10-K 1 form10-k.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

[X] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

[ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For transition period from __________ to ___________

Commission File Number 0-33203

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 43-1930755
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
701 Poyntz Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas |  | 66502
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(785) 565-2000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class: |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share |  | LARK |  | Nasdaq Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [ ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes [ ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes [X] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [ ] Accelerated filer [X] Non-accelerated filer [ ] Smaller reporting company [X]

Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes [ ] No [X]

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the last sales price quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market on the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $75.8 million. On March 11, 2020, the total number of shares of common stock outstanding was 4,517,802.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 20, 2020, are incorporated by reference in Part III hereof, to the extent indicated herein.

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC.

2019 Form 10-K Annual Report

Table of Contents

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 3
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 25
ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 37
ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 37
ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 37
ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 37
ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 38
ITEM 6. | SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA | 39
ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 40
ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 49
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 52
ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 92
ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 92
ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 92
ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 93
ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 93
ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 94
ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 94
ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 94
ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 95
ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 96
SIGNATURES | 97

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PART I.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

The Company

Landmark Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is a financial holding company which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in 2001. Currently, the Company’s business consists of the ownership of Landmark National Bank (the “Bank”) and Landmark Risk Management, Inc., which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Company. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $998.5 million in consolidated total assets.

The Company is headquartered in Manhattan, Kansas, and has expanded its geographic presence through opening new branches and past acquisitions. In May 2019, the Bank opened a loan production office in Prairie Village, Kansas. During the third quarter of 2019, the loan production office was converted into a branch office. The Company continues to explore opportunities to expand its banking markets through mergers and acquisitions, as well as branching opportunities.

The Bank has continued to focus on increasing its originations of commercial, commercial real estate and agricultural loans, which management believes will be more profitable and provide more growth for the Bank than traditional one-to-four family residential real estate lending. Additionally, greater emphasis has been placed on diversification of the deposit mix through the expansion of core deposit accounts such as checking, savings, and money market accounts. The Bank has also diversified its geographical markets as a result of its acquisitions and branching opportunities. The Company’s main office is in Manhattan, Kansas. The Company has 30 branch offices in 24 communities across the state of Kansas.

Landmark Risk Management, Inc., which was formed and began operations in 2017, is a Nevada-based captive insurance company. Landmark Risk Management, Inc. is not currently providing insurance coverage to the Company or the Bank. As of May 31, 2019, Landmark Risk Management, Inc. exited the pool resources relationship of which it was previously a member and is currently dormant. Management is evaluating other alternatives.

The results of operations of the Bank and the Company are dependent primarily upon net interest income and, to a lesser extent, upon other income derived from sales of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans, loan servicing fees and customer deposit services. Additional expenses of the Bank include general and administrative expenses such as salaries, employee benefits, federal deposit insurance premiums, data processing, occupancy and related expenses.

Deposits of the Bank are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) up to the maximum amount allowable under applicable federal law and regulation. The Bank is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”), as the chartering authority for national banks, and the FDIC, as the administrator of the DIF. The Bank is also subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) with respect to reserves required to be maintained against deposits and certain other matters. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”) of Topeka.

The Company’s executive office and the Bank’s main office are located at 701 Poyntz Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502. The telephone number is (785) 565-2000.

Market Areas

The Bank’s primary deposit gathering and lending markets are geographically diversified throughout central, eastern, southeast, and southwest Kansas. The primary industries within these respective markets are also diverse and dependent upon a wide array of industry and governmental activity for their economic base. The Bank’s markets have been impacted by slow economic growth and an economic downturn in the agriculture sector in recent years. A brief description of the four geographic areas and the communities which the Bank serves is set forth below.

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The central region of the Bank’s market area consists of the Bank’s locations in Auburn, Junction City, Manhattan, Osage City, Topeka and Wamego, Kansas and includes the counties of Riley, Geary, Osage, Pottawatomie and Shawnee. The economies are significantly impacted by employment at Fort Riley Military Base in Junction City and Kansas State University, the second largest university in Kansas, which is located in Manhattan. Topeka is the capital of Kansas and strongly influenced by the government of the State of Kansas. Topeka and Manhattan are regional destinations for retail shopping as well as home to regional hospitals. Manhattan was also selected as the site of a new National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, which has had a significant impact on the regional economy as the facility is being constructed, and that impact is expected to continue once the facility begins operations. Construction of the facility began in 2013, and the facility is expected to be fully operational in December 2022. Additionally, manufacturing and service industries play a key role within the central Kansas market.

The Bank’s eastern Kansas branches are located in the communities of Lawrence, Lenexa, Louisburg, Osawatomie, Overland Park, Paola, Prairie Village and Wellsville, Kansas. The Bank’s Lawrence locations are located in Douglas County and are significantly impacted by the University of Kansas, the largest university in Kansas. The eastern region is strongly influenced by the Kansas City metropolitan market, which is the highest growth area in the State of Kansas. The region is influenced by public and private industries and businesses of all sizes. In addition, housing growth and commercial real estate are major drivers of the region’s economy. During 2018 and 2019, the Bank has added commercial lenders in this market and opened a new branch in Prairie Village. These additions have significantly contributed to the Bank’s growth in loans and deposits.

The southeast region of the Bank’s market area consists of the Bank’s locations in Fort Scott, Iola, Kincaid, Mound City and Pittsburg, Kansas. Agriculture, oil, and gas are the predominant industries in the southeast Kansas region. Both Fort Scott and Pittsburg are recognized as regional commercial centers within the southeast region of the state, which attracts small retail businesses to the region. Additionally, Pittsburg State University and Fort Scott Community College attract a number of individuals from the surrounding area to live within the communities to participate in educational programs and pursue a degree. Additionally, manufacturing and service industries play a key role within the southeast Kansas market.

The Bank’s southwest Kansas branches are located in the communities of Dodge City, Garden City, Great Bend, Hoisington and LaCrosse, Kansas. Agriculture, oil, and gas are the predominant industries in the southwest Kansas region. Predominant activities involve crop production, feed lot operations, and food processing. Dodge City is known as the “Cowboy Capital of the World” and maintains a significant tourism industry. Both Dodge City and Garden City are recognized as regional commercial centers within the state with small businesses, manufacturing, retail, and service industries having a significant influence upon the local economies. Additionally, the Dodge City, Garden City and Great Bend communities each have a community college which attracts individuals from the surrounding areas.

Competition

The Company faces strong competition both in attracting deposits and making real estate, commercial and other loans. Its most direct competition for deposits and loans comes from large national and regional banks, local community banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market mutual funds, credit unions, financial technology (fintech) companies and other non-bank financial service providers located in its principal market areas, including many larger financial institutions which have greater financial and marketing resources available to them. The ability of the Company to attract and retain deposits generally depends on its ability to provide a rate of return, service levels, liquidity and risk comparable to or better than those offered by competing investment opportunities. The Company competes for loans principally through the interest rates and loan fees it charges and the efficiency and quality of services it provides borrowers.

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Employees

At December 31, 2019, the Bank had a total of 289 employees (283 full time equivalent employees). The Company has no employees, although the Company is a party to several employment agreements with executives of the Bank. Employees are provided with a comprehensive benefits program, including basic and major medical insurance, life and disability insurance, sick leave, and a 401(k) profit sharing plan. Employees are not represented by any union or collective bargaining group, and the Bank considers its employee relations to be good.

Lending Activities

General. The Bank strives to provide a full range of financial products and services to small- and medium-sized businesses and to consumers in each market area it serves. The Bank targets owner-operated businesses and utilizes Small Business Administration (SBA) lending as a part of its product mix. The Bank has a loan committee for each of its markets, which has authority to approve credits within established guidelines. Concentrations in excess of those guidelines must be approved by either a corporate loan committee comprised of the Bank’s Chief Executive Officer, the Credit Risk Manager, and other senior commercial lenders or the Bank’s board of directors. When lending to an entity, the Bank generally obtains a guaranty from the principals of the entity. The loan mix is subject to the discretion of the Bank’s board of directors and the demands of the local marketplace.

The following is a brief description of each major category of the Bank’s lending activity.

One-to-Four Family Residential Real Estate Lending. The Bank originates one-to-four family residential real estate loans with both fixed and variable rates. One-to-four family residential real estate loans are typically priced and originated following underwriting standards that are consistent with guidelines established by the major buyers in the secondary market. Generally, residential real estate loans retained in the Bank’s loan portfolio have fixed or variable rates with adjustment periods of seven years or less and amortization periods of typically either 15 or 30 years. A significant portion of these loans prepay prior to maturity. The Bank has no potential negative amortization loans. While the origination of fixed-rate, one-to-four family residential loans continues to be a key component of our business, the majority of these loans are sold in the secondary market. One-to-four family residential real estate loans that exceed 80% of the appraised value of the real estate generally are required, by policy, to be supported by private mortgage insurance, although on occasion the Bank will retain non-conforming residential loans to known customers at premium pricing. While the Bank retains some of the new loan originations, most of the new loans continue to be sold.

Construction and Land Lending. Loans in this category include loans to facilitate the development of both residential and commercial real estate. Construction and land loans generally have terms of less than 18 months, and the Bank will retain a security interest in the borrower’s real estate. Construction loans are generally limited, by policy, to 80% of the appraised value of the property. Land loans are generally limited, by policy, to 65% of the appraised value of the property. The origination of construction and land loans has not been a primary strategy of the Bank over the past few years to reduce risk in the Bank’s loan portfolio.

Commercial Real Estate Lending. Commercial real estate loans, including multi-family loans, generally have amortization periods of 15 or 20 years. Commercial real estate and multi-family loans are generally limited, by policy, to 80% of the appraised value of the property. Commercial real estate loans are also supported by an analysis demonstrating the borrower’s ability to repay. The Bank continues to focus on generating additional commercial real estate loan relationships.

Commercial Lending. Commercial loans include loans to service, retail, wholesale and light manufacturing businesses. Commercial loans are made based on the financial strength and repayment ability of the borrower, as well as the collateral securing the loans. The Bank targets owner-operated businesses as its customers and makes lending decisions based upon a cash flow analysis of the borrower as well as a collateral analysis. Accounts receivable loans and loans for inventory purchases are generally on a one-year renewable term, and loans for equipment generally have a term of seven years or less. The Bank generally takes a blanket security interest in all assets of the borrower. Equipment loans are generally limited to 75% of the cost or appraised value of the equipment. Inventory loans are generally limited to 50% of the value of the inventory, and accounts receivable loans are generally limited to 75% of a predetermined eligible base. The Bank continues to focus its organic growth on generating additional commercial loan relationships, including SBA loans.

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Municipal Lending. Loans to municipalities are generally related to equipment leasing or general fund loans. Terms are generally limited to 5 years. Equipment leases are generally made for the purchase of municipal assets and are secured by the leased asset. The Bank is generally not active in the origination of municipal loans and leases; however, the Bank may originate loans or leases for municipalities in its market area.

Agriculture Lending. Agricultural real estate loans generally have amortization periods of 20 years or less, during which time the Bank generally retains a security interest in the borrower’s real estate. The Bank also provides short-term credit for operating loans and intermediate-term loans for farm product, livestock and machinery purchases and other agricultural improvements. Farm product loans generally have a one-year term, and machinery, equipment and breeding livestock loans generally have five to seven year terms. Extension of credit is based upon the borrower’s ability to repay, as well as the existence of federal guarantees and crop insurance coverage. These loans are generally secured by a blanket lien on livestock, equipment, feed, hay, grain and growing crops. Equipment and breeding livestock loans are generally limited to 75% of appraised value. The Bank continues to focus on generating additional agriculture loan relationships in each of its market areas.

Consumer and Other Lending. Loans classified as consumer and other loans include automobile, boat, home improvement and home equity loans. With the exception of home improvement loans and home equity loans, the Bank generally takes a purchase money security interest in collateral for which it provides the original financing. Home improvement loans and home equity loans are principally secured through second mortgages. The terms of the loans typically range from one to five years, depending upon the use of the proceeds, and generally range from 75% to 90% of the value of the collateral. The majority of these loans are installment loans with fixed interest rates. Home improvement and home equity loans are generally secured by a second mortgage on the borrower’s personal residence and, when combined with the first mortgage, limited to 80% of the value of the property unless further protected by private mortgage insurance. Home improvement loans are generally made for terms of five to seven years with fixed interest rates. Home equity loans are generally made for terms of ten years on a revolving basis with adjustable monthly interest rates tied to the national prime interest rate. While the Bank primarily provides consumer loans to its existing customers, consumer lending is not a category the Bank targets for organic growth.

Loan Origination and Processing

Loan originations are derived from a number of sources. Residential loan originations result from real estate broker referrals, direct solicitation by the Bank’s loan officers, present depositors and borrowers, referrals from builders and attorneys, walk-in customers and, in some instances, other lenders. Consumer and commercial real estate loan originations generally emanate from many of the same sources.

Residential loan applications are underwritten and closed based upon standards which generally meet secondary market guidelines. The loan underwriting procedures followed by the Bank conform to regulatory specifications and are designed to assess both the borrower’s ability to make principal and interest payments and the value of any assets or property serving as collateral for the loan. Generally, as part of the process, a loan officer meets with each applicant to obtain the appropriate employment and financial information as well as any other required loan information. The Bank then obtains reports with respect to the borrower’s credit record, and on real estate loans, orders and reviews an appraisal of any collateral for the loan (prepared for the Bank by an independent appraiser).

Loan applicants are notified promptly of the decision of the Bank. Prior to closing any long-term loan, the borrower must provide proof of fire and casualty insurance on the property serving as collateral, and such insurance must be maintained during the full term of the loan. Title insurance is required on loans collateralized by real property.

The Bank is focusing on the generation of commercial, commercial real estate and agriculture loans to grow and diversify the loan portfolio. During 2019, the Bank was able to generate loan growth across the geographic markets that it serves. However, low commodity prices have negatively impacted collateral values and cash flows for agriculture loans, which have caused the Bank to increase underwriting requirements for these loans.

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Supervision and Regulation

General

FDIC-insured institutions, like the Bank, their holding companies and their affiliates are extensively regulated under federal law. As a result, our growth and earnings performance may be affected not only by management decisions and general economic conditions, but also by the requirements of applicable statutes and by the regulations and policies of various bank regulatory agencies, including our primary regulator, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank’s primary regulator, the OCC, as well as the FDIC, as the insurer of our deposits, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), as the regulator of consumer financial services and their providers. Furthermore, taxation laws administered by the Internal Revenue Service and state taxing authorities, accounting rules developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), securities laws administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and state securities authorities, and anti-money laundering laws enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”) have an impact on our business. The effect of these statutes, regulations, regulatory policies and accounting rules are significant to our operations and results.

Federal and state banking laws impose a comprehensive system of supervision, regulation and enforcement on the operations of FDIC-insured institutions, their holding companies and affiliates that is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC-insured deposits and depositors of banks, rather than shareholders. These laws, and the regulations of the bank regulatory agencies issued under them, affect, among other things, the scope of our business, the kinds and amounts of investments we may make, reserve requirements, required capital levels relative to assets, the nature and amount of collateral for loans, the establishment of branches, our ability to merge, consolidate and acquire, dealings with the Company’s and the Bank’s insiders and affiliates and our payment of dividends. In reaction to the global financial crisis and particularly following passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), we experienced heightened regulatory requirements and scrutiny. Although the reforms primarily targeted systemically significant financial service providers, their influence filtered down in varying degrees to community banks over time and caused our compliance and risk management processes, and the costs thereof, to increase. However, in May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (“Regulatory Relief Act”) was enacted by Congress in part to provide regulatory relief for community banks and their holding companies. To that end, the law eliminated questions about the applicability of certain Dodd-Frank Act reforms to community bank systems, including relieving us of any requirement to engage in mandatory stress tests, maintain a risk committee or comply with the Volcker Rule’s complicated prohibitions on proprietary trading and ownership of private funds. We believe these reforms are favorable to our operations.

The supervisory framework for U.S. banking organizations subjects banks and bank holding companies to regular examination by their respective regulatory agencies, which results in examination reports and ratings that are not publicly available and that can impact the conduct and growth of their business. These examinations consider not only compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but also capital levels, asset quality and risk, management ability and performance, earnings, liquidity, and various other factors. The regulatory agencies generally have broad discretion to impose restrictions and limitations on the operations of a regulated entity where the agencies determine, among other things, that such operations are unsafe or unsound, fail to comply with applicable law or are otherwise inconsistent with laws and regulations.

The following is a summary of the material elements of the supervisory and regulatory framework applicable to the Company and the Bank, beginning with a discussion of the continuing regulatory emphasis on our capital levels. It does not describe all of the statutes, regulations and regulatory policies that apply, nor does it restate all of the requirements of those that are described. The descriptions are qualified in their entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provision.

The Role of Capital

Regulatory capital represents the net assets of a banking organization available to absorb losses. Because of the risks attendant to their business, FDIC-insured institutions are generally required to hold more capital than other businesses, which directly affects our earnings capabilities. While capital has historically been one of the key measures of the financial health of both bank holding companies and banks, its role became fundamentally more important in the wake of the global financial crisis, as the banking regulators recognized that the amount and quality of capital held by banks prior to the crisis was insufficient to absorb losses during periods of severe stress. Certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III, discussed below, establish strengthened capital standards for banks and bank holding companies, require more capital to be held in the form of common stock and disallow certain funds from being included in capital determinations. These standards represent regulatory capital requirements that are meaningfully more stringent than those in place previously.

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Minimum Required Capital Levels. Banks have been required to hold minimum levels of capital based on guidelines established by the bank regulatory agencies since 1983. The minimums have been expressed in terms of ratios of “capital” divided by “total assets”. As discussed below, bank capital measures have become more sophisticated over the years and have focused more on the quality of capital and the risk of assets. Bank holding companies have historically had to comply with less stringent capital standards than their bank subsidiaries and have been able to raise capital with hybrid instruments such as trust preferred securities. The Dodd-Frank Act mandated the Federal Reserve to establish minimum capital levels for holding companies on a consolidated basis as stringent as those required for FDIC-insured institutions. A result of this change is that holding companies must generally maintain capital like their bank subsidiaries and the proceeds of hybrid instruments, such as trust preferred securities, which banks could not hold as capital, have been excluded from capital. However, if such securities were issued prior to May 19, 2010 by bank holding companies with less than $15 billion of assets, they may be retained, subject to certain restrictions. Because we have assets of less than $15 billion, we are able to maintain our trust preferred proceeds as capital, but we will not be able to raise capital in the future through the issuance of trust preferred securities.

The Basel International Capital Accords. The risk-based capital guidelines for U.S. banks since 1989 were based upon the 1988 capital accord known as “Basel I” adopted by the international Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, a committee of central banks and bank supervisors that acts as the primary global standard-setter for prudential regulation, as implemented by the U.S. bank regulatory agencies on an interagency basis. The accord recognized that bank assets for the purpose of the capital ratio calculations needed to be risk weighted (the theory being that riskier assets should require more capital) and that off-balance sheet exposures needed to be factored in the calculations. Basel I had a very simple formula for assigning risk weights to bank assets from 0% to 100% based on four categories. In 2008, the banking agencies collaboratively began to phase-in capital standards based on a second capital accord, referred to as “Basel II,” for large or “core” international banks (generally defined for U.S. purposes as having total assets of $250 billion or more, or consolidated foreign exposures of $10 billion or more) known as “advanced approaches” banks. The primary focus of Basel II was on the calculation of risk weights based on complex models developed by each advanced approaches bank. Because most banks were not subject to Basel II, the U.S. bank regulators worked to improve the risk sensitivity of Basel I standards without imposing the complexities of Basel II. This “standardized approach” increased the number of risk-weight categories and recognized risks well above the original 100% risk weighting. It is institutionalized by the Dodd-Frank Act for all banking organizations, even for the advanced approaches banks, as a floor.

On September 12, 2010, the Group of Governors and Heads of Supervision, the oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, announced agreement on a strengthened set of capital requirements for banking organizations around the world, known as Basel III, to address deficiencies recognized in connection with the global financial crisis.

The Basel III Rule. In July 2013, the U.S. federal banking agencies approved the implementation of the Basel III regulatory capital reforms in pertinent part, and, at the same time, promulgated rules effecting certain changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act (the “Basel III Rule”). In contrast to capital requirements historically, which were in the form of guidelines, Basel III was released in the form of enforceable regulations by each of the regulatory agencies. The Basel III Rule is applicable to all banking organizations that are subject to minimum capital requirements, including federal and state banks and savings and loan associations, as well as to bank and savings and loan holding companies, other than “small bank holding companies” (generally certain holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $3 billion, which at this juncture does not include us) and certain qualifying banking organizations that may elect a simplified framework (which we have not done). Thus, the Company and the Bank are each currently subject to the Basel III Rule as described below.

The Basel III Rule impacts the definitions of the various forms of capital used to calculate the ratios and how assets will be weighted for the purpose of calculating such ratios. It increased the required quantity and quality of capital and required more detailed categories of risk weighting of riskier, more opaque assets. For nearly every class of assets, the Basel III Rule requires a more complex, detailed and calibrated assessment of risk in the calculation of risk weightings.

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Not only did the Basel III Rule increase most of the required minimum capital ratios in effect prior to January 1, 2015, but it introduced the concept of Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, which consists primarily of common stock, related surplus (net of Treasury stock), retained earnings, and Common Equity Tier 1 minority interests subject to certain regulatory adjustments. The Basel III Rule also changed the definition of capital by establishing more stringent criteria that instruments must meet to be considered Additional Tier 1 Capital (primarily non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock that meets certain requirements) and Tier 2 Capital (primarily other types of preferred stock and subordinated debt, subject to limitations). A number of instruments that qualified as Tier 1 Capital under Basel I do not qualify, or their qualifications will change. For example, noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, which qualified as Tier 1 Capital under Basel I, does not qualify as Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, but qualifies as Additional Tier 1 Capital. The Basel III Rule also constrained the inclusion of minority interests, mortgage-servicing assets, and deferred tax assets in capital and requires deductions from Common Equity Tier 1 Capital in the event that such assets exceed a certain percentage of a banking institution’s Common Equity Tier 1 Capital.

The Basel III Rule requires minimum capital ratios as follows:

| ● | A ratio of minimum Common Equity Tier 1 Capital equal to 4.5% of risk-weighted assets;
| ● | An increase in the minimum required amount of Tier 1 Capital from 4% to 6% of risk-weighted assets;
| ● | A continuation of the minimum required amount of Total Capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2) at 8% of risk-weighted assets; and
| ● | A minimum leverage ratio of Tier 1 Capital to total quarterly average assets equal to 4% in all circumstances.

In addition, institutions that seek the freedom to make capital distributions (including for dividends and repurchases of stock) and pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers without restriction must also maintain greater than 2.5% in Common Equity Tier 1 Capital attributable to a capital conservation buffer. The purpose of the conservation buffer is to ensure that banking institutions maintain a buffer of capital that can be used to absorb losses during periods of financial and economic stress. Factoring in the conservation buffer increases the minimum ratios depicted above to 7% for Common Equity Tier 1 Capital, 8.5% for Tier 1 Capital and 10.5% for Total Capital.

Well-Capitalized Requirements. The ratios described above are minimum standards in order for banking organizations to be considered “adequately capitalized.” Bank regulatory agencies uniformly encourage banks to hold more capital and be “well-capitalized” and, to that end, federal law and regulations provide various incentives for banking organizations to maintain regulatory capital at levels in excess of minimum regulatory requirements. For example, a banking organization that is well-capitalized may: (i) qualify for exemptions from prior notice or application requirements otherwise applicable to certain types of activities; (ii) qualify for expedited processing of other required notices or applications; and (iii) accept, roll-over or renew brokered deposits. Higher capital levels could also be required if warranted by the particular circumstances or risk profiles of individual banking organizations. For example, the Federal Reserve’s capital guidelines contemplate that additional capital may be required to take adequate account of, among other things, interest rate risk, or the risks posed by concentrations of credit, nontraditional activities or securities trading activities. Further, any banking organization experiencing or anticipating significant growth would be expected to maintain capital ratios, including tangible capital positions (i.e., Tier 1 Capital less all intangible assets), well above the minimum levels.

Under the capital regulations of the Federal Reserve for the Company and the OCC for the Bank, in order to be well-capitalized, we must maintain:

| ● | A Common Equity Tier 1 Capital ratio to risk-weighted assets of 6.5% or more;
| ● | A ratio of Tier 1 Capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8% or more (6% under Basel I);
| ● | A ratio of Total Capital to total risk-weighted assets of 10% or more (the same as Basel I); and
| ● | A leverage ratio of Tier 1 Capital to total adjusted average quarterly assets of 5% or greater.

It is possible under the Basel III Rule to be well-capitalized while remaining out of compliance with the capital conservation buffer discussed above.

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As of December 31, 2019 the Bank was not subject to a directive from the OCC to increase its capital and the Bank was well-capitalized, as defined by OCC regulations. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had regulatory capital in excess of the Federal Reserve’s requirements and met the Basel III Rule requirements to be well-capitalized. We are also in compliance with the capital conservation buffer.

Prompt Corrective Action. The concept of being “well-capitalized” is part of a regulatory regime that provides the federal banking regulators with broad power to take “prompt corrective action” to resolve the problems of undercapitalized institutions based on the capital level of each particular institution. The extent of the regulators’ powers depends on whether the institution in question is “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” in each case as defined by regulation. Depending upon the capital category to which an institution is assigned, the regulators’ corrective powers include: (i) requiring the institution to submit a capital restoration plan; (ii) limiting the institution’s asset growth and restricting its activities; (iii) requiring the institution to issue additional capital stock (including additional voting stock) or to sell itself; (iv) restricting transactions between the institution and its affiliates; (v) restricting the interest rate that the institution may pay on deposits; (vi) ordering a new election of directors of the institution; (vii) requiring that senior executive officers or directors be dismissed; (viii) prohibiting the institution from accepting deposits from correspondent banks; (ix) requiring the institution to divest certain subsidiaries; (x) prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt; and (xi) ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution.

Community Bank Capital Simplification. Community banks have long raised concerns with bank regulators about the regulatory burden, complexity, and costs associated with certain provisions of the Basel III Rule. In response, Congress provided an “off-ramp” for institutions, like us, with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion. Section 201 of the Regulatory Relief Act instructed the federal banking regulators to establish a single “Community Bank Leverage Ratio” (“CBLR”) of between 8 and 10%. Under the final rule, a community banking organization is eligible to elect the new framework if it has: less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, limited amounts of certain assets and off-balance sheet exposures, and a CBLR greater than 9%. We may elect the CBLR framework at any time but have not currently determined to do so.

Regulation and Supervision of the Company

General. The Company, as the sole shareholder of the Bank, is a bank holding company. As a bank holding company, we are registered with, and subject to regulation, supervision and enforcement by, the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHCA”). We are legally obligated to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to the Bank and to commit resources to support the Bank in circumstances where we might not otherwise do so. Under the BHCA, we are subject to periodic examination by the Federal Reserve and is required to file with the Federal Reserve periodic reports of our operations and such additional information regarding the Company and the Bank as the Federal Reserve may require.

Acquisitions and Activities. The primary purpose of a bank holding company is to control and manage banks. The BHCA generally requires the prior approval of the Federal Reserve for any merger involving a bank holding company or any acquisition by a bank holding company of another bank or bank holding company. Subject to certain conditions (including deposit concentration limits established by the BHCA), the Federal Reserve may allow a bank holding company to acquire banks located in any state of the United States. In approving interstate acquisitions, the Federal Reserve is required to give effect to applicable state law limitations on the aggregate amount of deposits that may be held by the acquiring bank holding company and its FDIC-insured institution affiliates in the state in which the target bank is located (provided that those limits do not discriminate against out-of-state institutions or their holding companies) and state laws that require that the target bank have been in existence for a minimum period of time (not to exceed five years) before being acquired by an out-of-state bank holding company. Furthermore, in accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act, bank holding companies must be well-capitalized and well-managed in order to effect interstate mergers or acquisitions. For a discussion of the capital requirements, see “The Role of Capital” above.

The BHCA generally prohibits the Company from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank and from engaging in any business other than that of banking, managing and controlling banks or furnishing services to banks and their subsidiaries. This general prohibition is subject to a number of exceptions. The principal exception allows bank holding companies to engage in, and to own shares of companies engaged in, certain businesses found by the Federal Reserve prior to November 11, 1999 to be “so closely related to banking ... as to be a proper incident thereto.” This authority would permit the Company to engage in a variety of banking-related businesses, including the ownership and operation of a savings association, or any entity engaged in consumer finance, equipment leasing, the operation of a computer service bureau (including software development) and mortgage banking and brokerage services. The BHCA does not place territorial restrictions on the domestic activities of nonbank subsidiaries of bank holding companies.

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Additionally, bank holding companies that meet certain eligibility requirements prescribed by the BHCA and elect to operate as financial holding companies may engage in, or own shares in companies engaged in, a wider range of nonbanking activities, including securities and insurance underwriting and sales, merchant banking and any other activity that the Federal Reserve, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, determines by regulation or order is financial in nature or incidental to any such financial activity or that the Federal Reserve determines by order to be complementary to any such financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of FDIC-insured institutions or the financial system generally. We elected to operate as a financial holding company in May, 2017. In order to maintain our status as a financial holding company, the Company and the Bank must be well-capitalized, well-managed, and the Bank must have at least a satisfactory Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”) rating. If the Federal Reserve determines that a financial holding company is not well-capitalized or well-managed, that company has a period of time in which to achieve compliance, but during the period of noncompliance, the Federal Reserve may place any limitations on the company it believes to be appropriate. Furthermore, if the Federal Reserve determines that a financial holding company’s subsidiary bank has not received a satisfactory CRA rating, that company will not be able to commence any new financial activities or acquire a company that engages in such activities.

