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by such persons in connection with activities on GUCC’s behalf.

On October 12, 2022, GUCC issued an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of up to $500,000 to the Sponsor (the “Original Note”). The Original Note is non-interest bearing and payable upon the earlier of August 17, 2023 or the date on which GUCC consummates its initial business combination. On March 1, 2023, GUCC issued an amended and restated promissory note (the “2023 Note”) in the principal amount of up to $2,000,000 to the Sponsor. The 2023 Note supersedes the Original Note. The 2023 Note is non-interest bearing and payable upon the earlier of February 17, 2024 or the date on which GUCC consummates its initial business combination. There is an outstanding balance of $350,000 on the 2023 Note as of date of this report.

GUCC entered into agreements with its officers and directors to provide contractual indemnification in addition to the indemnification. GUCC also purchased a policy of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance that insures its officers and directors against the cost of defense, settlement or payment of a judgment in some circumstances and insures GUCC against its obligations to indemnify its officers and directors.

Certain Related Party Transactions of ESGL

ESGL had entered into a facility letter with a bank for a term loan in the amount of S$3 million (the “Term Loan VII”, details of which are set out below) and a revolving credit loan in the amount of S$3 million (the “Revolving Credit Loan II”, details of which are set out below) on March 30, 2023. As security for the monies owing under the loans with the bank, a fresh first legal mortgage was created on the property located at 101 Tuas South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226. The Term Loan VII was obtained for refinancing ESA’s existing loan with another bank as well as capital investment and general corporate purposes. The Term Loan VII is repayable in 35 monthly instalments of S$43,000 each plus monthly interest and a final instalment of the outstanding balance amount and interest. The Revolving Credit Loan II was obtained for capital investment and general corporate purposes. The Revolving Credit Loan II is repayable on demand. The interest rate charged for both the Term Loan VII and the Revolving Credit Loan II is 2% per annum above the bank’s prevailing cost of funds, with its current cost of funds at 5.30% per annum. The monies owing under the loans were also secured by, among others, a director of the Group, namely Mr. Quek Leng Chuang in his personal capacity.

Upon the closing of the Business Combination, ESGL entered into employment agreements with each of its executive officers. ESGL also entered into director agreements with each of its directors and indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers.

C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not Applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See Item 18 of this report.

B. | Significant Changes

Except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included herein.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. | Offer and Listing Details

Our ordinary shares and warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “ESGL” and “ESGLW,” respectively.

B. | Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. | Markets

Our ordinary shares and warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “ESGL” and “ESGLW,” respectively.

D. | Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. | Dilution

Not applicable.

F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. | Share Capital

As of the date of this report, we are authorized to issue a maximum of 500,000,000 ordinary shares with a par value of $0.0001 per share. As of April 16, 2025, there were 41,816,240 ordinary shares outstanding. There were also 9,317,331 warrants outstanding, each exercisable to purchase one ordinary share at a price of $11.50 per full share.

B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

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Registered Office

Our registered office is at the offices of Appleby Global Services (Cayman) Limited, 71 Fort Street, PO Box 500, George Town, Grand Cayman, KY1-1106, Cayman Islands.

Board of Directors

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.”

Ordinary Shares

The following includes a summary of the terms of the ordinary shares based on our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association and Cayman Islands law. According to our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the authorized share capital is $50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of par value of $0.0001 each.

General. ESGL’s authorized share capital is US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares, with a par value of US$0.0001 each. All of ESGL’s issued and outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. ESGL may not issue share to bearer. ESGL’s shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and transfer their ordinary shares.

Dividends. Subject to the Companies Act and our Amended and Restated Articles of Association and except as otherwise provided by the rights attached to any ESGL’s shares, ESGL’s directors may resolve to pay dividends and other distributions on ESGL’s shares in issue and authorise payment of the dividends or other distributions out of the funds of ESGL lawfully available therefor. A dividend shall be deemed to be an interim dividend unless the terms of the resolution pursuant to which ESGL’s directors resolve to pay such dividend specifically state that such dividend shall be a final dividend. No dividend or other distribution shall be paid except out of the realised or unrealised profits of ESGL, out of the share premium account or as otherwise permitted by law.

Voting Rights. In respect of all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote, each ordinary share is entitled to one vote. Votes may be cast either personally or by proxy (or in the case of a corporation or other non-natural person by its duly authorised representative or proxy). A Member may appoint more than one proxy or the same proxy under one or more instruments to attend and vote at a meeting. Where a Member appoints more than one proxy the instrument of proxy shall specify the number of ordinary shares in respect of which each proxy is entitled to exercise the related votes.

A Member holding more than one share need not cast the votes in respect of their shares in the same way on any resolution and therefore may vote a share or some or all such shares either for or against a resolution and/or abstain from voting a share or some or all of the shares and, subject to the terms of the instrument appointing the proxy, a proxy appointed under one or more instruments may vote a Share or some or all of the shares in respect of which they are appointed either for or against a resolution and/or abstain from voting a share or some or all of the ordinary shares in respect of which they are appointed.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting, while a special resolution also requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast by those shareholders entitled to vote who are present in person or by proxy at a general meeting. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the restrictions in our Amended and Restated Articles of Association as set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in writing in the usual or common form or in a form prescribed by the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange, the Securities and Exchange Commission and/or any other competent regulatory authority or otherwise under Applicable Law or in any other form approved by ESGL’s Board of Directors and shall be executed by or on behalf of the transferor (and if the Directors so require, signed by or on behalf of the transferee) and may be under hand or, if the transferor or transferee is a Clearing House or its nominee(s), by hand or by machine imprinted signature or by such other manner of execution as the Directors may approve from time to time. The transferor shall be deemed to remain the holder of a Share until the name of the transferee is entered in the Register of Members.

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If the ordinary shares in question were issued in conjunction with rights, options or warrants issued pursuant to the Amended and Restated Articles of Association on terms that one cannot be transferred without the other, the ESGL’s directors shall refuse to register the transfer of any such ordinary share without evidence satisfactory to them of the like transfer of such right, option or warrant.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, and, where applicable, the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange, the Securities and Exchange Commission and/or any other competent regulatory authority or otherwise under Applicable Law, the Company may issue ordinary shares that are to be redeemed or are liable to be redeemed at the option of the Member or the Company. The redemption of such Shares shall be effected in such manner and upon such other terms as the Company may, by Special Resolution, determine before the issue of the ordinary shares.

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Act, and, where applicable, the rules and regulations of the Designated Stock Exchange, the Securities and Exchange Commission and/or any other competent regulatory authority or otherwise under Applicable Law, the Company may purchase its own ordinary shares (including any redeemable Shares) in such manner and on such other terms as the Directors may agree with the relevant Member.

The Company may make a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of its own ordinary shares in any manner permitted by the Companies Act, including out of capital.

The Directors may accept the surrender for no consideration of any fully paid ordinary share.

Variations of Rights of Shares. Subject to Amended and Restated Articles of Association, if at any time the share capital of the Company is divided into different classes of ordinary shares, all or any of the rights attached to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the ordinary shares of that class) may, whether or not the Company is being wound up, be varied without the consent of the holders of the issued ordinary shares of that class where such variation is considered by the Directors not to have a material adverse effect upon such rights; otherwise, any such variation shall be made only with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than two-thirds of the issued Shares of that class, or with the approval of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a separate meeting of the holders of the ordinary shares of that class. For the avoidance of doubt, the Directors reserve the right, notwithstanding that any such variation may not have a material adverse effect, to obtain consent from the holders of ordinary shares of the relevant class. To any such meeting all the provisions of the Articles relating to general meetings shall apply mutatis mutandis, except that the necessary quorum shall be one person holding or representing by proxy at least one third of the issued ordinary shares of the class and that any holder of Shares of the class present in person or by proxy may demand a poll.

Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of ordinary shares have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of ESGL’s list of shareholders or its corporate records. However, ESGL will provide its shareholders with annual audited financial statements.

Issuance of Additional Shares. Subject to the provisions, if any, in our Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association (and to any direction that may be given by the Company in general meeting) and, where applicable, the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, the Securities and Exchange Commission and/or any other competent regulatory authority or otherwise under Applicable Law, and without prejudice to any rights attached to any existing ordinary shares, the Directors may allot, issue, grant options over or otherwise dispose of ordinary shares (including fractions of an ordinary share) with or without preferred, deferred or other rights or restrictions, whether in regard to dividend or other distribution, voting, return of capital or otherwise and to such persons, at such times and on such other terms as they think proper, and may also (subject to the Companies Act and the Amended and Restated Articles of Association) vary such rights.

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C. | Material Contracts

Private Placements

On January 17, 2025, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors named therein, pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement an aggregate of 37,500,000 ordinary shares to the investors at a purchase price of US$0.80 per share. The first closing of the private placement occurred on January 18, 2025 pursuant to which the Company issued 375,000 ordinary shares and received gross proceeds of $300,000. The second closing under the purchase agreement shall occur on or before April 22, 2025 pursuant to which the Company shall issue 37,125,000 ordinary shares to the investors for an aggregate purchase price of $29,700,000. The Company agreed to use approximately 20% of the net proceeds received pursuant to the purchase agreement for working capital and approximately 80% for strategic mergers and acquisitions.

On August 21, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement with certain accredited investors named therein, pursuant to which the Company issued in a private placement an aggregate of 13,800,000 ordinary shares to the investors at a purchase price of US$0.29 per share. The closing of the private placement occurred on August 22, 2024 and the Company received gross proceeds of US$4,002,000. For a period of three months following the closing date, Mr. Samuel Wu, one of the investors, was granted the right to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,441,380 additional ordinary shares on the same and terms and conditions set forth in the purchase agreement (the “Second Closing Option”). On September 30, 2024, the Second Closing Option was exercised and the Company accordingly issued and sold to such investor an additional 3,441,380 ordinary shares for gross proceeds to the Company of $998,000.

On March 27, 2024, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement dated March 27, 2024 with an accredited investor, pursuant to which the Company issued in a private placement an aggregate of 10,000,000 ordinary shares to the investor at a purchase price of US$0.25 per share. The initial closing occurred on March 28, 2024, pursuant to which the investor purchased 2,000,000 ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of US$500,000. The second and final closing under the purchase agreement took place on April 3, 2024 pursuant to which the investor purchased 8,000,000 ordinary shares. The Company received gross proceeds of $2,500,000 in the private placement. The Company agreed to use 85% of the net proceeds received from the private placement for working capital and general corporate purposes and the remaining 15% to pay outstanding professional fees.

Forward Purchase Agreement

On July 27, 2023, GUCC, ESGL, and ESGH entered into an agreement (“Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC (“ARRT”, together with Vellar, the “Sellers”). Following the assignment and novation, the rights and obligations of each Seller under its Forward Purchase Agreement were and are separate and distinct from the those of the other Seller, with each Seller acting independently of the other, without reference to or knowledge of the other Seller’s actions or inactions. None of the Company, GUCC, ESGL or their directors, officers, advisors or respective affiliates had any material relationship with Vellar or ARRT at the time the Forward Purchase Agreement was negotiated.

The primary purpose of entering into the Forward Purchase Agreement was to provide cash to ESGL following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”). For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, GUCC is referred to as the “Counterparty” prior to the Closing, while ESGL is referred to as the “Counterparty” after the Closing. Capitalized terms used, but not otherwise defined, in this subsection entitled “Forward Purchase Agreement” shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Forward Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.3 to this annual report.

Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar purchased 931,915 shares, and ARRT 500,000 shares of GUCC Class A common stock (the “Recycled Shares”). In connection with these purchases, the Sellers revoked any redemption elections.

The Forward Purchase Agreement grants each Seller the right to purchase from us additional shares (the “Additional Shares”) up to an amount equal to the difference between the number of Recycled Shares for such Seller and 2,200,000 shares (which is the maximum number of shares for each Seller). On August 14, 2023, Vellar delivered a Pricing Date Notice to ESGL for 1,268,085 Additional Shares, which were issued by ESGL effective as of that date. On August 4, 2023, ARRT delivered a Pricing Date Notice to ESGL for 550,000 Additional Shares, which were issued by ESGL effective as of that date. The sum of the Recycled Shares and the Additional Shares under the Forward Purchase Agreement is referred to as the “Number of Shares.”

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On September 15, 2023, the Company requested Additional Funds from Vellar in the amount of $1,000,000 even though the Company was not eligible to submit a request for Additional Funds on such date pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement. On September 20, 2023, Vellar provided Additional Funds in the amount of $1,000,000 to the Company upon a Funding Request by the Company as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement, which amount comprises the aggregate net proceeds received by the Company from the Forward Purchase Agreement. The Company does not expect to receive any additional funds pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Each Seller agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to any Recycled Shares in connection with the Business Combination and agreed not to vote the shares it purchases pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement in favor of the Business Combination. Each Forward Purchase Agreement has been structured, and all activity in connection with such agreement has been undertaken, to comply with the requirements of all tender offer regulations applicable to the Business Combination, including Rule 14e-5 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

On November 16, 2023, the Company received written notice from ARRT that the Valuation Date of the Forward Purchase Agreement with ARRT shall be deemed to be November 16, 2023, as a result of the occurrence of a Registration Failure due to a failure to have an effective registration statement as of 90 days following the date of ARRT’s registration request (which was August 16, 2023). In no event will any additional cash amounts be paid by the Sellers, including ARRT as a result of accelerating the maturity date as described above, or the Company at the Valuation Date or otherwise. On or about December 4, 2023, the Company and ARRT mutually agreed to terminate the Forward Purchase Agreement. ARRT will continue to hold all 1,050,000 shares following termination of the Forward Purchase Agreement and no amounts will be paid by ARRT to the Company.

On March 21, 2024, the Company received a termination notice from Vellar, dated March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the termination notice, Vellar notified the Company that the Valuation Date was March 15, 2024 as a result of the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event.

On March 22, 2024, the Company and Vellar entered into a Valuation Period Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed that the Valuation Period concluded at 4:00 p.m. on March 21, 2024 and the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date was equal to 52,641, calculated as 2,200,000 Shares (the Recycled Shares and Additional Shares) less 2,147,359 Shares (the Number of Shares Adjustment). As 52,641 Shares multiplied by the VWAP of $0.45 less $4,400,000 (being the Settlement Amount Adjustment, calculated as the product of the Maximum Number of Shares and $2.00) is a negative number, neither Vellar nor the Company is liable to the other party for any payment under the Forward Purchase Agreement. As a result of the conclusion of the Valuation Period, the obligations of Vellar and the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement have been terminated.

D. | Exchange Controls and Other Limitations Affecting Security Holders

Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to non-resident holders of our ordinary shares.

E. | Taxation

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders

The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations for U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and public warrants. For purposes of this discussion, a “Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares or public warrants. This discussion applies only to our ordinary shares and public warrants, as the case may be, that are held as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). This discussion is based on the provisions of the Code, U.S. Treasury regulations (“Treasury Regulations”), administrative rules, and judicial decisions, all as in effect on the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. Any such change or differing interpretation could significantly alter the tax considerations described herein. The Company has not sought any rulings from the IRS with respect to the statements made and the positions or conclusions described in this summary. Such statements, positions and conclusions are not free from doubt, and there can be no assurance that your tax advisor, the IRS, or a court will agree with such statements, positions, and conclusions.