Change in Control. Federal law prohibits any person or company from acquiring “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or its holding company without prior notice to the appropriate federal bank regulator. “Control” is conclusively presumed to exist upon the acquisition of 25% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a bank or bank holding company, but may arise under certain circumstances between 10% and 24.99% ownership.

Capital Requirements. We file consolidated capital reports with the Federal Reserve under the Basel III Rule. For a discussion of capital requirements, see “—the “Role of Capital” above.

Dividend Payments. Our ability to pay dividends to shareholders may be affected by both general corporate law considerations and policies of the Federal Reserve applicable to bank holding companies. As a Delaware corporation, we are subject to the limitations of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). The DGCL allows us to pay dividends only out of its surplus (as defined and computed in accordance with the provisions of the DGCL) or if we have no such surplus, out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year.

As a general matter, the Federal Reserve has indicated that the board of directors of a bank holding company should eliminate, defer or significantly reduce dividends to shareholders if: (i) the company’s net income available to shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends; (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition; or (iii) the company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios. The Federal Reserve also possesses enforcement powers over bank holding companies and their nonbank subsidiaries to prevent or remedy actions that represent unsafe or unsound practices or violations of applicable statutes and regulations. Among these powers is the ability to proscribe the payment of dividends by banks and bank holding companies. In addition, under the Basel III Rule, institutions that seek the freedom to pay dividends have to maintain greater than 2.5% in Common Equity Tier 1 Capital attributable to the capital conservation buffer. See “—The Role of Capital” above.

Monetary Policy. The monetary policy of the Federal Reserve has a significant effect on the operating results of financial or bank holding companies and their subsidiaries. Among the tools available to the Federal Reserve to affect the money supply are open market transactions in U.S. government securities, changes in the discount rate on bank borrowings and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. These means are used in varying combinations to influence overall growth and distribution of bank loans, investments and deposits, and their use may affect interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

Federal Securities Regulation. Our common stock will be registered with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as a result of the offering. Consequently, we will be subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading and other restrictions and requirements of the SEC under the Exchange Act.

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Corporate Governance. The Dodd-Frank Act addressed many investor protection, corporate governance and executive compensation matters that will affect most U.S. publicly traded companies. It increased stockholder influence over boards of directors by requiring companies to give stockholders a nonbinding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments, and authorizing the SEC to promulgate rules that would allow stockholders to nominate and solicit voters for their own candidates using a company’s proxy materials. The legislation also directed the Federal Reserve to promulgate rules prohibiting excessive compensation paid to executives of bank holding companies, regardless of whether such companies are publicly traded.

Regulation and Supervision of the Bank

General. The Bank is a national bank, chartered by the OCC under the National Bank Act. The deposit accounts of the Bank are insured by the DIF to the maximum extent provided under federal law and FDIC regulations, currently $250,000 per insured depositor category, and the Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System. As a national bank, the Bank is subject to the examination, supervision, reporting and enforcement requirements of the OCC, the chartering authority for national banks. The Bank is subject to that authority and is examined by the OCC. The FDIC, as administrator of the DIF, also has regulatory authority over the Bank.

Deposit Insurance. As an FDIC-insured institution, the Bank is required to pay deposit insurance premium assessments to the FDIC. The FDIC has adopted a risk-based assessment system whereby FDIC-insured institutions pay insurance premiums at rates based on their risk classification. For institutions like the Bank that are not considered large and highly complex banking organizations, assessments are now based on examination ratings and financial ratios. The total base assessment rates currently range from 1.5 basis points to 30 basis points. At least semi-annually, the FDIC updates its loss and income projections for the DIF and, if needed, increases or decreases the assessment rates, following notice and comment on proposed rulemaking. The assessment base against which an FDIC-insured institution’s deposit insurance premiums paid to the DIF are calculated is based on its average consolidated total assets less its average tangible equity. This method shifted the burden of deposit insurance premiums toward those large depository institutions that rely on funding sources other than U.S. deposits.

The reserve ratio is the FDIC insurance fund balance divided by estimated insured deposits. The Dodd-Frank Act altered the minimum reserve ratio of the DIF, increasing the minimum from 1.15% to 1.35% of the estimated amount of total insured deposits, and eliminating the requirement that the FDIC pay dividends to FDIC-insured institutions when the reserve ratio exceeds certain thresholds. The reserve ratio reached 1.36% as of September 30, 2018, exceeding the statutory required minimum reserve ratio of 1.35%. As a result, the FDIC is providing assessment credits to insured depository institutions, like the Bank, with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion for the portion of their regular assessments that contributed to growth in the reserve ratio between 1.15% and 1.35%. The share of the aggregate small bank credits allocated to each insured institution is proportional to its credit base, defined as the average of its regular assessment base during the credit calculation period. The FDIC is currently applying the credits for quarterly assessment periods beginning July 1, 2019, and, as long as the reserve ratio is at least 1.35%, the FDIC will remit the full nominal value of any remaining credits in a lump-sum payment.

Supervisory Assessments. National banks are required to pay supervisory assessments to the OCC to fund the operations of the OCC. The amount of the assessment is calculated using a formula that considers the bank’s size and its supervisory condition. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Bank paid supervisory assessments to the OCC totaling $222,000.

Capital Requirements. Banks are generally required to maintain capital levels in excess of other businesses. For a discussion of capital requirements, see “—The Role of Capital” above.

Liquidity Requirements. Liquidity is a measure of the ability and ease with which bank assets may be converted to cash. Liquid assets are those that can be converted to cash quickly if needed to meet financial obligations. To remain viable, FDIC-insured institutions must have enough liquid assets to meet their near-term obligations, such as withdrawals by depositors. Because the global financial crisis was in part a liquidity crisis, Basel III also includes a liquidity framework that requires FDIC-insured institutions to measure their liquidity against specific liquidity tests. One test, referred to as the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”), is designed to ensure that the banking entity has an adequate stock of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets that can be converted easily and immediately in private markets into cash to meet liquidity needs for a 30-calendar day liquidity stress scenario. The other test, known as the Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”), is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of FDIC-insured institutions over a one-year horizon. These tests provide an incentive for banks and holding companies to increase their holdings in Treasury securities and other sovereign debt as a component of assets, increase the use of long-term debt as a funding source and rely on stable funding like core deposits (in lieu of brokered deposits).

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In addition to liquidity guidelines already in place, the federal bank regulatory agencies implemented the Basel III LCR in 2014 and have proposed the NSFR. While these rules do not, and will not, apply to the Bank, we continue to review our liquidity risk management policies in light of developments.

Dividend Payments. The primary source of funds for the Company is dividends from the Bank. Under the National Bank Act, a national bank may pay dividends out of its undivided profits in such amounts and at such times as the bank’s board of directors deems prudent. Without prior OCC approval, however, a national bank may not pay dividends in any calendar year that, in the aggregate, exceed the bank’s year-to-date net income plus the bank’s retained net income for the two preceding years. The payment of dividends by any FDIC-insured institution is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and an FDIC-insured institution generally is prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the institution would be undercapitalized. As described above, the Bank exceeded its capital requirements under applicable guidelines as of December 31, 2019. Notwithstanding the availability of funds for dividends, however, the OCC may prohibit the payment of dividends by the Bank if it determines such payment would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. In addition, under the Basel III Rule, institutions that seek the freedom to pay dividends have to maintain greater than 2.5% in Common Equity Tier 1 Capital attributable to the capital conservation buffer. See “—The Role of Capital” above.

Insider Transactions. The Bank is subject to certain restrictions imposed by federal law on “covered transactions” between the Bank and its “affiliates.” The Company is an affiliate of the Bank for purposes of these restrictions, and covered transactions subject to the restrictions include extensions of credit to the Company, investments in the stock or other securities of the Company and the acceptance of the stock or other securities of the Company as collateral for loans made by the Bank. The Dodd-Frank Act enhanced the requirements for certain transactions with affiliates, including an expansion of the definition of “covered transactions” and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding covered transactions must be maintained.

Certain limitations and reporting requirements are also placed on extensions of credit by the Bank to its directors and officers, to directors and officers of the Company and its subsidiaries, to principal shareholders of the Company and to “related interests” of such directors, officers and principal shareholders. In addition, federal law and regulations may affect the terms upon which any person who is a director or officer of the Company or the Bank, or a principal shareholder of the Company, may obtain credit from banks with which the Bank maintains a correspondent relationship.

Safety and Soundness Standards/Risk Management. FDIC-insured institutions are expected to operate in a safe and sound manner. The federal banking agencies have adopted operational and managerial standards to promote the safety and soundness of such institutions that address internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, asset quality and earnings.

In general, the safety and soundness standards prescribe the goals to be achieved in each area, and each institution is responsible for establishing its own procedures to achieve those goals. If an institution fails to operate in a safe and sound manner, the FDIC-insured institution’s primary federal regulator may require the institution to submit a plan for achieving and maintaining compliance. If an FDIC-insured institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, or fails in any material respect to implement a compliance plan that has been accepted by its primary federal regulator, the regulator is required to issue an order directing the institution to cure the deficiency. Until the deficiency cited in the regulator’s order is cured, the regulator may restrict the FDIC-insured institution’s rate of growth, require the FDIC-insured institution to increase its capital, restrict the rates the institution pays on deposits or require the institution to take any action the regulator deems appropriate under the circumstances. Operating in an unsafe or unsound manner will also constitute grounds for other enforcement action by the federal bank regulatory agencies, including cease and desist orders and civil money penalty assessments.

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During the past decade, the bank regulatory agencies have increasingly emphasized the importance of sound risk management processes and strong internal controls when evaluating the activities of the FDIC-insured institutions they supervise. Properly managing risks has been identified as critical to the conduct of safe and sound banking activities and has become even more important as new technologies, product innovation, and the size and speed of financial transactions have changed the nature of banking markets. The agencies have identified a spectrum of risks facing a banking institution including, but not limited to, credit, market, liquidity, operational, legal and reputational risk. The OCC identified key risk themes for 2020 as: (i) elevated operational risk as banks adapt to an evolving technology environment and persistent cybersecurity risks; (ii) the need for banks to prepare for a cyclical change in credit risk while credit performance is strong; (iii) elevated interest rate risk due to lower rates continuing to compress net interest margins; and (iv) strategic risks from non-depository financial institutions, use of innovative and evolving technology, and progressive data analysis capabilities. The Bank is expected to have active board and senior management oversight; adequate policies, procedures and limits; adequate risk measurement, monitoring and management information systems; and comprehensive internal controls.

Privacy and Cybersecurity. The Bank is subject to many U.S. federal and state laws and regulations governing requirements for maintaining policies and procedures to protect non-public confidential information of their customers. These laws require the Bank to periodically disclose its privacy policies and practices relating to sharing such information and permit consumers to opt out of their ability to share information with unaffiliated third parties under certain circumstances. They also impact the Bank’s ability to share certain information with affiliates and non-affiliates for marketing and/or non-marketing purposes, or to contact customers with marketing offers. In addition, as a part of its operational risk mitigation, the Bank is required to implement a comprehensive information security program that includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information and to require the same of its service providers. These security and privacy policies and procedures, for the protection of personal and confidential information, are in effect across all business lines and geographic locations.

Branching Authority. National banks headquartered in Kansas, such as the Bank, have the same branching rights in Kansas as banks chartered under Kansas law, subject to OCC approval. Kansas law grants Kansas-chartered banks the authority to establish branches anywhere in the State of Kansas, subject to receipt of all required regulatory approvals.

The Dodd-Frank Act permits well-capitalized and well-managed banks to establish new branches across state lines without legal impediments. However, while Federal law permits state and national banks to merge with banks in other states, such mergers are subject to: (i) regulatory approval; (ii) federal and state deposit concentration limits; and (iii) state law limitations requiring the merging bank to have been in existence for a minimum period of time (not to exceed five years) prior to the merger.

Financial Subsidiaries. Under federal law and OCC regulations, national banks are authorized to engage, through “financial subsidiaries,” in any activity that is permissible for a financial holding company and any activity that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Federal Reserve, determines is financial in nature or incidental to any such financial activity, except (i) insurance underwriting, (ii) real estate development or real estate investment activities (unless otherwise permitted by law), (iii) insurance company portfolio investments and (iv) merchant banking. The authority of a national bank to invest in a financial subsidiary is subject to a number of conditions, including, among other things, requirements that the bank must be well-managed and well-capitalized (after deducting from capital the bank’s outstanding investments in financial subsidiaries). The Bank has not applied for approval to establish any financial subsidiaries.

Transaction Account Reserves. Federal Reserve regulations require FDIC-insured institutions to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily NOW and regular checking accounts). For 2020, the first $16.9 million of otherwise reservable balances are exempt from reserves and have a zero percent reserve requirement; for transaction accounts aggregating between $16.9 million to $127.5 million, the reserve requirement is 3% of those transaction account balances; and for net transaction accounts in excess of $127.5 million, the reserve requirement is 10% of the aggregate amount of total transaction account balances in excess of $127.5 million. These reserve requirements are subject to annual adjustment by the Federal Reserve.

Community Reinvestment Act Requirements. The CRA requires the Bank to have a continuing and affirmative obligation in a safe and sound manner to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. Federal regulators regularly assess the Bank’s record of meeting the credit needs of its communities. Applications for additional acquisitions would be affected by the evaluation of the Bank’s effectiveness in meeting its CRAs.

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Anti-Money Laundering. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA Patriot Act”) is designed to deny terrorists and criminals the ability to obtain access to the U.S. financial system and has significant implications for FDIC-insured institutions, brokers, dealers and other businesses involved in the transfer of money. The USA Patriot Act mandates financial services companies to have policies and procedures with respect to measures designed to address any or all of the following matters: (i) customer identification programs; (ii) money laundering; (iii) terrorist financing; (iv) identifying and reporting suspicious activities and currency transactions; (v) currency crimes; and (vi) cooperation between FDIC-insured institutions and law enforcement authorities.

Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate. Concentration risk exists when FDIC-insured institutions deploy too many assets to any one industry or segment. A concentration in commercial real estate is one example of regulatory concern. The interagency Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices guidance (“CRE Guidance”) provides supervisory criteria, including the following numerical indicators, to assist bank examiners in identifying banks with potentially significant commercial real estate loan concentrations that may warrant greater supervisory scrutiny: (i) commercial real estate loans exceeding 300% of capital and increasing 50% or more in the preceding three years; or (ii) construction and land development loans exceeding 100% of capital. The CRE Guidance does not limit banks’ levels of commercial real estate lending activities, but rather guides institutions in developing risk management practices and levels of capital that are commensurate with the level and nature of their commercial real estate concentrations. On December 18, 2015, the federal banking agencies issued a statement to reinforce prudent risk-management practices related to CRE lending, having observed substantial growth in many CRE asset and lending markets, increased competitive pressures, rising CRE concentrations in banks, and an easing of CRE underwriting standards. The federal bank agencies reminded FDIC-insured institutions to maintain underwriting discipline and exercise prudent risk-management practices to identify, measure, monitor, and manage the risks arising from CRE lending. In addition, FDIC-insured institutions must maintain capital commensurate with the level and nature of their CRE concentration risk.

Based on the Bank’s loan portfolio as of December 31, 2019, we do not exceed the 300% guideline for commercial real estate loans.

Consumer Financial Services. The historical structure of federal consumer protection regulation applicable to all providers of consumer financial products and services changed significantly on July 21, 2011, when the CFPB commenced operations to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all providers of consumer products and services, including the Bank, as well as the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The CFPB has examination and enforcement authority over providers with more than $10 billion in assets. FDIC-insured institutions with $10 billion or less in assets, like the Bank, continue to be examined by their applicable bank regulators.

Because abuses in connection with residential mortgages were a significant factor contributing to the financial crisis, many new rules issued by the CFPB and required by the Dodd-Frank Act addressed mortgage and mortgage-related products, their underwriting, origination, servicing and sales. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly expanded underwriting requirements applicable to loans secured by 1-4 family residential real property and augmented federal law combating predatory lending practices. In addition to numerous disclosure requirements, the Dodd Frank Act imposed new standards for mortgage loan originations on all lenders, including banks and savings associations, in an effort to strongly encourage lenders to verify a borrower’s ability to repay, while also establishing a presumption of compliance for certain “qualified mortgages.” The Regulatory Relief Act provided relief in connection with mortgages for banks with assets of less than $10 billion, and, as a result, mortgages the Bank makes are now considered to be qualified mortgages if they are held in portfolio for the life of the loan.

The CFPB’s rules have not had a significant impact on the Bank’s operations, except for higher compliance costs.

Company Web site

The Company maintains a corporate website at www.landmarkbancorpinc.com. In addition, the Company has an investor relations link at the Bank’s corporate website at www.banklandmark.com. Many of the Company’s policies, including its code of business conduct and ethics, committee charters and other investor information, are available on its website. The Company makes available free of charge on or through its website its Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, proxy statements, and annual reports as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. Copies of the Company’s filings with the SEC are also available from the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov) free of charge. The Company will also provide copies of its filings free of charge upon written request to our Corporate Secretary at Landmark Bancorp, Inc., 701 Poyntz Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas 66502.

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Statistical Data

The Company has a fiscal year ending on December 31. Unless otherwise noted, the information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K presents information on behalf of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The statistical data required by Guide 3 of the Securities Act of 1933 Industry Guides is set forth in the following pages. This data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

I. Distribution of Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity; Interest Rates and Interest Differential

The following table describes the extent to which changes in tax equivalent interest income and interest expense for major components of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities affected the Company’s interest income and expense during the periods indicated. The table distinguishes between (i) changes attributable to rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), (ii) changes attributable to volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), and (iii) net change (the sum of the previous columns). The net changes attributable to the combined effect of volume and rate which cannot be segregated have been allocated proportionately to the change due to volume and the change due to rate.

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 vs 2018 |  |  | 2018 vs 2017 |
|  | Increase/(decrease) attributable to |  |  | Increase/(decrease) attributable to |
|  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Net |  |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |  |  | Net |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits at banks |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | (18 | )
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 631 |
Tax-exempt (1) |  |  | (482 | ) |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | (412 | ) |  |  | (121 | ) |  |  | (789 | ) |  |  | (910 | )
Loans (2) |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 849 |  |  |  | 3,746 |  |  |  | 1,691 |  |  |  | 1,105 |  |  |  | 2,796 |
Total |  |  | 2,522 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 3,831 |  |  |  | 1,568 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | 2,499 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 2,054 |  |  |  | 2,285 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 1,437 |  |  |  | 1,487 |
Borrowings |  |  | (868 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (893 | ) |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 293 |
Total |  |  | (637 | ) |  |  | 2,029 |  |  |  | 1,392 |  |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | 1,523 |  |  |  | 1,780 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 3,159 |  |  | $ | (720 | ) |  | $ | 2,439 |  |  | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | (592 | ) |  | $ | 719 |

(1) | The change in tax-exempt income on investment securities is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019 and 2018 and a 34% federal tax rate for 2017.
(2) | The change in tax-exempt loan income is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019 and 2018 and a 34% federal tax rate for 2017.

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The following table sets forth information relating to average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Average balances are derived from daily average balances. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances but have been reflected in the table as loans carrying a zero yield. The yields set forth in the table below include the effect of deferred fees, discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income or interest expense. This table reflects the average yields on assets and average costs of liabilities for the periods indicated (derived by dividing income or expense by the monthly average balance of assets or liabilities, respectively) as well as the “net interest margin” (which reflects the effect of the net earnings balance) for the periods shown.

|  | Year ended December 31, 2019 |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2018 |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2017 |
|  | Average balance |  |  | Income/ expense |  |  | Yield/ cost |  |  | Average balance |  |  | Income/ expense |  |  | Yield/ cost |  |  | Average balance |  |  | Income/ expense |  |  | Yield/ cost |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing deposits at banks |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  | 3.68 | % |  | $ | 737 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  |  | 2.85 | % |  | $ | 3,834 |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  |  | 1.02 | %
Investment securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 226,193 |  |  |  | 5,767 |  |  |  | 2.55 | % |  |  | 221,835 |  |  |  | 5,278 |  |  |  | 2.38 | % |  |  | 219,100 |  |  |  | 4,647 |  |  |  | 2.12 | %
Tax-exempt (1) |  |  | 155,567 |  |  |  | 4,559 |  |  |  | 2.93 | % |  |  | 171,977 |  |  |  | 4,971 |  |  |  | 2.89 | % |  |  | 175,668 |  |  |  | 5,881 |  |  |  | 3.35 | %
Loans receivable, net (2) |  |  | 517,950 |  |  |  | 27,696 |  |  |  | 5.35 | % |  |  | 462,939 |  |  |  | 23,950 |  |  |  | 5.17 | % |  |  | 429,540 |  |  |  | 21,154 |  |  |  | 4.92 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 900,499 |  |  |  | 38,051 |  |  |  | 4.23 | % |  |  | 857,488 |  |  |  | 34,220 |  |  |  | 3.99 | % |  |  | 828,142 |  |  |  | 31,721 |  |  |  | 3.83 | %
Non-interest-earning assets |  |  | 93,258 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 95,430 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,230 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 993,757 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 952,918 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 920,372 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market and checking |  | $ | 371,739 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |  |  |  | 0.69 | % |  | $ | 371,138 |  |  | $ | 1,833 |  |  |  | 0.49 | % |  | $ | 359,661 |  |  | $ | 948 |  |  |  | 0.26 | %
Savings accounts |  |  | 97,966 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  | 95,532 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 0.03 | % |  |  | 93,443 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 0.03 | %
Time deposit |  |  | 177,091 |  |  |  | 2,751 |  |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | 137,400 |  |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  | 0.87 | % |  |  | 132,816 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 0.45 | %
Total deposits |  |  | 646,796 |  |  |  | 5,341 |  |  |  | 0.83 | % |  |  | 604,070 |  |  |  | 3,056 |  |  |  | 0.51 | % |  |  | 585,920 |  |  |  | 1,569 |  |  |  | 0.27 | %
FHLB advances and other borrowings |  |  | 51,283 |  |  |  | 1,416 |  |  |  | 2.76 | % |  |  | 82,743 |  |  |  | 2,309 |  |  |  | 2.79 | % |  |  | 75,347 |  |  |  | 2,016 |  |  |  | 2.68 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 698,079 |  |  |  | 6,757 |  |  |  | 0.97 | % |  |  | 686,813 |  |  |  | 5,365 |  |  |  | 0.78 | % |  |  | 661,267 |  |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 0.54 | %
Non-interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 194,935 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179,896 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 171,409 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 100,743 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86,209 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,696 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  | $ | 993,757 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 952,918 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 920,372 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.29 | %
Net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,294 |  |  |  | 3.48 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,855 |  |  |  | 3.37 | % |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,136 |  |  |  | 3.40 | %
Tax equivalent interest - imputed (1) (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 940 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,067 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,354 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,788 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,115 |  |  |  |  |
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 129.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 124.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125.2 | % |  |  |  |

| (1) | Income on tax-exempt investment securities is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019 and 2018 and a 34% federal tax rate for 2017.
| (2) | Income on tax-exempt loans is presented on a fully taxable equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019 and 2018 and a 34% federal tax rate for 2017.
| (3) | Interest rate spread represents the difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.
| (4) | Net interest margin represents net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

17

II. Investment Portfolio

Investment Securities. The following table sets forth the carrying value of the Company’s investment securities at the dates indicated. None of the investment securities issued by an individual issuer held as of December 31, 2019 were in excess of 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity, excluding U.S. federal agency obligations. The Company’s federal agency obligations consist of obligations of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, primarily the FHLB. The Company’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio consists of securities predominantly underwritten to the standards of and guaranteed by the government-sponsored agencies of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association and Government National Mortgage Association. The Company’s investments in certificates of deposits consist of FDIC-insured certificates of deposits with other financial institutions.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |
U.S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 4,106 |  |  |  | 10,361 |  |  |  | 16,492 |
Municipal obligations, tax-exempt |  |  | 145,862 |  |  |  | 159,112 |  |  |  | 184,738 |
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 46,779 |  |  |  | 53,035 |  |  |  | 57,976 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 162,031 |  |  |  | 156,076 |  |  |  | 117,555 |
Certificates of deposits |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | 7,790 |  |  |  | 9,224 |
Common stocks |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Total investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value |  | $ | 362,998 |  |  | $ | 388,345 |  |  | $ | 387,983 |
FHLB stock |  |  | 1,079 |  |  |  | 2,752 |  |  |  | 3,404 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 1,919 |  |  |  | 1,913 |  |  |  | 1,908 |
Correspondent bank common stock |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 111 |
Bank stocks, at cost |  | $ | 3,109 |  |  | $ | 4,776 |  |  | $ | 5,423 |

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the carrying values, weighted average yields, and maturities of the Company’s investment securities portfolio, as of December 31, 2019. Yields on tax-exempt obligations have been computed on a tax equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019. Mortgage-backed investment securities include scheduled principal payments and estimated prepayments based on observable market inputs. Actual prepayments will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | One year or less |  |  | One to five years |  |  | Five to ten years |  |  | More than ten years |  |  | Total |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Average |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Average |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Average |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Average |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Average |
|  | value |  |  | yield |  |  | value |  |  | yield |  |  | value |  |  | yield |  |  | value |  |  | yield |  |  | value |  |  | yield |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury securities |  | $ | 300 |  |  |  | 2.56 | % |  | $ | 2,016 |  |  |  | 2.01 | % |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  |  | 2.08 | %
U.S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | 2.00 | % |  |  | 2,106 |  |  |  | 3.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 4,106 |  |  |  | 2.51 | %
Municipal obligations, tax-exempt |  |  | 6,025 |  |  |  | 3.20 | % |  |  | 19,221 |  |  |  | 2.54 | % |  |  | 50,533 |  |  |  | 2.67 | % |  |  | 70,084 |  |  |  | 3.54 | % |  |  | 145,863 |  |  |  | 3.09 | %
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 3,481 |  |  |  | 2.64 | % |  |  | 17,085 |  |  |  | 2.76 | % |  |  | 19,397 |  |  |  | 3.15 | % |  |  | 6,816 |  |  |  | 3.36 | % |  |  | 46,779 |  |  |  | 3.00 | %
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 1.96 | % |  |  | 147,326 |  |  |  | 2.59 | % |  |  | 14,532 |  |  |  | 2.43 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 162,030 |  |  |  | 2.57 | %
Certificates of deposits |  |  | 1,169 |  |  |  | 1.90 | % |  |  | 735 |  |  |  | 2.80 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | 2.25 | %
Total |  | $ | 13,147 |  |  |  | 2.72 | % |  | $ | 188,489 |  |  |  | 2.60 | % |  | $ | 84,462 |  |  |  | 2.74 | % |  | $ | 76,900 |  |  |  | 3.52 | % |  | $ | 362,998 |  |  |  | 2.83 | %

18

III. Loan Portfolio

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of the loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  |  | (Dollars in thousands) |  |
Balance |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 146,505 |  |  | $ | 136,895 |  |  | $ | 136,215 |  |  | $ | 136,846 |  |  | $ | 131,930 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 22,459 |  |  |  | 20,083 |  |  |  | 19,356 |  |  |  | 13,738 |  |  |  | 15,043 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 133,501 |  |  |  | 138,967 |  |  |  | 120,624 |  |  |  | 118,200 |  |  |  | 118,983 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 109,612 |  |  |  | 74,289 |  |  |  | 54,591 |  |  |  | 54,506 |  |  |  | 61,300 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 98,558 |  |  |  | 96,632 |  |  |  | 83,008 |  |  |  | 78,324 |  |  |  | 71,030 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 2,953 |  |  |  | 3,396 |  |  |  | 3,884 |  |  |  | 7,635 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 25,101 |  |  |  | 25,428 |  |  |  | 22,046 |  |  |  | 20,271 |  |  |  | 19,895 |
Total gross loans |  |  | 538,392 |  |  |  | 495,247 |  |  |  | 439,236 |  |  |  | 425,769 |  |  |  | 425,816 |
Net deferred loan costs and loans in process |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 29 |
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (6,467 | ) |  |  | (5,765 | ) |  |  | (5,459 | ) |  |  | (5,344 | ) |  |  | (5,922 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 532,180 |  |  | $ | 489,373 |  |  | $ | 433,743 |  |  | $ | 420,461 |  |  | $ | 419,923 |
Percent of total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | 27.2 | % |  |  | 27.6 | % |  |  | 31.0 | % |  |  | 32.1 | % |  |  | 31.0 | %
Construction and land loans |  |  | 4.2 | % |  |  | 4.1 | % |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | 3.5 | %
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 28.1 | % |  |  | 27.5 | % |  |  | 27.8 | % |  |  | 27.9 | %
Commercial loans |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 15.0 | % |  |  | 12.4 | % |  |  | 12.8 | % |  |  | 14.4 | %
Agriculture loans |  |  | 18.3 | % |  |  | 19.5 | % |  |  | 18.9 | % |  |  | 18.4 | % |  |  | 16.7 | %
Municipal loans |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | 1.8 | %
Consumer loans |  |  | 4.7 | % |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 4.8 | % |  |  | 4.7 | %
Total gross loans |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %

The following table sets forth the contractual maturities of loans as of December 31, 2019. The table does not include unscheduled prepayments.

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | 1 year or less |  |  | 1-5 years |  |  | After 5 years |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 17,366 |  |  | $ | 58,756 |  |  | $ | 70,383 |  |  | $ | 146,505 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 12,987 |  |  |  | 7,877 |  |  |  | 1,595 |  |  |  | 22,459 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 16,652 |  |  |  | 54,397 |  |  |  | 62,452 |  |  |  | 133,501 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 62,853 |  |  |  | 34,712 |  |  |  | 12,047 |  |  |  | 109,612 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 46,053 |  |  |  | 24,781 |  |  |  | 27,724 |  |  |  | 98,558 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 779 |  |  |  | 1,608 |  |  |  | 2,656 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 3,394 |  |  |  | 7,673 |  |  |  | 14,034 |  |  |  | 25,101 |
Total gross loans |  | $ | 159,574 |  |  | $ | 188,975 |  |  | $ | 189,843 |  |  | $ | 538,392 |

19

The following table sets forth the dollar amount of all loans that mature after one year and whether such loans had fixed interest rates or adjustable interest rates:

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | Fixed |  |  | Adjustable |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 57,078 |  |  | $ | 72,061 |  |  | $ | 129,139 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 1,240 |  |  |  | 8,232 |  |  |  | 9,472 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 22,049 |  |  |  | 94,800 |  |  |  | 116,849 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 25,772 |  |  |  | 20,987 |  |  |  | 46,759 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 19,263 |  |  |  | 33,242 |  |  |  | 52,505 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 2,387 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,387 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 3,103 |  |  |  | 18,604 |  |  |  | 21,707 |
Total gross loans |  | $ | 130,892 |  |  | $ | 247,926 |  |  | $ | 378,818 |

Non-performing Assets. The following table sets forth information with respect to non-performing assets, including non-accrual loans and real estate acquired through foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure (“real estate owned”). The accrual of interest on non-performing loans is discontinued at the time the loan is ninety days delinquent, unless the credit is well secured and in process of collection. Loans are placed on non-accrual or are charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Under the original terms of the Company’s non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2019, interest earned on such loans for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 would have increased interest income by $230,000, $254,000 and $185,000, respectively, if included in the Company’s interest income for those years. No interest income related to non-accrual loans was included in interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Non-accrual loans |  | $ | 5,546 |  |  | $ | 5,236 |  |  | $ | 6,041 |  |  | $ | 2,746 |  |  | $ | 2,168 |
Accruing loans over 90 days past due |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Non-performing investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Real estate owned, net |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 436 |  |  |  | 1,279 |  |  |  | 1,000 |
Non-performing assets |  | $ | 5,836 |  |  | $ | 5,271 |  |  | $ | 6,477 |  |  | $ | 4,025 |  |  | $ | 3,168 |
Performing TDRs |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  | $ | 3,455 |  |  | $ | 3,719 |  |  | $ | 3,983 |  |  | $ | 4,669 |
Non-performing loans to total gross loans |  |  | 1.03 | % |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  | 1.38 | % |  |  | 0.64 | % |  |  | 0.51 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets |  |  | 0.58 | % |  |  | 0.53 | % |  |  | 0.70 | % |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  | 0.36 | %
Allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans |  |  | 116.61 | % |  |  | 110.10 | % |  |  | 90.37 | % |  |  | 194.61 | % |  |  | 273.15 | %

The increase in non-accrual loans was driven by higher levels of non-performing one-to-four family residential real estate loans, primarily related to one loan relationship, and increased levels of non-performing agriculture loans. Partially offsetting those increases was a decrease in non-performing loans related to the liquidation of collateral securing a $3.6 million loan relationship. The liquidation resulted in a charge-off of $259,000 during 2019. The decrease in non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily related to a charge off of $853,000 associated with a $3.6 million loan relationship consisting of $1.8 million in commercial loans and a $1.8 million commercial real estate loan. This loan relationship was primarily responsible for the increase in non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. The increase in non-accrual loans as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 was primarily driven by higher levels of non-performing agriculture loans.

20

At December 31, 2019, the $290,000 of real estate owned primarily consisted of a few residential real estate properties. The increase in real estate owned as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was principally associated with obtaining the collateral securing a non-performing loan relationship. The decrease in real estate owned as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily associated with the sales of several residential real estate properties and one commercial real estate property. The decrease in real estate owned as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 was principally associated with the sale of residential real estate properties. The increase in real estate owned as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 was principally associated with obtaining the collateral securing a non-performing loan relationship.

As part of the Company’s credit risk management, the Company continues to aggressively manage the loan portfolio to identify problem loans and has placed additional emphasis on its commercial real estate relationships. As discussed in more detail in the “Asset Quality and Distribution” section of Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as of December 31, 2019, the Company concluded its allowance for loan losses was adequate based on the evaluation of the loan portfolio’s probable incurred losses.

IV. Summary of Loan Loss Experience

The following table sets forth information with respect to the Company’s allowance for loan losses at the dates and for the periods indicated:

|  | As of and for the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Balances at beginning of year |  | $ | 5,765 |  |  | $ | 5,459 |  |  | $ | 5,344 |  |  | $ | 5,922 |  |  | $ | 5,320 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 450 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | (700 | )
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (57 | )
Construction and land loans |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | )
Commercial loans |  |  | (453 | ) |  |  | (950 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | (78 | )
Agriculture loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (375 | ) |  |  | - |
Municipal loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (88 | )
Consumer loans |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (335 | ) |  |  | (471 | ) |  |  | (318 | )
Total charge-offs |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | (1,160 | ) |  |  | (488 | ) |  |  | (1,166 | ) |  |  | (554 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 10 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,722 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 15 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 73 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer loans |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 34 |
Total recoveries |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 1,856 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  |  | (698 | ) |  |  | (1,094 | ) |  |  | (335 | ) |  |  | (1,078 | ) |  |  | 1,302 |
Balances at end of year |  | $ | 6,467 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |  |  | $ | 5,459 |  |  | $ | 5,344 |  |  | $ | 5,922 |
Allowance for loan losses to total gross loans |  |  | 1.20 | % |  |  | 1.16 | % |  |  | 1.24 | % |  |  | 1.26 | % |  |  | 1.39 | %
Net loans charged-off (recovered) to average net loans |  |  | 0.13 | % |  |  | 0.24 | % |  |  | 0.08 | % |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  | (0.31 | )%

The Company recorded net loan charge-offs of $698,000 during 2019 compared to $1.1 million during 2018. The net loan charge offs in 2019 were primarily related to two commercial loan relationships. The Company recorded net loan charge-offs of $1.1 million during 2018 compared to $335,000 during 2017. The net loan charge offs in 2018 were primarily related to one commercial loan relationship. The Company recorded net loan charge-offs of $335,000 during 2017 compared to $1.1 million during 2016. There were no significant loan charge-offs recorded during 2017. The Company recorded net loan charge-offs of $1.1 million during 2016, which were primarily related to an agriculture loan relationship which was subject to trouble debt restructuring (“TDR”) and the liquidation of the assets securing an impaired commercial loan relationship. We recorded net loan recoveries of $1.3 million during 2015, which were primarily associated with the recovery of $1.7 million on a $4.3 million construction loan which was fully charged-off during 2010 and 2011.

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The distribution of the Company’s allowance for losses on loans at the dates indicated and the percent of loans in each category to total loans is summarized in the following table. This allocation reflects management’s judgment as to risks inherent in the types of loans indicated, but in general the Company’s total allowance for loan losses included in the table is not restricted and is available to absorb all loan losses. The amount allocated in the following table to any category should not be interpreted as an indication of expected actual charge-offs in that category.

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | Amount |  |  | % Loan type to total loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | % Loan type to total loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | % Loan type to total loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | % Loan type to total loans |  |  | Amount |  |  | % Loan type to total loans |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 501 |  |  |  | 27.2 | % |  | $ | 449 |  |  |  | 27.6 | % |  | $ | 542 |  |  |  | 31.0 | % |  | $ | 504 |  |  |  | 32.1 | % |  | $ | 925 |  |  |  | 31.0 | %
Construction and land loans |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 4.2 | % |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | 4.1 | % |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 3.5 | %
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 1,386 |  |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 1,686 |  |  |  | 28.1 | % |  |  | 1,540 |  |  |  | 27.5 | % |  |  | 1,777 |  |  |  | 27.8 | % |  |  | 1,740 |  |  |  | 27.9 | %
Commercial loans |  |  | 1,815 |  |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 1,051 |  |  |  | 15.0 | % |  |  | 1,226 |  |  |  | 12.4 | % |  |  | 1,119 |  |  |  | 12.8 | % |  |  | 1,530 |  |  |  | 14.4 | %
Agriculture loans |  |  | 2,347 |  |  |  | 18.3 | % |  |  | 2,238 |  |  |  | 19.5 | % |  |  | 1,812 |  |  |  | 18.9 | % |  |  | 1,684 |  |  |  | 18.4 | % |  |  | 1,428 |  |  |  | 16.7 | %
Municipal loans |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 1.8 | %
Consumer loans |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 4.7 | % |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 5.1 | % |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 5.0 | % |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 4.8 | % |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 4.7 | %
Total |  | $ | 6,467 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,765 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,459 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,344 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 5,922 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our one-to-four family residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily related to growth in our loan balances and an increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The decrease in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our one-to-four family residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily related to improvements in the housing market which contributed to lower qualitative adjustments in our analysis and a decrease in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our one-to-four family residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 was primarily related to the increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The decrease in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our one-to-four family residential real estate loans as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 was primarily related to continued improvements in the housing market which contributed to lower qualitative adjustments in our analysis.

The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on construction and land loans as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily related to an increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The decrease in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on construction and land loans as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily related to improvements in these markets which contributed to lower qualitative adjustments in our analysis. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on construction and land increased as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 due to higher outstanding loan balances. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on construction and land decreased as of December 31, 2016 compared to previous year-end due primarily to lower outstanding loan balances.

The decrease in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on commercial real estate loans as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily related to lower loan balances, and improvements in the commercial real estate markets which resulted in lower qualitative adjustments in our analysis. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on commercial real estate loans increased as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 due to an increase in classified loans and an increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on commercial real estate loans decreased as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 due to continued improvements in the commercial real estate market which contributed to lower qualitative adjustments in our analysis. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on commercial real estate loans increased as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 primarily as a result of the increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans.

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The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our commercial loans as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily related to increased loan balances, higher specific allowances related to impaired loans and increasing risk in the portfolio which resulted in higher qualitative adjustments in our analysis. The decrease in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our commercial loans as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily related to a decline in specific allowances related to impaired loans as a result of charge-offs recorded during 2018. The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on our commercial loans as of December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016 was primarily related to the increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans. The allocation of the allowance for loan losses on commercial loans decreased as of December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015 primarily due to a decrease in outstanding loan balances.

The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on agriculture loans as of December 31, 2019 compared to December 31, 2018 was primarily related to higher specific allowances related to impaired loans and higher loan balances. The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on agriculture loans as of December 31, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was primarily related to growth in loan balances and higher levels of classified loans. The increase in the allocation of the allowance for loan losses on agriculture loans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 compared to prior years was primarily due to higher loan balances and management’s judgment to increase the risk factors. The allowance for loan losses is discussed in more detail in the “Asset Quality and Distribution” section of Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” As of December 31, 2019, we believed the Company’s allowance for loan losses continued to be adequate based on the Company’s evaluation of the loan portfolio’s probable incurred losses.

V. Deposits

The following table presents the average deposit balances and the average rate paid on those balances for the years indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Average Balance |  |  | Average Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Average Rate |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Average Rate |
Non-interest bearing demand |  | $ | 181,573 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 168,855 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 162,485 |  |  |  | - |
Money market and checking |  |  | 371,739 |  |  |  | 0.69 | % |  |  | 371,138 |  |  |  | 0.49 | % |  |  | 359,661 |  |  |  | 0.26 | %
Savings accounts |  |  | 97,966 |  |  |  | 0.04 | % |  |  | 95,532 |  |  |  | 0.03 | % |  |  | 93,443 |  |  |  | 0.03 | %
Time |  |  | 177,091 |  |  |  | 1.55 | % |  |  | 137,400 |  |  |  | 0.87 | % |  |  | 132,816 |  |  |  | 0.45 | %
Total |  | $ | 828,369 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 772,925 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 748,405 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the maturities of jumbo time deposits (amounts of $100,000 or more).

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Three months or less |  | $ | 45,883 |  |  | $ | 72,902 |
Over three months through six months |  |  | 19,427 |  |  |  | 8,149 |
Over six months through 12 months |  |  | 13,146 |  |  |  | 10,421 |
Over 12 months |  |  | 7,702 |  |  |  | 8,407 |
Total |  | $ | 86,158 |  |  | $ | 99,879 |

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VI. Return on Equity and Assets

The following table presents information on return on average equity, return on average assets, equity to total assets and our dividend payout ratio.

|  | As of or for the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.07 | % |  |  | 1.09 | % |  |  | 0.47 | %
Return on average equity |  |  | 10.58 | % |  |  | 12.09 | % |  |  | 4.98 | %
Equity to total assets |  |  | 10.88 | % |  |  | 9.32 | % |  |  | 9.43 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 32.90 | % |  |  | 31.88 | % |  |  | 71.89 | %

VII. Short-term Borrowings

The following table presents information on certain components of short-term borrowings. Information on short-term borrowings is excluded for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2017 as the average balances of each category of short-term borrowings was less than 30 percent of stockholders’ equity.

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2018 |
FHLB Line of Credit |  |  |  |
Balance at year-end |  | $ | 20,000 |
Maximum month-end balance |  |  | 80,600 |
Average balance during year |  |  | 41,311 |
Weighted average interest rates: |  |  |  |
At year-end |  |  | 2.65 | %
During the year |  |  | 2.15 | %

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities is subject to certain risks inherent in our business. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this report. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The value or market price of our securities could decline due to any of these identified or other risks, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risk Related to our Business

We must effectively manage our credit risk.

There are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, risks of nonpayment, risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral and risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions. We attempt to minimize our credit risk through prudent loan application approval procedures, careful monitoring of the concentration of our loans within specific industries and periodic independent reviews of outstanding loans by our credit review department. However, we cannot assure you that such approval and monitoring procedures will reduce these credit risks.

Most of our loans are commercial, real estate, or agriculture loans, each of which is subject to distinct types of risk. To reduce the lending risks we face, we generally take a security interest in borrowers’ property for all three types of loans. In addition, we sell certain residential real estate loans to third parties. Nevertheless, the risk of non-payment is inherent in all types of loans, and if we are unable to collect amounts owed, it may materially affect our operations and financial performance. For a more complete discussion of our lending activities see Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our business is subject to domestic and, to a lesser extent, international economic conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control and could materially and adversely affect us.

Our financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of customers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer, is highly dependent upon the business environment not only in the markets where we operate, but also in the state of Kansas generally and in the United States as a whole. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors: economic growth; efficient capital markets; low inflation; low unemployment; high business and investor confidence; and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by: declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; high unemployment; uncertainty in U.S. trade policies, legislation, treaties and tariffs; natural disasters; acts of war or terrorism; widespread disease or pandemics; or a combination of these or other factors.

Economic conditions in the state of Kansas have recently been impacted by a decline in commodity prices. This decline has adversely impacted the Kansas economy, specifically the agriculture sector. A continuation of these conditions could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

The agricultural economy in the Midwest, including Kansas, has declined over the past several years. A prolonged period of weakness in the agricultural economy could result in a decrease in demand for loans or other products and services offered by us, an increase in agricultural loan delinquencies and defaults, an increase in impaired assets and foreclosures, a decline in the value of our loans secured by real estate, and an inability to sell foreclosed assets. The effects of a prolonged period of a weakened agricultural economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.

We maintain our allowance for loan losses at a level considered appropriate by management to absorb probable incurred loan losses in the portfolio. Additionally, our Board of Directors regularly monitors the appropriateness of our allowance for loan losses. The allowance is also subject to regulatory examinations and a determination by the regulatory agencies as to the appropriate level of the allowance. The amount of future loan losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates and the value of the underlying collateral, which may be beyond our control, and such losses may exceed current estimates. At December 31, 2019 and 2018 our allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 1.20% and 1.16%, respectively, and as a percentage of total non-performing loans was 116.61% and 110.10%, respectively. Although management believes that the allowance for loan losses is appropriate to absorb probable incurred losses on any existing loans that may become uncollectible, we cannot predict loan losses with certainty nor can we assure you that our allowance for loan losses will prove sufficient to cover actual loan losses in the future. Loan losses in excess of our reserves will adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Also, beginning in January 2023, the Company will be required to implement the Current Expected Credit Losses (CECL) accounting standard, which will change how the Company calculates its allowance for loan losses by requiring the Company to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable, which may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses. Any increase in our allowance for loan losses may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our concentration of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans may result in lower yields and profitability.

One-to-four family residential mortgage loans comprised $146.5 million and $136.9 million, or 27.2% and 27.6%, of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These loans are secured primarily by properties located in the state of Kansas. Our concentration of these loans results in lower yields relative to other loan categories within our loan portfolio. While these loans generally possess higher yields than investment securities, their repayment characteristics are not as well defined, and they generally possess a higher degree of interest rate risk versus other loans and investment securities within our portfolio. This increased interest rate risk is due to the repayment and prepayment options inherent in residential mortgage loans which are exercised by borrowers based upon the overall level of interest rates. These residential mortgage loans are generally made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayments from his or her employment and the value of the property securing the loan. Thus, as a result, repayment of these loans is also subject to general economic and employment conditions within the communities and surrounding areas where the property is located.

A decline in residential real estate market prices or home sales has the potential to adversely affect our one-to-four family residential mortgage portfolio in several ways, such as a decrease in collateral values and an increase in non-performing loans, each of which could adversely affect our operating results and/or financial condition.

Our loan portfolio has a large concentration of real estate loans, which involve risks specific to real estate value.

Real estate lending (including commercial real estate, construction and land and residential real estate) is a large portion of our loan portfolio. These categories were $302.5 million, or approximately 56.2% of our total loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2019, as compared to $295.9 million, or approximately 59.8% of our total loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2018. The market value of real estate can fluctuate significantly in a short period of time as a result of market conditions in the geographic area in which the real estate is located. Although a significant portion of commercial real estate and construction and land loans are secured by a secondary form of collateral, adverse developments affecting real estate values in one or more of our markets could increase the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio. Additionally, real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of the loans generally is dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the properties securing the loans to cover operating expenses and debt service. Economic events or governmental regulations outside of the control of the borrower or lender could negatively impact the future cash flow and market values of the affected properties.

If the loans that are collateralized by real estate become troubled during a time when market conditions are declining or have declined, then we may not be able to realize the amount of security that we anticipated at the time of originating the loan, which could cause us to increase our provision for loan losses and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. In light of the uncertainty that exists in the economy and credit markets nationally, there can be no guarantee that we will not experience additional deterioration in credit performance by our real estate loan customers.

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Commercial loans make up a significant portion of our loan portfolio.

Commercial loans comprised $109.6 million and $74.3 million, or 20.3% and 15.0%, of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our commercial loans are made based primarily on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most often, this collateral is accounts receivable, inventory, or machinery. Credit support provided by the borrower for most of these loans, and the probability of repayment is based on the liquidation of the pledged collateral and enforcement of a personal guarantee, if any exists. As a result, in the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. The collateral securing other loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. Due to the larger average size of each commercial loan as compared with other loans such as residential loans, as well as collateral that is generally less readily marketable, losses incurred on a small number of commercial loans could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

The success of our SBA lending program is dependent upon the continued availability of SBA loan programs, our status as a Preferred Lender under the SBA loan programs and our ability to comply with applicable SBA lending requirements.

As an SBA Preferred Lender, we enable our clients to obtain SBA loans without being subject to the potentially lengthy SBA approval process necessary for lenders that are not SBA Preferred Lenders. The SBA periodically reviews the lending operations of participating lenders to assess, among other things, whether the lender exhibits prudent risk management. When weaknesses are identified, the SBA may request corrective actions or impose other restrictions, including revocation of the lender’s Preferred Lender status. If we lose our status as a Preferred Lender, we may lose our ability to compete effectively with other SBA Preferred Lenders, and as a result we could experience a material adverse effect to our financial results. Any changes to the SBA program, including changes to the level of guaranty provided by the federal government on SBA loans or changes to the level of funds appropriated by the federal government to the various SBA programs, may also have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In order for a borrower to be eligible to receive an SBA loan, the lender must establish that the borrower would not be able to secure a bank loan without the credit enhancements provided by a guaranty under the SBA program. Accordingly, the SBA loans in our portfolio generally have weaker credit characteristics than the rest of our portfolio, and may be at greater risk of default in the event of deterioration in economic conditions or the borrower’s financial condition. In the event of a loss resulting from default and a determination by the SBA that there is a deficiency in the manner in which the loan was originated, funded or serviced by us, the SBA may deny its liability under the guaranty, reduce the amount of the guaranty, or, if it has already paid under the guaranty, seek recovery of the principal loss related to the deficiency from us. Management has estimated losses inherent in the outstanding guaranteed portion of SBA loans and recorded a recourse reserve at a level determined to be appropriate. Significant increases to the recourse reserve may materially decrease our net income, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our agriculture loans involve a greater degree of risk than other loans, and the ability of the borrower to repay may be affected by many factors outside of the borrower’s control.

Agriculture operating loans comprised $49.9 million and $49.9 million, or 9.3% and 10.1%, of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The repayment of agriculture operating loans is dependent on the successful operation or management of the farm property. Likewise, agricultural operating loans involve a greater degree of risk than lending on residential properties, particularly in the case of loans that are unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as farm equipment, livestock or crops. We generally secure agricultural operating loans with a blanket lien on livestock, equipment, food, hay, grain and crops. Nevertheless, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation.

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We also originate agriculture real estate loans. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, agricultural real estate loans totaled $48.7 million and $46.7 million, or 9.0% and 9.4% of our total loan portfolio, respectively. Agricultural real estate lending involves a greater degree of risk and typically involves larger loans to single borrowers than lending on single-family residences. As with agriculture operating loans, payments on agricultural real estate loans are dependent on the profitable operation or management of the farm property securing the loan. The success of the farm may be affected by many factors outside the control of the farm borrower, including adverse weather conditions that prevent the planting of a crop or limit crop yields (such as hail, drought and floods), loss of livestock due to disease or other factors, declines in market prices for agricultural products (both domestically and internationally) and the impact of government regulations (including changes in price supports, tariffs, trade agreements, subsidies and environmental regulations). In addition, many farms are dependent on a limited number of key individuals whose injury or death may significantly affect the successful operation of the farm. If the cash flow from a farming operation is diminished, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. The primary crops in our market areas are wheat, corn and soybean. Accordingly, adverse circumstances affecting wheat, corn and soybean crops could have an adverse effect on our agricultural real estate loan portfolio.

Our business is concentrated in and dependent upon the continued growth and welfare of the markets in which we operate, including eastern, central, southeast and southwest Kansas.

We operate primarily in eastern, central, southeast and southwest Kansas, and as a result, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows are subject to changes in the economic conditions in those areas. Although each market we operate in is geographically and economically diverse, our success depends upon the business activity, population, income levels, deposits and real estate activity in each of these markets. Although our customers’ business and financial interests may extend well beyond our market area, adverse economic conditions that affect our specific market area could reduce our growth rate, affect the ability of our customers to repay their loans to us and generally affect our financial condition and results of operations. Because of our geographic concentration, we are less able than other regional or national financial institutions to diversify our credit risks across multiple markets.

Monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, our earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve. An important function of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the Federal Reserve to implement these objectives are open market operations in U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

The monetary policies and regulations of the Federal Reserve have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon our business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

Legislative and regulatory reforms applicable to the financial services industry may have a significant impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The laws, regulations, rules, policies and regulatory interpretations governing us are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time as Congress and various regulatory agencies react to adverse economic conditions or other matters. The implementation of any current, proposed or future regulatory or legislative changes to laws applicable to the financial industry may impact the profitability of our business activities and may change certain of our business practices, including the ability to offer new products, obtain financing, attract deposits, make loans, and achieve satisfactory interest spreads, and could expose us to additional costs, including increased compliance costs. These regulations and legislation may be impacted by the political ideologies of the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government as well as the heads of regulatory and administrative agencies, which may change as a result of elections.

We may experience difficulties in managing our growth, and our growth strategy involves risks that may negatively impact our net income.

As part of our general strategy, we may acquire banks, branches and related businesses that we believe provide a strategic fit with our business. In the past, we have acquired a number of local banks and branches, and, to the extent that we grow through future acquisitions, we cannot assure you that we will be able to adequately and profitably manage this growth. Acquiring other banks and businesses will involve risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including:

| ● | potential exposure to unknown or contingent liabilities of banks and businesses we acquire;

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| ● | exposure to potential asset quality issues of the acquired bank or related business;
| ● | difficulty and expense of integrating the operations and personnel of banks and businesses we acquire;
| ● | potential disruption to our business;
| ● | potential diversion of our management’s time and attention; and
| ● | the possible loss of key employees and customers of the banks and businesses we acquire.

In addition to acquisitions, we may expand into additional communities or attempt to strengthen our position in our current markets by undertaking additional branch openings. We believe that it generally takes several years for new banking facilities to first achieve operational profitability, due to the impact of organization and overhead expenses and the start-up phase of generating loans and deposits. To the extent that we undertake additional branch openings, we are likely to experience the effects of higher operating expenses relative to operating income from the new operations, which may have an adverse effect on our levels of reported net income, return on average equity and return on average assets.

We face intense competition in all phases of our business from other banks and financial institutions.

The banking and financial services business in our market is highly competitive. Our competitors include large national and regional banks, local community banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, insurance companies, finance companies, money market mutual funds, credit unions, fintech companies, and other non-bank financial service providers, many of which have greater financial, marketing and technological resources than us. Many of these competitors are not subject to the same regulatory restrictions that we are and may be able to compete more effectively as a result. Increased competition in our market may result in a decrease in the amounts of our loans and deposits, reduced spreads between loan rates and deposit rates or loan terms that are more favorable to the borrower. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our ability to grow and remain profitable. If increased competition causes us to significantly discount the interest rates we offer on loans or increase the amount we pay on deposits, our net interest income could be adversely impacted. If increased competition causes us to relax our underwriting standards, we could be exposed to higher losses from lending activities. Additionally, many of our competitors are much larger in total assets and capitalization, have greater access to capital markets and offer a broader range of financial services than we can offer.

Consumers and businesses are increasingly using non-banks to complete their financial transactions, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Technology and other changes are allowing consumers and businesses to complete financial transactions that historically have involved banks through alternative methods. For example, the wide acceptance of internet-based commerce has resulted in a number of alternative payment processing systems and lending platforms in which banks play only minor roles. Customers can now maintain funds in prepaid debit cards or digital currencies, and pay bills and transfer funds directly without the direct assistance of banks. The diminishing role of banks as financial intermediaries has resulted and could continue to result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of customer deposits and the related income generated from those deposits. The loss of these revenue streams and the potential loss of lower cost deposits as a source of funds could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Interest rates and other conditions impact our results of operations.

Our profitability is in part a function of the spread between the interest rates earned on investments and loans and the interest rates paid on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Like most banking institutions, our net interest spread and margin will be affected by general economic conditions and other factors, including fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government that influence market interest rates and our ability to respond to changes in such rates. At any given time, our assets and liabilities will be such that they are affected differently by a given change in interest rates. As a result, an increase or decrease in rates, the length of loan terms or the mix of adjustable and fixed rate loans in our portfolio could have a positive or negative effect on our net income, capital and liquidity. We measure interest rate risk under various rate scenarios and using specific criteria and assumptions. A summary of this process, along with the results of our net interest income simulations is presented in the section entitled Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Although we believe our current level of interest rate sensitivity is reasonable and effectively managed, significant fluctuations in interest rates may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Changes in interest rates also can affect the value of loans, securities and other assets. An increase in interest rates that adversely affects the ability of borrowers to pay the principal or interest on loans may lead to an increase in non-performing assets and a reduction of income recognized, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Further, when we place a loan on nonaccrual status, we reverse any accrued but unpaid interest receivable, which decreases interest income. Subsequently, we continue to have a cost to fund the loan, which is reflected as interest expense, without any interest income to offset the associated funding expense. Thus, an increase in the amount of non-performing assets would have an adverse impact on net interest income.

Rising interest rates will result in a decline in value of our fixed-rate debt securities. The unrealized losses resulting from holding these securities would be recognized in other comprehensive income and reduce total stockholders’ equity. Unrealized losses do not negatively impact our regulatory capital ratios; however, tangible common equity and the associated ratios would be reduced. If debt securities in an unrealized loss position are sold, such losses become realized and will reduce our regulatory capital ratios.

Interest rates on our financial instruments might be subject to change based on developments related to the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), which could adversely impact our revenue, expenses, and value of those financial instruments.

In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority, the authority regulating LIBOR, along with various other regulatory bodies, announced that LIBOR would likely be discontinued at the end of 2021. LIBOR makes up one of the most liquid and common interest rate index in the world and is commonly referenced in financial instruments. We have exposure to LIBOR in various aspects through our financial contracts. Instruments that may be impacted include loans, deposits, securities, and subordinated debentures, among other financial contracts indexed to LIBOR and that mature after December 31, 2021.

While there is no consensus on what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of U.S. financial market participants, selected by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, started in May 2018 to publish the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative to LIBOR. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of overnight borrowings collateralized by Treasury securities that was selected by the Alternative Reference Rate Committee due to the depth and robustness of the U.S. Treasury repurchase market. At this time, it is impossible to predict whether SOFR will become an accepted alternative to LIBOR.

The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference rate, such as SOFR, is complex and could have a range of adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, any such transition could:

| ● | adversely affect the interest rates paid or received on, the revenue and expenses associated with, and the value of our floating-rate obligations, loans, deposits, subordinated debentures and other financial instruments tied to LIBOR rates, or other securities or financial arrangements given LIBOR’s role in determining market interest rates globally;
| ● | prompt inquiries or other actions from regulators in respect of our preparation and readiness for the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate;
| ● | result in disputes, litigation or other actions with counterparties regarding the interpretation and enforceability of certain fallback language, or lack of fallback language, in LIBOR-based instruments; and
| ● | require the transition to or development of appropriate systems and analytics to effectively transition our risk management processes from LIBOR-based products to those based on the applicable alternative pricing benchmark, such as SOFR.