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This summary does not address the Medicare tax on certain investment income, U.S. federal estate or gift tax laws, any U.S. state or local or non-U.S. tax laws, or any tax treaties. Furthermore, this discussion does not address all U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to particular holders in light of their personal circumstances or that may be relevant to certain categories of investors that may be subject to special rules under the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as:

| ● | banks, insurance companies, or other financial institutions;
| ● | tax-exempt or governmental organizations;
| ● | “qualified foreign pension funds” as defined in Section 897(l)(2) of the Code (or any entities all of the interests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund);
| ● | dealers in securities or foreign currencies;
| ● | persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar;
| ● | traders in securities that use the mark-to-market method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

| ● | “controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;
| ● | entities or arrangements treated as partnerships or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes or holders of interests therein;
| ● | persons deemed to sell our ordinary shares or public warrants under the constructive sale provisions of the Code;
| ● | persons that acquired our ordinary shares or public warrants through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation or through a tax-qualified retirement plan;
| ● | persons that hold our ordinary shares or public warrants as part of a straddle, appreciated financial position, synthetic security, hedge, conversion transaction, or other integrated investment or risk reduction transaction;
| ● | certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;
| ● | except as specifically provided below, persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more (by vote or value) of any class of shares of the Company;
| ● | holders of private placement warrants;
| ● | the Company’s officers or directors; and
| ● | holders who are not U.S. Holders.

If a partnership (including an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares or public warrants, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner, upon the activities of the partnership and upon certain determinations made at the partner level. Accordingly, partners in partnerships (including entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holding our ordinary shares or public warrants are urged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them relating to the matters discussed below.

ALL HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT WITH THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS (INCLUDING ANY POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES THERETO) TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS, AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER ANY OTHER TAX LAWS, INCLUDING U.S. FEDERAL ESTATE OR GIFT TAX LAWS OR ANY U.S. STATE OR LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAX LAWS, OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE INCOME TAX TREATY.

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U.S. Holder Defined

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a Holder that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is:

| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
| ● | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;
| ● | an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or
| ● | a trust (i) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and which has one or more “United States persons” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) that has made a valid election under applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which U.S. Holders hold our securities. A foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any entity in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the interest by value, is passive income. Alternatively, a foreign corporation will be a PFIC if at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year, ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year, including its pro rata share of the assets of any entity in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the interest by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis applying principles and methodologies that in some circumstances are unclear and subject to varying interpretation. Under the income test described above, our status as a PFIC depends on the composition of our income which will depend on the transactions we enter into in the future and our corporate structure. The composition of our income and assets is also affected by the spending of the cash we raise in any offering. We are not currently expected to be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but this conclusion is a factual determination made annually and, thus, is subject to change. Our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status for any taxable year. We urge U.S. Holders to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules in light of their individual circumstances.

Taxation of Distributions

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, a U.S. holder generally will be required to include in gross income any distribution paid on our ordinary shares that is treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A distribution on such shares generally will be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Because we may not maintain calculations of earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is possible that the full amount of distributions paid by us will need to be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Distributions in excess of such earnings and profits generally will be applied against and reduce the U.S. holder’s basis in its ordinary shares (but not below zero) and, to the extent in excess of such tax basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such ordinary shares.

Dividends paid by the Company will be taxable to a corporate U.S. Holder at regular rates and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations in respect of dividends received from other domestic corporations. Dividends the Company pays to a non-corporate U.S. Holder generally will constitute “qualified dividends” that will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the lower applicable long-term capital gains tax rate only if (i) our ordinary shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, and (ii) a certain holding period and other requirements are met. If such requirements are not satisfied, a non-corporate U.S. Holder may be subject to tax on the dividend at regular ordinary income tax rates instead of the preferential rate that applies to qualified dividend income.

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Possible Constructive Distributions

The terms of the public warrants provide for an adjustment to the number of our ordinary shares for which Public Warrants may be exercised or to the exercise price of the public warrants in certain events. An adjustment which has the effect of preventing dilution generally is not taxable. U.S. Holders of public warrants would, however, be treated as receiving a constructive distribution from the Company if, for example, the adjustment increases the warrant holders’ proportionate interest in the Company’s assets or earnings and profits (e.g., through an increase in the number of our ordinary shares that would be obtained upon exercise or through a decrease in the exercise price of the public warrants) as a result of a distribution of cash or other property to the U.S. Holders of shares of our ordinary shares. Any such constructive distribution would be treated in the same manner as if U.S. Holders of public warrants received a cash distribution from the Company generally equal to the fair market value of the increased interest and would be taxed in a manner similar to distributions to U.S. Holders of our ordinary shares described herein. Please see the section entitled “Taxation of Distributions” above. For certain information reporting purposes, the Company is required to determine the date and amount of any such constructive distributions. Proposed Treasury Regulations, which the Company may rely on prior to the issuance of final Treasury Regulations, specify how the date and amount of any such constructive distributions are determined.

Gain or Loss on Sale or Other Taxable Exchange or Disposition of our ordinary shares and public warrants

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, upon a sale or other taxable disposition of our ordinary shares or public warrants (which, in general, would include a redemption of our ordinary shares or public warrants that is treated as a sale of such securities), a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the sum of the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares or public warrants. Any such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares or public warrants, as applicable, so disposed of exceeds one year. Long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders may be eligible to be taxed at reduced rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Exercise or Lapse of a Public Warrant

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed above, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss on the acquisition of our ordinary shares upon the exercise of a public warrant for cash. The U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares received upon exercise of a public warrant generally will be an amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the public warrant and the exercise price of such public warrant. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares received upon exercise of the public warrant will commence on the date of exercise of the public warrant or the immediately following date. In either case, the holding period will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the public warrant. If a public warrant is allowed to expire unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the public warrant. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

The tax characterization of a cashless exercise of a public warrant is not clear under current U.S. federal tax law. A cashless exercise could potentially be characterized as any of the following for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (i) not a realization event and thus tax-deferred, (ii) a realization event that qualifies as a tax-deferred “recapitalization,” or (iii) a taxable realization event. The tax consequences of all three characterizations are generally described below. U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise.

If a cashless exercise were characterized as either not a realization event or as a realization event that qualifies as a recapitalization, a U.S. Holder would not recognize any gain or loss on the exchange of public warrants for our ordinary shares. A U.S. Holder’s basis in our ordinary shares received would generally equal the U.S. Holder’s aggregate basis in the exchanged public warrants.

If the cashless exercise were not a realization event, it is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period in our ordinary shares would be treated as commencing on the date of exchange of the public warrants or on the immediately following date, but the holding period would not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the public warrants. On the other hand, if the cashless exercise were characterized as a realization event that qualifies as a recapitalization, the holding period of our ordinary shares would include the holding period of the warrants exercised therefor.

56

If the cashless exercise were treated as a realization event that does not qualify as a recapitalization, the cashless exercise could be treated in whole or in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized by the U.S. Holder. Under this characterization, a portion of the public warrants to be exercised on a cashless basis would be deemed to have been surrendered in payment of the exercise price of the remaining portion of such warrants, which would be deemed to be exercised. In such a case, a U.S. Holder would effectively be deemed to have sold a number of Public Warrants having an aggregate value equal to the exercise price of the remaining public warrants deemed exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount generally equal to the difference between the value of the portion of the warrants deemed sold and its adjusted tax basis in such warrants (generally in the manner described in the section entitled “Gain or Loss on Sale or Other Taxable Exchange or Disposition of our ordinary shares and public warrants” above), and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in our ordinary shares received would generally equal the sum of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the remaining public warrants deemed exercised and the exercise price of such warrants. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for our ordinary shares would commence on the date of exercise of the public warrants or on the date following the date of exercise of the public warrants, but the holding period would not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Public Warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative tax characterizations and resultant tax consequences would be adopted by the IRS or upheld by a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise.

Redemption or Repurchase of Public Warrants for Cash

If the Company redeems the public warrants for cash as permitted under the terms of the warrant agreement or if the Company repurchases public warrants in an open market transaction, such redemption or repurchase generally will be treated as a taxable disposition to the U.S. Holder, taxed as described in the section entitled “Gain or Loss on Sale or Other Taxable Exchange or Disposition of our Ordinary Shares and Public Warrants” above.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Certain U.S. Holders are required to report information to the Internal Revenue Service relating to an interest in “specified foreign financial assets,” including shares issued by a non-United States corporation, for any year in which the aggregate value of all specified foreign financial assets exceeds $50,000 (or a higher dollar amount prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service), subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in custodial accounts maintained with a U.S. financial institution). These rules also impose penalties if a U.S. Holder is required to submit such information to the Internal Revenue Service and fails to do so.

In addition, dividend payments with respect to our ordinary shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our ordinary shares or Public Warrants may be subject to additional information reporting to the IRS and possible U.S. backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification on IRS Form W-9 or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on IRS Form W-9. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the IRS and furnishing any required information. We do not intend to withhold taxes for individual shareholders. However, transactions effected through certain brokers or other intermediaries may be subject to withholding taxes (including backup withholding), and such brokers or intermediaries may be required by law to withhold such taxes.

THE PRECEDING DISCUSSION OF U.S. FEDERAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY. IT IS NOT TAX ADVICE. EACH PROSPECTIVE INVESTOR SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND FOREIGN TAX CONSEQUENCES OF PURCHASING, HOLDING AND DISPOSING OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANY PROPOSED CHANGE IN APPLICABLE LAWS.

F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

57

G. | Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. | Documents on Display

We are subject to certain of the informational filing requirements of the Exchange Act. Since we are a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, with respect to their purchase and sale of our shares. In addition, we are not required to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we are required to file with the SEC an Annual Report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information that we file with or furnish electronically with the SEC.

I. | Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS

Risk management overview

The Group has exposure to market risk (including currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk, capital risk and commodity price risk. The Group’s exposure to each of these risks, and its objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk are more fully described in the notes to its consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this annual report.

Market Risk

(i) | Currency Risk

While the Group’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, almost all of its sales and purchases are denominated in Singapore dollars. As a result, the Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk as its revenues and results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Singapore dollar. If the Singapore dollar depreciates against the U.S. dollar, the value of the Group’s Singapore dollar revenues, earnings and assets as expressed in the Group’s U.S. dollar consolidated financial statements will decline. The Group does not have a policy to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange risk.

(ii) | Interest Rate Risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its non-current borrowings at variable rates.

The Group’s borrowings at variable rates are denominated mainly in Singapore dollars. At December 31, 2024, if the interest rates had increased/decreased by 0.5% (at December 31, 2023: 0.5%) with all other variables including tax rate being held constant, the loss after tax for the financial year would have been lower/higher by US$16,504 (2023: US$18,831) as a result of higher/lower interest expense on these borrowings.

Credit risk

The Group has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial conditions and generally do not require collateral.

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Financial assets are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk and failures by counterparties to discharge their obligations in full or in a timely manner. These arise principally from cash and cash equivalents, receivables and other financial assets. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the total of the fair value of the financial assets at the end of the reporting year. Credit risk on cash balances with banks and any other financial instruments is limited because the counter-parties are entities with acceptable credit ratings.

Liquidity risk

The Group is exposed to liquidity risk, which is risk that it will be unable to provide sufficient capital resources and liquidity to meet its commitments and business needs. Liquidity risk is controlled by the application of financial position analysis and monitoring procedures. When necessary, the Group will turn to other financial institutions and related parties to obtain short-term funding to cover any liquidity shortage.

Capital risk

The primary objective of the Group’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains a strong credit rating and a net current asset position to support its business and maximize its shareholders’ value. The capital structure of the Group comprises issued share capital and retained earnings.

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

The Group is in compliance with all externally imposed capital requirements for the financial years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Commodity Price Risk

As the Group derives part of its revenue from the sales and trading of its circular products, which typically include zinc, precious metals and base metals, the Group is exposed to commodity price risk, which is risk on its financial performance and profitability upon fluctuations in the prevailing market prices of these commodities that are out of its control since they are primarily driven by external market forces.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not applicable.

59

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not required.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not required.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our executive management is responsible for establishing and maintaining a system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our executive management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act.

Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of our company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures of our company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of the unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15(c) of the Exchange Act, based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control--Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

ITEM 16. [RESERVED]

Not required.

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ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Not required.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted our code of business conduct and ethics, a code that applies to our directors, officers and employees. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 11.2 hereto. This code is publicly available on our website at ir.esgl.asia.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Auditor Fees

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external auditor, Assentsure PAC, the independent registered public accounting firm of ESGL. We did not pay any other fees to Assentsure PAC during the periods indicated below.

|  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
Services |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Audit Fees(1) |  |  |  | 140,000 |  |  |  | 140,000 |

Note:

(1) | “Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by the independent registered public accounting firms for the audit of the annual financial statements and the review of the interim financial information, included in our Form 20-F, registration statements and other required filings with the SEC. We did not pay Assentsure PAC for any other audit-related and tax fees in each of the fiscal years listed.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services, audit-related services and tax services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not required.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

None.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Not required.

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

The Company has adopted an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company’s securities by directors, senior management and employees that is reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and all applicable listing standards. A copy of the policy is filed as Exhibit 11.1 hereto.

ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY

Although we are unable to eliminate all risks associated with cybersecurity threats and we cannot provide full assurance that our cybersecurity risk management processes will be fully complied with or effective, we have adopted policies and procedures that are designed to facilitate the identification, assessment, and management of those risks, including any such risks that have the potential to be material.

Risk management and strategy

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program is aligned to the Company’s business strategy and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply to other areas of enterprise risk, including legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk. Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program include:

● | risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise information technology environment;

● | the use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security controls;

● | training and awareness programs for team members that include periodic and ongoing assessments to drive adoption and awareness of cybersecurity processes and controls;

● | a cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents; and a third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors.

In the last three fiscal years, the Company has not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents, and expenses incurred from cybersecurity incidents were immaterial.

Governance

As part of our overall enterprise risk management program, we prioritize the identification and management of cybersecurity risk at several levels. Our Board of Directors has overall oversight responsibility for our risk management, and delegates cybersecurity risk management oversight to the Audit Committee, which is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks and implement processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents.

Management is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs.

62

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements ESGL Holdings Ltd. are included at the end of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Merger Agreement dated November 29, 2022 among Genesis Unicorn Capital Corp. (“GUCC”), Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited, ESGL Holdings Limited, ESGH Merger Sub Corp and the shareholder representative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-269078), initially filed with the SEC on December 30, 2022).
2.2 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated February 26, 2025 by and among ESGL, De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited (“DT”), and the DT shareholders named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to ESGL’s report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2025).
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-278644 ), initially filed with the SEC on April 12, 2024).
4.1 |  | Specimen of ordinary share certificate of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to ESGL’s Form 20FR12B filed on August 8, 2023).
4.2 |  | Specimen of warrant certificate of the Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to ESGL’s Form 20FR12B filed on August 8, 2023).
4.3 |  | Warrant Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of GUCC’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 17, 2022).
8.1 |  | List of Principal Subsidiaries.
10.1 |  | Form of Lock-Up Agreement dated November 29, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to GUCC’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 30, 2022).
10.2 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to GUCC’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 30, 2022).
10.3 |  | Forward Purchase Agreement dated July 27, 2023, by and among GUCC, Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited, ESGL Holdings Limited, and Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to GUCC’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 27, 2023).
10.4 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated March 27, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to ESGL’s report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024).
10.5 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated August 21, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to ESGL’s report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on August 23, 2024).
10.6 |  | Share Purchase Agreement dated January 17, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to ESGL’s report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 22, 2025).
10.7 |  | ESGL Holdings Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to ESGL’s report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on January 15, 2025).
11.1 |  | Insider Trading Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 to ESGL’s annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 16, 2024).
11.2 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
12.1 |  | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
12.2 |  | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.1 |  | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.2 |  | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
15.1 |  | Consent of Assentsure PAC.
97.1 |  | Clawback Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to ESGL’s annual report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 16, 2024).

63

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this report on its behalf.

| ESGL HOLDINGS LIMITED
April 29, 2025 | By: | /s/ Quek Leng Chuang
| Name: | Quek Leng Chuang
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer

64

ESGL Holdings Limited

Annual Report for the Financial Years Ended

December 31, 2024 and 2023

ESGL Holdings Limited

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at December 31, 2024 and 2023 | F-3
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and | F-4
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 | F-5
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 | F-6
Notes to the consolidated financial statements | F-8

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of ESGL Holdings Limited

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of ESGL Holdings Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

As discussed in Note 2.1 to the financial statements the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company had net losses of U$ 633,257 and U$ $ 94,979,338 for the years ended 2024 and 2023 respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has net current liabilities of U$ 6,966,979. These conditions raise doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s outlook regarding these matters are also described in Note 2.1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Assentsure PAC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

Singapore

April 29, 2025

PCAOB ID No: 6783

F-2

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As at December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
| Notes |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 634,882 |  |  |  | 366,761 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  |  | 1,040,542 |  |  |  | 1,032,522 |
Prepaid forward purchase agreement |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 969 |
Inventories |  |  |  | 440,194 |  |  |  | 64,184 |
Total Current assets |  |  |  | 2,115,618 |  |  |  | 1,464,436 |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  | 20,762,483 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  |  | 2,977,311 |  |  |  | 2,381,465 |
Total Non-current assets |  |  |  | 23,739,794 |  |  |  | 24,167,830 |
Total assets |  |  |  | 25,855,412 |  |  |  | 25,632,266 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  |  |  | 4,449,950 |  |  |  | 6,560,559 |
Lease liabilities |  |  |  | 221,254 |  |  |  | 192,282 |
Borrowings |  |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,666,160 |
Deferred underwriting fee payable |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,753,125 |
Tax liabilities |  |  |  | 92,211 |  |  |  | 56,540 |
Total Current liabilities |  |  |  | 9,082,597 |  |  |  | 15,228,666 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease liabilities |  |  |  | 1,926,702 |  |  |  | 1,974,524 |
Borrowings |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,319 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  | 133,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |
Total Non-current liabilities |  |  |  | 2,059,702 |  |  |  | 2,382,843 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  | 11,142,299 |  |  |  | 17,611,509 |
Net assets |  |  |  | 14,713,113 |  |  |  | 8,020,757 |
EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share capital |  |  |  | 13,616 |  |  |  | 10,892 |
Accumulated losses |  |  |  | (100,619,185 | ) |  |  | (99,985,928 | )
Other reserves |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |
Share premium reserve |  |  |  | 97,047,941 |  |  |  | 89,725,052 |
Exchange reserves |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | (123,198 | )
Revaluation Surplus |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |
Total equity |  |  |  | 14,713,113 |  |  |  | 8,020,757 |

F-3

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
| Note |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Revenue | 4 |  |  | 6,099,777 |  |  |  | 6,164,173 |
Other income | 5 |  |  | 427,147 |  |  |  | 169,819 |
Cost of inventory |  |  |  | 215,059 |  |  |  | (977,619 | )
Logistics costs |  |  |  | (642,423 | ) |  |  | (925,225 | )
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  | (1,602,096 | ) |  |  | (1,501,809 | )
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  | (1,118,678 | ) |  |  | (853,030 | )
Employee benefits expense | 7 |  |  | (1,388,796 | ) |  |  | (1,364,214 | )
Finance expense | 8 |  |  | (350,145 | ) |  |  | (388,717 | )
Other operating expenses | 6 |  |  | (2,400,431 | ) |  |  | (2,102,392 | )
Listing expenses | 25 |  |  | - |  |  |  | (93,067,324 | )
Loss before income tax |  |  |  | (760,586 | ) |  |  | (94,846,338 | )
Income tax credit/(expense) | 9 |  |  | 127,329 |  |  |  | (133,000 | )
Net loss and comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (94,979,338 | )
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss on revaluation of leasehold land and buildings |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (186,684 | )
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange difference on revaluation of leasehold land and buildings |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337,283 |
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (94,828,739 | )
Basic and diluted loss per share |  |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  |  | (14.69 | )

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  | Share capital |  |  | Revaluation reserve |  |  | Exchange reserve |  |  | Share premium reserve |  |  | Other reserve |  |  | Accumulated losses |  |  | Total equity |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 15,157,824 |  |  |  | (460,481 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (5,006,590 | ) |  |  | 13,123,552 |
Issuance of new shares |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89,725,944 |
Net surplus on revaluation of leasehold property |  |  | - |  |  |  | (186,684 | ) |  |  | 337,283 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 150,599 |
Loss for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (94,979,338 | ) |  |  | (94,979,338 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (99,985,928 | ) |  |  | 8,020,757 |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (99,985,928 | ) |  |  | 8,020,757 |
Balance |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 89,725,052 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (99,985,928 | ) |  |  | 8,020,757 |
Issuance of new shares |  |  | 2,724 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,497,276 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,500,000 |
Share issuance expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (174,387 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (174,387 | )
Loss for the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (633,257 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 13,616 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 97,047,941 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (100,619,185 | ) |  |  | 14,713,113 |
Balance |  |  | 13,616 |  |  |  | 14,971,140 |  |  |  | (123,198 | ) |  |  | 97,047,941 |  |  |  | 3,422,799 |  |  |  | (100,619,185 | ) |  |  | 14,713,113 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  | US$ |  |  |  | US$ |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (760,586 | ) |  |  | (94,846,338 | )
Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Prepaid forward purchase agreement written-off |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | - |
- Write-back of deferred underwriting fees payable |  |  | (153,125 | ) |  |  | - |
- Depreciation of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,602,096 |  |  |  | 1,501,809 |
- Amortisation of intangible assets |  |  | 1,118,678 |  |  |  | 853,030 |
- Interest income |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (18,308 | )
- Interest expense |  |  | 350,145 |  |  |  | 388,717 |
- Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,852 |
- Listing expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 93,067,324 |
- Foreign exchange adjustment |  |  | 89,978 |  |  |  | 256,558 |
Total Adjustments |  |  | 2,248,148 |  |  |  | 1,215,644 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilties : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Trade and other receivables |  |  | (190,416 | ) |  |  | (210,649 | )
- Inventories |  |  | (376,010 | ) |  |  | 156,967 |
- Trade and other payables |  |  | (2,193,309 | ) |  |  | 1,368,648 |
- Prepaid forward purchase agreement |  |  | - |  |  |  | (969 | )
- Deferred underwriting fees payable |  |  | (2,600,000 | ) |  |  | 2,753,125 |
Net cash (used in)/generated from operating activities |  |  | (3,111,587 | ) |  |  | 5,282,766 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (304,755 | ) |  |  | (651,044 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,130 |
Additions to intangible assets |  |  | (1,714,524 | ) |  |  | (1,388,583 | )
Interest received |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 18,308 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (2,019,272 | ) |  |  | (2,019,189 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,596,071 |
Repayment of bank borrowings |  |  | (1,380,703 | ) |  |  | (3,775,481 | )
Shares issuance |  |  | 7,500,000 |  |  |  | 754,448 |
Share issuance expense |  |  | (174,387 | ) |  |  | - |
Settlement of Promissory Note |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,150,000 | )
Repayments of lease liabilities |  |  | (195,785 | ) |  |  | (185,536 | )
Interest paid |  |  | (350,145 | ) |  |  | (388,717 | )
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities |  |  | 5,398,980 |  |  |  | (3,149,215 | )
Net increase in cash and bank balances |  |  | 268,121 |  |  |  | 114,362 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of the financial year |  |  | 366,761 |  |  |  | 252,399 |
End of the financial year |  |  | 634,882 |  |  |  | 366,761 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these financial statements.

F-6

ESGL Holdings Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities

|  |  |  |  | Interest- |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | bearing bank |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | and other |  |  |  |
|  | Lease liabilities |  |  | borrowings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
At January 1 2023 |  |  | 2,257,335 |  |  |  | 5,798,641 |  |  |  | 8,055,976 |
Changes from financing cash flows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,596,071 |  |  |  | 3,596,071 |
Repayment of bank loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,775,481 | ) |  |  | (3,775,481 | )
Principal element of lease payments |  |  | (185,536 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (185,536 | )
Borrowing cost paid |  |  | (55,934 | ) |  |  | (332,783 | ) |  |  | (388,717 | )
Total change from financing cash flows |  |  | (241,470 | ) |  |  | (512,193 | ) |  |  | (753,663 | )
Other changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange adjustments |  |  | 86,777 |  |  |  | 159,248 |  |  |  | 246,025 |
Lease modification |  |  | 8,230 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,230 |
Interest expenses |  |  | 55,934 |  |  |  | 332,783 |  |  |  | 388,717 |
Total other changes |  |  | 150,941 |  |  |  | 492,031 |  |  |  | 642,972 |
At December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | 7,945,285 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | 7,945,285 |
Changes from financing cash flows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of bank loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,380,703 | ) |  |  | (1,380,703 | )
Principal element of lease payments |  |  | (195,785 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (195,785 | )
Borrowing cost paid |  |  | (53,725 | ) |  |  | (296,420 | ) |  |  | (350,145 | )
Total change from financing cash flows |  |  | (249,510 | ) |  |  | (1,677,123 | ) |  |  | (1,926,633 | )
Other changes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange adjustments |  |  | (96,524 | ) |  |  | (78,594 | ) |  |  | (175,118 | )
New leases |  |  | 273,459 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 273,459 |
Interest expenses |  |  | 53,725 |  |  |  | 296,420 |  |  |  | 350,145 |
Total other changes |  |  | 230,660 |  |  |  | 217,826 |  |  |  | 448,486 |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,147,956 |  |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 6,467,138 |
Ending balance |  |  | 2,147,956 |  |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 6,467,138 |

The accompanying notes form an integral part of these financial statements.

F-7

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

These notes form an integral part of and should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements.

1. General information

ESGL Holdings Limited (“ESGL” or the “Company”) is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, ESGL conducts all its operations through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. (“ESA”).

Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited

Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited (“ESGH”) is a holding company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. The address of its registered office is 71 Fort Street, PO Box 500, George Town, Grand Cayman, KY1-1106, Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, ESGH conducts all of its operations through its operating entity incorporated in Singapore, Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd.

Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited (“ESAH”)

ESAH, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the ESGH, was incorporated and domiciled in the British Virgin Islands with its registered office at Mandar House, 3rd Floor, Johnson’s Ghut, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. (“ESA”)

ESA was incorporated and domiciled in Singapore, with its registered office at 101 Tuas, South Avenue 2, Singapore 637226. ESA is a waste management, treatment and recycling company involved in the collection and recycling of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste from customers such as pharmaceutical, semiconductor, petrochemical and electroplating companies.

ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. (“ESGC”)

ESGC, a wholly owned subsidiary of ESA, was incorporated and domiciled in Malaysia, with its registered office at 07-01 Jalan Sagu 10, Taman Daya, 81100 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. It’s principal activities include storing and distribution of circular products manufactured by ESA.

2. Significant accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

These financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost convention, except for Prepaid forward purchase agreement and leasehold land and buildings which are measured at fair value.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. It also requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and assumptions.

The financial statements of the Group have been prepared on a going concern basis notwithstanding that the net current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 amounted to approximately US$7.0 million (2023: US$13.8 million). As of December 31, 2024, the Group’s current assets were approximately US$2.1 million and its current liabilities were approximately US$9.1 million. The negative working capital was primarily attributable to the classification of certain bank loan balances of approximately US$4.3 million as current liabilities as the relevant bank loan agreements allow the banks to demand immediate repayments even though they were not due for repayment within a year. To date, the Group has been able to service its loan repayments and there were no indications that the banks intend to recall the loans.

The Group’s ability to continue as a going concern is largely dependent on its ability to reduce operation costs and grow its revenue to fully utilize its production capacity as well as raising funds from the capital market. The Group successfully raised US$7.5 million via share issuance during the financial year ended December 31, 2024.

F-8

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.1 Basis of preparation (continued)

The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the financial statements are disclosed in Note 3.

2.2 Basis of Consolidation

The financial statements are presented in United States Dollars (“US$”), which is the Company’s presentation currency. All financial information presented in United States Dollars has been rounded to the nearest dollar, unless otherwise indicated.

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2024 and 2023. A subsidiary is an entity (including a structured entity), directly or indirectly, controlled by the Company. Control is achieved when the Company is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give the Company the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee).

When the Company has, directly or indirectly, less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:-

| ● | Power over the investee (i.e., existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee);
| ● | Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and
| ● | The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns.

The financial statements of subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the Company, using consistent accounting policies. The results of subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which the Company obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date that such control ceases.

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Company has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

| ● | The contractual arrangement(s) with the other vote holders of the investee;
| ● | Rights arising from other contractual arrangements;
| ● | The Company’s voting rights and potential voting rights.

The Company assesses whether it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Company loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Company gains control until the date the Company ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Company and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies in line with the Group’s accounting policies. All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction. If the Company loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

F-9

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.3 Revenue recognition

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties.

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the goods or services. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

Revenue from contracts with customers

| (a) | Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering of services is recognized when the entity satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time, generally when the significant acts have been completed and when transfer of control occurs, or for services that are not significant, transactions revenue is recognized as the services are provided. The Group’s primary service consists of collecting and disposing of industrial wastes for its customers.

| (b) | Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised good to the customer. Control of the goods is transferred to the customer, generally on delivery of the goods (in this respect, incoterms are considered).

Other revenue

Interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset, or where appropriate, a shorter period.

Contract assets

The contract assets are for the Group’s rights to consideration for work completed but not billed at the reporting date on its contracts; costs incurred to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer; and any impairment losses recognized in the reporting year. The contract assets are transferred to receivables when the right to payment becomes unconditional.

2.4 Government grants

Grants from the government are recognized as a receivable at their fair value when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with all the attached conditions.

Government grants receivable are recognized as income over the periods necessary to match them with the related costs which they are intended to compensate, on a systematic basis. Government grants relating to expenses are shown separately as other income.

Government grants relating to non-monetary assets are deducted against the carrying amount of the non-monetary assets.