The manner and impact of this transition, as well as the effect of these developments on our funding costs, loan and investment and trading securities portfolios, asset-liability management, and business, is uncertain.

Declines in value may adversely impact the carrying amount of our investment portfolio and result in other-than-temporary impairment charges.

We may be required to record impairment charges on our investment securities if they suffer declines in value that are considered other-than-temporary. If the credit quality of the securities in our investment portfolio deteriorates, we may also experience a loss in interest income from the suspension of either interest or dividend payments. Numerous factors, including lack of liquidity for resales of certain investment securities, absence of reliable pricing information for investment securities, adverse changes in business climate or adverse actions by regulators could have a negative effect on our investment portfolio in future periods.

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Downgrades in the credit rating of one or more insurers that provide credit enhancement for our state and municipal securities portfolio may have an adverse impact on the market for and valuation of these types of securities.

We invest in tax-exempt state and local municipal investment securities, some of which are insured by monoline insurers. As of December 31, 2019, we had $192.6 million of municipal securities, which represented 53.1% of our total securities portfolio. Even though management generally purchases municipal securities on the overall credit strength of the issuer, the reduction in the credit rating of an insurer may negatively impact the market for and valuation of our investment securities. Such downgrade could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Non-performing assets take significant time to resolve and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, and could result in further losses in the future.

As of December 31, 2019, our non-performing loans (which consist of non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest) totaled $5.5 million, or 1.03% of our loan portfolio, and our non-performing assets (which include non-performing loans plus real estate owned) totaled $5.8 million, or 0.58% of total assets. In addition, we had $3.4 million in accruing loans that were 30-89 days delinquent as of December 31, 2019.

Our non-performing assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. We do not record interest income on non-accrual loans or other real estate owned, thereby adversely affecting our net income and returns on assets and equity, increasing our loan administration costs and adversely affecting our efficiency ratio. When we take collateral in foreclosure and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the collateral to its then-fair market value, which may result in a loss. These non-performing loans and other real estate owned also increase our risk profile and the capital our regulators believe is appropriate in light of such risks. The resolution of non-performing assets requires significant time commitments from management and can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities. If we experience increases in non-performing loans and non-performing assets, our net interest income may be negatively impacted and our loan administration costs could increase, each of which could have an adverse effect on our net income and related ratios, such as return on assets and equity.

Our growth or future losses may require us to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed.

We are required by federal and state regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. We anticipate that our existing capital resources will satisfy our capital requirements for the foreseeable future. However, we may at some point need to raise additional capital to support continuing growth. Our ability to raise additional capital is particularly important to our strategy of growth through acquisitions. Our ability to raise additional capital depends on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, including investor perceptions regarding the banking industry, market conditions and governmental activities, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of our ability to raise additional capital if needed on terms acceptable to us. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to further expand our operations through internal growth and acquisitions could be materially impaired.

Attractive acquisition opportunities may not be available to us in the future.

We expect that other banking and financial service companies, many of which have significantly greater resources than us, will compete with us in acquiring other financial institutions if we pursue such acquisitions. This competition could increase prices for potential acquisitions that we believe are attractive. Also, acquisitions are subject to various regulatory approvals. If we fail to receive the appropriate regulatory approvals, we will not be able to consummate an acquisition that we believe is in our best interests. Among other things, our regulators consider our capital, liquidity, profitability, regulatory compliance and levels of goodwill and intangibles when considering acquisition and expansion proposals. Any acquisition could be dilutive to our earnings and stockholders’ equity per share of our common stock.

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Our community banking strategy relies heavily on our management team, and the unexpected loss of key managers may adversely affect our operations.

Much of our success to date has been influenced strongly by our ability to attract and to retain senior management experienced in banking and financial services and familiar with the communities in our market area. Our ability to retain executive officers, the current management teams, branch managers and loan officers will continue to be important to the successful implementation of our strategy. It is also critical, as we grow, to be able to attract and retain qualified additional management and loan officers with the appropriate level of experience and knowledge about our market area to implement our community-based operating strategy. The unexpected loss of services of any key management personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a continuing need for technological change and we may not have the resources to effectively implement new technology.

The financial services industry continues to undergo rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. In addition to better serving customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency as well as enables financial institutions to reduce costs. Our future success will depend in part upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations as we continue to grow and expand our market area. Many of our larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. As a result, they may be able to offer additional or superior products to those that we will be able to offer, which would put us at a competitive disadvantage. Accordingly, we cannot provide you with assurance that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing such products and services to our customers.

The occurrence of fraudulent activity, breaches or failures of our information security controls or cybersecurity-related incidents could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity, information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents that may be committed against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. Such fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. Information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents may include fraudulent or unauthorized access to systems used by us or our clients, denial or degradation of service attacks and malware or other cyber-attacks.

In recent periods, there continues to be a rise in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector due to cyber criminals targeting commercial bank accounts. Moreover, in recent periods, several large corporations, including financial institutions and retail companies, have suffered major data breaches, in some cases exposing not only confidential and proprietary corporate information, but also sensitive financial and other personal information of their customers and employees and subjecting them to potential fraudulent activity. Some of our clients may have been affected by these breaches, which could increase their risks of identity theft and other fraudulent activity that could involve their accounts with us.

Information pertaining to us and our clients is maintained, and transactions are executed, on networks and systems maintained by us and certain third party partners, such as our online banking, mobile banking or accounting systems. The secure maintenance and transmission of confidential information, as well as execution of transactions over these systems, are essential to protect us and our clients against fraud and security breaches and to maintain the confidence of our clients. Breaches of information security also may occur through intentional or unintentional acts by those having access to our systems or the confidential information of our clients, including employees. In addition, increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries, vulnerabilities in third party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our clients and underlying transactions, as well as the technology used by our clients to access our systems. Our third party partners’ inability to anticipate, or failure to adequately mitigate, breaches of security could result in a number of negative events, including losses to us or our clients, loss of business or clients, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems of third parties, and any systems failures, interruptions or data breaches involving these systems could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

Our business is highly dependent on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems, third party servicers, accounting systems, mobile and online banking platforms and financial intermediaries. We outsource to third parties many of our major systems, such as data processing and mobile and online banking. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third party systems fail or experience interruptions. A system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to process loans or gather deposits and provide customer service, compromise our ability to operate effectively, result in potential noncompliance with applicable laws or regulations, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In addition, failures of third parties to comply with applicable laws and regulations, or fraud or misconduct on the part of employees of any of these third parties, could disrupt our operations or adversely affect our reputation.

It may be difficult for us to replace some of our third party vendors, particularly vendors providing our core banking and information services, in a timely manner if they are unwilling or unable to provide us with these services in the future for any reason and even if we are able to replace them, it may be at higher cost or result in the loss of customers. Any such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our operations rely heavily on the secure processing, storage and transmission of information and the monitoring of a large number of transactions on a minute-by-minute basis, and even a short interruption in service could have significant consequences. We also interact with and rely on retailers, for whom we process transactions, as well as financial counterparties and regulators. Each of these third parties may be targets of the same types of fraudulent activity, computer break-ins and other cyber security breaches described above, and the cyber security measures that they maintain to mitigate the risk of such activity may be different than our own and may be inadequate.

As a result of financial entities and technology systems becoming more interdependent and complex, a cyber-incident, information breach or loss, or technology failure that compromises the systems or data of one or more financial entities could have a material impact on counterparties or other market participants, including ourselves. As a result of the foregoing, our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by any significant disruptions to us or to third parties with whom we interact.

We are subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer or employee fraud, losses related to our depositors and data processing system failures and errors.

Employee errors and misconduct could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation. Misconduct by our employees could include hiding unauthorized activities from us, improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of our customers or improper use of confidential information. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, and the precautions we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject us to financial claims for negligence. We are also subject to losses related to our depositors, whether due to simple errors or mistakes, circumvention of controls, or unauthorized override of controls by our employees, other financial institutions or other third parties.

We maintain a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate against operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors and customer or employee fraud. Should our internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines.

Our financial performance is impacted by accounting principles, policies and guidelines. Some of these policies require the use of estimates and assumptions that may affect the value of our assets or liabilities and financial results. Some of our accounting policies are critical because they require management to make difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain and because it is likely that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions. If such estimates or assumptions underlying our financial statements are incorrect, we may experience material losses.

From time to time, the FASB and the SEC change the financial accounting and reporting standards or the interpretation of those standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements, such as the implementation of CECL. These changes are beyond our control, can be difficult to predict and could materially impact how we report our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in these standards are continuously occurring, and more drastic changes may occur in the future. The implementation of such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A new accounting standard may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, amount of capital and results of operations.

The FASB has adopted a new accounting standard that is effective for our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2023. This standard, referred to as CECL, makes significant changes to the accounting for credit losses on financial instruments presented on an amortized cost basis, such as our loans held for investment, and disclosures about them. The new CECL impairment model will require an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of an instrument, which considers reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. The standard provides significant flexibility and requires a high degree of judgment with regards to pooling financial assets with similar risk characteristics and adjusting the relevant historical loss information in order to develop an estimate of expected lifetime losses. Providing for losses over the life of our loan portfolio is a change to the previous method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable and incurred. This change may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses rapidly in future periods, and greatly increases the types of data we need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. It may also result in even small changes to future forecasts having a significant impact on the allowance, which could make the allowance more volatile, and regulators may impose additional capital buffers to absorb this volatility.

Our framework for managing risks may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss to us.

Our risk management framework seeks to mitigate risk and loss to us. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which we are subject, including liquidity risk, credit risk, market risk, interest rate risk, operational risk, compensation risk, legal and compliance risk, cyber risk, and reputational risk, among others. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. Our ability to successfully identify and manage risks facing us is an important factor that can significantly impact our results. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and could be materially adversely affected.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Environmental reviews of real property before initiating foreclosure actions may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our business is affected from time to time by federal and state laws and regulations relating to hazardous substances.

Under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”), owners and operators of properties containing hazardous substances may be liable for the costs of cleaning up the substances. CERCLA and similar state laws can affect us both as an owner of branches and other properties used in our business and as a lender holding a security interest in property which is found to contain hazardous substances. In particular, our branch office located in Iola is located on property that has been designated as a “Superfund” site under CERCLA, and we may hold mortgages on properties located in Iola that are also designated as “Superfund” sites. While CERCLA contains an exemption for holders of security interests, the exemption is not available if the holder participates in the management of a property, and some courts have broadly defined what constitutes participation in management of property. Moreover, CERCLA and similar state statutes can affect our decision whether or not to foreclose on a property. Before foreclosing on commercial real estate, our general policy is to obtain an environmental report, thereby increasing the costs of foreclosure. In addition, the existence of hazardous substances on a property securing a troubled loan may cause us to elect not to foreclose on the property, thereby reducing our flexibility in handling the loan.

The Bank may be required to repurchase mortgage loans in some circumstances, which could harm our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

When the Bank sells mortgage loans, we are required to make certain representations and warranties to the purchaser about the loans and the manner in which they were originated. Our sales agreements require us to repurchase mortgage loans in the event of a breach of any of these representations or warranties. In addition, we may be required to repurchase mortgage loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of early payment default of the borrower on a mortgage loan. In 2019, we were obligated to repurchase three loans. We were not required to repurchase any loans in 2018.

Financial services companies depend on the accuracy and completeness of information about customers and counterparties.

In deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions, we may rely on information furnished by or on behalf of customers and counterparties, including financial statements, credit reports and other financial information. We may also rely on representations of those customers, counterparties or other third parties, such as independent auditors, as to the accuracy and completeness of that information. Reliance on inaccurate or misleading financial statements, credit reports or other financial information could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default by our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations or earnings.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

There can be no assurances concerning continuing dividend payments.

Our common stockholders are only entitled to receive the dividends declared by our Board of Directors. Although we have historically paid quarterly dividends on our common stock and an annual 5% stock dividend, there can be no assurances that we will be able to continue to pay regular quarterly dividends or an annual stock dividend or that any dividends we do declare will be in any particular amount. The primary source of money to pay our cash dividends comes from dividends paid to the Company by the Bank. The Bank’s ability to pay dividends to the Company is subject to, among other things, its earnings, financial condition and applicable regulations, which in some instances limit the amount that may be paid as dividends.

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Failure to pay interest on our debt may adversely impact our ability to pay dividends.

Our $21.7 million of subordinated debentures are held by three business trusts that we control. Interest payments on the debentures must be paid before we pay dividends on our capital stock, including our common stock. We have the right to defer interest payments on the debentures for up to 20 consecutive quarters. However, if we elect to defer interest payments, all deferred interest must be paid before we may pay dividends on our capital stock. Deferral of interest payments could also cause a decline in the market price of our common stock.

There is a limited trading market for our common shares, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the price you paid for them.

Although our common shares are listed for trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “LARK,” the trading in our common shares has substantially less liquidity than many other publicly traded companies. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the market of willing buyers and sellers of our common shares at any given time. This presence depends on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we have no control. We cannot assure you that volume of trading in our common shares will increase in the future.

The stock market can be volatile, and fluctuations in our operating results and other factors could cause our stock price to decline.

The stock market has experienced, and may continue to experience, fluctuations that significantly impact the market prices of securities issued by many companies. Market fluctuations could adversely affect our stock price. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic, systemic, political and market conditions, such as recessions, loss of investor confidence, interest rate changes, tariffs, government shutdowns, Brexit, or international currency fluctuations, may negatively affect the market price of our common stock. Moreover, our operating results may fluctuate and vary from period to period due to the risk factors set forth herein. As a result, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our stock price could fluctuate significantly in response to our quarterly or annual results, annual projections and the impact of these risk factors on our operating results or financial position.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The Company has 30 offices in 24 communities across Kansas: Manhattan (2), Auburn, Dodge City (2), Fort Scott (2), Garden City, Great Bend (2), Hoisington, Iola, Junction City, Kincaid, LaCrosse, Lawrence (2), Lenexa, Louisburg, Mound City, Osage City, Osawatomie, Overland Park, Paola, Pittsburg, Prairie Village, Topeka (2), Wamego and Wellsville, Kansas. The Company owns its main office in Manhattan, Kansas and 26 branch offices and leases three branch offices. The Company leases the branch offices in Topeka, Wamego and Prairie Village, Kansas. The Company also leases a parking lot for one of the Dodge City branch offices it owns.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which the Company or the Bank is a party or of which any of their property is subject, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the Bank’s business. While the ultimate outcome of current legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that the resolution of these legal actions should not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “LARK” since 2001. At December 31, 2019, the Company had approximately 280 common shareholders of record.

In December 2017, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program, permitting us to repurchase up to 108,006 shares of our common stock, which was the amount of shares remaining under our prior stock repurchase program (“December 2017 Repurchase Program”). Unless terminated earlier by resolution of the Board of Directors, the December 2017 Repurchase Program will expire when we have repurchased all shares authorized for repurchase thereunder. As of December 31, 2019, there were 108,006 shares remaining to repurchase under the December 2017 Repurchase Program. The Company did not repurchase any shares during the year ended December 31, 2019. The Company repurchased 81,730 shares at an average price of $22.55 during March 2020 under the December 2017 Repurchase Program.

In March 2020, our Board of Directors approved a new stock repurchase plan, permitting us to repurchase up to 225,890 shares, which represents approximately 5% of our outstanding common stock (“March 2020 Repurchase Program”), following completion of the December 2017 Repurchase Program. Unless terminated earlier by resolution of the Board of Directors, the March 2020 Repurchase Program will expire when we have repurchased all shares authorized for repurchase thereunder.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

|  | At or for the years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |
Selected Financial Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 998,465 |  |  | $ | 985,784 |  |  | $ | 929,454 |  |  | $ | 911,382 |  |  | $ | 878,376 |
Loans, net |  |  | 532,180 |  |  |  | 489,373 |  |  |  | 433,743 |  |  |  | 420,461 |  |  |  | 419,923 |
Investment securities |  |  | 366,107 |  |  |  | 393,121 |  |  |  | 393,406 |  |  |  | 390,862 |  |  |  | 357,935 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 13,694 |  |  |  | 19,114 |  |  |  | 16,584 |  |  |  | 19,996 |  |  |  | 13,569 |
Deposits |  |  | 835,048 |  |  |  | 823,648 |  |  |  | 765,558 |  |  |  | 741,521 |  |  |  | 714,727 |
Borrowings |  |  | 42,199 |  |  |  | 56,897 |  |  |  | 66,593 |  |  |  | 72,867 |  |  |  | 70,658 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 108,607 |  |  |  | 91,901 |  |  |  | 87,622 |  |  |  | 84,951 |  |  |  | 80,570 |
Selected Operating Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 37,111 |  |  |  | 33,153 |  |  |  | 29,700 |  |  |  | 29,230 |  |  |  | 28,997 |
Interest expense |  |  | 6,757 |  |  |  | 5,365 |  |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 3,191 |  |  |  | 3,081 |
Net interest income |  |  | 30,354 |  |  |  | 27,788 |  |  |  | 26,115 |  |  |  | 26,039 |  |  |  | 25,916 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 450 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | (700 | )
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 28,954 |  |  |  | 26,388 |  |  |  | 25,655 |  |  |  | 25,539 |  |  |  | 26,616 |
Non-interest income |  |  | 15,809 |  |  |  | 15,571 |  |  |  | 15,284 |  |  |  | 14,850 |  |  |  | 17,010 |
Non-interest expense |  |  | 32,648 |  |  |  | 30,365 |  |  |  | 37,477 |  |  |  | 29,114 |  |  |  | 29,206 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 12,115 |  |  |  | 11,594 |  |  |  | 3,472 |  |  |  | 11,275 |  |  |  | 14,420 |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  |  | 1,453 |  |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | (897 | ) |  |  | 2,314 |  |  |  | 3,914 |
Net earnings |  |  | 10,662 |  |  |  | 10,426 |  |  |  | 4,369 |  |  |  | 8,961 |  |  |  | 10,506 |
Earnings per share (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 2.32 |  |  |  | 2.28 |  |  |  | 0.97 |  |  |  | 2.03 |  |  |  | 2.46 |
Diluted |  |  | 2.31 |  |  |  | 2.27 |  |  |  | 0.96 |  |  |  | 2.00 |  |  |  | 2.39 |
Dividends per share (1) |  |  | 0.76 |  |  |  | 0.73 |  |  |  | 0.69 |  |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  | 0.63 |
Book value per common share outstanding (1) |  |  | 23.62 |  |  |  | 20.02 |  |  |  | 19.48 |  |  |  | 18.96 |  |  |  | 18.77 |
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  |  | 1.07 | % |  |  | 1.09 | % |  |  | 0.47 | % |  |  | 1.00 | % |  |  | 1.21 | %
Return on average equity |  |  | 10.58 | % |  |  | 12.09 | % |  |  | 4.98 | % |  |  | 10.34 | % |  |  | 13.81 | %
Equity to total assets |  |  | 10.88 | % |  |  | 9.32 | % |  |  | 9.43 | % |  |  | 9.32 | % |  |  | 9.17 | %
Net interest rate spread (2) |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  | 3.29 | % |  |  | 3.34 | % |  |  | 3.42 | %
Net interest margin (2) |  |  | 3.48 | % |  |  | 3.37 | % |  |  | 3.40 | % |  |  | 3.45 | % |  |  | 3.51 | %
Non-performing assets to total assets |  |  | 0.58 | % |  |  | 0.53 | % |  |  | 0.70 | % |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  | 0.36 | %
Non-performing loans to total gross loans |  |  | 1.03 | % |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  | 1.38 | % |  |  | 0.64 | % |  |  | 0.51 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total gross loans |  |  | 1.20 | % |  |  | 1.16 | % |  |  | 1.24 | % |  |  | 1.26 | % |  |  | 1.39 | %
Dividend payout ratio |  |  | 32.90 | % |  |  | 31.88 | % |  |  | 71.89 | % |  |  | 32.90 | % |  |  | 24.87 | %
Number of full service banking offices |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |

(1) | All per share amounts have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% stock dividends paid in December 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015.
(2) | Presented on a taxable equivalent basis, using a 21% federal tax rate for 2019 and 2018 and a 34% federal tax rate for 2017, 2016 and 2015

Our selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, our consolidated financial statements, including the related notes.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

CORPORATE PROFILE AND OVERVIEW

Landmark Bancorp, Inc. is a financial holding company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and is engaged in the banking business through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Landmark National Bank and in the insurance business through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Landmark Risk Management, Inc. The Company is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “LARK.” The Bank is dedicated to providing quality financial and banking services to its local communities. Our strategy includes continuing a tradition of quality assets while growing our commercial, commercial real estate and agriculture loan portfolios. We are committed to developing relationships with our borrowers and providing a total banking service.

The Bank is principally engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such deposits, together with borrowings and other funds, to originate one-to-four family residential real estate, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, agriculture, municipal and consumer loans. Although not our primary business function, we do invest in certain investment and mortgage-related securities using deposits and other borrowings as funding sources.

Our results of operations depend generally on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from interest-earning assets and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by regulatory, economic and competitive factors that influence interest rates, loan demand and deposit flows. In addition, we are subject to interest rate risk to the degree that our interest-earning assets mature or reprice at different times, or at different speeds, than our interest-bearing liabilities. Our results of operations are also affected by non-interest income, such as service charges, loan fees, gains from the sale of newly originated loans and gains or losses on investments, and certain other non-interest related items. Our principal operating expenses, aside from interest expense, consist of, among others, compensation and employee benefits, occupancy costs, professional fees, amortization of intangibles expense, federal deposit insurance costs, data processing expenses and provision for loan losses.

We are significantly impacted by prevailing economic conditions including federal monetary and fiscal policies and federal regulations of financial institutions. Deposit balances are influenced by numerous factors such as competing investments, the level of income and the personal rate of savings within our market areas. Factors influencing lending activities include the demand for housing and the interest rate pricing competition from other lending institutions.

Currently, our business consists of ownership of the Bank, with its main office in Manhattan, Kansas and twenty-nine additional branch offices in central, eastern, southeast and southwest Kansas, and our ownership of Landmark Risk Management, Inc. Landmark Risk Management, Inc is a Nevada-based captive insurance company which is currently dormant.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Critical accounting policies are those that are both most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations, and require our management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Our critical accounting policies relate to the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of investment securities, accounting for goodwill and the accounting for income taxes, all of which involve significant judgment by our management.

We perform periodic and systematic detailed reviews of our lending portfolio to assess overall collectability. The level of the allowance for loan losses reflects our estimate of the collectability of the loan portfolio. While these estimates are based on substantive methods for determining allowance requirements, actual outcomes may differ significantly from estimated results. Additional explanation of the methodologies used in establishing this allowance is provided in the “Asset Quality and Distribution” section.

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The Company has classified its investment securities portfolio as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of taxes. The Company obtains market values from a third party on a monthly basis in order to adjust the securities to fair value. The Company performs quarterly reviews of the investment portfolio to evaluate investment for other-than-temporary impairment. The Company’s assessment of other-than-temporary impairment is based on its judgment of the specific facts and circumstances impacting each individual security at the time such assessments are made. The Company reviews and considers all factual information, including expected cash flows, the structure of the security, the credit quality of the underlying assets and the current and anticipated market conditions. Any credit-related impairment on debt securities is recorded through a charge to earnings. Impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. However, if the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell a security in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized costs basis, the entire impairment is recorded through a charge to earnings.

We have completed several business and asset acquisitions since 2002, which have generated significant amounts of goodwill. The initial value assigned to goodwill is the residual of the purchase price over the fair value of all identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized; however, it is tested for impairment at each calendar year end or more frequently when events or circumstances dictate. The impairment test compares the carrying value of goodwill to an implied fair value of the goodwill, which is based on a review of the Company’s market capitalization adjusted for appropriate control premiums as well as an analysis of valuation multiples of recent, comparable acquisitions. The Company considers the result from each of these valuation methods to determine the implied fair value of its goodwill. A goodwill impairment would be recorded for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value. The Company performed a step one impairment test as of December 31, 2019 by comparing the implied fair value of the Company’s single reporting unit to its carrying value. Fair value was determined using observable market data, including the Company’s market capitalization, with control premiums and valuation multiples, compared to recent financial industry acquisition multiples for similar institutions to estimate the fair value of the Company’s single reporting unit. The Company’s step one impairment test indicated that its goodwill was not impaired. The Company can make no assurances that future impairment tests will not result in goodwill impairments.

The objective of accounting for income taxes is to recognize the taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in financial statements or tax returns. The Company recognizes an income tax position only if it is more likely than not that it will be sustained upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), based upon its technical merits. Once that standard is met, the amount recorded will be the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in our consolidated statements of earnings. The Company assesses its deferred tax assets to determine if the items are more likely than not to be realized and a valuation allowance is established for any amounts that are not more likely than not to be realized. Changes in estimates regarding the actual outcome of these future tax consequences, including the effects of IRS examinations and examinations by other state agencies, could materially impact our financial position and results of operations.

COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND DECEMBER 31, 2018

SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE. Net earnings for 2019 increased $236,000, or 2.3%, to $10.7 million as compared to $10.4 million for 2018.

Net interest income for 2019 increased $2.6 million to $30.4 million, or 9.2% higher than the $27.8 million recorded for 2018. Our net interest margin, on a tax equivalent basis, increased from 3.37% during 2018 to 3.48% in 2019. The increase in net interest margin was primarily a result in growth in loans within the asset mix.

We distributed a 5% stock dividend for the 19th consecutive year in December 2019. All per share and average share data in this section reflect the 2019 and 2018 stock dividends.

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Interest Income. Interest income for 2019 increased $4.0 million to $37.1 million, an increase of 11.9% as compared to 2018. Interest income on loans increased $3.8 million, or 15.8%, to $27.7 million for 2019 compared to 2018, due primarily to the increase in our average loan balances from $462.9 million during 2018 to $518.0 million during 2019. Also contributing to increased interest income on loans were higher tax equivalent yields on loans, which increased from 5.17% in 2018 to 5.35% in 2019. Interest income on investment securities increased $175,000, or 1.9%, to $9.4 million during 2019, as compared to $9.3 million in 2018. The increase in interest income on investment securities was primarily the result of higher yields on our investment securities excluding the tax equivalent adjustments. Our average balance of investment securities decreased from $393.8 million during 2018 to $381.8 million during 2019, and our tax equivalent yields increased from 2.60% in 2018 to 2.70% during 2019.

Interest Expense. Interest expense during 2019 increased $1.4 million, or 25.9%, to $6.8 million as compared to 2018. Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased $2.3 million, or 74.8%, to $5.3 million for 2019 as compared to 2018. Our total cost of interest-bearing deposits increased from 0.51% during 2018 to 0.83% during 2019 as a result of higher rates paid on money market and checking accounts that have rates that reprice based on market indexes and higher rates on our certificates of deposits. Also contributing to higher interest expense was an increase in our average interest-bearing deposit balances from $604.1 million during 2018 to $646.8 million during 2019. Interest expense on borrowings decreased $893,000, or 38.7%, to $1.4 million during 2019 as compared 2018. Contributing to lower interest expense on borrowings were lower average outstanding borrowings, which decreased from $82.7 million in 2018 to $51.3 million during 2019 primarily due to utilizing brokered deposit funding instead of FHLB borrowings in 2019, as well as lower rates paid on borrowings, which decreased from 2.79% in 2018 to 2.76% in 2019.

Net Interest Income. Net interest income represents the difference between income derived from interest-earning assets and the expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by both the difference between the rates of interest earned on interest-earnings assets and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities (“interest rate spread”) as well as the relative amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

During 2019, net interest income increased $2.6 million, or 9.2%, to $30.4 million compared to $27.8 million in 2018. Our net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis, increased to 3.48% during 2019 from 3.37% during 2018. The increase in net interest income was primarily the result of a 5.0% increase in our average interest-earning assets from $857.5 million in 2018 to $900.5 million in 2019. We may not be able to continue to increase our net interest margin if our loan growth slows or the yields on our interest-earning assets decline faster than our cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

Provision for Loan Losses. We maintain, and our Board of Directors monitors, an allowance for losses on loans. The allowance is established based upon management’s periodic evaluation of known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio, review of significant individual loans and collateral, review of delinquent loans, past loss experience, adverse situations that may affect the borrowers’ ability to repay, current and expected market conditions, and other factors management deems important. Determining the appropriate level of reserves involves a high degree of management judgment and is based upon historical and projected losses in the loan portfolio and the collateral value or discounted cash flows of specifically identified impaired loans. Additionally, allowance policies are subject to periodic review and revision in response to a number of factors, including current market conditions, actual loss experience and management’s expectations.

During 2019 and 2018, we recorded a provision for loan losses of $1.4 million. We recorded net loan charge-offs of $698,000 during 2019 compared to net loan charge-offs of $1.1 million during 2018. Our provision for loan losses remained elevated during 2019 as a result of our $42.8 million increase in net loans and due to an increase in specific allowances related to impaired loans.

Non-interest Income. Total non-interest income was $15.8 million in 2019, an increase of $238,000, or 1.5%, compared to 2018. The increase in non-interest income was primarily the result of increases of $1.3 million in gains on sales of loans, $448,000 in fees and service charges and $109,000 in bank owned life insurance. Partially offsetting the increases in non-interest income was a decrease of $1.5 million in other non-interest income. The increase in gains on sales of loans was driven by higher volumes of one-to-four family residential real estate loans originated, while the higher fees and service charges were primarily due to higher fee income on deposit accounts. The increase in bank owned life insurance income was the result of a death benefit received during 2019. Other non-interest income included $1.5 million of recoveries during 2018 on a deposit-related loss that occurred in the third quarter of 2017. Losses on sales of investment securities totaling $177,000 were recorded during 2019 compared to gains on sales of investments totaling $20,000 in 2018.