F-10

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.5 Property, plant and equipment

| (a) | Measurement

| (i) | Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment other than leasehold land and buildings are initially recognized at cost and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

Leasehold land and buildings are measured at fair value less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses recognized after the date of the revaluation. Valuations are performed frequently to ensure that the fair value of a revalued asset does not differ materially from its carrying amount. Any revaluation surplus is credited to the property revaluation reserve in equity, except to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognized in the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income, in which case the increase is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

A revaluation deficit is recognized in the statement of profit or loss, except to the extent that it offsets an existing surplus on the same asset recognized in the asset revaluation reserve.

An annual transfer from the property revaluation reserve to accumulated losses is made for the difference between depreciation based on the revalued carrying amount of the assets and depreciation based on the assets original cost. Upon disposal, any revaluation reserve relating to that particular asset being sold is transferred to retained profits.

| (ii) | Components of costs

The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment initially recognized includes its purchase price and any cost that is directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.

| (b) | Depreciation

Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate depreciable amounts over the estimated useful lives as follows:

Schedule of property, plant and equipment depreciation, estimated useful lives

|  | Useful lives
Leasehold land and buildings |  | Over the lease term period ranging from 2 to 30 years
Plant and equipment |  | 3 to 5 years
Machineries |  | 2 to 10 years
Renovation |  | 5 years
Motor vehicles |  | 10 years
Furniture and fittings |  | 5 years

The residual values, estimated useful lives and depreciation method of property, plant and equipment are reviewed, and adjusted as appropriate, at each reporting date. The effects of any revision are recognized in profit or loss when the changes arise.

Fully depreciated property, plant and equipment are retained in the financial statements until they are no longer in use.

| (c) | Subsequent expenditure

Subsequent expenditure relating to property, plant and equipment that has already been recognized is added to the carrying amount of the asset only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repair and maintenance expenses are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.

F-11

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.5 Property, plant and equipment (continued)

| (d) | Disposal

On disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment, the difference between the disposal proceeds and its carrying amount is recognized in profit or loss.

2.6 Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured initially at cost. Following initial acquisition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangible assets, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and expenditure is reflected in profit or loss in the year in which the expenditure is incurred.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over the estimated useful lives and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method are reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate depreciable amounts over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

Schedule of intangible assets depreciable, estimated useful lives

|  | Useful lives
Software and production processes |  | 3 years

2.7 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss using the effective interest method.

2.8 Impairment of non-financial assets

Intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and right-of-use assets are tested for impairment whenever there is any objective evidence or indication that these assets may be impaired or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required.

For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets. If this is the case, the recoverable amount is determined for the cash-generating units (“CGU”) to which the asset belongs.

If the recoverable amount of the asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount.

The difference between the carrying amount and recoverable amount is recognized as an impairment loss in profit or loss.

An impairment loss for an asset is reversed if, and only if, there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The carrying amount of this asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

A reversal of impairment loss for an asset is credited to profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

F-12

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 Financial assets

| (a) | Classification and measurement

The Group classifies its financial assets at amortized cost.

The classification of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets as well as the contractual terms of the cash flows of the financial assets.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

The Group reclassifies debt instruments when and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

At initial recognition

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of the financial assets not a fair value through profit or loss, transactions costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.

At subsequent measurement

Debt instruments are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. A gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at amortized cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in interest income using the effective interest rate method.

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables). The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

Lifetime ECL represents the ECL that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of the relevant instrument. In contrast, 12-month ECL (“12m ECL”) represents the portion of lifetime ECL that is expected to result from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date. Assessments are done based on the Group’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current conditions at the reporting date as well as the forecast of future conditions.

The Group always recognizes lifetime ECL for trade and other receivables. The ECL on these assets are assessed individually for debtors with significant balances and/or collectively using a provision matrix with appropriate groupings.

For all other instruments, the Group measures the loss allowance as equal to 12m ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition for which the Group recognizes lifetime ECL. The assessment of whether lifetime ECL should be recognized is based on significant increases in the likelihood or risk of a default occurring since initial recognition.

F-13

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 Financial assets (continued)

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets (continued)

(i) Significant increase in credit risk

In assessing whether the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition. In making this assessment, the Group considers both quantitative and qualitative information that is reasonable and supportable, including historical experience and forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort.

In particular, the following information is taken into account when assessing whether credit risk has increased significantly:

| ● | An actual or expected significant deterioration in the financial instrument’s external (if available) or internal credit rating;
| ● | Significant deterioration in external market indicators of credit risk, e.g. a significant increase in the credit spread, or the credit default swap prices for the debtor;
| ● | Existing or forecast adverse changes in business, financial or economic conditions that are expected to cause a significant decrease in the debtor’s ability to meet its debt obligations;
| ● | An actual or expected significant deterioration in the operating results of the debtor;
| ● | An actual or expected significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the debtor that results in a significant decrease in the debtor’s ability to meet its debt obligations.

Irrespective of the outcome of the above assessment, the Group presumes that the credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition when contractual payments are more than 30 days past due, unless the Group has reasonable and supportable information that demonstrates otherwise.

The Group regularly monitors the effectiveness of the criteria used to identify whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and revises them as appropriate to ensure that the criteria are capable of identifying significant increase in credit risk before the amount becomes past due.

(ii) Definition of default

For internal credit risk management, the Group considers an event of default occurs when information developed internally or obtained from external sources indicates that the debtor is unlikely to pay its creditors, including the Group, in full (without taking into account any collateral held by the Group).

Irrespective of the above, the Group considers that default has occurred when a financial asset is more than 90 days past due unless the Group has reasonable and supportable information to demonstrate that a more lagging default criterion is more appropriate.

(iii) Credit-impaired financial assets

A financial asset is credit-impaired when one or more events of default that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial asset have occurred. Evidence that a financial asset is credit-impaired includes observable data about the following events:

| (a) | Significant financial difficulty of the issuer or the borrower;
| (b) | A breach of contract, such as a default or past due event;
| (c) | The lender(s) of the borrower, for economic or contractual reasons relating to the borrower’s financial difficulty, having granted to the borrower a concession that the lender(s) would not otherwise consider.

F-14

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.9 Financial assets (continued)

| (b) | Impairment of financial assets (continued)

(iii) Credit-impaired financial assets (continued)

| (d) | It is becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization; or
| (e) | The disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

(iv) Write-off policy

The Group writes off a financial asset when there is information indicating that the counterparty is in severe financial difficulty and there is no realistic prospect of recovery, for example, when the counterparty has been placed under liquidation or has entered into bankruptcy proceedings, or in the case of trade receivables, when the amounts are over one year past due, whichever occurs sooner. Financial assets written off may still be subject to enforcement activities under the Group’s recovery procedures, taking into account legal advice where appropriate. A write-off constitutes a derecognition event. Any subsequent recoveries are recognized in profit or loss.

(v) Measurement and recognition of ECL

The measurement of ECL is a function of the probability of default, loss given default (i.e. the magnitude of the loss if there is a default) and the exposure to default. The assessment of the probability of default and loss given default is based on historical data adjusted by forward-looking information. Estimation of ECL reflects an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined with the respective risks of default representing the weights.

Generally, the ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at the effective interest rate determined at initial recognition.

Where ECL is measured on a collective basis or for cases where evidence at the individual instrument level may not yet be available, the financial instruments are grouped on the following basis:

| ● | Nature of financial instruments;
| ● | Past-due status;
| ● | Nature, size and industry of debtors; and
| ● | External credit ratings where available.

The groups are regularly reviewed by management to ensure the constituents of each group continue to share similar credit risk characteristics.

Interest income is calculated based on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset unless the financial asset is credit impaired, in which case interest income is calculated based on amortized cost of the financial asset.

| (c) | Recognition and derecognition

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the trade date – the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset.

Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership.

On disposal of a debt instrument, the difference between the carrying amount and the sale proceeds is recognized in profit or loss. Any amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income relating to that asset is reclassified to profit or loss.

F-15

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.10 Financial Liabilities

Borrowings are presented as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement for at least 12 months after the reporting date, in which case they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Borrowings are initially recognized at fair values (net of transaction costs) and subsequently carried at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Trade and other payables represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of the financial year which are unpaid. They are classified as current liabilities if payment is due within one year or less (or in the normal operating cycle of the business if longer). Otherwise, they are presented as non-current liabilities.

Trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value, and subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

| (a) | Derecognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

| (b) | Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

2.11 Leases

When the Group is the lessee

At the inception of the contract, the Group assesses if the contract contains a lease. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Reassessment is only required when the terms and conditions of the contract are changed.

Right-of-use assets

The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and lease liability at the date at which the underlying asset is available for use. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost which comprises the initial measurement of lease liabilities adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date and lease incentive received. Any initial direct costs that would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained are added to the carrying amount of the right-of-use assets.

The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term.

Right-of-use assets are presented within “Property, plant and equipment”.

F-16

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.11 Leases (continued)

Lease liabilities

The initial measurement of a lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments discounted using the implicit rate in the lease, if the rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Group shall use its incremental borrowing rate.

Lease payments include the following:

| ● | Fixed payments (including in-substance fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable;
| ● | Variable lease payment that is based on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date;
| ● | Amount expected to be payable under residual value guarantees;
| ● | The exercise price of a purchase option if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised; and
| ● | Payment of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group exercising that option.

For a contract that contains both lease and non-lease components, the Group allocates the consideration to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease and non-lease components. The Group has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for property leases and accounts for these as one single lease component.

Lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Lease liability shall be remeasured when:

| ● | There is a change in future lease payments arising from changes in an index or rate;
| ● | There is a change in the Group’s assessment of whether it will exercise an extension option; or
| ● | There is modification in the scope or the consideration of the lease that was not part of the original term.

Lease liability is remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use assets, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Group presents lease liabilities as a separate line item on the statement of financial position.

Short-term and low-value leases

The Group has elected to not recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have lease terms of 12 months or less and leases of low value. Payments relating to these leases are expensed to profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Variable lease payments

Variable lease payments that are not based on an index or a rate are not included as part of the measurement and initial recognition of the lease liability. The Group shall recognize those lease payments in profit or loss in the periods that triggered those lease payments.

Lease modifications

The Group accounts for a lease modification as a separate lease if:

| ● | The modification increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets; and

F-17

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.11 Leases (continued)

| ● | The consideration for the leases increases by an amount commensurate with the stand-alone price for the increase in scope and any appropriate adjustments to that stand-alone price to reflect the circumstances of the particular contract.

For a lease modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease, the Group remeasures the lease liability based on the lease term of the modified lease by discounting the revised lease payments using a revised discount rate at the effective date of the modification.

The Group accounts for the remeasurement of lease liabilities by making corresponding adjustments to the relevant right-of-use asset. When the modified contract contains a lease component and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, the Group allocates the consideration in the modified contract to each lease component on the basis of the relative stand-alone price of the lease component and the aggregate stand-alone price of the non-lease components.

When the Group is the lessor

Classification and measurement of leases

Leases for which the Group is a lessor are classified as finance or operating leases. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recognized as receivables at commencement date at amounts equal to net investments in the leases, measured using the interest rate implicit in the respective leases. Initial direct costs are included in the initial measurement of the net investments in the leases. Interest income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Group’s net investment outstanding in respect of the leases.

Rental income from operating leases is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset, and such costs are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term except for investment properties measured under the fair value model. Variable lease payments for operating leases that depend on an index or a rate are estimated and included in the total lease payments to be recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as income when they arise.

Refundable rental deposits

Refundable rental deposits received are accounted for under IFRS 9 and initially measured at fair value. Adjustments to fair value at initial recognition are considered as additional lease payments from lessees.

Lease modification

Changes in consideration of lease contracts that were not part of the original terms and conditions are accounted for as lease modifications, including lease incentives provided through forgiveness or reduction of rentals.

The Group accounts for a modification to an operating lease as a new lease from the effective date of the modification, considering any prepaid or accrued lease payments relating to the original lease as part of the lease payments for the new lease.

F-18

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.12 Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is calculated using the specific identification method and includes all costs of purchase and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

When necessary, allowance is provided for damaged, obsolete and slow moving items to adjust the carrying values of inventories to the lower of cost and net realizable value.

2.13 Income taxes

Income tax represents the sum of current and deferred tax. Income tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

Current tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period, taking into consideration interpretations and practices prevailing in the countries in which the Group operates.

Deferred tax is provided, using the liability method, on all temporary differences at the end of the reporting period between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:-

| ● | When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit or loss nor taxable profit or loss; and
| ● | In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carryforward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences, the carryforward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

| ● | When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary differences arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit or loss nor taxable profit or loss; and
| ● | In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, deferred tax assets are only recognized to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

F-19

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.13 Income Taxes (continued)

Deferred tax is calculated, without discounting, at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Group intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Current and deferred taxes are recognized as income or expenses in profit or loss, except to the extent that the tax arises from a transaction which is recognized directly in equity.

The Group accounts for investment tax credits similar to accounting for other tax credits where a deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax credits to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized.

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be estimated reliably.

Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of economic resources will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, where appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

2.14 Employee benefits

Employee benefits are recognized as an expense, unless the cost qualifies to be capitalized as an asset.

| (a) | Defined contribution plans

Defined contribution plans are post-employment benefit plans under which the Group pays fixed contributions to separate entities such as the Central Provident Fund on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been made.

| (b) | Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefit obligations are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid if the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

F-20

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.15 Currency translation

The financial statements are presented in United States Dollar (“US$”). Our business and operations are primarily conducted in Singapore through our subsidiary, ESA, that is domiciled there. The functional currency of ESA is US$ and transactions in a currency other than the United States Dollar (“foreign currency”) are translated into the United States Dollar using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Currency exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the closing rates at the reporting date are recognized in profit or loss. Non-monetary items measured at fair values in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair values are determined.

All foreign exchange gains and losses impacting profit or loss are presented in statement of comprehensive income within “Other operating expenses”.

2.16 Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of presentation in the statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and deposits with financial institutions which are subject to any insignificant risk of changes in value, and have a short maturity of generally within three months when acquired.

2.17 Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares are deducted against the share capital account.

2.18 Related parties

| (a) | A person, or a close member of that person’s family, is related to the Company if that person :

| (i) | Has control or joint control over the Company;
| (ii) | Has significant influence over the Company; or
| (iii) | Is a member of key management personnel of the Company or the Company’s parent;

or

| (b) | An entity is related to the Company if any of the following conditions applies:-

| (i) | The entity and the Company are members of the same group;
| (ii) | One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member);
| (iii) | The entity and the Company are joint ventures of the same third party;
| (iv) | One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity;
| (v) | The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the Company or an entity related to the Company;
| (vi) | The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a);
| (vii) | A person identified in (a)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity); and
| (viii) | The entity, or any member of a group of which it is a part, provides key management personnel services to the Company or to the Company’s parent.

F-21

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.18 Related parties (continued)

Close members of the family of a person are those family members who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that person in their dealings with the entity and include:

| (a) | That person’s children and spouse or domestic partner;
| (b) | Children of that person’s spouse or domestic partner; and
| (c) | Dependents of that person or that person’s spouse or domestic partner.

2.19 Fair value measurement

The Group measures its properties at the end of each reporting period. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market for the asset or liability, or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability. The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group. The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:-

Level 1 – based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – based on valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is observable, either directly or indirectly

Level 3 – based on valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by reassessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

F-22

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

2. Significant accounting policies (continued)

2.20 Application of amendments to IFRS

In the preparation of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group has applied the following amendments to IFRSs, for the first time, which are mandatorily effective for the annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024:

Amendments |
Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases | Lease liability in a sale and leaseback
Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements | Classification of liabilities as Current or Non-Current and Non-current liabilities with Covenants
Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments | Disclosures – Supplier finance arrangements

The application of the amendments to IFRSs in the current year has had no material impact on the Group’s financial positions and performance for the current and prior years and/or on the disclosures set out in these financial statements.

3. Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements

Estimates, assumptions and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Critical judgements in applying the entity’s accounting policies

| (a) | Determination of functional currency

In determining the functional currency of the Group, judgment is used by the management to determine the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Group operates. Consideration factors include the currency that mainly influences sales prices of goods and services and the currency of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determines the sales prices of its goods and services.

| (b) | Determination of lease term of contracts with extension options

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable term of the lease, together with any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain to be exercised, or any periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if it is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Group has several lease contracts that include extension options. The Group applies judgement in evaluating whether it is reasonably certain to exercise the extension option of the lease. That is, it considers all relevant factors that create an economic incentive for it to exercise the extension. After the commencement date, the Group reassesses the lease term to consider whether there is a significant event or change in circumstances that is within its control and affects its ability to exercise or not to exercise the option to extend (e.g. construction of significant leasehold improvements or significant customization to the leased asset).

The Group includes the extension option in the lease term for leases of leasehold buildings because of the leasehold improvements made and the significant costs that would arise to replace the assets. The extension options for leases of motor vehicles are not included as part of the lease term because the Group typically leases motor vehicles for not more than five years and, hence, will not exercise the extension options.

F-23

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

3. Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements (continued)

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

| (a) | Useful lives of plant and equipment

The useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment is estimated at the time the asset is acquired and is based on historical experience with similar assets and takes into account anticipated technological or other changes. If changes occur more rapidly than anticipated or the asset experiences an unexpected level of wear and tear, the useful life will be adjusted accordingly. The carrying amount of the Group’s plant and equipment as at December 31, 2024 was US$20,762,483 (2023: US$21,786,365).

| (b) | Inventory valuation method

Inventory write-down is made based on the current market conditions, historical experience and selling goods of a similar nature. It could change significantly as a result of changes in market conditions. A review is made periodically for excess inventories, obsolescence and declines in net realizable value and an allowance is recorded against the inventory balances for any such declines. The realizable value represents the best estimate of the recoverable amount and is based on the most reliable evidence available and inherently involves estimates regarding the future expected realizable value. The carrying amount of the Group’s inventories as at December 31, 2024 was US$440,194 (2023: US$64,184).

| (c) | Allowance for expected credit losses of trade receivables

The Group uses a provision matrix to calculate ECLs for trade receivables. The provision rates are based on days past due for groupings of various customer segments that have similar loss patterns.

The provision matrix is initially based on the Group’s historical observed default rates. The Group will calibrate the matrix to adjust historical credit loss experience with forward-looking information. At every reporting date, historical default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analysed.

The assessment of the correlation between historical observed default rates, forecasted economic conditions and ECLs is a significant estimate. The amount of ECLs is sensitive to changes in circumstances and of forecasted economic conditions. The Group’s historical credit loss experience and forecast of economic conditions may also not be representative of customers’ actual default in the future.

The carrying amount of the Group’s trade receivables as at December 31, 2024 was US$683,939 (2023: US$461,497).

| (d) | Impairment of non-financial assets

The impairment testing of non-financial assets requires assumptions about the future cash flows projections as well as about the discount rate to be applied. The assumptions used to arrive at the cash flow projections are dependent on the future market shares, the market trend and the profitability of the Group’s products.

Impairment testing of non-financial assets requires estimates about the extent and probability of the occurrence of future events. As far as possible, estimates are derived from past experience taking into account current market conditions and the stage of technological advancement.

F-24

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

3. Critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgements (continued)

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions (continued)

| (e) | Capitalization of intangible assets

The costs of internally generated intangible assets are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.6 to the financial statements. Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgement that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model. In determining the amounts to be capitalized, management makes assumptions regarding the expected future cash generation of the project, discount rates to be applied and the expected period of benefits. The carrying amount of the intangible assets at the reporting date is US$2,977,311 (2023: US$2,381,465).

| (f) | Forward Purchase Agreement

On July 27, 2023, the Company, ESGL entered into an agreement (“Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC (“ARRT”, together with Vellar, the “Sellers”).

In aggregate, Vellar purchased 931,915 shares, and ARRT 500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Recycled Shares”). In connection with these purchases, the Sellers revoked any redemption elections. The purchases were recognized as a current asset in the financial statements as Prepaid Forward Purchase Agreement (“Prepaid FPA”), at the fair value at the time of the purchase transaction. For the financial year ended December 31, 2023, the fair value of the Prepaid FPA was assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation model to be US$969 and accordingly, an adjustment to the carrying amount of the Prepaid FPA was made.

Termination of Forward Purchase Agreement

On March 21, 2024, the Company received a termination notice from Vellar, dated March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the termination notice, Vellar notified the Company that the Valuation Date was March 15, 2024 as a result of the occurrence of a VWAP Trigger Event. On March 22, 2024, the Company and Vellar entered into a Valuation Period Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed that the Valuation Period concluded at 4:00 p.m. on March 21, 2024 and the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date was equal to 52,641, calculated as 2,200,000 Shares (the Recycled Shares and Additional Shares) less 2,147,359 Shares (the Number of Shares Adjustment). As 52,641 Shares multiplied by the VWAP of $0.45 less $4,400,000 (being the Settlement Amount Adjustment, calculated as the product of the Maximum Number of Shares and $2.00) is a negative number, neither Vellar nor the Company is liable to the other party for any payment under the Forward Purchase Agreement. As a result of the conclusion of the Valuation Period, the obligations of Vellar and the Company under the Forward Purchase Agreement have been terminated.

F-25

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

4. Revenue

Revenue classified by type of good or service is as follows:

Schedule of revenue classified by type of good or service

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Revenue from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Sales of circular products |  |  | 1,198,610 |  |  |  | 2,305,646 |
- Waste disposal services |  |  | 4,901,167 |  |  |  | 3,858,527 |
Revenue |  |  | 6,099,777 |  |  |  | 6,164,173 |

The revenue from sales of goods and other service income is recognized based on a point in time.

5. Other income

Schedule of other income

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | 251,897 |  |  |  | - |
Interest income |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 18,308 |
Government grants |  |  | 21,779 |  |  |  | 42,819 |
Grant from AEPW1 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72,000 |
Warehousing and logistic services |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,357 |
Write-back of deferred underwriting fees payable |  |  | 153,125 |  |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 335 |
Other income |  |  | 427,147 |  |  |  | 169,819 |

1 |  | The Alliance to End Plastic Waste (“AEPW”) is an industry-founded and funded non-governmental and non-profit organization based in Singapore. Founding members include BASF, Chevron Phillips Chemical, ExxonMobil, Dow Chemical, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings, Proctor & Gamble and Shell

6. Other operating expenses

Schedule of other operating expenses

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | 189,426 |
Foreign worker levy |  |  | 173,632 |  |  |  | 168,137 |
Impairment loss on other receivables |  |  | 49,851 |  |  |  | - |
Insurance |  |  | 260,787 |  |  |  | 55,694 |
Professional fees |  |  | 633,524 |  |  |  | 109,703 |
Property tax |  |  | 109,326 |  |  |  | 108,412 |
Rental and storage |  |  | 409,145 |  |  |  | 594,748 |
Utilities |  |  | 164,581 |  |  |  | 189,982 |
Upkeep, repair and maintenance |  |  | 131,776 |  |  |  | 230,037 |
Chemical and incineration fees |  |  | 349,769 |  |  |  | 396,428 |
Bank service charges |  |  | 10,846 |  |  |  | 50,427 |
Nasdaq annual fees |  |  | 65,500 |  |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | 41,694 |  |  |  | 9,398 |
Other operating expenses |  |  | 2,400,431 |  |  |  | 2,102,392 |

F-26

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

7. Employee benefits expense

Schedule of employee benefits expense

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Salaries, wages and bonuses |  |  | 2,379,674 |  |  |  | 2,258,195 |
Directors’ remuneration |  |  | 382,598 |  |  |  | 272,659 |
Directors’ fees |  |  | 128,000 |  |  |  | 52,252 |
Employer’s contribution to defined contribution plans including Central Provident Fund |  |  | 153,047 |  |  |  | 142,749 |
Other short term benefit |  |  | 60,001 |  |  |  | 26,943 |
Employee benefits expense, gross |  |  | 3,103,320 |  |  |  | 2,752,798 |
Less : Amount capitalized as internal development of intangible assets |  |  | (1,714,524 | ) |  |  | (1,388,584 | )
Employee benefits expense |  |  | 1,388,796 |  |  |  | 1,364,214 |

8. Finance expense

Schedule of finance expense

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Interest expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Lease liabilities |  |  | 53,725 |  |  |  | 55,934 |
- Borrowings |  |  | 249,284 |  |  |  | 284,112 |
- Loans from Directors |  |  | 47,136 |  |  |  | 48,671 |
Interest expenses |  |  | 350,145 |  |  |  | 388,717 |

9. Income tax expense

Schedule of tax expense attributable to loss

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Tax expense attributable to loss is made up of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Current income tax |  |  | 35,671 |  |  |  | - |
- Movements in deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (163,000 | ) |  |  | 133,000 |
Tax expense attributable to loss |  |  | (127,329 | ) |  |  | 133,000 |

The tax on profit or loss before income tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the Singapore standard rate of income tax expense as follows:

Schedule of income tax rates to profit or loss before income tax expense

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Loss before income tax |  |  | (760,586 | ) |  |  | (94,846,338 | )
Tax calculated at tax rate of 17% (2023: 17%) |  |  | (129,300 | ) |  |  | (16,123,877 | )
Effects of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Listing expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,821,445 |
- Expenses not deductible for tax purposes |  |  | 198,675 |  |  |  | 467,334 |
- Income not subject to tax |  |  | (186,647 | ) |  |  | (3,112 | )
- Temporary difference |  |  | (10,057 | ) |  |  | (28,790 | )
Income tax expense |  |  | (127,329 | ) |  |  | 133,000 |

F-27

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

10. Property, plant and equipment, net

Schedule of property, plant and equipment

|  | Leasehold land and buildings2 |  |  | Plant and equipment |  |  | Machineries |  |  | Renovation |  |  | Motor vehicles |  |  | Furniture and fittings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost or valuation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 26,755,143 |
Additions |  |  | 273,461 |  |  |  | 304,626 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 578,214 |
Disposal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lease modifications |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange difference |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation charge |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial year |  |  | 19,537,807 |  |  |  | 5,264,933 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 132,100 |  |  |  | 27,333,357 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 941,339 |  |  |  | 518,321 |  |  |  | 95,971 |  |  |  | 602 |  |  |  | 44,374 |  |  |  | 1,489 |  |  |  | 1,602,096 |
End of financial year |  |  | 1,673,694 |  |  |  | 2,622,248 |  |  |  | 1,070,773 |  |  |  | 488,132 |  |  |  | 587,523 |  |  |  | 128,504 |  |  |  | 6,570,874 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial year |  |  | 17,864,113 |  |  |  | 2,642,685 |  |  |  | 142,914 |  |  |  | 2,107 |  |  |  | 107,068 |  |  |  | 3,596 |  |  |  | 20,762,483 |

|  | Leasehold land and buildings2 |  |  | Plant and equipment |  |  | Machineries |  |  | Renovation |  |  | Motor vehicles |  |  | Furniture and fittings |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost or valuation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 19,828,888 |  |  |  | 4,385,903 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 487,229 |  |  |  | 692,142 |  |  |  | 127,487 |  |  |  | 26,735,336 |
Additions |  |  | - |  |  |  | 580,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,010 |  |  |  | 63,423 |  |  |  | 4,486 |  |  |  | 651,044 |
Disposal |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,721 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (60,974 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (66,695 | )
Lease modifications |  |  | 8,230 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,230 |
Revaluation |  |  | (910,055 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (910,055 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | 337,283 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 337,283 |
End of financial year |  |  | 19,264,346 |  |  |  | 4,960,307 |  |  |  | 1,213,687 |  |  |  | 490,239 |  |  |  | 694,591 |  |  |  | 131,973 |  |  |  | 26,755,143 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 523,495 |  |  |  | 1,689,985 |  |  |  | 874,266 |  |  |  | 486,040 |  |  |  | 545,593 |  |  |  | 122,674 |  |  |  | 4,242,053 |
Beginning balance |  |  | 523,495 |  |  |  | 1,689,985 |  |  |  | 874,266 |  |  |  | 486,040 |  |  |  | 545,593 |  |  |  | 122,674 |  |  |  | 4,242,053 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 932,231 |  |  |  | 416,516 |  |  |  | 100,536 |  |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  | 46,695 |  |  |  | 4,341 |  |  |  | 1,501,809 |
Disposal |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,574 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (49,139 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (51,713 | )
Revaluation |  |  | (723,371 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (723,371 | )
End of financial year |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Ending balance |  |  | 732,355 |  |  |  | 2,103,927 |  |  |  | 974,802 |  |  |  | 487,530 |  |  |  | 543,149 |  |  |  | 127,015 |  |  |  | 4,968,778 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial year |  |  | 18,531,991 |  |  |  | 2,856,380 |  |  |  | 238,885 |  |  |  | 2,709 |  |  |  | 151,442 |  |  |  | 4,958 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |
Ending balance |  |  | 18,531,991 |  |  |  | 2,856,380 |  |  |  | 238,885 |  |  |  | 2,709 |  |  |  | 151,442 |  |  |  | 4,958 |  |  |  | 21,786,365 |

2 |  | Leasehold land and buildings are measured at fair value less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses recognized after the date of the revaluation.

Right-of-use assets acquired under leasing arrangements are presented together with the owned assets of the same class. Details of such leased assets are disclosed in Note 15.

During the financial year, leasehold land and buildings with carrying amount of approximately US$15,823,299 (2023: US$16,532,686) were mortgaged to secure a term loan (Note 17).

2Leasehold land and buildings are measured at fair value less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses recognized after the date of the revaluation.

F-28

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

10. Property, plant and equipment, net (continued)

Fair value hierarchy

There was no independent valuation of the Group’s leasehold land and buildings conducted as at December 31, 2024. The fair value of the leasehold land and buildings was determined by the Group’s management using internal valuations and external market data.