Non-interest Expense. Non-interest expense increased $2.3 million, or 7.5%, to $32.6 million in 2019 compared to $30.4 million in 2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $1.8 million, or 10.9%, in compensation and benefits as a result of the addition of bank employees and increased compensation costs. Also contributing to higher non-interest expense were increases of $335,000 in other non-interest expense, $137,000 in occupancy and equipment and $121,000 in data processing. These increased costs were primarily associated with increased loan and deposit volumes as well as the costs related to opening a new branch of the Bank in Prairie Village, Kansas. Partially offsetting those increases was a decline of $220,000 in federal deposit insurance premiums as a result of receiving FDIC assessment credits during 2019.

INCOME TAXES. During 2019, we recorded income tax expense of $1.5 million compared to income tax expense of $1.2 million in 2018. The effective tax rate increased from 10.1% in 2018 to 12.0% in 2019, primarily as a result of the recognition of $136,000 of excess tax benefits from the exercise of stock options during 2018 compared to none in 2019.

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COMPARISON OF OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND DECEMBER 31, 2017

DEPOSIT-RELATED LOSS. On August 8, 2017, we were made aware that checks deposited by one of our customers from a third party were being returned by another financial institution due to uncollected funds related to the third party. This caused a $10.3 million overdraft balance. From August 8, 2017 through December 31, 2017, our collection efforts provided $2.2 million in funds to cover a portion of the overdraft, resulting in an $8.1 million pre-tax loss in 2017. We recovered an additional $1.5 million of this loss during 2018, which includes payments received from the third party whose checks were returned and from insurance claims received. The insurance payments include risk sharing payments from the pool that Landmark Risk Management, Inc. utilizes to spread insurance risk. An investigation of the situation and the potential recovery of losses is ongoing. Accordingly, no conclusions have been reached concerning the ultimate recoverability of the remaining loss, nor has there been a final determination of whether or not existing insurance policies will cover any more of the loss. We intend to protect all of our rights pursuant to this matter and to seek all available legal and equitable remedies. The recovery process is uncertain and is expected to require an extended period of time to resolve, and we will likely incur further legal expenses.

SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE. Net earnings for 2018 increased $6.1 million, or 138.6%, to $10.4 million as compared to $4.4 million for 2017. Net earnings in 2017 were impacted by an after-tax loss of $5.1 million on a deposit account after checks deposited by a customer of the Bank were returned by another financial institution due to uncollected funds related to the third party.

Net interest income for 2018 increased $1.7 million to $27.8 million, or 6.4% higher than the $26.1 million recorded for 2017. Our net interest margin, on a tax equivalent basis, decreased from 3.40% during 2017 to 3.37% in 2018. The decrease in net interest margin was primarily a result of the reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate to 21% in 2018 under federal tax reform legislation enacted in December 2017, as compared to the 34% rate used in 2017. The corporate income tax rate is used in the calculation of tax-equivalent interest income and yields on tax-exempt loans and investment securities. An increase in our cost of deposits also contributed to the decrease in net interest margin.

Interest Income. Interest income for 2018 increased $3.5 million to $33.2 million, an increase of 11.6%, as compared to 2017. Interest income on loans increased $2.8 million, or 13.3%, to $23.9 million for 2018 compared to 2017, due primarily to the increase in our average loan balances from $429.5 million during 2017 to $462.9 million during 2018. Also contributing to increased interest income on loans were higher tax equivalent yields on loans, which increased from 4.92% in 2017 to 5.17% in 2018. Interest income on investment securities increased $653,000, or 7.6%, to $9.2 million during 2018, as compared to $8.6 million in 2017. The increase in interest income on investment securities was primarily the result of higher yields on our investment securities excluding the tax equivalent adjustments. Our average balance of investment securities decreased from $394.8 million during 2017 to $393.8 million during 2018, and our tax equivalent yields decreased from 2.67% in 2017 to 2.60% during 2018.

Interest Expense. Interest expense during 2018 increased $1.8 million, or 49.7%, to $5.4 million as compared to 2017. Interest expense on interest-bearing deposits increased $1.5 million, or 94.8%, to $3.1 million for 2018 as compared to 2017. Our total cost of interest-bearing deposits increased from 0.27% during 2017 to 0.51% during 2018 as a result of higher rates paid on money market and checking accounts that have rates that reprice based on market indexes and higher rates on our certificates of deposits. Also contributing to higher interest expense was an increase in our average interest-bearing deposit balances from $585.9 million during 2017 to $604.1 million during 2018. Interest expense on borrowings increased $293,000, or 14.5%, to $2.3 million during 2018 as compared 2017, due primarily to our average outstanding borrowings increasing from $75.3 million in 2017 to $82.7 million during 2018. Also contributing to higher interest expense on borrowings were higher average rates on our borrowings, which increased from 2.68% in 2017 to 2.79% in 2018.

Net Interest Income. During 2018, net interest income increased $1.7 million, or 6.4%, to $27.8 million compared to $26.1 million in 2017. Our net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis, decreased to 3.37% during 2018 from 3.40% during 2017. The increase in net interest income was primarily the result of a 3.5% increase in our average interest-earning assets from $828.1 million in 2017 to $857.5 million in 2018.

Provision for Loan Losses. During 2018, we recorded a provision for loan losses of $1.4 million compared to a provision for loan losses of $450,000 during 2017. We recorded net loan charge-offs of $1.1 million during 2018 compared to net loan charge-offs of $335,000 during 2017. The increase in our provision for loan losses during 2018 was primarily due to our loan growth and higher net charge-offs as well as an increase in our classified loans.

Non-interest Income. Total non-interest income was $15.6 million in 2018, an increase of $340,000, or 2.2%, compared to 2017. The increase in non-interest income was primarily the result of an increase of $1.5 million in other non-interest income, which includes $1.5 million of recoveries on the 2017 deposit fraud loss. Partially offsetting the increase in other non-interest income were declines of $367,000 in gains on sales of loans due to lower origination volumes of one-to-four family residential real estate loans for sale and $269,000 in bank owned life insurance as a result of a death benefit received during 2017. Also partially offsetting the increase in non-interest income were lower gains on sales of investment securities, which were $20,000 during 2018 compared to $498,000 in 2017. Fees and service charges were similar in 2018 and 2017.

Non-interest Expense. Non-interest expense decreased $7.1 million, or 18.9%, to $30.4 million in 2018 compared to $37.4 million in 2017. The decrease was primarily due to the pre-tax, deposit-related loss of $8.1 million incurred in the third quarter of 2017. Also contributing to lower non-interest expense were a decrease of $147,000 in amortization of intangibles due to lower core deposit intangibles and lower mortgage servicing rights amortized and a decrease of $138,000 in foreclosure and real estate owned expense. Partially offsetting those decreases were increases of $901,000 in compensation and benefits and $123,000 in data processing. The increase in compensation and benefits was the result of additional bank employees and increased compensation costs, while data processing increased due to increased accounts and services.

INCOME TAXES. During 2018, we recorded an income tax expense $1.2 million compared to an income tax benefit of $897,000 in 2017. The income tax benefit recorded in 2017 was primarily the result of the $8.1 million deposit-related loss, which decreased our taxable income. The effective tax rate was 10.1% in 2018. Our effective tax rate in 2018 was impacted by a decline in the federal corporate income tax rate, which declined to 21% in 2018 from 34% in prior years.

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QUARTERLY RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | 2019 Quarters Ended |
|  | March 31 |  |  | June 30 |  |  | September 30 |  |  | December 31 |
Interest income |  | $ | 8,884 |  |  | $ | 9,293 |  |  | $ | 9,445 |  |  | $ | 9,489 |
Interest expense |  |  | 1,688 |  |  |  | 1,812 |  |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  | 1,471 |
Net interest income |  |  | 7,196 |  |  |  | 7,481 |  |  |  | 7,659 |  |  |  | 8,018 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 400 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 6,996 |  |  |  | 7,081 |  |  |  | 7,259 |  |  |  | 7,618 |
Non-interest income |  |  | 3,256 |  |  |  | 3,988 |  |  |  | 4,555 |  |  |  | 4,010 |
Non-interest expense |  |  | 7,728 |  |  |  | 7,965 |  |  |  | 8,618 |  |  |  | 8,337 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 2,524 |  |  |  | 3,104 |  |  |  | 3,196 |  |  |  | 3,291 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 341 |  |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 583 |  |  |  | 23 |
Net earnings |  | $ | 2,183 |  |  | $ | 2,598 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 3,268 |
Earnings per share (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.47 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.71 |

|  | 2018 Quarters Ended |
|  | March 31 |  |  | June 30 |  |  | September 30 |  |  | December 31 |
Interest income |  | $ | 7,601 |  |  | $ | 8,083 |  |  | $ | 8,646 |  |  | $ | 8,823 |
Interest expense |  |  | 1,007 |  |  |  | 1,247 |  |  |  | 1,466 |  |  |  | 1,645 |
Net interest income |  |  | 6,594 |  |  |  | 6,836 |  |  |  | 7,180 |  |  |  | 7,178 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 450 |  |  |  | 500 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 6,394 |  |  |  | 6,586 |  |  |  | 6,730 |  |  |  | 6,678 |
Non-interest income |  |  | 3,401 |  |  |  | 4,253 |  |  |  | 4,567 |  |  |  | 3,350 |
Non-interest expense |  |  | 7,440 |  |  |  | 7,566 |  |  |  | 7,712 |  |  |  | 7,647 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 2,355 |  |  |  | 3,273 |  |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 2,381 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | 428 |  |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | (81 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 2,099 |  |  | $ | 2,845 |  |  | $ | 3,020 |  |  | $ | 2,462 |
Earnings per share (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.46 |  |  | $ | 0.62 |  |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |

| (1) | All per share amounts have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% stock dividends paid during December 2019 and 2018

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FINANCIAL CONDITION. Despite measured improvement in certain metrics, general uncertainty with respect to economic conditions in the United States continues to affect our asset quality and performance. The geographic markets in which the Company operates have also been impacted by an economic downturn in the agriculture sector. However, our loan portfolio is diversified across various types of loans and collateral throughout the markets in which we operate. Outside of a few problem loans that management is working to resolve, our asset quality has generally remained stable over the past few years. Outside of identified problem assets, management believes that the Company continues to have a high quality asset base and solid core earnings, and anticipates that its efforts to run a high quality financial institution with a sound asset base will continue to create a strong foundation for continued growth and profitability in the future.

Asset Quality and Distribution. Our primary investing activities are the origination of one-to-four family residential real estate, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, agriculture, municipal and consumer loans and the purchase of investment securities. Total assets increased $12.7 million to $998.5 million at December 31, 2019, compared to $985.8 million at December 31, 2018. The increase in our total assets was primarily the result of a $42.8 million increase in net loans, excluding loans held for sale, which increased to $532.2 million at December 31, 2019 from $489.4 million at December 31, 2018. Investment securities available-for-sale decreased $25.3 million from $388.3 million at December 31, 2018 to $363.0 million at December 31, 2019.

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on our evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio and changes in the nature and volume of our loan activity. This evaluation, which includes a review of all loans with respect to which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, historical loan loss experience, level of classified loans and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for an appropriate allowance for loan losses. At December 31, 2019, our allowance for loan losses totaled $6.5 million, or 1.20% of gross loans outstanding, as compared to $5.8 million, or 1.16% of gross loans outstanding, at December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $18.1 million and $31.8 million, respectively, of loans were considered classified and assigned a risk rating of special mention, substandard or doubtful. The decrease in classified loans was primarily driven by decreases in commercial real estate and agriculture loans that were considered classified. These ratings indicate that the loans identified as potential problem loans have more than normal risk which raised doubts as to the ability of the borrower to comply with present loan repayment terms. Even though these borrowers were experiencing moderate cash flow problems as well as some deterioration in collateral value, management believed the general allowance was sufficient to cover the risks and probable incurred losses related to such loans at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Loans past due 30-89 days and still accruing interest totaled $3.4 million, or 0.64% of gross loans, at December 31, 2019, compared to $1.7 million, or 0.34% of gross loans, at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2019, $5.5 million of loans were on non-accrual status, or 1.03% of gross loans, compared to $5.2 million, or 1.06% of gross loans, at December 31, 2018. Non-accrual loans consist of loans 90 or more days past due and certain impaired loans. There were no loans 90 days delinquent and accruing interest at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Our impaired loans totaled $8.7 million at both December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The difference in the Company’s non-accrual loan balances and impaired loan balances at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was related to TDRs that were accruing interest but still classified as impaired.

At December 31, 2019, the Company had nine loan relationships consisting of thirteen outstanding loans that were classified as TDRs compared to ten relationships consisting of fourteen outstanding loans classified as TDRs at December 31, 2018.

The Company did not classify any loans as TDRs during 2019. A commercial real estate previously classified as a TDR in 2014 paid off during 2019.

During 2018, the Company classified an agriculture loan totaling $64,000 as a TDR after originating a loan to an existing loan relationship that was classified as a TDR in 2016. As part of the restructuring the borrower paid off three loans previously classified as TDRs. Since the agriculture loan relationship was adequately secured, no impairments were recorded against the principal as of December 31, 2019. The Company also classified a $36,000 commercial loan as a TDR after extending the maturity of the loan during 2018. The commercial loan had a $9,000 impairment recorded against the principal balance as of December 31, 2019. An agriculture loan relationship consisting of two loans that were originally classified as TDRs during 2015 and a municipal loan that was classified as a TDR in 2010 were both paid off in 2018.

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During 2017, the Company classified four agriculture loans totaling $98,000 as TDRs after refinancing existing loans to two agriculture loan relationships that were classified as TDRs in 2017 and 2016. The Company also classified a $104,000 agriculture loan as a TDR in 2017 after extending the maturity of the loan. The Company also classified a one-to-four family residential real estate loan totaling $25,000 as a TDR during 2017 after modifying the terms per a bankruptcy judgment. Also during 2017, the Company classified an $11,000 commercial real estate loan as a TDR after extending the maturity of the loan. The $11,000 commercial real estate loan was charged-off during 2017 as a result of the borrower failing to comply with the terms of the restructuring.

As part of our credit risk management, we continue to manage the loan portfolio to identify problem loans and have placed additional emphasis on commercial real estate and construction and land relationships. We are working to resolve the remaining problem credits or move the non-performing credits out of the loan portfolio. At December 31, 2019, we had $290,000 of real estate owned compared to $35,000 at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2019, real estate owned consisted of a few residential real estate properties. The Company is currently marketing all of the remaining properties in real estate owned.

Liability Distribution. Our primary ongoing sources of funds are deposits, FHLB borrowings, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans and investment securities and proceeds from the sale of mortgage loans and investment securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates and economic conditions. We experienced an increase of $11.4 million in total deposits during 2019, to $835.0 million at December 31, 2019, from $823.6 million at December 31, 2018. The increase in deposits was primarily due to deposit growth in all categories of deposits with the exception of time deposits. The decrease in time deposits was associated with lower brokered certificates of deposits, which totaled $20.0 million at December 31, 2019 compared to $61.9 million at December 31, 2018. The decline in brokered certificates of deposits was partially replaced with brokered money market and checking deposits totaling $12.0 million at December 31, 2019. Total borrowings decreased $14.7 million to $42.2 million at December 31, 2019, from $56.9 million at December 31, 2018. The decline in borrowings was the result of a $17.0 million decrease in our FHLB line of credit borrowings from $20.0 million at December 31, 2018 to $3.0 million at December 31, 2019. The decrease in our FHLB line of credit borrowings was primarily due to the increased use of brokered money market and checking deposits.

Non-interest-bearing deposits at December 31, 2019, were $182.7 million, or 21.9% of deposits, compared to $168.3 million, or 20.4% of deposits, at December 31, 2018. Money market and checking accounts were 48.6% of our deposit portfolio and totaled $405.7 million at December 31, 2019, compared to $393.5 million, or 47.8% of deposits, at December 31, 2018. Savings accounts increased to $99.5 million, or 11.9% of deposits, at December 31, 2019, from $94.9 million, or 11.5% of deposits, at December 31, 2018. Certificates of deposit totaled $147.1 million, or 17.6% of deposits, at December 31, 2019, compared to $167.0 million, or 20.3% of deposits, at December 31, 2018. Competition for deposits may affect our ability to continue to increase deposit balances and could result in a decrease in our deposit balances in future periods.

Certificates of deposit at December 31, 2019, scheduled to mature in one year or less totaled $122.9 million. Historically, maturing deposits have generally remained with the Bank, and we believe that a significant portion of the deposits maturing in one year or less will remain with us upon maturity in some type of deposit account.

CASH FLOWS. During 2019, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $5.4 million. Our operating activities provided net cash of $9.3 million in 2019, which is primarily the result of net earnings and sales of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. Our investing activities used net cash of $7.9 million during 2019, primarily as a result of increases in loans. Our financing activities used net cash of $6.8 million during 2019, primarily as a result of a decrease in borrowings.

Liquidity. Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents and investment securities available-for-sale. The levels of these assets are dependent on the operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given year. These liquid assets totaled $376.7 million at December 31, 2019 and $407.5 million at December 31, 2018. During periods in which we are not able to originate a sufficient amount of loans and/or periods of high principal prepayments, we generally increase our liquid assets by investing in short-term, high-grade investments.

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Liquidity management is both a daily and long-term function of our strategy. Excess funds are generally invested in short-term investments. Excess funds are typically generated as a result of increased deposit balances, while uses of excess funds are generally deposit withdrawals and loan advances. In the event we require funds beyond our ability to generate them internally, additional funds are generally available through the use of brokered deposits, FHLB advances, a line of credit with the FHLB, other borrowings or through sales of investment securities. At December 31, 2019, we had outstanding $3.0 million of borrowings against our line of credit with the FHLB. At December 31, 2019, we had collateral pledged to the FHLB that would allow us to borrow an additional $78.8 million, subject to FHLB credit requirements and policies. At December 31, 2019, we had no borrowings through the Federal Reserve discount window, while our borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve was $17.4 million. We also have various other federal funds agreements, both secured and unsecured, with correspondent banks totaling approximately $30.0 million in available credit under which we had no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, we had subordinated debentures totaling $21.7 million and other borrowings of $17.5 million, which consisted of repurchase agreements. At December 31, 2019, the Company had no borrowings against a $7.5 million line of credit from an unrelated financial institution that matures on November 1, 2020, with an interest rate that adjusts daily based on the prime rate less 0.25%. This line of credit has covenants specific to capital and other financial ratios, which the Company was in compliance with at December 31, 2019.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS. As a provider of financial services, we routinely issue financial guarantees in the form of financial and performance standby letters of credit. Standby letters of credit are contingent commitments issued by us generally to guarantee the payment or performance obligation of a customer to a third party. While these standby letters of credit represent a potential outlay by us, a significant amount of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon. We have recourse against the customer for any amount the customer is required to pay to a third party under a standby letter of credit. The letters of credit are subject to the same credit policies, underwriting standards and approval process as loans made by us. Most of the standby letters of credit are secured, and in the event of nonperformance by the customers, we have the right to the underlying collateral, which could include commercial real estate, physical plant and property, inventory, receivables, cash and marketable securities. The contract amount of these standby letters of credit, which represents the maximum potential future payments guaranteed by us, was $1.9 million at December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2019, we had outstanding loan commitments, excluding standby letters of credit, of $125.4 million. We anticipate that sufficient funds will be available to meet current loan commitments. These commitments consist of unfunded lines of credit and commitments to finance real estate loans.

CAPITAL. The Federal Reserve has established capital requirements for bank holding companies which generally parallel the capital requirements for national banks under OCC regulations. The regulations provide that such standards will generally be applied on a consolidated (rather than a bank-only) basis in the case of bank holding companies other than “small bank holding companies” (generally, non-public bank holding companies with less than $3 billion in total consolidated assets).

At December 31, 2019, the Bank maintained a leverage ratio of 10.72% and a total risk-based capital ratio of 16.95%. As shown by the following table, the Bank’s capital exceeded the minimum capital requirements in effect at December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

|  | Actual |  |  | Actual |  |  | Minimum |  |  | Minimum |
|  | amount |  |  | percent |  |  | amount |  |  | percent(1) |
Leverage |  | $ | 104,510 |  |  |  | 10.72 | % |  | $ | 38,984 |  |  |  | 4.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 104,510 |  |  |  | 15.94 | % |  |  | 45,884 |  |  |  | 7.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 104,510 |  |  |  | 15.94 | % |  |  | 55,716 |  |  |  | 8.50 | %
Total Risk-based Capital |  |  | 111,117 |  |  |  | 16.95 | % |  |  | 68,826 |  |  |  | 10.50 | %

| (1) | The minimum required percent includes a capital conservation buffer of 2.5%.

Banks and bank holding companies are generally expected to operate at or above the minimum capital requirements. The Company’s and the Bank’s ratios above are well in excess of regulatory minimums, and we expect that they will allow us to operate without capital adequacy concerns. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank also exceeded the “well capitalized” thresholds, which is the highest rating available. There are no conditions or events that management believes have changed the Bank’s category as of the date of this report. We have $21.7 million in trust preferred securities which, in accordance with current capital guidelines, have been included in capital as of December 31, 2019. Cash distributions on the securities are payable quarterly, are deductible for income tax purposes and are included in interest expense in the consolidated financial statements.

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DIVIDENDS

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.19 per share to our stockholders, as adjusted to give effect to a 5% stock dividend, which we distributed for the 19th consecutive year in December 2019. The 2018 quarterly cash dividends were $0.18 per share as adjusted to give effect to a 5% stock dividend.

The payment of dividends by any financial institution or its holding company is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations. As described above, the Bank exceeded its minimum capital requirements under applicable guidelines as of December 31, 2019. The National Bank Act imposes limitations on the amount of dividends that a national bank may pay without prior regulatory approval. Generally, the amount is limited to the bank’s current year’s net earnings plus the adjusted retained earnings for the two preceding years. As of December 31, 2019, approximately $15.0 million was available to be paid as dividends to the Company by the Bank without prior regulatory approval.

Additionally, our ability to pay dividends is limited by the subordinated debentures associated with the trust preferred securities that are held by three business trusts that we control. Interest payments on the debentures must be paid before we pay dividends on our capital stock, including our common stock. We have the right to defer interest payments on the debentures for up to 20 consecutive quarters. However, if we elect to defer interest payments, all deferred interest must be paid before we may pay dividends on our capital stock.

EFFECTS OF INFLATION

Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which generally require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without consideration for changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation can be found in the increased cost of our operations because our assets and liabilities are primarily monetary, and interest rates have a greater impact on our performance than do the effects of inflation.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our assets and liabilities are principally financial in nature, and the resulting net interest income thereon is subject to changes in market interest rates and the mix of various assets and liabilities. Interest rates in the financial markets affect our decisions on pricing our assets and liabilities which impacts our net interest income, a significant cash flow source for us. As a result, a substantial portion of our risk management activities relates to managing interest rate risk.

Our Asset/Liability Management Committee monitors the interest rate sensitivity of our balance sheet using earnings simulation models and interest sensitivity “gap” analysis. We have set policy limits of interest rate risk to be assumed in the normal course of business and monitor such limits through our simulation process.

In the past, we have been successful in meeting the interest rate sensitivity objectives set forth in our policy. Simulation models are prepared to determine the impact on net interest income for the coming twelve months, including using rates at December 31, 2019 and forecasting volumes for the twelve-month projection. This position is then subjected to a shift in interest rates of 100 and 200 basis points rising and 100 basis points falling with an impact to our net interest income on a one-year horizon as follows:

Scenario |  | $000’s change in net interest income |  |  | % change in net interest income |
200 basis point rising |  | $ | (1,557 | ) |  |  | (4.9 | )%
100 basis point rising |  | $ | (781 | ) |  |  | (2.5 | )%
100 basis point falling |  | $ | 742 |  |  |  | 2.3 | %

ASSET/LIABILITY MANAGEMENT

Interest rate “gap” analysis is a common, though imperfect, measure of interest rate risk which measures the relative dollar amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities which reprice within a specific time period, either through maturity or rate adjustment. The “gap” is the difference between the amounts of such assets and liabilities that are subject to such repricing. A “positive” gap for a given period means that the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or otherwise repricing within that period exceeds the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or otherwise repricing during that same period. In a rising interest rate environment, an institution with a positive gap would generally be expected, absent the effects of other factors, to experience a greater increase in the yield of its assets relative to the cost of its liabilities. Conversely, the cost of funds for an institution with a positive gap would generally be expected to decline less quickly than the yield on its assets in a falling interest rate environment. Changes in interest rates generally have the opposite effect on an institution with a “negative” gap.

The following is our “static gap” schedule. One-to-four family residential real estate and consumer loans include prepayment assumptions, while all other loans assume no prepayments. Mortgage-backed securities include published prepayment assumptions, while all other investments assume no prepayments.

Certificates of deposit reflect contractual maturities only. Money market accounts are rate sensitive, and accordingly, a higher percentage of the accounts have been included as repricing immediately in the first period. Savings and NOW accounts are not as rate sensitive as money market accounts, and for that reason a significant percentage of the accounts are reflected in the 1-to-5 year category.

We have been successful in meeting the interest sensitivity objectives set forth in our policy. This has been accomplished primarily by managing the assets and liabilities while maintaining our traditional high credit standards.

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INTEREST-EARNING ASSETS AND INTEREST-BEARING LIABILITIES REPRICING SCHEDULE

(“GAP” TABLE)

As of December 31, 2019

|  | 3 months or less |  |  | 3 to 12 months |  |  | 1 to 5 years |  |  | Over 5 years |  |  | Total |
|  | (Dollars in thousands) |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  | $ | 16,948 |  |  | $ | 30,068 |  |  | $ | 155,231 |  |  | $ | 163,860 |  |  | $ | 366,107 |
Loans |  |  | 151,315 |  |  |  | 165,150 |  |  |  | 206,823 |  |  |  | 17,389 |  |  |  | 540,677 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | $ | 168,263 |  |  | $ | 195,218 |  |  | $ | 362,054 |  |  | $ | 181,249 |  |  | $ | 906,784 |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit |  | $ | 59,530 |  |  | $ | 63,371 |  |  | $ | 24,159 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 147,063 |
Money market and checking accounts |  |  | 15,720 |  |  |  | 11,125 |  |  |  | 310,014 |  |  |  | 68,887 |  |  |  | 405,746 |
Savings accounts |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 79,618 |  |  |  | 19,904 |  |  |  | 99,522 |
Borrowed money |  |  | 42,199 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 42,199 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 117,449 |  |  | $ | 74,496 |  |  | $ | 413,791 |  |  | $ | 88,794 |  |  | $ | 694,530 |
Interest sensitivity gap per period |  | $ | 50,814 |  |  | $ | 120,722 |  |  | $ | (51,737 | ) |  | $ | 92,455 |  |  | $ | 212,254 |
Cumulative interest sensitivity gap |  |  | 50,814 |  |  |  | 171,536 |  |  |  | 119,799 |  |  |  | 212,254 |  |  |  |  |
Cumulative gap as a percent of total interest-earning assets |  |  | 5.60 | % |  |  | 18.92 | % |  |  | 13.21 | % |  |  | 23.41 | % |  |  |  |
Cumulative interest sensitive assets as a percent of cumulative interest sensitive liabilities |  |  | 143.26 | % |  |  | 189.37 | % |  |  | 119.78 | % |  |  | 130.56 | % |  |  |  |

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Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

Forward-Looking Statements

This document (including information incorporated by reference) contains, and future oral and written statements by us and our management may contain, forward-looking statements, within the meaning of such term in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, with respect to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business. Forward-looking statements, which may be based upon beliefs, expectations and assumptions of our management and on information currently available to management, are generally identifiable by the use of words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should” or other similar expressions. Additionally, all statements in this document, including forward-looking statements, speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update any statement in light of new information or future events.

Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on operations and future prospects by us and our subsidiaries include, but are not limited to, the following:

| ● | The strength of the United States economy in general and the strength of the local economies in which we conduct our operations which may be less favorable than expected and may result in, among other things, a deterioration in the credit quality and value of our assets.
| ● | The effects of, and changes in, federal, state and local laws, regulations and policies affecting banking, securities, consumer protection, insurance, tax, trade and monetary and financial matters.
| ● | The effects of changes in interest rates (including the effects of changes in the rate of prepayments of our assets) and the policies of the Federal Reserve including on our net interest income and the value of our securities portfolio.
| ● | Our ability to compete with other financial institutions due to increases in competitive pressures in the financial services sector.
| ● | Our inability to obtain new customers and to retain existing customers.
| ● | The timely development and acceptance of products and services, including products and services offered through alternative delivery channels such as the Internet.
| ● | Technological changes implemented by us and by other parties, including third party vendors, which may be more difficult to implement or more expensive than anticipated or which may have unforeseen consequences to us and our customers.
| ● | Our ability to develop and maintain secure and reliable electronic systems.
| ● | The effectiveness of our risk management framework.
| ● | The occurrence of fraudulent activity, breaches or failures of our information security controls or cybersecurity-related incidents and our ability to identify and address such incidents.
| ● | Interruptions involving our information technology and telecommunications systems or third-party servicers.
| ● | Changes in benchmark interest rates used to price our loans and deposits, including the expected elimination of LIBOR.
| ● | The effects of severe weather, natural disasters, widespread disease or pandemics, and other external events.
| ● | Our ability to retain key executives and employees and the difficulty that we may experience in replacing key executives and employees in an effective manner.
| ● | Consumer spending and saving habits which may change in a manner that affects our business adversely.
| ● | Our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses and future growth.
| ● | The costs, effects and outcomes of existing or future litigation.
| ● | Changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by state and federal regulatory agencies and the FASB, such as the implantation of CECL.
| ● | The economic impact of past and any future terrorist attacks, acts of war or threats thereof, and the response of the United States to any such threats and attacks.
| ● | Our ability to effectively manage our credit risk.
| ● | Our ability to forecast probable loan losses and maintain an adequate allowance for loan losses.
| ● | The effects of declines in the value of our investment portfolio.
| ● | Our ability to raise additional capital if needed.
| ● | The effects of declines in real estate markets.
| ● | The effects of fraudulent activity on the part of our employees, customers, vendors or counterparties.

These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. Additional information concerning us and our business, including other factors that could materially affect our financial results, is included in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Manhattan, Kansas

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

Oak Brook, Illinois

March 12, 2020

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LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 13,694 |  |  | $ | 19,114 |
Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value |  |  | 362,998 |  |  |  | 388,345 |
Bank stocks, at cost |  |  | 3,109 |  |  |  | 4,776 |
Loans, net of allowance for loans losses of $6,467 and $5,765 |  |  | 532,180 |  |  |  | 489,373 |
Loans held for sale, at fair value |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | 4,743 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 21,133 |  |  |  | 21,127 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 24,809 |  |  |  | 24,342 |
Goodwill |  |  | 17,532 |  |  |  | 17,532 |
Other intangible assets, net |  |  | 2,829 |  |  |  | 3,091 |
Real estate owned, net |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 35 |
Accrued interest and other assets |  |  | 11,394 |  |  |  | 13,306 |
Total assets |  | $ | 998,465 |  |  | $ | 985,784 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest bearing demand |  | $ | 182,717 |  |  | $ | 168,273 |
Money market and checking |  |  | 405,746 |  |  |  | 393,460 |
Savings |  |  | 99,522 |  |  |  | 94,895 |
Time |  |  | 147,063 |  |  |  | 167,020 |
Total deposits |  |  | 835,048 |  |  |  | 823,648 |
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 20,000 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 21,651 |  |  |  | 21,651 |
Other borrowings |  |  | 17,548 |  |  |  | 15,246 |
Accrued interest and other liabilities |  |  | 12,611 |  |  |  | 13,338 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 889,858 |  |  |  | 893,883 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par, 200,000 shares authorized; none issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $0.01 par, 7,500,000 shares authorized; 4,597,396 and 4,590,721 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | 44 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 69,029 |  |  |  | 63,775 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 34,293 |  |  |  | 32,073 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 5,239 |  |  |  | (3,991 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 108,607 |  |  |  | 91,901 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 998,465 |  |  | $ | 985,784 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

53

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Earnings

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | $ | 27,563 |  |  | $ | 23,642 |  |  | $ | 20,952 |
Tax-exempt |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 244 |  |  |  | 134 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 5,796 |  |  |  | 5,299 |  |  |  | 4,686 |
Tax-exempt |  |  | 3,646 |  |  |  | 3,968 |  |  |  | 3,928 |
Total interest income |  |  | 37,111 |  |  |  | 33,153 |  |  |  | 29,700 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  |  | 5,341 |  |  |  | 3,056 |  |  |  | 1,569 |
Subordinated debentures |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 1,079 |  |  |  | 898 |
Borrowings |  |  | 446 |  |  |  | 1,230 |  |  |  | 1,118 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 6,757 |  |  |  | 5,365 |  |  |  | 3,585 |
Net interest income |  |  | 30,354 |  |  |  | 27,788 |  |  |  | 26,115 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 450 |
Net interest income after provision for loan losses |  |  | 28,954 |  |  |  | 26,388 |  |  |  | 25,665 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees and service charges |  |  | 7,737 |  |  |  | 7,289 |  |  |  | 7,358 |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  |  | 6,353 |  |  |  | 5,023 |  |  |  | 5,390 |
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | 752 |  |  |  | 644 |  |  |  | 912 |
Gains (losses) on sales of investment securities, net |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 498 |
Other |  |  | 1,144 |  |  |  | 2,595 |  |  |  | 1,126 |
Total non-interest income |  |  | 15,809 |  |  |  | 15,571 |  |  |  | 15,284 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  |  | 17,792 |  |  |  | 16,042 |  |  |  | 15,141 |
Occupancy and equipment |  |  | 4,470 |  |  |  | 4,333 |  |  |  | 4,283 |
Data processing |  |  | 1,646 |  |  |  | 1,525 |  |  |  | 1,402 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 1,206 |  |  |  | 1,111 |  |  |  | 1,258 |
Professional fees |  |  | 1,683 |  |  |  | 1,677 |  |  |  | 1,695 |
Advertising |  |  | 566 |  |  |  | 589 |  |  |  | 589 |
Federal deposit insurance premiums |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 292 |
Foreclosure and real estate owned expense |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 238 |
Deposit-related loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,082 |
Other |  |  | 5,032 |  |  |  | 4,697 |  |  |  | 4,497 |
Total non-interest expense |  |  | 32,648 |  |  |  | 30,365 |  |  |  | 37,477 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 12,115 |  |  |  | 11,594 |  |  |  | 3,472 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 1,453 |  |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | (897 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |
Earnings per share (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 2.28 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |
Diluted |  | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |

(1) | All per share amounts have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% stock dividends paid during December 2019, 2018 and 2017.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

54

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net earnings |  | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |
Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities |  |  | 12,048 |  |  |  | (4,721 | ) |  |  | 2,131 |
Less reclassification adjustment on losses (gains) included in earnings |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (498 | )
Net unrealized gains (losses) |  |  | 12,225 |  |  |  | (4,741 | ) |  |  | 1,633 |
Income tax effect on net (losses) gains included in earnings |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 184 |
Income tax effect on net unrealized holding (gains) losses |  |  | (2,952 | ) |  |  | 1,157 |  |  |  | (807 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 9,230 |  |  |  | (3,579 | ) |  |  | 1,010 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 19,892 |  |  | $ | 6,847 |  |  | $ | 5,379 |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

55

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Common stock |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Retained earnings |  |  | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | Total |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  | $ | 38 |  |  | $ | 51,968 |  |  | $ | 34,293 |  |  | $ | (1,348 | ) |  | $ | 84,951 |
Net earnings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,369 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,369 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,010 |  |  |  | 1,010 |
Tax reclassification from early adoption of ASU 2018-02 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | - |
Dividends paid ($0.69 per share) (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,108 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,108 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 172 |
Exercise of stock options, 17,540 shares, |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 228 |
5% stock dividend, 193,306 shares |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5,405 |  |  |  | (5,407 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 57,772 |  |  |  | 30,214 |  |  |  | (405 | ) |  |  | 87,622 |
Net earnings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,426 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,426 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,579 | ) |  |  | (3,579 | )
Dividends paid ($0.73 per share) (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,325 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,325 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223 |
Adjustment of common stock investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | - |
Exercise of stock options, 72,130 shares, |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 534 |
5% stock dividend, 207,794 shares |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5,247 |  |  |  | (5,249 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 63,775 |  |  |  | 32,073 |  |  |  | (3,991 | ) |  |  | 91,901 |
Net earnings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,662 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,662 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,230 |  |  |  | 9,230 |
Dividends paid ($0.76 per share) (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,508 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,508 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 286 |
Exercise of stock options, 3,275 shares |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36 |
5% stock dividend, 218,589 shares |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4,932 |  |  |  | (4,934 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | 69,029 |  |  | $ | 34,293 |  |  | $ | 5,239 |  |  | $ | 108,607 |

(1) | Dividends per share have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% stock dividends paid during December 2019, 2018 and 2017.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

56

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 450 |
Valuation allowance on real estate owned |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 210 |
Amortization of investment security premiums, net |  |  | 1,682 |  |  |  | 1,908 |  |  |  | 1,888 |
Amortization of purchase accounting adjustment on loans |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | (211 | ) |  |  | (188 | )
Amortization of purchase accounting adjustment on subordinated debentures |  |  | - |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 200 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 1,206 |  |  |  | 1,111 |  |  |  | 1,258 |
Depreciation |  |  | 1,018 |  |  |  | 1,005 |  |  |  | 1,030 |
Increase in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | (752 | ) |  |  | (644 | ) |  |  | (912 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 286 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 172 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (195 | ) |  |  | 969 |  |  |  | 487 |
Net loss (gain) on investment securities |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (498 | )
Net (gain) loss on sales of premises and equipment and foreclosed assets |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | (17 | )
Net gains on sales of loans |  |  | (6,353 | ) |  |  | (5,023 | ) |  |  | (5,390 | )
Proceeds from sale of loans |  |  | 208,131 |  |  |  | 167,544 |  |  |  | 173,719 |
Origination of loans held for sale |  |  | (205,532 | ) |  |  | (160,729 | ) |  |  | (169,347 | )
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest and other assets |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | (470 | ) |  |  | (2,013 | )
Accrued interest, expenses and other liabilities |  |  | (2,427 | ) |  |  | 3,657 |  |  |  | (2,362 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 9,283 |  |  |  | 21,383 |  |  |  | 3,056 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in loans |  |  | (44,817 | ) |  |  | (57,060 | ) |  |  | (13,785 | )
Maturities and prepayments of investment securities |  |  | 73,592 |  |  |  | 54,617 |  |  |  | 59,198 |
Purchases of investment securities |  |  | (53,197 | ) |  |  | (82,742 | ) |  |  | (75,186 | )
Proceeds from sale of investment securities |  |  | 15,318 |  |  |  | 21,126 |  |  |  | 13,810 |
Proceeds from sales of common stock investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |
Redemption of bank stocks |  |  | 7,852 |  |  |  | 10,380 |  |  |  | 9,099 |
Purchase of bank stocks |  |  | (6,185 | ) |  |  | (9,733 | ) |  |  | (9,223 | )
Proceeds from sales of premises and equipment and foreclosed assets |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | 856 |
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 528 |
Purchase of bank owned life insurance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,000 | )
Purchases of premises and equipment, net |  |  | (1,038 | ) |  |  | (1,308 | ) |  |  | (1,449 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (7,933 | ) |  |  | (64,289 | ) |  |  | (21,152 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  |  | 11,400 |  |  |  | 58,090 |  |  |  | 24,038 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advance borrowings |  |  | 430,322 |  |  |  | 635,303 |  |  |  | 622,241 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advance repayments |  |  | (447,322 | ) |  |  | (646,903 | ) |  |  | (629,741 | )
Proceeds from other borrowings |  |  | 2,302 |  |  |  | 1,737 |  |  |  | 1,126 |
Repayments on other borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (100 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 228 |
Payment of dividends |  |  | (3,508 | ) |  |  | (3,325 | ) |  |  | (3,108 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  |  | (6,770 | ) |  |  | 45,436 |  |  |  | 14,684 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (5,420 | ) |  |  | 2,530 |  |  |  | (3,412 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 19,114 |  |  |  | 16,584 |  |  |  | 19,996 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 13,694 |  |  | $ | 19,114 |  |  | $ | 16,584 |

(continued)

57

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash payments (refunds) received during the year for income taxes |  | $ | 722 |  |  | $ | (1,364 | ) |  | $ | 850 |
Cash paid during the year for interest |  |  | 6,795 |  |  |  | 5,030 |  |  |  | 3,380 |
Cash paid during the year for operating leases |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 125 |
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transfer of loans to real estate owned |  | $ | 482 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 206 |
Operating lease asset and related liability recorded |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

58

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Landmark National Bank and Landmark Risk Management Inc. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Bank, considered a single operating segment, is principally engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such deposits, together with borrowings and other funds, to originate one-to-four family residential real estate, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, agriculture, municipal and consumer loans. Landmark Risk Management, Inc. provides property and casualty insurance coverage to the Company and the Bank for which insurance may not be currently available or economically feasible in today’s insurance marketplace.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Business Combinations. At the date of acquisition, the Company records the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the consolidated balance sheet at their estimated fair values, and goodwill is recognized for the excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of acquired net assets. The results of operations for acquired companies are included in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings beginning at the acquisition date. Expenses arising from the acquisition activities are recorded in the consolidated statements of earnings during the period incurred.

Reserve Requirements. Regulations of the Federal Reserve require reserves to be maintained by all banking institutions according to the types and amounts of certain deposit liabilities. These requirements restrict a portion of the amounts shown as consolidated cash and due from banks from everyday usage in the operation of banks. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank did not have a minimum reserve requirement.

Cash Flows. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and amounts due from banks with original maturities of fewer than 90 days, and are carried at cost. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions.

Investment Securities. The Company has classified its investment securities portfolio as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of taxes. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are recorded on a trade date basis and are calculated using the specific identification method.

The Company performs quarterly reviews of the investment portfolio to evaluate investment for other-than-temporary impairment. The initial review begins with all securities in an unrealized loss position. The Company’s assessment of other-than-temporary impairment is based on its judgment of the specific facts and circumstances impacting each individual security at the time such assessments are made. The Company reviews and considers all factual information, including expected cash flows, the structure of the security, the credit quality of the underlying assets and the current and anticipated market conditions. Any credit-related impairment on debt securities is recorded through a charge to earnings. Impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. However, if the Company intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell a security in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized costs basis, the entire impairment is recorded through a charge to earnings.

Bank Stocks. Bank stocks are investments acquired for regulatory purposes and borrowing availability and are accounted for at cost. The cost of such investments represents their redemption value as such investments do not have a readily determinable fair value. The Company evaluates bank stocks for other-than-temporary impairment by analyzing the ultimate recoverability based on a credit analysis of the issuer.

59

Acquired Loans. Acquired loans are recorded at estimated fair value at the time of acquisition and accounted for under ASC 310-20. The Company’s acquired loans were not acquired with deteriorated credit quality. Estimated fair values of acquired loans are based on a discounted cash flow methodology that considers various factors including the type of loan and related collateral, the expected timing of cash flows, classification status, fixed or variable interest rate, term of loan and whether or not the loan is amortizing, and a discount rate reflecting the Company’s assessment of risk inherent in the cash flow estimates. Discounts or premiums created when acquired loans are recorded at their estimated fair values are accreted or amortized over the remaining term of the loan as an adjustment to the related loan’s yield. Similar to originated loans described below, the accrual of interest income on acquired loans is discontinued when the collection of principal or interest, in whole or in part, is doubtful.

Loans. Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their outstanding principal balances, net of undisbursed loan proceeds, the allowance for loan losses, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Origination fees received on loans held in portfolio and the estimated direct costs of origination are deferred and amortized to interest income using the interest method.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining if a loan is impaired include payment status, probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due and value of collateral for collateral dependent loans. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. In addition, the Company classifies troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) as impaired loans. A loan is classified as a TDR if the Company modifies a loan with any concessions, as defined by accounting guidance, to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. The allowance recorded on impaired loans is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial, commercial real estate, agriculture and construction and land loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Large groups of homogeneous loans with smaller individual balances are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Company generally does not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment disclosures.

The accrual of interest on non-performing loans is discontinued at the time the loan is ninety days delinquent, unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Loans are placed on non-accrual or are charged off at an earlier date if collection of the principal or interest is considered doubtful. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are evaluated individually and are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Loan Losses. The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses to absorb probable incurred loan losses in the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is increased by charges to earnings and decreased by charge-offs (net of recoveries). The evaluation of the allowance for loan losses groups loans by loan class and includes one-to-four family residential real estate, construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial, agriculture, municipal and consumer loans. Management’s periodic evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance is based on the Company’s loan loss experience, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, the current level of non-performing assets, and current economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available. The allowance is also subject to regulatory examinations and a determination by the regulatory agencies as to the appropriate level of the allowance.

In addition to the general component the allowance consists of a specific component. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered TDRs and classified as impaired.

60

Loans Held for Sale. Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value. The fair value includes the servicing value of the loans as well as any accrued interest.

Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights retained. The carrying value of mortgage loans sold is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing right. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan sold.

Mortgage Servicing Rights. When mortgage loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable mortgage servicing contracts, when available or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be recorded in amortization of intangibles in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.

Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. Impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance for an individual grouping, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular grouping, a reduction of the allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Changes in valuation allowances are included in amortization expense on the income statement. The fair values of servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds, default rates and losses.

Transfers of Financial Assets. Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Mortgage Loan Repurchase Reserve. The Company routinely sells one-to-four family residential mortgage loans to secondary mortgage market investors. Under standard representations and warranties clauses in the Company’s mortgage sale agreements, the Company may be required to repurchase mortgage loans sold or reimburse the investors for credit losses incurred on those loans if a breach of the contractual representations and warranties occurred. The Company establishes a mortgage repurchase liability in an amount equal to management’s estimate of losses on loans for which the Company could have a repurchase obligation or loss reimbursement. The estimated liability incorporates the volume of loans sold in previous periods, default expectations, historical investor repurchase demand and actual loss severity. Provisions to the mortgage repurchase reserve reduce gains on sales of loans.

Premises and Equipment. Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Major replacements and betterments are capitalized while maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred. Gains or losses on dispositions are reflected in earnings as incurred.

Bank Owned Life Insurance. The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain key executives. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill is not amortized; however, it is tested for impairment at each calendar year end or more frequently when events or circumstances dictate. The impairment test compares the carrying value of goodwill to an implied fair value of the goodwill, which is based on a review of the Company’s market capitalization adjusted for appropriate control premiums as well as an analysis of valuation multiples of recent, comparable acquisitions. The Company considers the result from each of these valuation methods in determining the implied fair value of its goodwill. A goodwill impairment would be recorded for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value.

Intangible assets include core deposit intangibles, lease intangibles and mortgage servicing rights. Core deposit intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life of ten years on an accelerated basis. Lease intangible assets are amortized over the life of the lease. When facts and circumstances indicate potential impairment, the Company will evaluate the recoverability of the intangible asset’s carrying value, using estimates of undiscounted future cash flows over the remaining asset life. Any impairment loss is measured by the excess of carrying value over fair value.

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Income Taxes. The objective of accounting for income taxes is to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in financial statements or tax returns. Uncertain income tax positions will be recognized only if it is more likely than not that they will be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities, based upon their technical merits. Once that standard is met, the amount recorded will be the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company assesses deferred tax assets to determine if the items are more likely than not to be realized, and a valuation allowance is established for any amounts that are not more likely than not to be realized.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments. Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Loss Contingencies. Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, net of tax which are also recognized as separate components of equity.

Real Estate Owned. Assets acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan occurs when legal title is obtained upon completion of foreclosure or when the borrower conveys all interest in the property to satisfy the loan through completion of a deed in lieu of foreclosure or through a similar legal agreement. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Stock-Based Compensation. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of its stock options, which is recognized as compensation expense over the option vesting period, on a straight-line basis, which is typically seven years. The fair value of restricted common stock is equal to the Company’s stock price on the grant date, which is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Earnings per Share. Basic earnings per share represent net earnings divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflect additional common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares had been issued. The diluted earnings per share computation for 2019 and 2018 excluded 100,039 and 32,408, respectively, of unexercised stock options because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. The diluted earnings per share computations for 2017 include all unexercised stock options.

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The shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share, which have been adjusted to give effect to the 5% common stock dividends paid by the Company in December 2019, 2018 and 2017, are shown below:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net earnings available to common shareholders |  | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic |  |  | 4,592,655 |  |  |  | 4,568,205 |  |  |  | 4,481,984 |
Assumed exercise of stock options |  |  | 13,841 |  |  |  | 15,908 |  |  |  | 77,880 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted |  |  | 4,606,496 |  |  |  | 4,584,113 |  |  |  | 4,559,864 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | 2.28 |  |  | $ | 0.97 |
Diluted |  | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | 2.27 |  |  | $ | 0.96 |

Derivative Financial Instruments. Commitments to fund mortgage loans (interest rate locks) to be sold into the secondary market and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans are accounted for as free standing derivatives. The fair value of the interest rate lock is recorded at the time the commitment to fund the mortgage loan is executed and is adjusted for the expected exercise of the commitment before the loan is funded. In order to hedge the change in interest rates resulting from its commitments to fund the loans, the Company enters into forward commitments for the future delivery of mortgage loans when interest rate locks are entered into. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are estimated based on changes in mortgage interest rates from the date the interest on the loan is locked. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.

Dividend Restriction. Banking regulations require maintaining certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by the bank to the holding company or by the holding company to shareholders.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

(2) Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued an update (ASU No. 2016-02, Leases) creating FASB Topic 842, Leases. The guidance is intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and requiring more disclosures related to leasing transactions. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company elected the optional transition method permitted with Topic 842. Under this method, the Company measured leases that existed at the adoption date, and prior comparative periods were not adjusted. As a result of the adoption of Topic 842, the Company recorded a right of use asset and a lease liability of $132,000 as of January 1, 2019 related to three operating leases with a remaining average life of 5.75 years. During the first quarter of 2019, the Company entered into a new operating lease for office space. As a result, the Company recorded a right of use asset and a lease liability of $221,000 related to this five year lease, which began during the second quarter of 2019. The change in lease accounting was not material to the consolidated financial statements.

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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), commonly referred to as “CECL.” The provisions of the update eliminate the probable initial recognition threshold under current GAAP which requires reserves to be based on an incurred loss methodology. Under CECL, reserves required for financial assets measured at amortized cost will reflect an organization’s estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected term of the financial asset and thereby require the use of reasonable and supportable forecasts to estimate future credit losses. Because CECL encompasses all financial assets carried at amortized cost, the requirement that reserves be established based on an organization’s reasonable and supportable estimate of expected credit losses extends to held to maturity debt securities. Under the provisions of the update, credit losses recognized on available for sale debt securities will be presented as an allowance as opposed to a write-down. In addition, CECL will modify the accounting for purchased loans with credit deterioration since origination so that reserves are established at the date of acquisition for purchased loans. Under prior GAAP, a purchased loan’s contractual balance was adjusted to fair value through a credit discount, and no reserve was recorded on the purchased loan upon acquisition. Since under CECL reserves will be established for purchased loans at the time of acquisition, the accounting for purchased loans is made more comparable to the accounting for originated loans. Finally, increased disclosure requirements under CECL oblige organizations to present the currently required credit quality disclosures disaggregated by the year of origination or vintage. FASB expects that the evaluation of underwriting standards and credit quality trends by financial statement users will be enhanced with the additional vintage disclosures. For public entities, the amendments of the update become effective on January 1, 2020. In October 2019, the FASB approved a change in the effective dates for CECL which delayed the effective date to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for smaller reporting companies. Because the Company is a smaller reporting company, the proposed delay is applicable to the Company, and the Company plans to delay the implementation of CECL until January 1, 2023. Management has initiated an implementation committee that has implemented a process to collect the data and is utilizing a vendor solution for the new standard. Initial calculations estimate the effect will be an increase to the allowance for loan losses upon adoption. However, the size of the overall increase is uncertain at this time. Management will utilize the delay to continue to refine and back test the CECL calculation. The internal controls over financial reporting specifically related to CECL are in the design stage and are currently being evaluated.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in this update shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The provisions of this update became effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company has adopted ASU 2017-08 effective January 1, 2019. Management has concluded that, based on the Company’s current portfolio of investment securities, the adoption of these amendments will result in a shorter amortization period for investment security premiums; however, the impact was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The amendments in this update simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments require an entity to perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizing an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The amendments also eliminate the requirement for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails that qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. In October 2019, the FASB approved a change in the effective dates for ASU 2017-04 which delayed the effective date to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for smaller reporting companies. Because the Company is a smaller reporting company, the proposed delay is applicable to the Company, and the Company plans to delay the implementation of ASU 2017-04 until January 1, 2023. Early adoption of the amendments of this ASU is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s operating results or financial condition.

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(3) Investment Securities

A summary of investment securities available-for-sale is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  |  | unrealized |  |  | unrealized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | cost |  |  | gains |  |  | losses |  |  | fair value |
U. S. treasury securities |  | $ | 2,300 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,316 |
U. S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 4,015 |  |  |  | 91 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,106 |
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 142,391 |  |  |  | 3,513 |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | 145,862 |
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 45,541 |  |  |  | 1,293 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | 46,779 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 159,908 |  |  |  | 2,353 |  |  |  | (230 | ) |  |  | 162,031 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,904 |
Total |  | $ | 356,059 |  |  | $ | 7,266 |  |  | $ | (327 | ) |  | $ | 362,998 |

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  | Amortized |  |  | unrealized |  |  | unrealized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | cost |  |  | gains |  |  | losses |  |  | fair value |
U. S. treasury securities |  | $ | 1,999 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 1,971 |
U. S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 10,370 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | 10,361 |
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 161,529 |  |  |  | 353 |  |  |  | (2,770 | ) |  |  | 159,112 |
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 53,178 |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | (323 | ) |  |  | 53,035 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 158,765 |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | (2,953 | ) |  |  | 156,076 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 7,790 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,790 |
Total |  | $ | 393,631 |  |  | $ | 829 |  |  | $ | (6,115 | ) |  | $ | 388,345 |

The tables above show that some of the securities in the available-for-sale investment portfolio had unrealized losses, or were temporarily impaired, as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. This temporary impairment represents the estimated amount of loss that would be realized if the securities were sold on the valuation date. Securities which were temporarily impaired are shown below, along with the length of time in a continuous unrealized loss position.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
|  | securities |  |  | value |  |  | losses |  |  | value |  |  | losses |  |  | value |  |  | losses |
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 5,676 |  |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | 3,473 |  |  | $ | (26 | ) |  | $ | 9,149 |  |  | $ | (42 | )
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2,563 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,563 |  |  |  | (55 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 15,735 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 17,137 |  |  |  | (187 | ) |  |  | 32,872 |  |  |  | (230 | )
Total |  |  | 48 |  |  | $ | 23,974 |  |  | $ | (114 | ) |  | $ | 20,610 |  |  | $ | (213 | ) |  | $ | 44,584 |  |  | $ | (327 | )

|  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | No. of |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |  |  | Unrealized |
|  | securities |  |  | value |  |  | losses |  |  | value |  |  | losses |  |  | value |  |  | losses |
U.S. federal treasury securities |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | (28 | ) |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | (28 | )
U.S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 7,970 |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | 8,115 |  |  |  | (41 | )
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | 35,898 |  |  |  | (367 | ) |  |  | 85,921 |  |  |  | (2,403 | ) |  |  | 121,819 |  |  |  | (2,770 | )
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | 8,293 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 28,984 |  |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | 37,277 |  |  |  | (323 | )
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 30,030 |  |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | 96,155 |  |  |  | (2,807 | ) |  |  | 126,185 |  |  |  | (2,953 | )
Total |  |  | 490 |  |  | $ | 74,366 |  |  | $ | (536 | ) |  | $ | 221,001 |  |  | $ | (5,579 | ) |  | $ | 295,367 |  |  | $ | (6,115 | )

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The Company’s portfolio of municipal obligations consists of both tax-exempt and taxable general obligations securities issued by various municipalities. As of December 31, 2019, the Company did not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell its municipal obligations in an unrealized loss position until the recovery of its cost. Due to the issuers’ continued satisfaction of the securities’ obligations in accordance with their contractual terms and the expectation that they will continue to do so, the evaluation of the fundamentals of the issuers’ financial condition and other objective evidence, the Company believed that the municipal obligations identified in the tables above were temporarily impaired.

The Company’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio consists of securities underwritten to the standards of and guaranteed by the government-sponsored agencies of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and the Government National Mortgage Association. The receipt of principal, at par, and interest on agency mortgage-backed securities is guaranteed by the respective government-sponsored agency guarantor, such that the Company believed that its agency mortgage-backed securities did not expose the Company to credit-related losses. Based on these factors, along with the Company’s intent to not sell the securities and the Company’s belief that it was more likely than not that the Company will not be required to sell the securities before recovery of their cost basis, the Company believed that the agency mortgage-backed securities identified in the tables above were temporarily impaired.

The table below includes scheduled principal payments and estimated prepayments, based on observable market inputs, for agency mortgage-backed securities. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties. The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities at December 31, 2019 are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | cost |  |  | fair value |
Due in less than one year |  | $ | 13,114 |  |  | $ | 13,147 |
Due after one year but within five years |  |  | 185,744 |  |  |  | 188,489 |
Due after five years but within ten years |  |  | 82,615 |  |  |  | 84,462 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 74,586 |  |  |  | 76,900 |
Total |  | $ | 356,059 |  |  | $ | 362,998 |

Sales proceeds and gross realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Sales proceeds |  | $ | 15,318 |  |  | $ | 21,126 |  |  | $ | 13,810 |
Realized gains |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | 522 |
Realized losses |  |  | (179 | ) |  |  | (64 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Net realized gains |  | $ | (177 | ) |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 498 |

Securities with carrying values of $240.0 million and $249.7 million were pledged to secure public funds on deposit, repurchase agreements and as collateral for borrowings at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Except for U.S. federal agency obligations, no investment in a single issuer exceeded 10% of consolidated stockholders’ equity.