An independent valuation was performed by valuer, CKS Property Consultants Pte Ltd to determine the fair value of leasehold land and buildings as at December 31, 2023. The revaluation surplus net of applicable deferred income taxes was credited to revaluation reserve. The following table presents the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Group’s leasehold land and buildings carried at fair value:-

Schedule of fair value measurement hierarchy of leasehold land and buildings

|  | 2024 |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value measurements as at |
|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2024 categorized into |
|  | Fair value at |  |  | Quoted prices in active markets for |  |  | Significant other observable |  |  | Significant unobservable |
|  | December 31, |  |  | identical assets |  |  | inputs |  |  | inputs |
|  | 2024 |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Recurring fair value measurement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold land and buildings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Industrial - Singapore |  |  | 15,823,299 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | 15,823,299 |

|  | 2023 |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value measurements as at |
|  |  |  |  | December 31, 2023 categorized into |
|  | Fair value at |  |  | Quoted prices in active markets for |  |  | Significant other observable |  |  | Significant unobservable |
|  | December 31, |  |  | identical assets |  |  | inputs |  |  | inputs |
|  | 2023 |  |  | (Level 1) |  |  | (Level 2) |  |  | (Level 3) |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Recurring fair value measurement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold land and buildings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Industrial - Singapore |  |  | 16,532,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,532,186 |
Assets, at fair value |  |  | 16,532,686 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16,532,186 |

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, or transfers into or out of Level 3.

F-29

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

10. Property, plant and equipment, net (continued)

Reconciliation of fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:-

Schedule of reconciliation of fair value measurements

|  | Leasehold land |
|  | and buildings |
|  | US$ |
Carrying amount at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 16,532,686 |
Depreciation charge on revaluation of properties held for own use |  |  | (709,387 | )
Carrying amount at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 15,823,299 |

Valuation techniques

The valuation techniques used in the financial years ended December 31, 2023 were consistent with prior years and all leasehold land and buildings’ valuation was determined using a market comparison approach. The fair value of leasehold land and buildings is based on prices for recent market transactions in similar properties and adjusted to reflect the conditions and locations of the Group’s properties. The significant input into this valuation approach is price per square foot, which has been adjusted to reflect the location, size, tenure, age and condition, standard of finishes, use, facilities provided, date of transaction and the prevailing economic conditions.

Below is a summary of the valuation techniques used and the key inputs to the valuation of leasehold land and buildings:-

Schedule of valuation techniques used and key inputs to valuation of leasehold land and buildings

|  | Valuation techniques |  | Significant unobservable inputs |  |  | Range or weighted average |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2023 |
Leasehold land and buildings in Singapore |  | Market comparison approach |  | Price per square foot |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | US$113 to US$396 per square foot |

The fair value measurements are based on the above leasehold land and buildings’ highest and best use, which does not differ from their actual use.

Had the Group’s leasehold land and buildings been carried at cost less accumulated depreciation, the carrying amount of the Group’s leasehold land and buildings as at December 31, 2024 and 2023 would have been approximately US$3,171,013 and US$3,645,289 respectively.

F-30

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

11. Intangible assets, net

Schedule of intangible assets

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 4,349,839 |  |  |  | 2,961,256 |
Additions - internal development |  |  | 1,714,524 |  |  |  | 1,388,583 |
End of financial year |  |  | 6,064,363 |  |  |  | 4,349,839 |
Accumulated amortisation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of financial year |  |  | 1,968,374 |  |  |  | 1,115,344 |
Amortization |  |  | 1,118,678 |  |  |  | 853,030 |
End of financial year |  |  | 3,087,052 |  |  |  | 1,968,374 |
Net book value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of financial year |  |  | 2,977,311 |  |  |  | 2,381,465 |

12. Trade and other receivables

Schedule of trade and other receivables

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Trade receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Non-related parties |  |  | 683,939 |  |  |  | 461,497 |
Trade receivables |  |  | 683,939 |  |  |  | 461,497 |
Non-trade receivables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Advance payment to suppliers |  |  | 119,745 |  |  |  | 329,597 |
- Deposits |  |  | 108,550 |  |  |  | 46,035 |
- Goods and services tax recoverable |  |  |  | - |  |  | 184 |
- Prepayments |  |  | 128,308 |  |  |  | 195,209 |
Non-trade receivables |  |  | 356,603 |  |  |  | 571,025 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 1,040,542 |  |  |  | 1,032,522 |

F-31

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

12. Trade and other receivables (continued)

Receivables that are past due but not impaired

The Group had trade receivables amounting to US$117,152 (2023: US$59,757) that were past due at the reporting date but were not impaired. These receivables were unsecured and the analysis of their aging based on their trade date at the reporting date is as follows:

Schedule of components of trade receivables aging

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Less than 30 days |  |  | 96,741 |  |  |  | 44,543 |
30 to 90 days |  |  | 20,412 |  |  |  | 15,214 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 117,152 |  |  |  | 59,757 |

The trade receivables and contract assets are subject to the expected credit loss model under the financial reporting standard on financial instruments. At all reporting dates the historical observed default rates are updated and changes in the forward-looking estimates are analyzed. Details of impairment of trade and other receivables are set out in Note 23(b)(ii).

As of December 31, 2024, the Group has made allowance for expected credit loss amounting to US$47,691 (2023: US$46,768).

13. Inventories

Schedule of inventories

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Raw materials |  |  | 17,368 |  |  |  | 64,184 |
Finished goods |  |  | 422,826 |  |  |  | - |
Inventories |  |  | 440,194 |  |  |  | 64,184 |

14. Reserves

| (a) | Revaluation surplus

Revaluation surplus represents increases in the fair value of leasehold land and buildings, net of tax, and decreases to the extent that such decrease relates to an increase on the same asset previously recognized in other comprehensive income.

| (b) | Other reserve

Other reserve represents members’ deemed contribution arising from reorganization.

| (c) | Exchange reserve

The exchange reserve represents the exchange differences relating to the translation of the Group’s leasehold land and building from the revaluation. The exchange differences are recognized directly in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the exchange reserve. Such exchange differences accumulated in the exchange reserve are reclassified to the consolidated income statement on the disposal of the leasehold land and building.

| (d) | Share premium reserve

The share premium reserve represents the excess amounts paid by shareholders above the par value of the shares issued.

F-32

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

15. Leases – The Group as a lessee

Nature of the Group’s leasing activities

The Group has lease contracts for land, buildings, machineries and equipment. The Group’s obligations under these leases are secured by the lessor’s title to the leased assets. The Group is restricted from assigning and subleasing the leased assets.

The Group regularly enters into short-term leases of 12 months or less for certain plant and equipment and machineries. The Group applies the ‘short-term lease’ recognition exemptions for these leases.

(a) Carrying amounts

ROU assets classified within property, plant and equipment

Schedule of ROU assets classified within property, plant and equipment

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Carrying amounts |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | 2,040,813 |  |  |  | 1,999,304 |
Plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 270 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 89,683 |  |  |  | 130,642 |
Carrying amounts ROU assets |  |  | 2,130,496 |  |  |  | 2,130,216 |

(b) Depreciation charge during the financial year

Schedule of depreciation charge

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Leasehold land and buildings |  |  | 231,952 |  |  |  | 208,860 |
Plant and equipment |  |  | 270 |  |  |  | 7,882 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 40,958 |  |  |  | 40,480 |
Depreciation charge |  |  | 273,180 |  |  |  | 257,222 |

Interest expense

Schedule of interest expense

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Interest expense on lease liabilities |  |  | 53,725 |  |  |  | 55,934 |

(c) Short-term leases

Schedule of short-term leases

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Expense relating to short-term leases |  |  | 142,441 |  |  |  | 372,721 |
Repayment of lease principal and interest |  |  | 249,510 |  |  |  | 241,470 |
Total cash outflow for leases |  |  | 391,951 |  |  |  | 614,191 |

Note: Amount includes payments of principal and interest portion of lease liabilities and short-term leases.

For both years, the Group leases various offices and machineries for its operations. Lease contracts are entered into for fixed term of 1 month to 30 years. Lease terms are negotiated on an individual basis and contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. At the end of the current financial year, subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions, the lease for one of the properties was extended by 20 years, ending in November 2050.

F-33

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

15. Leases – The Group as a lessee (continued)

The Group regularly enters into short-term leases for certain office premises. As at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the portfolio of short-term leases was similar to the portfolio of short-term leases to which the short-term leases expense is disclosed above.

(d) Addition of ROU assets during the financial year ended December 31, 2024 was US$273,459 (2023: US$Nil)

(e) Lease liabilities

Schedule of lease liabilities

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Current |  |  | 221,254 |  |  |  | 192,282 |
Non-current |  |  | 1,926,702 |  |  |  | 1,974,524 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 2,147,956 |  |  |  | 2,166,806 |

16. Trade and other payables

Schedule of trade and other payables

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Trade payables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Non-related parties |  |  | 305,670 |  |  |  | 528,865 |
Trade payables |  |  | 305,670 |  |  |  | 528,865 |
Other payables |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Amount due to shareholder |  |  | 133,532 |  |  |  | 189,595 |
- Contract liabilities |  |  | 1,009,110 |  |  |  | 2,077,358 |
- Amount due to directors |  |  | 896,955 |  |  |  | 910,541 |
- Accruals for operating expenses |  |  | 2,045,333 |  |  |  | 2,837,205 |
- Goods and services tax payable |  |  | 43,177 |  |  |  | 6,340 |
- Withholding tax |  |  | 16,173 |  |  |  | 10,655 |
Other payables |  |  | 4,144,280 |  |  |  | 6,031,694 |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 4,449,950 |  |  |  | 6,560,559 |

The amounts due to directors are non-trade in nature, unsecured, bear interests at 6% per annum and are repayable on demand.

The contract liabilities primarily relate to the advance consideration received from customers for unsatisfied performance obligations. The Company recognizes revenue for each respective performance obligation when control of the product or service transfers to the customer and the right to payment becomes unconditional. In 2024, US $974,914 (2023: US$85,536) of contract liabilities was recognized as revenue in the profit or loss statement.

F-34

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

17. Borrowings

Schedule of borrowings term loan

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Term loan I(i) |  |  | 118,558 |  |  |  | 201,945 |
Term loan IV (ii) |  |  | 108,888 |  |  |  | 378,323 |
Term loan V(iii) |  |  | 137,837 |  |  |  | 426,589 |
Term loan VI(iv) |  |  | 528,376 |  |  |  | 924,276 |
Term loan VII(v) |  |  | 1,573,182 |  |  |  | 2,014,258 |
Trade receivables financing |  |  | 124,780 |  |  |  | 81,231 |
Revolving credit |  |  | 1,727,561 |  |  |  | 1,751,857 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |
|  |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  | US$ |  |  |  | US$ |
Analysed as : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-current portion |  |  | - |  |  |  | 112,319 |
Current portion |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,666,160 |
Total borrowings |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |

| (i) | Term loan I was obtained for refinancing the outstanding loan amount in relation to the leasehold land and building of the Group. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 120 months period commencing 2015. The interest rates charged were at the bank’s Business Financing Rate (“BFR”) of 5.68% to 5.68% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

| (ii) | Term loan IV was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum on monthly rests. As at December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan will be fully repaid before the end of the next financial year and is accordingly classified as current liabilities.
| (iii) | Term loan V was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it was classified as current liabilities as at December 31, 2023. As at December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan will be fully repaid before the end of the next financial year and is accordingly classified as current liabilities.
| (iv) | Term loan VI was obtained for purchasing of machineries for core business operations. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2.50% per annum on monthly rests. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (v) | Term loan VII was obtained as a replacement for Term Loan II and also for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 3 year period commencing year 2023. The interest rates charged are 2% above the Bank’s Cost of Funds. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (vi) | Revolving credit is obtained for working capital purposes. These loans are repayable 1 to 6 months from the date of each drawdown. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum above the Bank’s Cost of Funds or 2.00% above the prevailing SIBOR per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (vii) | The Group has a trade receivables financing agreement with one of its lenders. The arrangement will provide immediate payment of up to 90% of the receivables upon presentation of relevant documents by the Group. The remaining 10% will be paid upon settlement of the receivables by the customer. This arrangement has no recourse and the Group is only liable for unpaid receivables if the non-payment results from, inter alia, fraud, illegality, dispute, misrepresentation, loss of right, title and interests in the receivables, the non-payment constitutes and event not covered by the relevant credit insurance policy or an event which renders the Bank unable to claim the relevant credit insurance policy.

Details of the repayment schedule in respect of the interest-bearing borrowings are as follows2 :

Schedule of respect of the interest-bearing borrowings trade and other payables

|  | 20242 |  |  | 20232 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Bank borrowings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within one year or on demand |  |  | 2,928,509 |  |  |  | 3,233,637 |
Within a period of more than one year but not exceeding two years |  |  | 1,390,673 |  |  |  | 2,544,842 |
Total bank borrowings repayable |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |

2 |  | The 2023 comparative figures of the repayment schedule have been reclassified to be consistent with 2024 and aligned with the repayment schedules from the banks.

| (i) | Term loan I was obtained for refinancing the outstanding loan amount in relation to the leasehold land and building of the Group. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 120 months period commencing 2015. The interest rates charged were at the bank’s Business Financing Rate (“BFR”) of 5.68% to 5.68% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

F-35

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

17. Borrowings (continued)

| (ii) | Term loan IV was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum on monthly rests. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan will be fully repaid before the end of the next financial year and is accordingly classified as current liabilities.
| (iii) | Term loan V was obtained for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it was classified as current liabilities as at December 31, 2023. As at December 31, 2024, the balance of the loan will be fully repaid before the end of the next financial year and is accordingly classified as current liabilities.
| (iv) | Term loan VI was obtained for purchasing of machineries for core business operations. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 5 year period commencing from year 2021. The interest rates charged are 2.5% per annum on monthly rests. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (v) | Term loan VII was obtained as a replacement for Term Loan II and also for working capital purposes. This loan is repayable by monthly instalments over a 3 year period commencing year 2023. The interest rates charged are 2% above the Bank’s Cost of Funds. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (vi) | Revolving credit is obtained for working capital purposes. These loans are repayable 1 to 6 months from the date of each drawdown. The interest rates charged are 2% per annum above the Bank’s Cost of Funds or 2% above the prevailing SIBOR per annum. It contains a repayment on demand clause and therefore it is classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.
| (vii) | The Group has a trade receivables financing agreement with one of its lenders. The arrangement will provide immediate payment of up to 90% of the receivables upon presentation of relevant documents by the Group. The remaining 10% will be paid upon settlement of the receivables by the customer. This arrangement has no recourse and the Group is only liable for unpaid receivables if the non-payment results from, inter alia, fraud, illegality, dispute, misrepresentation, loss of right, title and interests in the receivables, the non-payment constitutes and event not covered by the relevant credit insurance policy or an event which renders the Bank unable to claim the relevant credit insurance policy.

Security granted

The Group’s borrowings are secured by:

| (a) | A legal mortgage on the Group’s leasehold land and buildings with net book value of US$15,823,299 (2023: US$16,532,686) (Note 10);
| (b) | Several guarantees from a director of the Group in their personal capacities.

18. Deferred taxation

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to offset current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities and when the deferred taxes relate to the same taxation authority. The Group’s deferred tax liabilities arose mainly from differences in depreciation for tax and revaluation of leasehold properties.

Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Net deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 133,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |

F-36

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

18. Deferred taxation (continued)

The movement in deferred tax liabilities (prior to offsetting of balances) during the financial year is as follows:

Schedule of deferred tax liabilities

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Balance as at beginning of financial year |  |  | 296,000 |  |  |  | 163,000 |
Movements in deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (163,000 | ) |  |  | 133,000 |
Balance as at end of financial year |  |  | 133,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |

19. Share capital

Schedule of share capital

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
No. of ordinary shares |  |  | 40,239,419 |  |  |  | 12,683,039 |

The share capital of ESGL US$50,000 divided into 500,000,000 ordinary shares of par value US$0.0001 each.

During the financial year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 315,000 shares as settlement of promissory notes as well as issued 27,241,380 shares in private placements.

20. Related party transactions

(a) Directors’ remuneration

Schedule of related party transactions

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Salaries and bonuses |  |  | 359,667 |  |  |  | 255,471 |
Directors’ fees |  |  | 128,000 |  |  |  | 52,252 |
Interest on loans from Directors |  |  | 47,136 |  |  |  | 48,671 |
Employer’s contribution to the Central Provident Fund |  |  | 22,931 |  |  |  | 17,188 |
Total directors remuneration |  |  | 557,734 |  |  |  | 373,582 |

(b) Key management personnel compensation

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Salaries and bonuses |  |  | 242,678 |  |  |  | 229,840 |
Employer’s contribution to the Central Provident Fund |  |  | 22,003 |  |  |  | 22,826 |
Total key management personnel compensation |  |  | 264,681 |  |  |  | 252,666 |

F-37

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

21. Capital commitments

Capital expenditures contracted for at the end of the reporting period but not recognized in the financial statements are as follows:

Schedule of capital expenditures

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 1,312,753 |  |  |  | 1,328,306 |

22. Group information

Subsidiaries

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include:

Schedule of consolidated financial statements

Name of subsidiary |  | Principal activities |  | Place of incorporation and business |  | Effective equity held by the Group |
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  |  |  |  |  | % |  |  | % |
Held by the Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited |  | Investment holding company |  | Cayman Island |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Held by Subsidiary |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited |  | Investment holding company |  | British Virgin Islands |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte Ltd |  | Waste management and recycling of industrial wastes |  | Singapore |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. |  | Warehousing and distribution of circular products |  | Malaysia |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | - |

F-38

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management

Financial risk factors

The Group’s activities expose it to market risk (including currency risk, price risk and interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk and capital risk.

The Directors review and agree to the policies and procedures for the management of these risks, which are executed by the management team. It is and has been throughout the current and previous financial year, the Group’s policy that no trading in derivatives for speculative purposes shall be undertaken. The following sections provide details regarding the Group’s exposure to the abovementioned financial risks and the objectives, policies, and processes for the management of these risks. There has been no change to the Group’s exposure to these financial risks or the manner in which it manages and measures the risks.

| (a) | Market risk

| (i) | Currency risk

Currency risk arises from sales or purchases that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the Group.

The foreign currency in which these transactions are denominated is mainly Singapore Dollar (“SGD”). The Group does not have a policy to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange risk.

The Group’s currency exposure based on the information provided to key management is as follows:

Schedule of currency exposure

|  | SGD |  |  | USD |  |  | MYR |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 270,772 |  |  |  | 362,977 |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 634,882 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 1,021,680 |  |  |  | 18,862 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,040,542 |
Financial assets |  |  | 1,292,452 |  |  |  | 381,839 |  |  |  | 1,133 |  |  |  | 1,675,424 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 3,754,629 |  |  |  | 683,017 |  |  |  | 12,304 |  |  |  | 4,449,950 |
Borrowings |  |  | 4,319,182 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,319,182 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 2,147,956 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,147,956 |
Financial liabilities |  |  | 10,221,767 |  |  |  | 683,017 |  |  |  | 12,304 |  |  |  | 10,917,088 |
Net financial liabilities |  |  | (8,929,315 | ) |  |  | (301,178 | ) |  |  | (11,171 | ) |  |  | (9,241,664 | )
Currency exposure of financial liabilities, net of those denominated in the Company’s functional currency |  |  | (8,929,315 | ) |  |  | (301,178 | ) |  |  | (11,171 | ) |  |  | (9,241,664 | )
Net financial (liabilities)/assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

F-39

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (a) | Market risk (continued)

| (i) | Currency risk (continued)

|  | SGD |  |  | USD |  |  | Total |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 248,391 |  |  |  | 118,370 |  |  |  | 366,761 |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 1,001,109 |  |  |  | 31,413 |  |  |  | 1,032,522 |
Prepaid forward purchase agreement |  |  | - |  |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | 969 |
Financial assets |  |  | 1,249,500 |  |  |  | 150,752 |  |  |  | 1,400,252 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 5,189,728 |  |  |  | 1,370,831 |  |  |  | 6,560,559 |
Borrowings |  |  | 5,778,479 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,778,479 |
Deferred underwriting fee payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,753,125 |  |  |  | 2,753,125 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 2,166,806 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,166,806 |
Financial liabilities |  |  | 13,135,013 |  |  |  | 4,123,956 |  |  |  | 17,258,969 |
Net financial liabilities |  |  | (11,885,513 | ) |  |  | (3,973,204 | ) |  |  | (15,858,717 | )
Currency exposure of financial liabilities, net of those denominated in the Company’s functional currency |  |  | (11,885,513 | ) |  |  | (3,973,204 | ) |  |  | (15,858,717 | )
Net financial (liabilities)/assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

F-40

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (a) | Market risk (continued)

| (i) | Currency risk (continued)

If the USD changes against the SGD by 10% (2023: 10%) respectively with all other variables including tax rate being held constant, the effects arising from the net financial liabilities/assets position will be as follows:

Schedule of tax rate effect

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | Increase/(decrease) |
|  | in profit or loss before tax |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
SGD against USD |  |  |  |  |  |
- strengthened |  |  | (892,932 | ) |  |  | (1,188,551 | )
- weakened |  |  | 892,932 |  |  |  | 1,188,551 |
MYR against USD |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- strengthened |  |  | (1,117 | ) |  |  | - |
- weakened |  |  | 1,117 |  |  |  | - |
Total Currency risk |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

| (ii) | Interest rate risk

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk on its non-current borrowings at variable rates.

The Group’s borrowings at variable rates are denominated mainly in SGD. As of December 31, 2023, if the SGD interest rates had increased/decreased by 0.5% (2023: 0.5%) with all other variables including tax rate being held constant, the loss before tax for the financial year would have been lower/higher by US$16,504 (2023: US$18,831) as a result of higher/lower interest expense on these borrowings.

| (b) | Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that counterparty will default on its contractual obligation, resulting in financial loss to the Group.

| (i) | Risk management

The Group has adopted the following policy to mitigate its credit risk.

The Group has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties and obtaining sufficient collateral where appropriate, as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluation of its counterparties’ financial conditions and generally does not require collateral.

Financial assets are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk and failures by counterparties to discharge their obligations in full or in a timely manner. These arise principally from cash and cash equivalents, receivables and other financial assets. The maximum exposure to credit risk is the total of the fair value of the financial assets at the end of the reporting year. Credit risk on cash balances with banks and any other financial instruments is limited because the counter-parties are entities with acceptable credit ratings.

F-41

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (b) | Credit risk (continued)

| (ii) | Impairment of trade receivables

The Group has applied the simplified approach by using the provision matrix to measure the lifetime ECL for trade receivables and the general approach for other financial assets at amortized cost.

Trade receivables

The Group’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer rather than the industry or country in which the customers operate and therefore significant concentrations of credit risk primarily arise when the Group has significant exposure to individual customers. At the end of the financial year ended December 31, 2024, 76.3% of the total trade receivables were from three of the Group’s largest customers. In 2023, 58.8% of total trade receivables were from three of the Group largest customers.

Individual credit evaluations are performed on all customers. These evaluations focus on the customer’s past history of making payments when due and current ability to pay, and take into account information specific to the customer as well as pertaining to the economic environment in which the customer operates. Unless agreed the otherwise, trade receivables are generally due within 30 days from the date of billing. Normally, the Group does not obtain collateral from customers.

The Group measures loss allowances for trade receivables at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs, which is calculated with reference to the credit spread for each of the groupings (which taking into consideration of historical credit loss experience, average actual date of receipt, customers’ background, listing status and size as groupings of various debtors), which reflect the credit risk of the debtors, over the expected life of the debtors and are adjusted for forward-looking information that is available without undue cost or effort. As the Group’s historical credit loss experience does not indicate significantly different loss patterns for different customer segments, the loss allowance based on past due status is not further distinguished between the Group’s different customer bases.

The following table provides information about the Group’s exposure to credit risk and ECLs for trade receivables:

Schedule of group’s exposure to credit risk and ECLs for trade receivables

2024

|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Expected |  |  | carrying |  |  | Loss |
|  | loss |  |  | amount |  |  | allowance |
|  | rate |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Current (not past due) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 566,787 |  |  |  | - |
Less than 3 months past due |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | 120,572 |  |  |  | 3,420 |
More than 6 months past due |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 44,271 |  |  |  | 44,271 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 731,630 |  |  |  | 47,691 |

F-42

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (b) | Credit risk (continued)

| (ii) | Impairment of trade receivables (continued)

2023

|  | Expected |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | loss |  |  | carrying |  |  | Loss |
|  | rate |  |  | amount |  |  | allowance |
|  |  |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Current (not past due) |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 406,305 |  |  |  | - |
Less than 3 months past due |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 59,333 |  |  |  | 3,218 |
More than 6 months past due |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 43,550 |  |  |  | 43,550 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 509,188 |  |  |  | 46,768 |

Expected loss rates are based on actual loss experience. These rates are adjusted to reflect differences between economic conditions during the period over which the historic data has been collected, current conditions and the Group’s view of economic conditions over the expected lives of the receivables.

The movements in loss allowance for trade receivables during the years are as follows:

Schedule of movements in loss allowance for trade receivables

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
At January 1 |  |  | 46,768 |  |  |  | 46,768 |
Foreign exchange adjustment |  |  | 923 |  |  |  | - |
At December 31 |  |  | 47,691 |  |  |  | 46,768 |

Other financial assets, at amortized cost

The Group’s other financial assets recognized at amortized cost are mainly comprised of cash and bank balances, non-trade receivables from non-related parties, deposits and prepayments. These other financial assets are subject to immaterial credit loss.

In determining the ECL, management has taken into account the historical default experience and the financial position of the counterparties, adjusted for factors that are specific to these receivables in estimating the probability of default of each of these other financial assets.

F-43

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (c) | Liquidity risk

The table below analyses non-derivative financial liabilities of the Group based on the remaining period from December 31, 2024 to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table below are the contractual undiscounted cash flows. Balances due within 12 months equal their carrying amounts as the impact of discounting is not significant.

Schedule of liquidity risk

|  | Less than |  |  | Between |  |  | More than |
|  | 1 year |  |  | 2 and 5 years |  |  | 5 years |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 4,449,950 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Borrowings |  |  | 3,039,021 |  |  |  | 1,407,585 |  |  |  | - |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 278,197 |  |  |  | 452,919 |  |  |  | 2,040,342 |
Financial liabilities |  |  | 7,767,168 |  |  |  | 1,860,504 |  |  |  | 2,040,342 |
At December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  |  | 6,540,559 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Deferred underwriting fee payable |  |  | 2,753,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Borrowings |  |  | 5,953,741 |  |  |  | 112,880 |  |  |  | - |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 192,282 |  |  |  | 256,215 |  |  |  | 1,718,309 |
|  |  | 15,439,707 |  |  |  | 369,095 |  |  |  | 1,718,209 |

| (d) | Capital risk

The primary objective of the Group’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains a strong credit rating and a net current asset position to support its business and maximize its shareholders’ value. The capital structure of the Group comprises of issued share capital and retained earnings.

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

The Group is in compliance with all externally imposed capital requirements for the financial years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

| (e) | Fair value measurements

The notional amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities with a maturity of less than one year are assumed to approximate their fair values.

The fair value of the non-trade balances with the related parties has not been determined as the timing of the expected cash flows of these balances cannot be reasonably determined because of the relationship.

F-44

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

23. Financial risk management (continued)

| (f) | Warrants

As of December 31, 2024, ESGL has 8,625,000 public warrants and 692,331 private warrants. The warrants entitle the holder thereof to purchase one ESGL ordinary share at a price of $11.50 per full share. ESGL will not issue fractional shares. The warrants will expire five years after the consummation of the Business Combination.

ESGL may redeem the outstanding warrants (excluding the private warrants that are part of the Private Units), in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant:

| ● | at any time while the warrants are exercisable,
| ● | upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption,
| ● | if, and only if, the last sales price of ESGL ordinary shares equals or exceeds $18 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending three business days before ESGL sends the notice of redemption, and
| ● | if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to ESGL ordinary shares underlying the warrants at the time of redemption and for the entire 30-day trading period referred to above and continuing each day thereafter until the date of redemption.

As of December 31, 2024, none of the warrants have been exercised.

Based on the closing price of warrants as at December 31, 2024 of US$0.0134, value of ESGL’s total outstanding warrants was approximately US$124,852.

| (g) | Financial Instruments by Category

The carrying amounts of the different categories of financial instruments are as follows:

Schedule of financial instruments

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Financial assets, at amortised cost |  |  | 1,434,788 |  |  |  | 874,477 |
Financial liabilities, at amortised cost |  |  | 9,891,805 |  |  |  | 15,150,956 |

24. Forward Purchase Agreements (“FPA”)

On July 27, 2023, the Company, ESGL entered into an agreement (“Forward Purchase Agreement”) with Vellar Opportunities Fund Master, Ltd. (“Vellar”) for an OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transaction. On the same date as the execution of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar assigned and novated 50% of its rights and obligations under the Forward Purchase Agreement to ACM ARRT K LLC (“ARRT”, together with Vellar, the “Sellers”). Following the assignment and novation, the rights and obligations of each Seller under its Forward Purchase Agreement were and are separate and distinct from the those of the other Seller, with each Seller acting independently of the other, without reference to or knowledge of the other Seller’s actions or inactions.

The primary purpose of entering into the Forward Purchase Agreement was to provide cash to ESGL following the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”). For purposes of the Forward Purchase Agreement, ESGL is referred to as the “Counterparty”.

Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, Vellar purchased 931,915 shares, and ARRT 500,000 shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Recycled Shares”). In connection with these purchases, the Sellers revoked any redemption elections.

The Forward Purchase Agreement grants each Seller the right to purchase additional shares (the “Additional Shares”) up to an amount equal to the difference between the number of Recycled Shares for such Seller and 2,200,000 shares (which is the maximum number of shares for each Seller). On August 14, 2023, Vellar delivered a Pricing Date Notice to ESGL for 1,268,085 Additional Shares, which were issued effective as of that date. On August 4, 2023, ARRT delivered a Pricing Date Notice to ESGL for 550,000 Additional Shares, which were issued by ESGL effective as of that date. The sum of the Recycled Shares and the Additional Shares under the Forward Purchase Agreement is referred to as the “Number of Shares.”