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(4) Bank Stocks

Bank stocks primarily consist of restricted investments in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock. The carrying value of the FHLB stock at December 31, 2019 was $1.1 million compared to $2.8 million at December 31, 2018. The carrying value of the FRB stock was $1.9 million at both December 31, 2019 and 2018. These securities are not readily marketable and are required for regulatory purposes and borrowing availability. Since there are no available market values, these securities are carried at cost. Redemption of these investments at par value is at the option of the FHLB or FRB, as applicable. Also included in Bank stocks are other miscellaneous investments in the common stock of various correspondent banks which are held for borrowing purposes and totaled $111,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

(5) Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans consisted of the following:

|  | As of December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 146,505 |  |  | $ | 136,895 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 22,459 |  |  |  | 20,083 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 133,501 |  |  |  | 138,967 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 109,612 |  |  |  | 74,289 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 98,558 |  |  |  | 96,632 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | 2,953 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 25,101 |  |  |  | 25,428 |
Total gross loans |  |  | 538,392 |  |  |  | 495,247 |
Net deferred loan costs and loans in process |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | (109 | )
Allowance for loan losses |  |  | (6,467 | ) |  |  | (5,765 | )
Loans, net |  | $ | 532,180 |  |  | $ | 489,373 |

The following tables provide information on the Company’s allowance for loan losses by loan class and allowance methodology:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Year ended December 31, 2019 |
|  | One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | Construction and land loans |  |  | Commercial real estate loans |  |  | Commercial loans |  |  | Agriculture loans |  |  | Municipal loans |  |  | Consumer loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2019 |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 2,238 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (56 | ) |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (453 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (825 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 127 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | (300 | ) |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 1,400 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |  |  | $ | 2,347 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 6,467 |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 204 |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 733 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 1,283 |  |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |  | 2,241 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 5,734 |
Total |  | $ | 501 |  |  | $ | 271 |  |  | $ | 1,386 |  |  | $ | 1,815 |  |  | $ | 2,347 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 6,467 |
Loan balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 1,479 |  |  | $ | 3,461 |  |  | $ | 1,298 |  |  | $ | 1,124 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 8,680 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 145,249 |  |  |  | 20,980 |  |  |  | 130,040 |  |  |  | 108,314 |  |  |  | 97,434 |  |  |  | 2,598 |  |  |  | 25,097 |  |  |  | 529,712 |
Total |  | $ | 146,505 |  |  | $ | 22,459 |  |  | $ | 133,501 |  |  | $ | 109,612 |  |  | $ | 98,558 |  |  | $ | 2,656 |  |  | $ | 25,101 |  |  | $ | 538,392 |

67

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Year ended December 31, 2018 |
|  | One-to-four family residential real estate |  |  | Construction and land |  |  | Commercial real estate |  |  | Commercial loans |  |  | Agriculture loans |  |  | Municipal loans |  |  | Consumer loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 5,459 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (950 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (1,160 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 66 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | 753 |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 158 |  |  |  | 1,400 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 2,238 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | 5,765 |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 103 |  |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 310 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 1,619 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 2,225 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | 5,455 |
Total |  | $ | 449 |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |  | $ | 1,051 |  |  | $ | 2,238 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  |  | 5,765 |
Loan balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 1,808 |  |  | $ | 3,912 |  |  | $ | 1,528 |  |  | $ | 717 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 8,691 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 136,272 |  |  |  | 18,275 |  |  |  | 135,055 |  |  |  | 72,761 |  |  |  | 95,915 |  |  |  | 2,895 |  |  |  | 25,383 |  |  |  | 486,556 |
Total |  | $ | 136,895 |  |  | $ | 20,083 |  |  | $ | 138,967 |  |  | $ | 74,289 |  |  | $ | 96,632 |  |  | $ | 2,953 |  |  | $ | 25,428 |  |  | $ | 495,247 |

|  | Year ended December 31, 2017 |
|  | One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | Construction and land loans |  |  | Commercial real estate loans |  |  | Commercial loans |  |  | Agriculture loans |  |  | Municipal loans |  |  | Consumer loans |  |  | Total |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2017 |  | $ | 504 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 1,777 |  |  | $ | 1,119 |  |  | $ | 1,684 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 195 |  |  | $ | 5,344 |
Charge-offs |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (335 | ) |  |  | (488 | )
Recoveries |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 153 |
Provision for loan losses |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 450 |
Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 5,459 |
Allowance for loan losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 642 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 1,488 |  |  |  | 835 |  |  |  | 1,788 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 4,817 |
Total |  | $ | 542 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 5,459 |
Loan balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Individually evaluated for loss |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 2,031 |  |  | $ | 3,973 |  |  | $ | 2,002 |  |  | $ | 833 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 9,760 |
Collectively evaluated for loss |  |  | 135,468 |  |  |  | 17,325 |  |  |  | 116,651 |  |  |  | 52,589 |  |  |  | 82,175 |  |  |  | 3,256 |  |  |  | 22,012 |  |  |  | 429,476 |
Total |  | $ | 136,215 |  |  | $ | 19,356 |  |  | $ | 120,624 |  |  | $ | 54,591 |  |  | $ | 83,008 |  |  | $ | 3,396 |  |  | $ | 22,046 |  |  | $ | 439,236 |

68

The Company’s impaired loans were $8.7 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The difference between the unpaid contractual principal and the impaired loan balance is a result of charge-offs recorded against impaired loans. The difference in the Company’s non-accrual loan balances and impaired loan balances at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was related to TDRs that are current and accruing interest, but still classified as impaired. Interest income recognized on a cash basis for impaired loans was immaterial during the years 2019, 2018 and 2017. The following tables present information on impaired loans:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | Unpaid contractual principal |  |  | Impaired loan balance |  |  | Impaired loans without an allowance |  |  | Impaired loans with an allowance |  |  | Related allowance recorded |  |  | Year-to-date average loan balance |  |  | Year-to-date interest income recognized |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 1,297 |  |  | $ | 1,256 |  |  | $ | 887 |  |  | $ | 369 |  |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 1,291 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 3,214 |  |  |  | 1,479 |  |  |  | 1,288 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | 1,631 |  |  |  | 36 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 3,461 |  |  |  | 3,461 |  |  |  | 3,258 |  |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 3,489 |  |  |  | 478 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 1,427 |  |  |  | 1,298 |  |  |  | 416 |  |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 1,464 |  |  |  | 11 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  | 1,124 |  |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 1,166 |  |  |  | 48 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 1 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 10,800 |  |  | $ | 8,680 |  |  | $ | 6,524 |  |  | $ | 2,156 |  |  | $ | 733 |  |  | $ | 9,104 |  |  | $ | 584 |

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Unpaid contractual principal |  |  | Impaired loan balance |  |  | Impaired loans without an allowance |  |  | Impaired loans with an allowance |  |  | Related allowance recorded |  |  | Year-to-date average loan balance |  |  | Year-to-date interest income recognized |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 623 |  |  | $ | 413 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 640 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 3,543 |  |  |  | 1,808 |  |  |  | 1,383 |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 2,689 |  |  |  | 53 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 3,912 |  |  |  | 3,912 |  |  |  | 2,120 |  |  |  | 1,792 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 3,928 |  |  |  | 487 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,446 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 1,537 |  |  |  | - |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 932 |  |  |  | 717 |  |  |  | 529 |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 844 |  |  |  | 52 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 1 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | - |
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 10,641 |  |  | $ | 8,691 |  |  | $ | 5,994 |  |  | $ | 2,697 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 9,745 |  |  | $ | 603 |

|  | As of December 31, 2017 |
|  | Unpaid contractual principal |  |  | Impaired loan balance |  |  | Impaired loans without an allowance |  |  | Impaired loans with an allowance |  |  | Related allowance recorded |  |  | Year-to-date average loan balance |  |  | Year-to-date interest income recognized |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 503 |  |  | $ | 244 |  |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | 774 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 3,766 |  |  |  | 2,031 |  |  |  | 430 |  |  |  | 1,601 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 2,033 |  |  |  | 65 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 3,973 |  |  |  | 3,973 |  |  |  | 3,888 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 3,989 |  |  |  | 490 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 2,002 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 1,991 |  |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 2,082 |  |  |  | - |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 1,048 |  |  |  | 833 |  |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 912 |  |  |  | 1 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 5 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |
Total impaired loans |  | $ | 11,710 |  |  | $ | 9,760 |  |  | $ | 5,551 |  |  | $ | 4,209 |  |  | $ | 642 |  |  | $ | 10,017 |  |  | $ | 569 |

69

The Company’s key credit quality indicator is a loan’s performance status, defined as accruing or non-accruing. Performing loans are considered to have a lower risk of loss. Non-accrual loans are those which the Company believes have a higher risk of loss. The accrual of interest on non-performing loans is discontinued at the time the loan is ninety days delinquent, unless the credit is well secured and in process of collection. Loans are placed on non-accrual or are charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. There were no loans ninety days delinquent and accruing interest at December 31, 2019 or December 31, 2018. The following tables present information on the Company’s past due and non-accrual loans by loan class:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | 30-59 days delinquent and accruing |  |  | 60-89 days delinquent and accruing |  |  | 90 days or more delinquent and accruing |  |  | Total past due loans accruing |  |  | Non-accrual loans |  |  | Total past due and non-accrual loans |  |  | Total loans not past due |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 593 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 672 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 1,760 |  |  | $ | 144,745 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 21,561 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 1,137 |  |  |  | 707 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,844 |  |  |  | 1,440 |  |  |  | 3,284 |  |  |  | 130,217 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 1,270 |  |  |  | 1,848 |  |  |  | 107,764 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | 846 |  |  |  | 1,162 |  |  |  | 97,396 |
Municipal loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,656 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 25,070 |
Total |  | $ | 2,069 |  |  | $ | 1,368 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | 5,546 |  |  | $ | 8,983 |  |  | $ | 529,409 |
Percent of gross loans |  |  | 0.39 | % |  |  | 0.25 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.64 | % |  |  | 1.03 | % |  |  | 1.67 | % |  |  | 98.33 | %

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | 30-59 days delinquent and accruing |  |  | 60-89 days delinquent and accruing |  |  | 90 days or more delinquent and accruing |  |  | Total past due loans accruing |  |  | Non-accrual loans |  |  | Total past due and non-accrual loans |  |  | Total loans not past due |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 131 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 779 |  |  | $ | 136,116 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 948 |  |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  | 19,001 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 1,791 |  |  |  | 2,256 |  |  |  | 136,711 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,946 |  |  |  | 72,343 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 670 |  |  |  | 95,962 |
Municipal loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,953 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 25,254 |
Total |  | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,671 |  |  | $ | 5,236 |  |  | $ | 6,907 |  |  | $ | 488,340 |
Percent of gross loans |  |  | 0.24 | % |  |  | 0.10 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.34 | % |  |  | 1.06 | % |  |  | 1.40 | % |  |  | 98.60 | %

Under the original terms of the Company’s non-accrual loans, interest earned on such loans for the years 2019, 2018 and 2017, would have increased interest income by $230,000, $254,000 and $185,000, respectively. No interest income related to non-accrual loans was included in interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

70

The Company also categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of the borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. Non-classified loans generally include those loans that are expected to be repaid in accordance with contractual loan terms. Classified loans are those that are assigned a special mention, substandard or doubtful risk rating using the following definitions:

Special Mention: Loans are currently protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged but potentially weak. These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk, but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor, yet constitutes an unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific asset.

Substandard: Loans are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. Loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

The following table provides information on the Company’s risk categories by loan class:

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Nonclassified |  |  | Classified |  |  | Nonclassified |  |  | Classified |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  | $ | 145,311 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |  |  | $ | 135,947 |  |  | $ | 948 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 21,560 |  |  |  | 899 |  |  |  | 19,135 |  |  |  | 948 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 130,714 |  |  |  | 2,787 |  |  |  | 126,619 |  |  |  | 12,348 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 101,678 |  |  |  | 7,934 |  |  |  | 66,490 |  |  |  | 7,799 |
Agriculture loans |  |  | 93,259 |  |  |  | 5,299 |  |  |  | 86,917 |  |  |  | 9,715 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 2,656 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,953 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer loans |  |  | 25,097 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 25,383 |  |  |  | 45 |
Total |  | $ | 520,275 |  |  | $ | 18,117 |  |  | $ | 463,444 |  |  | $ | 31,803 |

At December 31, 2019, the Company had nine loan relationships consisting of thirteen outstanding loans totaling $3.6 million that were classified as TDRs compared to ten relationships consisting of fourteen outstanding loans totaling $4.0 million that were classified as TDRs at December 31, 2018.

The Company did not classify any loans as TDRs during 2019. A commercial real estate previously classified as a TDR in 2014 paid off during 2019.

During 2018, the Company classified an agriculture loan totaling $64,000 as a TDR after originating a loan to an existing loan relationship that was classified as a TDR in 2016. As part of the restructuring the borrower paid off three loans previously classified as TDRs. Since the agriculture loan relationship was adequately secured, no impairments were recorded against the principal as of December 31, 2019. The Company also classified a $36,000 commercial loan as a TDR after extending the maturity of the loan during 2018. The commercial loan had a $9,000 impairment recorded against the principal balance as of December 31, 2019. An agriculture loan relationship consisting of two loans that were originally classified as TDRs during 2015 and a municipal loan that was classified as a TDR in 2010 were both paid off in 2018.

During 2017, the Company classified four agriculture loans totaling $98,000 as TDRs after refinancing existing loans to two agriculture loan relationships that were classified as TDRs in 2016 and 2015. The Company also classified a $104,000 agriculture loan as a TDR in 2017 after extending the maturity of the loan. The Company also classified a one-to-four family residential real estate loan totaling $25,000 as a TDR during 2017 after modifying the terms per a bankruptcy judgment. Also during 2017, the Company classified an $11,000 commercial real estate loan as a TDR after extending the maturity of the loan. The $11,000 commercial real estate loan was charged-off during 2017 as a result of the borrower failing to comply with the terms of the restructuring.

71

The Company evaluates each TDR individually and returns the loan to accrual status when a payment history is established after the restructuring and future payments are reasonably assured. There was one commercial real estate loan totaling $11,000 that was classified as a TDR during 2017 which defaulted within 12 months of modification. The loan was charged-off during 2017. There were no loans modified as TDRs for which there was a payment default within 12 months of modification as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. At December 31, 2019, there was a commitment of $10,000 to lend additional funds on one construction and land loan classified as a TDR. The Company did not record any charge offs against loans classified as TDRs during 2019 and recorded a credit provision for loan loss of $1,000 against TDRs during 2019. The Company did not record any charge-offs against loans classified as TDRs during 2018 and recorded a credit provision for loan loss of $117,000 against TDRs during 2018. The Company recorded charge-offs of $11,000 and a provision for loan loss of $47,000 against TDRs during 2017. The Company allocated $9,000 and $10,000 of the allowance for loan losses recorded against loans classified as TDRs at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The following table presents information on loans that were classified as TDRs:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As of December 31, 2019 |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Number of loans |  |  | Non-accrual balance |  |  | Accruing balance |  |  | Number of loans |  |  | Non-accrual balance |  |  | Accruing balance |
One-to-four family residential real estate loans |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 168 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 181 |
Construction and land loans |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 581 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 860 |
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,021 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,121 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | - |
Agriculture |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 235 |
Municipal loans |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  | $ | 582 |  |  | $ | 3,455 |

The Company had loans and unfunded commitments to directors and officers, and to affiliated parties, at December 31, 2019 and 2018. A summary of such loans is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 13,661 |
New loans |  |  | 10,091 |
Repayments |  |  | (9,549 | )
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 14,203 |

(6) Loan Commitments

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet customers’ financing needs. These financial instruments consist principally of commitments to extend credit. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. In the normal course of business, there are various commitments and contingent liabilities, such as commitments to extend credit, letters of credit, and lines of credit, the balance of which are not recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company generally requires collateral or other security on unfunded loan commitments and irrevocable letters of credit. Unfunded commitments to extend credit, excluding standby letters of credit, aggregated to $125.4 million and $86.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and are generally at variable interest rates. Standby letters of credit totaled $1.9 million at December 31, 2019 and $1.4 million at December 31, 2018.

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(7) Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company performed its annual step one impairment test as of December 31, 2019. The fair value of the Company’s single reporting unit was compared to the carrying value of the single reporting unit at the measurement date to determine if any impairment existed. Based on the results of the December 31, 2019 step one impairment test, the Company concluded its goodwill was not impaired.

A summary of the other intangible assets that continue to be subject to amortization is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  |  | Gross carrying amount |  |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  |  | Net carrying amount |
Core deposit intangible assets |  | $ | 2,018 |  |  | $ | (1,707 | ) |  | $ | 311 |
Lease intangible asset |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | 72 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 6,910 |  |  |  | (4,464 | ) |  |  | 2,446 |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 9,278 |  |  | $ | (6,449 | ) |  | $ | 2,829 |

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  | Gross carrying amount |  |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  |  | Net carrying amount |
Core deposit intangible assets |  | $ | 2,067 |  |  | $ | (1,588 | ) |  | $ | 479 |
Lease intangible asset |  |  | 350 |  |  |  | (233 | ) |  |  | 117 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 6,545 |  |  |  | (4,050 | ) |  |  | 2,495 |
Total other intangible assets |  | $ | 8,962 |  |  | $ | (5,871 | ) |  | $ | 3,091 |

The following sets forth estimated amortization expense for core deposit and lease intangible assets for the years ending December 31:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortization |
|  | expense |
2020 |  |  | 178 |
2021 |  |  | 121 |
2022 |  |  | 58 |
2023 |  |  | 26 |
Total |  | $ | 383 |

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets. The following table provides information on the principal balances of mortgage loans serviced for others:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
FHLMC |  | $ | 509,101 |  |  | $ | 521,489 |
FHLB |  |  | 40,462 |  |  |  | 10,603 |

Custodial escrow balances maintained in connection with serviced loans were $4.7 million and $4.5 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Gross service fee income related to such loans was $1.4 million, $1.4 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in fees and service charges in the consolidated statements of earnings.

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Activity for mortgage servicing rights and the related valuation allowance follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Mortgage servicing rights: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 2,495 |  |  | $ | 2,811 |
Additions |  |  | 943 |  |  |  | 543 |
Amortization |  |  | (992 | ) |  |  | (859 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 2,446 |  |  | $ | 2,495 |

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was no valuation allowance related to mortgage servicing rights.

The fair value of mortgage servicing rights was $5.2 million and $6.2 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Fair value at December 31, 2019 was determined using discount rates ranging from 9.00% to 11.00%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.00% to 23.21%, depending on the stratification of the specific mortgage servicing right, and a weighted average default rate of 1.40%. Fair value at December 31, 2018 was determined using discount rates ranging from 9.00% to 11.00%, prepayment speeds ranging from 6.00% to 22.40%, depending on the stratification of the specific mortgage servicing right, and a weighted average default rate of 1.37%.

The Company had a mortgage repurchase reserve of $235,000 at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, which represents the Company’s best estimate of probable losses that the Company will incur related to the repurchase of one-to-four family residential real estate loans previously sold or to reimburse investors for credit losses incurred on loans previously sold where a breach of the contractual representations and warranties occurred. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had one outstanding mortgage repurchase request which was settled in January 2020 without incurring a loss.

(8) Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment consisted of the following:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Estimated |  | As of December 31, |
|  | useful lives |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Land |  | Indefinite |  | $ | 6,279 |  |  | $ | 6,279 |
Office buildings and improvements |  | 10 - 50 years |  |  | 21,047 |  |  |  | 20,859 |
Furniture and equipment |  | 3 - 15 years |  |  | 8,227 |  |  |  | 7,675 |
Automobiles |  | 2 - 5 years |  |  | 651 |  |  |  | 585 |
Total premises and equipment |  |  |  |  | 36,204 |  |  |  | 35,398 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  | (15,071 | ) |  |  | (14,271 | )
Total premises and equipment, net |  |  |  | $ | 21,133 |  |  | $ | 21,127 |

Depreciation expense totaled $1.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and was included in occupancy and equipment expense on the consolidated statements of earnings.

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(9) Deposits

The following table presents the maturities of time deposits at December 31, 2019:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Year |  | Amount |
2020 |  | $ | 122,901 |
2021 |  |  | 12,906 |
2022 |  |  | 6,594 |
2023 |  |  | 2,976 |
2024 |  |  | 1,683 |
Thereafter |  |  | 3 |
Total |  | $ | 147,063 |

The aggregate amount of time deposits in denominations of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $41.3 million and $14.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had brokered time deposits of $21.8 million which all mature during 2020 compared to $61.9 brokered time which matured during 2019 at December 31, 2018.

The components of interest expense associated with deposits are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Time deposits |  | $ | 2,751 |  |  | $ | 1,195 |  |  | $ | 593 |
Money market and checking |  |  | 2,555 |  |  |  | 1,833 |  |  |  | 948 |
Savings |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 28 |
Total |  | $ | 5,341 |  |  | $ | 3,056 |  |  | $ | 1,569 |

(10) Federal Home Loan Bank Borrowings

The Bank has a line of credit, renewable annually each September, with the FHLB under which there were $3.0 million of borrowings at December 31, 2019 compared to $20.0 million of borrowings as of December 31, 2018. Interest on any outstanding balance on the line of credit accrues at the federal funds rate plus 0.15% (1.79% at December 31, 2019). The Company had issued letters of credit through the FHLB totaling $30.0 million and $10.0 million at December 31 2019 and 2018, respectively to secure municipal deposits. The Company did not have any term advances from FHLB at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Although no loans are specifically pledged, the FHLB requires the Bank to maintain eligible collateral (qualifying loans and investment securities) that has a lending value at least equal to its required collateral. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there was a blanket pledge of loans and securities totaling $155.2 million and $156.9 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank’s total borrowing capacity with the FHLB was approximately $113.1 million and $115.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank’s available borrowing capacity was $78.8 million and $85.0 million, respectively. The available borrowing capacity with the FHLB is collateral based, and the Bank’s ability to borrow is subject to maintaining collateral that meets the eligibility requirements. The borrowing capacity is not committed and is subject to FHLB credit requirements and policies. In addition, the Bank must maintain a restricted investment in FHLB stock to maintain access to borrowings.

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(11) Subordinated Debentures

In 2003, the Company issued $8.2 million of subordinated debentures. These debentures, which are due in 2034 and are currently redeemable, were issued to a wholly owned grantor trust (the “Trust”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of the Trust. The Trust then invested the gross proceeds of such preferred securities in the debentures. The Trust’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month LIBOR plus 2.85%. The interest rate at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 4.79% and 5.37%, respectively.

In 2005, the Company issued an additional $8.2 million of subordinated debentures. These debentures, which are due in 2036 and are currently redeemable, were issued to a wholly owned grantor trust (“Trust II”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of Trust II. Trust II then invested the gross proceeds of such preferred securities in the debentures. Trust II’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month LIBOR plus 1.34%. The interest rate at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 3.23% and 4.13%, respectively.

In 2013, the Company assumed an additional $5.2 million of subordinated debentures as part of the Bank’s acquisition of Citizens Bank. These debentures, which are due in 2036 and are currently redeemable, were issued by Citizens Bank’s former holding company to a wholly owned grantor trust, First Capital (KS) Statutory Trust (“Trust III”) formed to issue preferred securities representing undivided beneficial interests in the assets of Trust III. Trust III’s preferred securities and the subordinated debentures require quarterly interest payments and have variable rates, adjustable quarterly. Interest accrues at three month LIBOR plus 1.62%. The interest rate at December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 3.55% and 4.44% respectively.

While these trusts are accounted for as unconsolidated equity investments, a portion of the trust preferred securities issued by the trusts qualifies as Tier 1 Capital for regulatory purposes.

(12) Other Borrowings

The Company has a $7.5 million line of credit from an unrelated financial institution maturing on November 1, 2020, with an interest rate that adjusts daily based on the prime rate less 0.25%. This line of credit has covenants specific to capital and other financial ratios, which the Company was in compliance with at December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company did not have an outstanding balance on the line of credit.

At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Bank had no borrowings through the Federal Reserve discount window, while the borrowing capacity was $17.4 million and $10.1 million, respectively. The Bank also has various other federal funds agreements, both secured and unsecured, with correspondent banks totaling approximately $30.0 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were no borrowings through these correspondent bank federal funds agreements.

(13) Repurchase Agreements

The Company has overnight repurchase agreements with certain deposit customers whereby the Company uses investment securities as collateral for non-insured funds. These balances are accounted for as collateralized financing and included in other borrowings on the balance sheet.

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Repurchase agreements are comprised of non-insured customer funds, totaling $17.5 million at December 31, 2019, and $15.2 million at December 31, 2018, which were secured by $20.1 million and $18.6 million of the Bank’s investment portfolio at the same dates, respectively.

The following is a summary of the balances and collateral of the Company’s repurchase agreements:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Average daily balance during the year |  | $ | 15,695 |  |  | $ | 12,388 |
Average interest rate during the year |  |  | 0.62 | % |  |  | 0.87 | %
Maximum month-end balance during the year |  | $ | 17,548 |  |  | $ | 15,246 |
Weighted average interest rate at year-end |  |  | 0.47 | % |  |  | 1.00 | %

|  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | Overnight and Continuous |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Greater than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal treasury obligations |  | $ | 789 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 789 |
U.S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,978 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 14,781 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,781 |
Total |  | $ | 17,548 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 17,548 |

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Overnight and |  |  | Up to |  |  |  |  |  | Greater |  |  |  |
|  | Continuous |  |  | 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal treasury obligations |  | $ | 416 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 416 |
U.S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 5,626 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,626 |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 9,204 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,204 |
Total |  | $ | 15,246 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 15,246 |

The investment securities are held by a third party financial institution in the customer’s custodial account. The Company is required to maintain adequate collateral for each repurchase agreement. Changes in the fair value of the investment securities impact the amount of collateral required. If the Company were to default, the investment securities would be used to settle the repurchase agreement with the deposit customer.

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(14) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within non-interest income. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Overdraft fees |  | $ | 3,591 |  |  | $ | 3,321 |
Other |  |  | 585 |  |  |  | 529 |
Interchange income |  |  | 2,049 |  |  |  | 1,935 |
Loan servicing fees (1) |  |  | 1,367 |  |  |  | 1,350 |
Office lease income (1) |  |  | 642 |  |  |  | 630 |
Gains on sales of loans (1) |  |  | 6,353 |  |  |  | 5,023 |
Bank owned life insurance income (1) |  |  | 752 |  |  |  | 644 |
Gains (losses) on sales of investment securities (1) |  |  | (177 | ) |  |  | 20 |
Gains (losses) on sales of real estate owned |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | (58 | )
Other |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 2,177 |
Total non-interest income |  | $ | 15,809 |  |  | $ | 15,571 |

(1) Not within the scope of ASC 606.

The decrease in other non-interest income during 2019 was primarily the result of recoveries of $1.5 million in 2018 on a deposit-related loss that occurred in the third quarter of 2017.

A description of the Company’s revenue streams within the scope of ASC 606 follows:

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as ATM usage fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period during which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Interchange Income

The Company earns interchange fees from debit cardholder transactions conducted through the interchange payment network. Interchange fees from cardholder transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction value and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Gains (Losses) on Sales of Real Estate Owned

The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of real estate owned when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the Company finances the sale of real estate owned to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the real estate owned asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain (loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present. There were no sales of real estate owned that were financed by the Company during the years 2019 or 2018.

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(15) Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”), was signed into law. Among other things, the Act reduced our corporate federal tax rate from 34% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. As a result, at December 31, 2017, we were required to re-measure, through income tax expense, our deferred tax assets and liabilities using the enacted rate at which we expect them to be recovered or settled. The re-measurement of our net deferred tax liability resulted in additional income tax benefit of $352,000. After completing our 2017 tax return, income tax expense of $85,000 was recorded in 2018 associated with the re-measurement of our net deferred tax liability.

Income tax expense (benefit) attributable to income from operations consisted of the following:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 1,805 |  |  | $ | 396 |  |  | $ | (1,108 | )
State |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | (197 | ) |  |  | (276 | )
Total current |  |  | 1,648 |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | (1,384 | )
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | (160 | ) |  | $ | 875 |  |  | $ | 768 |
State |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 27 |
Total deferred |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  | 795 |
Deferred tax valuation allowance |  |  | (57 | ) |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | 44 |
Deferred tax remeasurement |  |  | - |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (352 | )
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | $ | 1,453 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | (897 | )

The reasons for the difference between actual income tax expense (benefit) and expected income tax expense attributable to income from operations at the statutory federal income tax rate were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Computed “expected” tax expense |  | $ | 2,544 |  |  | $ | 2,435 |  |  | $ | 1,180 |
(Reduction) increase in income taxes resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt interest income, net |  |  | (748 | ) |  |  | (850 | ) |  |  | (1,346 | )
Deferred tax remeasurement |  |  | - |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (352 | )
REIT excise tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 249 |
Excess tax benefit from stock option exercise |  |  | - |  |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | (107 | )
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | (165 | ) |  |  | (140 | ) |  |  | (316 | )
Reversal of unrecognized tax benefits, net |  |  | (558 | ) |  |  | (512 | ) |  |  | (197 | )
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 61 |
Investment tax credits |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (7 | )
Other, net |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | (62 | )
|  | $ | 1,453 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | (897 | )

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at the following dates were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including allowance for loan losses |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  | $ | 1,489 |
Net operating loss carry forwards |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 383 |
State taxes |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 398 |
Acquisition costs |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 202 |
Deferred compensation arrangements |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 78 |
Unrealized loss on investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,295 |
Investments |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 33 |
Other, net |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 2,676 |  |  |  | 3,904 |
Less valuation allowance |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (383 | )
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 2,350 |  |  |  | 3,521 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,700 |  |  |  | - |
Premises and equipment, net of depreciation |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 447 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | 464 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 209 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 92 |
FHLB stock dividends |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 56 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 2,897 |  |  |  | 1,268 |
Net deferred tax (liability) asset |  | $ | (547 | ) |  | $ | 2,253 |

The Company has Kansas corporate net operating loss carry forwards totaling $5.6 million and $6.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which expire between 2020 and 2027. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance against the Kansas corporate net operating loss carry forwards. A valuation allowance related to the remaining deferred tax assets has not been provided because management believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the deferred tax assets at December 31, 2019.

Retained earnings at December 31, 2019 and 2018 include approximately $6.3 million for which no provision for federal income tax had been made. This amount represents allocations of income to bad debt deductions in years prior to 1988 for tax purposes only. Reduction of amounts allocated for purposes other than tax bad debt losses will create income for tax purposes only, which will be subject to the then current corporate income tax rate.