F-45

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

24. Forward Purchase Agreements (“FPA”) (continued)

On September 15, 2023, the Company requested Additional Funds from Vellar in the amount of $1,000,000 notwithstanding that the Company was not eligible to submit a request for Additional Funds on such date pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement. On September 20, 2023, Vellar provided Additional Funds in the amount of $1,000,000 to the Company upon a Funding Request by the Company as defined in the Forward Purchase Agreement, which amount comprises the aggregate net proceeds received by the Company from the Forward Purchase Agreement. The Company does not expect to receive any additional funds pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement.

Each Seller agreed to waive any redemption rights with respect to any Recycled Shares in connection with the Business Combination and agreed not to vote the shares it purchases pursuant to the Forward Purchase Agreement in favor of the Business Combination. Each Forward Purchase Agreement has been structured, and all activity in connection with such agreement has been undertaken, to comply with the requirements of all tender offer regulations applicable to the Business Combination, including Rule 14e-5 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

On November 16, 2023, ESGL received written notice from ARRT that the Valuation Date of the Forward Purchase Agreement with ARRT shall be deemed to be November 16, 2023, as a result of the occurrence of a Registration Failure due to a failure to have an effective registration statement as of 90 days following the date of ARRT’s registration request (which was August 16, 2023). In no event will any additional cash amounts be paid by the Sellers, including ARRT as a result of accelerating the maturity date as described above, or ESGL at the Valuation Date or otherwise. On or about December 4, 2023, ESGL and ARRT mutually agreed to terminate the Forward Purchase Agreement. ARRT will continue to hold all 1,050,000 shares following termination of the Forward Purchase Agreement and ARRT will pay no amounts to ESGL.

ESGL received written notice from Vellar in March 2024 notifying that the Valuation Date of the Forward Purchase Agreement with Vellar shall be deemed March 14, 2024 for the same reason stated above. ESGL and Vellar mutually agreed to terminate the agreement on March 21, 2024. On March 22, 2024, ESGL and Vellar entered into a Valuation Period Agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed that the Valuation Period concluded at 4:00 p.m. on March 21, 2024 and the Number of Shares as of the Valuation Date was equal to 52,641. As 52,641 Shares multiplied by the VWAP of $0.45 less $4,400,000 (being the Settlement Amount Adjustment, calculated as the product of the Maximum Number of Shares and $2.00) is a negative number, neither Vellar nor ESGL is liable to the other party for any payment under the Forward Purchase Agreement. As a result of the conclusion of the Valuation Period, the obligations of Vellar and ESGL under the Forward Purchase Agreement have been terminated.

25. Listing expenses

Listing expenses were non-recurring expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination and are as follows:

Schedule of listing expenses

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Share issued as consideration |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67,641,500 |
Net assets of SPAC |  |  | - |  |  |  | (590,526 | )
Revaluation of FPA |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,241,261 |
Professional fees |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,680,198 |
Printing, courier, and others |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,891 |
Listing expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 93,067,324 |

26. New or revised IFRSs not yet adopted

|  |  |  | Effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after
Amendments to IAS 21 |  | Lack of exchangeability |  | January 1, 2025

The directors anticipate that the application of all new and amendments to IFRSs will have no material impact on the financial statements in the foreseeable future.

F-46

ESGL Holdings Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for Financial Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

27. Subsequent events

1) Private placement of 37.5 million shares

On January 17, 2025, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors named therein (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which the Company shall issue in a private placement an aggregate of 37,500,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers at a purchase price of US$0.80 per share. The first closing of the private placement occurred on January 18, 2025 pursuant to which the Company issued 375,000 ordinary shares and received gross proceeds of $300,000. The second closing under the Purchase Agreement shall occur on or before April 22, 2025 pursuant to which the Company shall issue 37,125,000 ordinary shares to the Purchasers for an aggregate purchase price of $29,700,000. The Company shall use approximately 20% of the net proceeds received pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for working capital and approximately 80% for strategic mergers and acquisitions.

2) Acquisition of De Tomaso

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (the “Agreement”) with De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“DT”), and certain of DT’s shareholders named therein, including De Tomaso Automobili Holdings Limited, a Marshall Islands company, and Ideal Team Ventures Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase from the DT shareholders, and the DT shareholders agreed to sell to the Company, the entire issued share capital of DT (the “DT Shares”), for the Consideration (as defined below), such that upon the closing, DT shall become a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, and the DT shareholders shall become shareholders of the Company (the “Acquisition”).

Pursuant to the terms of the Agreement, the aggregate consideration to be paid by the Company at the closing of the Acquisition to the DT shareholders is $1,030,000,000 (the “Consideration”), which will be paid in 1,000,000,000 newly issued ordinary shares of the Company (the “Consideration Shares”) at a deemed issue price of $1.03 per share. In addition, subject to DT and its subsidiaries (the “DT Group”) having achieved the FY2025 Performance Target (as defined below) and the FY2026 Performance Target (as defined below), the Company shall issue additional ordinary shares to the DT shareholders equal to 5% of the number of Consideration Shares (the “Earnout Shares”) for each fiscal year. The total number of Earnout Shares that may be issued in both FY2025 and FY2026 shall not exceed 10% of the number of the Consideration Shares. In the event that the FY2025 Performance Target is not satisfied by the end of 2025 but the FY2025 Performance Target and the FY2026 Performance Target have been satisfied by the end of FY2026, all of the Earnout Shares in respect of both fiscal years (to the extent not yet issued) shall be issued to the DT shareholders. The “FY2025 Performance Target” means 36 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year. The “FY2026 Performance Target” means 74 units of DT vehicles being delivered to and accepted by its customers in the year.

28. Loss per share

Loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of the Company’s common shares outstanding during the period.

Schedule of loss per share

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
Calculation of basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (94,979,338 | )
Loss attributable to ordinary shareholders |  |  | (633,257 | ) |  |  | (94,979,338 | )
Weighted average number of ordinary shares |  |  | 26,029,785 |  |  |  | 6,466,527 |
Basic and diluted loss per share |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  |  | (14.69 | )

F-47

Exhibit 8.1

List of Principal Subsidiaries

Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited |  | Cayman Islands
Environmental Solutions Asia Holdings Limited |  | British Virgin Islands
Environmental Solutions (Asia) Pte. Ltd. ESG Chemicals Sdn. Bhd. |  | Singapore Malaysia

Exhibit 11.2

Environmental Solutions GROUP HOLDINGS LIMITED

Code of Business conduct and ethics

1. Introduction.

1.1 The Board of Directors of Environmental Solutions Group Holdings Limited (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) has adopted this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) in order to:

(a) promote honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest;

(b) promote full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that the Company files with, or submits to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and in other public communications made by the Company;

(c) promote compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations;

(d) promote the protection of Company assets, including corporate opportunities and confidential information;

(e) promote fair dealing practices;

(f) deter wrongdoing; and

(g) ensure accountability for adherence to the Code.

1.2 All directors, officers and employees are required to be familiar with the Code, comply with its provisions and report any suspected violations as described below in Section 10, Reporting and Enforcement.

2. Honest and Ethical Conduct.

2.1 The Company’s policy is to promote high standards of integrity by conducting its affairs honestly and ethically.

2.2 Each director, officer and employee must act with integrity and observe the highest ethical standards of business conduct in his or her dealings with the Company’s customers, suppliers, partners, service providers, competitors, employees and anyone else with whom he or she has contact in the course of performing his or her job.

3. Conflicts of Interest.

3.1 A conflict of interest occurs when an individual’s private interest (or the interest of a member of his or her family) interferes, or even appears to interfere, with the interests of the Company as a whole. A conflict of interest can arise when an employee, officer or director (or a member of his or her family) takes actions or has interests that may make it difficult to perform his or her work for the Company objectively and effectively. Conflicts of interest also arise when an employee, officer or director (or a member of his or her family) receives improper personal benefits as a result of his or her position in the Company.

3.2 Loans by the Company to, or guarantees by the Company of obligations of, employees or their family members are of special concern and could constitute improper personal benefits to the recipients of such loans or guarantees, depending on the facts and circumstances. Loans by the Company to, or guarantees by the Company of obligations of, any director, officer, or their family members are expressly prohibited.

3.3 Whether or not a conflict of interest exists or will exist can be unclear. Conflicts of interest should be avoided unless specifically authorized as described in Section 3.4.

3.4 Persons other than directors and executive officers who have questions about a potential conflict of interest or who become aware of an actual or potential conflict should discuss the matter with, and seek a determination and prior authorization or approval from, their supervisor or the Chief Compliance Officer. A supervisor may not authorize or approve conflict of interest matters or make determinations as to whether a problematic conflict of interest exists without first providing the Chief Compliance Officer with a written description of the activity and seeking the Chief Compliance Officer’s written approval. If the supervisor is themself involved in the potential or actual conflict, the matter should instead be discussed directly with the Chief Compliance Officer.

Directors and executive officers must seek determinations and prior authorizations or approvals of potential conflicts of interest exclusively from the Audit Committee.

4. Compliance.

4.1 Employees, officers and directors should comply, both in letter and spirit, with all applicable laws, rules and regulations in the cities, states and countries in which the Company operates.

4.2 Although not all employees, officers and directors are expected to know the details of all applicable laws, rules and regulations, it is important to know enough to determine when to seek advice from appropriate personnel. Questions about compliance should be addressed to the Legal Department.

4.3 No director, officer or employee may purchase or sell any Company securities while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding the Company, nor may any director, officer or employee purchase or sell another company’s securities while in possession of material nonpublic information regarding that company. It is against Company policies and illegal for any director, officer or employee to use material nonpublic information regarding the Company or any other company to:

(a) obtain profit for himself or herself; or

(b) directly or indirectly “tip” others who might make an investment decision on the basis of that information.

5. Disclosure.

5.1 The Company’s periodic reports and other documents filed with the SEC, including all financial statements and other financial information, must comply with applicable federal securities laws and SEC rules.

5.2 Each director, officer and employee who contributes in any way to the preparation or verification of the Company’s financial statements and other financial information must ensure that the Company’s books, records and accounts are accurately maintained. Each director, officer and employee must cooperate fully with the Company’s accounting and internal audit departments, as well as the Company’s independent public accountants and counsel.

5.3 Each director, officer and employee who is involved in the Company’s disclosure process must:

(a) be familiar with and comply with the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and its internal control over financial reporting; and

(b) take all necessary steps to ensure that all filings with the SEC and all other public communications about the financial and business condition of the Company provide full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure.

6. Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets.

6.1 All directors, officers and employees should protect the Company’s assets and ensure their efficient use. Theft, carelessness and waste have a direct impact on the Company’s profitability and are prohibited.

6.2 All Company assets should be used only for legitimate business purposes. Any suspected incident of fraud or theft should be reported for investigation immediately.

6.3 The obligation to protect Company assets includes the Company’s proprietary information. Proprietary information includes intellectual property such as trade secrets, patents, trademarks, and copyrights, as well as business and marketing plans, engineering and manufacturing ideas, designs, databases, records and any nonpublic financial data or reports. Unauthorized use or distribution of this information is prohibited and could also be illegal and result in civil or criminal penalties.

7. Corporate Opportunities. All directors, officers and employees owe a duty to the Company to advance its interests when the opportunity arises. Directors, officers and employees are prohibited from taking for themselves personally (or for the benefit of friends or family members) opportunities that are discovered through the use of Company assets, property, information or position. Directors, officers and employees may not use Company assets, property, information or position for personal gain (including gain of friends or family members). In addition, no director, officer or employee may compete with the Company.

8. Confidentiality. Directors, officers and employees should maintain the confidentiality of information entrusted to them by the Company or by its customers, suppliers or partners, except when disclosure is expressly authorized or is required or permitted by law. Confidential information includes all nonpublic information (regardless of its source) that might be of use to the Company’s competitors or harmful to the Company or its customers, suppliers or partners if disclosed.

9. Fair Dealing. Each director, officer and employee must deal fairly with the Company’s customers, suppliers, partners, service providers, competitors, employees and anyone else with whom he or she has contact in the course of performing his or her job. No director, officer or employee may take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of facts or any other unfair dealing practice.

10. Reporting and Enforcement.

10.1 Reporting and Investigation of Violations.

(a) Actions prohibited by this Code involving directors or executive officers must be reported to the Audit Committee.

(b) Actions prohibited by this Code involving anyone other than a director or executive officer must be reported to the reporting person’s supervisor or the Chief Compliance Officer.

(c) After receiving a report of an alleged prohibited action, the Audit Committee, the relevant supervisor, or the Chief Compliance Officer must promptly take all appropriate actions necessary to investigate.

(d) All directors, officers and employees are expected to cooperate in any internal investigation of misconduct.

10.2 Enforcement.

(a) The Company must ensure prompt and consistent action against violations of this Code.

(b) If, after investigating a report of an alleged prohibited action by a director or executive officer, the Audit Committee determines that a violation of this Code has occurred, the Audit Committee will report such determination to the Board of Directors.

(c) If, after investigating a report of an alleged prohibited action by any other person, the relevant supervisor or the Chief Compliance Officer determines that a violation of this Code has occurred, the relevant supervisor or Chief Compliance Officer will report such determination to the Board of Directors.

(d) Upon receipt of a determination that there has been a violation of this Code, the Board of Directors will take such preventative or disciplinary action as it deems appropriate, including, but not limited to, reassignment, demotion, dismissal and, in the event of criminal conduct or other serious violations of the law, notification of appropriate governmental authorities.

10.3 Waivers.

(a) The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, waive any violation of this Code.

(b) Any waiver for a director or an executive officer shall be disclosed as required by SEC and Nasdaq rules.

10.4 Prohibition on Retaliation.

The Company does not tolerate acts of retaliation against any director, officer or employee who makes a good faith report of known or suspected acts of misconduct or other violations of this Code.

Exhibit 12.1

Certification by the Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Quek Leng Chuang, certify that:

| 1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”);
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
| 4. | The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and have:

| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
| (b) | [intentionally omitted];
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

| 5. | The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 29, 2025

/s/ Quek Leng Chuang |
Quek Leng Chuang |
Chief Executive Officer |

Exhibit 12.2

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Ho Shian Ching, certify that:

| 1. | I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”);
| 2. | Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
| 3. | Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
| 4. | The Company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and have:

| (a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
| (b) | [intentionally omitted];
| (c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
| (d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

| 5. | The Company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

| (a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
| (b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 29, 2025

/s/ Ho Shian Ching |
Ho Shian Ching |
Chief Financial Officer |

Exhibit 13.1

Certification by the Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Quek Leng Chuang, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 29, 2025 |
/s/ Quek Leng Chuang |
Quek Leng Chuang |
Chief Executive Officer |

Exhibit 13.2

Certification by the Principal Financial Officer

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of ESGL Holdings Limited (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Ho Shian Ching, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

(1) | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
(2) | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 29, 2025 |
/s/ Ho Shian Ching |
Ho Shian Ching |
Chief Financial Officer |

Exhibit 15.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-284795) of our report dated April 29, 2025, relating to the consolidated financial statements of ESGL Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), appearing in this Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024.

/s/ Assentsure PAC

Singapore

April 29, 2025