The Company has unrecognized tax benefits representing tax positions for which a liability has been established. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of the liability relating to unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year |  | $ | 1,472 |  |  | $ | 1,505 |
Gross increases to current year tax positions |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 464 |
Gross decreases to prior year’s tax positions |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Lapse of statute of limitations |  |  | (608 | ) |  |  | (495 | )
Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year |  | $ | 1,416 |  |  | $ | 1,472 |

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Tax years that remain open and subject to audit include the years 2016 through 2019 for both federal and state tax purposes. The Company recognized $608,000 and $495,000 of previously unrecognized tax benefits during 2019 and 2018, respectively. The gross unrecognized tax benefits of $1.4 million and $1.5 million at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, would favorably impact the effective tax rate by $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, if recognized. During 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $77,000 and $119,000, respectively, associated with interest and penalties. During 2017, the Company recorded $30,000 of income tax expense associated with interest and penalties. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company has accrued interest and penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits of $254,000 and $331,000, respectively which are not included in the table above. The Company believes that it is reasonably possible that a reduction in gross unrecognized tax benefits of up to $352,000 is possible during the next 12 months as a result of the lapse of the statute of limitations.

(16) Employee Benefit Plans

Employee Retirement Plan. Substantially all employees are covered under a 401(k) defined contribution savings plan. Eligible employees receive 100% matching contributions from the Company of up to 6% of their compensation. Matching contributions by the Company were $610,000, $468,000 and $519,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement. The Company has recognized a liability for future benefits payable under an agreement that splits the benefits of a bank owned life insurance policy between the Company and a former employee. The liability totaled $34,000 at December 31, 2019 and $35,000 at December 31, 2018.

Deferred Compensation Agreements. The Company has entered into deferred compensation and other retirement agreements with certain key employees that provide for cash payments to be made after their respective retirements. The obligations under these arrangements have been recorded at the present value of the accrued benefits. The Company has also entered into agreements with certain directors to defer portions of their compensation. The balance of accrued benefits under these arrangements was $612,000 and $564,000 at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and was included as a component of other liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company recorded income associated with the deferred compensation agreements of $8,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019, and an expense of $2,000 and $3,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The liability balance is also impacted by changes in the value of the underlying assets supporting the agreements for directors who have not retired.

(17) Stock Compensation Plan

The Company has a stock-based employee compensation plan which allows for the issuance of stock options and restricted common stock, the purpose of which is to provide additional incentive to certain officers, directors, and key employees by facilitating their purchase of a stock interest in the Company. Compensation expense related to prior awards is recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting period, which is typically four or five years. The stock-based compensation cost related to these awards was $286,000, $223,000 and $172,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recognized tax benefits of $71,000, $194,000, and $180,000 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

For stock options, the exercise price may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares on the date of the grant, and no option shall be exercisable after the expiration of ten years from the grant date. In determining compensation cost, the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of options on date of grant. The Black-Scholes model is a closed-end model that uses the assumptions outlined below. Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The Company uses historical exercise behavior and other qualitative factors to estimate the expected term of the options, which represents the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate for the expected term is based on U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant.

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On May 20, 2015, our stockholders approved the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan which authorized the issuance of equity awards covering 319,070 shares of common stock as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. On August 1, 2017, the Compensation Committee awarded 3,167, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares of restricted common stock and options to acquire 37,545, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares of common stock. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over one year and the value was based on a stock price of $25.27 per share on the date such shares were granted as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The options vest ratably over four years. On August 1, 2018, the Compensation Committee awarded 11,885, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares of restricted common stock. The value of the 11,885, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares was based on a stock price of $26.31 on the date such shares were granted as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. On August 1, 2019, the Compensation Committee awarded 3,587, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares of restricted common stock and options to acquire 67,631, as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends, shares of common stock. The restricted stock awards vest ratably over one year and the value was based on a stock price of $22.32 per share on the date such shares were granted as adjusted for subsequent stock dividends. The options vest ratably over four years. The fair value of the options granted were determined using the following weighted-average assumptions as of the grant date:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.77 | % |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2.07 | %
Expected term |  |  | 7 year |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 7 year |
Expected stock price volatility |  |  | 26.06 | % |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 33.30 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | 3.41 | % |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 2.74 | %

A summary of option activity during 2019 is presented below:

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | average |  |  | average |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | exercise |  |  | remaining |  |  | Aggregate |
|  |  |  |  | price |  |  | contractual |  |  | intrinsic |
|  | Shares |  |  | per share |  |  | term |  |  | value |
Outstanding at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 68,706 |  |  | $ | 17.97 |  |  |  | 5.1 years |  |  | $ | 462 |
Granted |  |  | 64,405 |  |  | $ | 23.44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Effect of 5% stock dividend |  |  | 6,504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/expired |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (3,275 | ) |  | $ | 10.99 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 136,340 |  |  | $ | 19.87 |  |  |  | 6.9 years |  |  | $ | 714 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 49,558 |  |  | $ | 14.43 |  |  |  | 3.0 years |  |  | $ | 529 |
Fully vested options at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 49,558 |  |  | $ | 14.43 |  |  |  | 3.0 years |  |  | $ | 529 |

Additional information about stock options exercised is presented below:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Intrinsic value of options exercised (on exercise date) |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 1,523 |  |  | $ | 279 |
Cash received from options exercised |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 228 |
Excess tax benefit realized from options exercised |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 103 |

As of December 31, 2019, there was $342,000 of unrecognized compensation cost related to the 86,782 outstanding nonvested options that will be recognized over the following periods:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Year |  | Amount |
2020 |  | $ | 130 |
2021 |  |  | 104 |
2022 |  |  | 68 |
2023 |  |  | 40 |
Total |  | $ | 342 |

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A summary of nonvested restricted common stock activity during 2019 is presented below:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted average grant date price per share |
Nonvested restricted common stock at January 1, 2019 |  |  | 16,800 |  |  | $ | 25.87 |
Granted |  |  | 3,416 |  |  | $ | 23.44 |
Vested |  |  | (6,346 | ) |  | $ | 26.08 |
Effect of 5% stock dividend |  |  | 682 |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested restricted common stock at December 31, 2019 |  |  | 14,552 |  |  | $ | 23.98 |

As of December 31, 2019, there was $224,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the 14,552 outstanding unvested restricted shares that will be recognized over the following periods:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Year |  | Amount |
2020 |  | $ | 132 |
2021 |  |  | 58 |
2022 |  |  | 34 |
Total |  | $ | 224 |

(18) Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

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Fair value estimates of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, including methods and assumptions utilized, are set forth below:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  | Carrying |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 13,694 |  |  | $ | 13,694 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 13,694 |
Investment securities available for sale |  |  | 362,998 |  |  |  | 2,316 |  |  |  | 360,682 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 362,998 |
Bank stocks, at cost |  |  | 3,109 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
Loans, net |  |  | 532,180 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 538,427 |  |  |  | 538,427 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,497 |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 532 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,557 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1,895 |  |  |  | 2,660 |  |  |  | 4,557 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-maturity deposits |  | $ | (687,985 | ) |  | $ | (687,985 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | (687,985 | )
Time deposits |  |  | (147,063 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (146,390 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (146,390 | )
FHLB borrowings |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,000 | )
Subordinated debentures |  |  | (21,651 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (19,527 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (19,527 | )
Other borrowings |  |  | (17,548 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,548 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,548 | )
Accrued interest payable |  |  | (404 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (404 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (404 | )
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50 | )

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Carrying |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | amount |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 19,114 |  |  | $ | 19,114 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 19,114 |
Investment securities available-for-sale |  |  | 388,345 |  |  |  | 1,971 |  |  |  | 386,374 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 388,345 |
Bank stocks, at cost |  |  | 4,776 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |
Loans, net |  |  | 489,373 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 494,473 |  |  |  | 494,473 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 4,743 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,743 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,743 |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 522 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 4,631 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,194 |  |  |  | 2,437 |  |  |  | 4,631 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-maturity deposits |  | $ | (656,628 | ) |  | $ | (656,628 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | (656,628 | )
Time deposits |  |  | (167,020 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (164,994 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (164,994 | )
FHLB borrowings |  |  | (20,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (20,000 | )
Subordinated debentures |  |  | (21,651 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (19,678 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (19,678 | )
Other borrowings |  |  | (15,246 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,246 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (15,246 | )
Accrued interest payable |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (442 | )
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (25 | )

Transfers

The Company did not transfer any assets or liabilities among levels during the year ended December 31, 2019 or 2018.

84

Valuation Methods for Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table represents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2019 and 2018, allocated to the appropriate fair value hierarchy:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2019 |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value hierarchy |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U. S. treasury securities |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  | $ | 2,316 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
U. S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 4,106 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,106 |  |  |  | - |
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 145,862 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 145,862 |  |  |  | - |
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 46,779 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46,779 |  |  |  | - |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 162,031 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 162,031 |  |  |  | - |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | - |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,497 |  |  |  | - |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | - |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | - |

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value hierarchy |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U. S. treasury securities |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | 1,971 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
U. S. federal agency obligations |  |  | 10,361 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,361 |  |  |  | - |
Municipal obligations, tax exempt |  |  | 159,112 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 159,112 |  |  |  | - |
Municipal obligations, taxable |  |  | 53,035 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53,035 |  |  |  | - |
Agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 156,076 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 156,076 |  |  |  | - |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 7,790 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,790 |  |  |  | - |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 4,743 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,743 |  |  |  | - |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 522 |  |  |  | - |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | - |

The Company’s investment securities classified as available-for-sale include U.S. treasury securities, U.S. federal agency securities, municipal obligations, agency mortgage-backed securities, and certificates of deposits. Quoted exchange prices are available for the Company’s U.S treasury securities which are classified as Level 1. U.S. federal agency securities and agency mortgage-backed obligations are priced utilizing industry-standard models that consider various assumptions, including time value, yield curves, volatility factors, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severity, current market and contractual prices for the underlying financial instruments, as well as other relevant economic measures. Substantially all of these assumptions are observable in the marketplace, can be derived from observable data, or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. These measurements are classified as Level 2. Municipal securities are valued using a type of matrix, or grid, pricing in which securities are benchmarked against U.S. treasury rates based on credit rating. These model and matrix measurements are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities are included in other comprehensive income to the extent the changes are not considered other-than-temporary impairments. Other-than-temporary impairment tests are performed on a quarterly basis and any decline in the fair value of an individual security below its cost that is deemed to be other-than-temporary results in a write-down of that security’s cost basis.

Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at estimated fair value. The mortgage loan valuations are based on quoted secondary market prices for similar loans and are classified as Level 2. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market and derivative financial instruments are included in gains on sales of loans.

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The aggregate fair value, contractual balance (including accrued interest), and gain or loss on loans held for sale were as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Aggregate fair value |  | $ | 8,497 |  |  | $ | 4,743 |
Contractual balance |  |  | 8,316 |  |  |  | 4,687 |
Gain |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 56 |

The Company’s derivative financial instruments consist of interest rate lock commitments and forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans. The fair values of these derivatives are based on quoted prices for similar loans in the secondary market. The market prices are adjusted by a factor, based on the Company’s historical data and its judgment about future economic trends, which considers the likelihood that a commitment will ultimately result in a closed loan. These instruments are classified as Level 2. The amounts are included in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and gains on sale of loans, net in the consolidated statements of earnings. The total amount of gains and losses from changes in fair value of loans held for sale included in earnings were as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Interest income |  | $ | 428 |  |  | $ | 333 |  |  | $ | 259 |
Change in fair value |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | 78 |
Total change in fair value |  | $ | 553 |  |  | $ | 274 |  |  | $ | 337 |

Valuation Methods for Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The Company does not value its loan portfolio at fair value. Collateral-dependent impaired loans are generally carried at the lower of cost or fair value of the collateral, less estimated selling costs. Collateral values are determined based on appraisals performed by qualified licensed appraisers hired by the Company and then further adjusted if warranted based on relevant facts and circumstances. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including the comparable sales and income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Impaired loans are reviewed and evaluated at least quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above. The loan balance of the Company’s impaired loans was $8.7 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, with an allocated allowance of $733,000 and $310,000, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Real estate owned includes assets acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure and land previously acquired for expansion. Real estate owned is initially recorded at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. Subsequent valuations are updated periodically and are based upon independent appraisals, third party price opinions or internal pricing models. The appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including the comparable sales and income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Real estate owned is reviewed and evaluated at least annually for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors identified above.

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The following table represents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 allocated to the appropriate fair value hierarchy:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2019 |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value hierarchy |  |  | (losses)/ |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | gains |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | (15 | )
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | (103 | )
Commercial loans |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 678 |  |  |  | (177 | )
Agriculture loans |  |  | 405 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 405 |  |  |  | (93 | )

|  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  | Fair value hierarchy |  |  | (losses)/ |
|  | Total |  |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | gains |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | (29 | )
Construction and land |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | (103 | )
Commercial real estate loans |  |  | 1,725 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,725 |  |  |  | 377 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (51 | )
Agriculture loans |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 11 |

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for impaired loans measure at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Fair value |  |  | Valuation technique |  | Unobservable inputs |  | Range |
As of December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 240 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0%-25 | %
Commercial real estate |  |  | 100 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 15 | %
Commercial loans |  |  | 678 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to comparable sales |  |  | 0%-75 | %
Agriculture loans |  |  | 405 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0%-30 | %
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
One-to-four family residential real estate |  | $ | 110 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0%-20 | %
Construction and land |  |  | 322 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0%-25 | %
Commercial real estate |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0 | %
Commercial loans |  |  | 55 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to comparable sales |  |  | 0%-15 | %
Agriculture loans |  |  | 175 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Adjustment to appraised value |  |  | 0 | %

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(19) Regulatory Capital Requirements

Banks and bank holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action. Management believed as of December 31, 2019, the Company and Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they were subject at that time.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. The Company and the Bank are subject to the Basel III Rule, which is applicable to all U.S. banks that are subject to minimum capital requirements, as well as to bank and savings and loan holding companies other than “small bank holding companies” (generally, non-public bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $3.0 billion).

The Basel III Rule includes a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets minimum ratio of 4.5%, a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6.0%, a minimum ratio of Total Capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, and a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. A capital conservation buffer is also established above the regulatory minimum capital requirements. This capital conservation buffer was 1.875% for 2018, and increased to its final level of 2.5% on January 1, 2019. The capital conservation buffer increases the common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, and Tier 1 capital and total risk based capital ratios.

As of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action then in effect. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

The following is a comparison of the Company’s regulatory capital to minimum capital requirements in effect at December 31, 2019 and 2018:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  | For capital |
|  | Actual |  |  | adequacy purposes |
|  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio (1) |
As of December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage |  | $ | 106,938 |  |  |  | 10.94 | % |  | $ | 39,109 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 85,938 |  |  |  | 13.09 | % |  |  | 45,952 |  |  |  | 7.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 106,938 |  |  |  | 16.29 | % |  |  | 55,799 |  |  |  | 8.5 | %
Total Risk Based Capital |  |  | 113,545 |  |  |  | 17.30 | % |  |  | 68,928 |  |  |  | 10.5 | %
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage |  | $ | 99,150 |  |  |  | 10.34 | % |  | $ | 38,373 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 78,150 |  |  |  | 13.12 | % |  |  | 37,982 |  |  |  | 6.4 | %
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 99,150 |  |  |  | 16.64 | % |  |  | 46,919 |  |  |  | 7.9 | %
Total Risk Based Capital |  |  | 105,055 |  |  |  | 17.63 | % |  |  | 58,835 |  |  |  | 9.9 | %

| (1) | The required percent for capital adequacy purposes includes a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% for December 31, 2019 and 1.875% for December 31, 2018.

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The following is a comparison of the Bank’s regulatory capital to minimum capital requirements in effect at December 31, 2019 and 2018:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | To be well-capitalized |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | under prompt |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | For capital |  |  | corrective |
|  | Actual |  |  | adequacy purposes |  |  | action provisions |
|  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio (1) |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
As of December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage |  | $ | 104,510 |  |  |  | 10.72 | % |  | $ | 38,984 |  |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 48,730 |  |  |  | 5.0 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 104,510 |  |  |  | 15.94 | % |  |  | 45,884 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  | 42,607 |  |  |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 104,510 |  |  |  | 15.94 | % |  |  | 55,716 |  |  |  | 8.5 | % |  |  | 52,439 |  |  |  | 8.0 | %
Total Risk Based Capital |  |  | 111,117 |  |  |  | 16.95 | % |  |  | 68,826 |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  |  | 65,549 |  |  |  | 10.0 | %
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage |  | $ | 97,112 |  |  |  | 10.15 | % |  | $ | 38,254 |  |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 47,818 |  |  |  | 5.0 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 97,112 |  |  |  | 16.33 | % |  |  | 37,922 |  |  |  | 6.4 | % |  |  | 38,665 |  |  |  | 6.5 | %
Tier 1 Capital |  |  | 97,112 |  |  |  | 16.33 | % |  |  | 46,844 |  |  |  | 7.9 | % |  |  | 47,588 |  |  |  | 8.0 | %
Total Risk Based Capital |  |  | 103,017 |  |  |  | 17.32 | % |  |  | 58,741 |  |  |  | 9.9 | % |  |  | 59,485 |  |  |  | 10.0 | %

| (1) | The required percent for capital adequacy purposes includes a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% for December 31, 2019 and 1.875% for December 31, 2018.

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(20) Parent Company Condensed Financial Statements

The following is condensed financial information of the parent company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

Condensed Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands) |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 100 |
Investment securities |  |  | 239 |  |  |  | 237 |
Investment in subsidiaries |  |  | 129,049 |  |  |  | 112,394 |
Other |  |  | 929 |  |  |  | 942 |
Total assets |  | $ | 130,390 |  |  | $ | 113,673 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subordinated debentures |  | $ | 21,651 |  |  | $ | 21,651 |
Other |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 121 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 108,607 |  |  |  | 91,901 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 130,390 |  |  | $ | 113,673 |

Condensed Statements of Earnings

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Dividends from Bank |  | $ | 4,500 |  |  | $ | 3,200 |  |  | $ | 3,700 |
Interest income |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 49 |
Gain on sale of investment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 493 |
Other non-interest income |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
Interest expense |  |  | (970 | ) |  |  | (1,078 | ) |  |  | (898 | )
Other expense, net |  |  | (304 | ) |  |  | (325 | ) |  |  | (470 | )
Earnings before equity in undistributed earnings |  |  | 3,264 |  |  |  | 1,833 |  |  |  | 2,881 |
Increase in undistributed equity of Bank |  |  | 6,801 |  |  |  | 7,567 |  |  |  | 633 |
Increase in undistributed equity of Nonbank subsidiary |  |  | 338 |  |  |  | 740 |  |  |  | 542 |
Earnings before income taxes |  |  | 10,403 |  |  |  | 10,140 |  |  |  | 4,056 |
Income tax benefit |  |  | (259 | ) |  |  | (286 | ) |  |  | (313 | )
Net earnings |  |  | 10,662 |  |  |  | 10,426 |  |  |  | 4,369 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 9,230 |  |  |  | (3,579 | ) |  |  | 1,010 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 19,892 |  |  | $ | 6,847 |  |  | $ | 5,379 |

90

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 10,662 |  |  | $ | 10,426 |  |  | $ | 4,369 |
Increase in undistributed equity of subsidiaries |  |  | (7,139 | ) |  |  | (8,307 | ) |  |  | (1,175 | )
Amortization of purchase accounting adjustment on subordinated debentures |  |  | - |  |  |  | 167 |  |  |  | 200 |
Gain on sale of investment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (493 | )
Other |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 381 |  |  |  | (543 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 3,546 |  |  |  | 2,667 |  |  |  | 2,358 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment in subsidiary |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (250 | )
Purchase of investment securities |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from sales of investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 967 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 717 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 228 |
Proceeds from other borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100 |
Repayments on other borrowings |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (100 | )
Payment of dividends |  |  | (3,508 | ) |  |  | (3,325 | ) |  |  | (3,108 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (3,472 | ) |  |  | (2,791 | ) |  |  | (2,880 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | (117 | ) |  |  | 195 |
Cash at beginning of year |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 22 |
Cash at end of year |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 217 |

Dividends paid by the Company are provided through dividends from the Bank. At December 31, 2019, the Bank could distribute dividends of up to $15.0 million without regulatory approvals. The primary source of funds for the Company is dividends from the Bank. Under the National Bank Act, a national bank may pay dividends out of its undivided profits in such amounts and at such times as the bank’s board of directors deems prudent. Without prior OCC approval, however, a national bank may not pay dividends in any calendar year that, in the aggregate, exceed the bank’s year-to-date net income plus the bank’s retained net income for the two preceding years. The payment of dividends by any financial institution is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and a financial institution generally is prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the institution would be undercapitalized.

(21) Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments to extend credit are legally binding agreements to lend to a borrower provided there are no violations of any conditions established in the contract. The Company, as a provider of financial services, routinely issues financial guarantees in the form of financial and performance commercial and standby letters of credit. As many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment does not necessarily represent future cash requirements (see Note 6).

There are no pending legal proceedings to which the Company or the Bank is a party other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the Bank’s business. While the ultimate outcome of current legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that the resolution of these legal actions should not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

(22) Deposit-Related Loss

On August 8, 2017, the Company was made aware that checks deposited by our customer from a third party were being returned by another financial institution due to uncollected funds related to the third party. This caused a $10.3 million overdraft balance. From August 8, 2017 through December 31, 2017, the Company’s collection efforts provided $2.2 million in funds to cover a portion of the overdraft, resulting in an $8.1 million pre-tax loss which was included in other non-interest expense in the consolidated statements of earnings for 2017. The Company recovered an additional $1.5 million of this loss during 2018, which includes payments received from the third party whose checks were returned and from insurance claims received. The insurance payments included risk sharing payments from the pool that Landmark Risk Management, Inc. utilizes to spread insurance risk. An investigation of the situation and the potential recovery of losses is ongoing, including whether or not existing insurance policies will cover any more of the loss. The Company intends to protect all of its rights pursuant to this matter and seek all available legal and equitable remedies; however, future recoveries are uncertain. The recovery process is expected to require an extended period of time to resolve, and the Company will likely incur further legal expenses in pursuing our recovery efforts.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2019. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined by Rule 13a-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has made a comprehensive review, evaluation, and assessment of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making its assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, management used the framework established in Internal-Control Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission - 2013. Based on that assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Crowe LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, has issued its report dated March 12, 2020, on the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This report is incorporated by reference herein to Item 8 above, under the heading “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2019 that materially affected or were reasonably likely to materially affect the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None

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PART III.

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Directors

The Company incorporates by reference the information called for by Item 10 of this Form 10-K from the sections entitled “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” and “Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors” of the Company’s Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of stockholders to be held May 20, 2020, which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2019 (the “2020 Proxy Statement”).

The executive officers of the Company, each of whom is also currently an executive officer of the Bank and all of whom serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors, are identified below:

Name |  | Age |  | Positions with the Company |  | Held position since
Michael E. Scheopner |  | 58 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | May 2013/January 2014
Mark A. Herpich |  | 52 |  | Vice President, Secretary, |  | October 2001
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer |  |

The executive officers of the Bank are identified below:

Name |  | Age |  | Positions with the Bank |  | Held position since
Michael E. Scheopner |  | 58 |  | President and Chief Executive Officer |  | May 2013/January 2014
Mark A. Herpich |  | 52 |  | Executive Vice President, Secretary and Chief Financial Officer |  | October 2001
Dean R. Thibault |  | 68 |  | Executive Vice President, Chief Lending Officer |  | January 2018
Mark J. Oliphant |  | 67 |  | Executive Vice President, Market President-Central Region |  | February 2013

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The Company incorporates by reference the information called for by Item 11 of this Form 10-K from the sections entitled “Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors,” and “Executive Compensation” of the 2020 Proxy Statement.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The Company incorporates by reference the information called for by Item 12 of this Form 10-K from the section entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners” of the 2020 Proxy Statement.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The table below sets forth the following information as of December 31, 2019 for all equity compensation plans:

| (a) | the number of securities to be issued upon the exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights;
| (b) | the weighted-average exercise price of such outstanding options, warrants and rights;
| (c) | other than securities to be issued upon the exercise of such outstanding options, warrants and rights, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the plans.

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION
|  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
Plan category |  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (1) |  |  | 136,340 |  |  | $ | 19.87 |  |  |  | 181,292 |
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 136,340 |  |  | $ | 19.87 |  |  |  | 181,292 |

(1) | Reflects outstanding options granted under our 2001 and 2015 Stock Incentive Plans and the remaining share reserve under our 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, each as adjusted for stock dividends.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The Company incorporates by reference the information called for by Item 13 of this Form 10-K from the sections entitled “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” of the 2020 Proxy Statement.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The Company incorporates by reference the information called for by Item 14 of this Form 10-K from the section entitled “Proposal 2 - Ratification of Crowe LLP as our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of the 2020 Proxy Statement.

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PART IV.

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

ITEM 15(a)1 and 2. Financial Statements and Schedules

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

LIST OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following audited Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiaries and related notes and auditors’ report are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Balance Sheets – December 31, 2019 and 2018

Consolidated Statements of Earnings – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

All schedules are omitted because they are not required or are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements incorporated by reference or notes thereto.

Item 15(a)3. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Incorporated by reference to |  | Attached hereto
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |  | Exhibit 3.1 to the registrant’s transition report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 29, 2002 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation |  | Exhibit 3.2 to the registrant’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 29, 2013 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
3.3 |  | Bylaws |  | Exhibit 3.3 to the registrant’s Form S-4 filed with the SEC on June 7, 2001 (SEC file no. 333-62466) |  |
4.0 |  | Certain instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the Company, none of which authorize a total amount of indebtedness in excess of 10% of the total assets of the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, have not been filed as exhibits. The Company hereby agrees to furnish a copy of any of these agreements to the Commission upon request. |  |  |  |
4.1 |  | Description of the Company’s common stock |  |  |  | X
10.1* |  | Employment Agreement effective January 1, 2014 between Michael E. Scheopner, the Company and the Bank |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 20, 2013 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |

95

10.2* |  | Employment Agreement effective November 1, 2013 between Mark A. Herpich, the Company and the Bank |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 20, 2013 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.3* |  | Employment Agreement effective November 1, 2013 between Dean R. Thibault, the Company and the Bank |  | Exhibit 10.4 to the registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 20, 2013 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.4* |  | Amendment to Employment Agreement, dated November 1, 2013 between Dean R. Thibault, the Company and the Bank |  |  |  | X
10.5* |  | Employment Agreement effective November 1, 2013 between Mark J. Oliphant, the Company and the Bank |  | Exhibit 10.5 to the registrant’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 20, 2013 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.6* |  | Form of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement |  | Exhibit 10.9 to the registrant’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2005 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.7* |  | Form of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. Deferred Compensation Agreements |  | Exhibit 10.11 to the registrant’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 30, 2005 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.8* |  | Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2001 Stock Incentive Plan |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on February 11, 2003 (SEC file no. 333-103091) |  |
10.9* |  | Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan |  | Exhibit 10.20 to the registrant’s report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 14, 2016 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.10* |  | Form of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement |  | Exhibit 4.5 to the registrant’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016 (SEC file no. 333-211399) |  |
10.11* |  | Form of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option Award Agreement |  | Exhibit 4.6 to the registrant’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016 (SEC file no. 333-211399) |  |
10.12* |  | Form of Landmark Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement |  | Exhibit 4.7 to the registrant’s Form S-8 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2016 (SEC file no. 333-211399) |  |
10.13 |  | Business Loan Agreement, Promissory Note and Commercial Pledge Agreement, dated November 1, 2016, between Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and First National Bank of Omaha |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 10, 2016 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.14 |  | Change in Terms Agreement dated November 1, 2017, between Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and First National Bank of Omaha |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 13, 2017 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.15 |  | Change in Terms Agreement dated November 1, 2018, between Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and First National Bank of Omaha |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 8, 2018 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
10.16 |  | Change in Terms Agreement dated November 1, 2019, between Landmark Bancorp, Inc. and First National Bank of Omaha |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on November 8, 2019 (SEC file no. 000-33203) |  |
13.1 |  | Letters to Stockholders and Corporate Information included in 2019 Annual Report to Stockholders |  |  |  | X
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Company |  |  |  | X
23.1 |  | Consent of Crowe LLP |  |  |  | X
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  | X
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  | X

Exhibit 101 | Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017; (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017; and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

*Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Upon written request to the President of the Company, P.O. Box 308, Manhattan, Kansas 66505-0308, copies of the exhibits listed above are available to stockholders of the Company by specifically identifying each exhibit desired in the request. The Company’s filings with the SEC are also available free of charge via the Internet at www.sec.gov, the Company’s website at www.landmarkbancorpinc.com or through the investor relations link at the Bank’s website at www.banklandmark.com.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None

96

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

LANDMARK BANCORP, INC. (Registrant) |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Michael E. Scheopner | By: | /s/ Mark A. Herpich |  | March 12, 2020
| Michael E. Scheopner |  | Mark A. Herpich |  | date
| President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer |  |
|  |  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

SIGNATURE |  |  |  | TITLE
/s/ Michael E. Scheopner |  | March 12, 2020 |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Michael E. Scheopner |  | Date |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Patrick L. Alexander |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Chairman of the Board, Director
Patrick L. Alexander |  | Date |  |
/s/ Mark A. Herpich |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Chief Financial
Mark A. Herpich |  | Date |  | Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Richard A. Ball |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Richard A. Ball |  | Date |  |
/s/ Brent A. Bowman |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Brent A. Bowman |  | Date |  |
/s/ Sarah Hill-Nelson |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Sarah Hill-Nelson |  | Date |  |
/s/ Jim W. Lewis |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Jim W. Lewis |  | Date |  |
/s/ Sandra J Moll |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Sandra J Moll |  | Date |  |
/s/ Wayne R. Sloan |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
Wayne R. Sloan |  | Date |  |
/s/ David H. Snapp |  | March 12, 2020 |  | Director
David H. Snapp |  | Date |  |

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