<SEC-DOCUMENT>0000950170-24-110059.txt : 20240927
<SEC-HEADER>0000950170-24-110059.hdr.sgml : 20240927
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240927164657
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0000950170-24-110059
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	424B5
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240927
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240927

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ACHIEVE LIFE SCIENCES, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000949858
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	IN VITRO & IN VIVO DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES [2835]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				954343413
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		424B5
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-280585
		FILM NUMBER:		241335605

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		22722 29TH DR. SE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 100
		CITY:			SEATTLE
		STATE:			WA
		ZIP:			98021
		BUSINESS PHONE:		425-686-1500

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		22722 29TH DR. SE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 100
		CITY:			SEATTLE
		STATE:			WA
		ZIP:			98021

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ONCOGENEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20080821

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	SONUS PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19950825
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>424B5
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>prospectussupplementsep2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>424B5
<TEXT>
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  <title>424B5</title>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">As Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)</font></p>
  <p style="margin-left:60%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Registration No. 333-280585</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">(to Prospectus dated July 8, 2024)	</font><font style="color:#d6284a;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:6pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><img src="img224665463_0.jpg" alt="img224665463_0.jpg" style="width:105px;height:115px;">&#160;</p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Up to $50,000,000<br>Common Stock</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">SM</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">, or sale agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, relating to shares of our common stock offered by this prospectus supplement. In accordance with the terms of the sale agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million from time to time through Jefferies acting as our agent.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#x201c;ACHV.&#x201d; The last reported sales price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on September 26, 2024 was $4.44 per share.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Sales of our common stock, if any, under this prospectus supplement may be made in sales deemed to be an &#x201c;at the market offering&#x201d; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. Jefferies is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of securities, but will act as a sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between Jefferies and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The compensation to Jefferies for sales of common stock sold pursuant to the sale agreement will be up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the sale agreement. In connection with the sale of the common stock on our behalf, Jefferies will be deemed to be an &#x201c;underwriter&#x201d; within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of Jefferies will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to Jefferies with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. See &#x201c;Plan of Distribution&#x201d; beginning on page S-13 regarding the compensation to be paid to Jefferies.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We are a &#x201c;smaller reporting company&#x201d; under the federal securities laws and, as such, we have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and for future filings. See &#x201c;Prospectus Summary&#x2014;Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties referenced under the heading &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; on page S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">8</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> of this prospectus supplement as well as those contained in the accompanying base prospectus, any related free writing prospectus or prospectus supplement we prepare or authorize in connection with this offering, and in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement or the accompanying base prospectus.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Jefferies</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The date of this prospectus supplement is September	27, 2024.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">TABLE OF CONTENTS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Prospectus Supplement</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <table style="margin-left:auto;border-spacing:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100.0%;border-collapse:separate;margin-right:auto;">
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    <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#about_this_prospectus1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">1</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#cautionary_note_regarding_forward_looki1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">2</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#prospectus_summary1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">4</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#the_offering1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">THE OFFERING</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">6</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#risk_factors1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">RISK FACTORS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">8</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#use_proceeds1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">USE OF PROCEEDS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">10</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#dividend_policy1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DIVIDEND POLICY</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">11</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#dilution1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DILUTION</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">12</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#plan_of_distribution1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">14</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#legal_matters1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">LEGAL MATTERS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">15</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#experts1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">EXPERTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">16</font></p></td>
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   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#where_you_can_find_more_information1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">17</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#incorporation_of_information_by_refere1"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">18</font></p></td>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Base Prospectus</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <table style="margin-left:auto;border-spacing:0;table-layout:fixed;width:100.0%;border-collapse:separate;margin-right:auto;">
   <tr style="visibility:collapse;">
    <td style="width:92.92%;"></td>
    <td style="width:1.02%;"></td>
    <td style="width:6.06%;"></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;border-bottom:0.75pt solid;text-align:left;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">PAGE</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#about_this_prospectus"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">1</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#prospectus_summary"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">2</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#risk_factors"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">RISK FACTORS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">4</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#cautionary_note_regarding_forward"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">5</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#where_you_can_find_more_information"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">7</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#incorporation_of_information"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">8</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#use_of_proceeds"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">USE OF PROCEEDS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">9</font></p></td>
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   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#plan_of_distribution"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">10</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#description_of_capital_stock"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">12</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#description_of_debt_securities"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">15</font></p></td>
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   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#description_of_warrants"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">23</font></p></td>
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   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#description_of_subscription_rights"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DESCRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">26</font></p></td>
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   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#description_of_units"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">27</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#legal_matters"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">LEGAL MATTERS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">28</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><a href="#experts"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;min-width:fit-content;">EXPERTS</font></a></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">29</font></p></td>
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  </table>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="about_this_prospectus1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus supplement is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, using a &#x201c;shelf&#x201d; registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell shares of our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities, in any combination, having an aggregate offering price of up to $200.0 million. Under this prospectus supplement, we may from time to time sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of the offering. The $50.0 million of shares of common stock that may be sold under this prospectus supplement are included in the $200.0 million of securities that may be sold under our shelf registration statement.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus supplement describes the terms of this offering of common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement, on the one hand, and the information contained in any document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement or the accompanying base prospectus that was filed with the SEC before the date of this prospectus supplement, on the other hand, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. If any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date&#x2014;for example, a document incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement&#x2014;the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have not, and Jefferies has not, authorized anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus or any related free writing prospectus to which we have referred you. Neither we nor Jefferies take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information others may give you. We are not, and Jefferies is not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted or in which the person making that offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, is accurate only as of the date of those respective documents. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. You should read this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, in their entirety before making an investment decision.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:justify;" id="tocb813273_2"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where such offers and sales are permitted. The distribution of this prospectus supplement and the offering of our common stock in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus supplement must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus supplement outside the United States. This prospectus supplement does not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities offered by this prospectus supplement by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">  </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Unless the context requires otherwise, in this prospectus</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">supplement the terms &#x201c;Achieve,&#x201d; the &#x201c;Company,&#x201d; &#x201c;we,&#x201d; &#x201c;us&#x201d; and &#x201c;our&#x201d; refer to Achieve Life Sciences, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, taken as a whole. This prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference herein and in the accompanying base prospectus includes trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. All trademarks, service marks and trade names are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies&#x2019; trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other companies.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="cautionary_note_regarding_forward_looki1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:3.333%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus supplement contains or incorporates by reference &#x201c;forward-looking statements&#x201d; within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties. We caution readers that any forward-looking statement is not a guarantee of future performance and that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statement. These statements are based on current expectations of future events. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results, plans, objectives, expectations and intentions, costs and expenses, interest rates, outcome of contingencies, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, business strategies, cost savings, objectives of management and other statements that are not historical facts. You can find many of these statements by looking for words like &#x201c;believes,&#x201d; &#x201c;expects,&#x201d; &#x201c;anticipates,&#x201d; &#x201c;estimates,&#x201d; &#x201c;may,&#x201d; &#x201c;should,&#x201d; &#x201c;will,&#x201d; &#x201c;could,&#x201d; &#x201c;plan,&#x201d; &#x201c;intend&#x201d; or similar expressions in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus. We intend that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbors created thereby. Examples of these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:18pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">progress and preliminary and future results of any clinical trials; </font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">anticipated regulatory filings and U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, responses, recommendations, requirements or additional future clinical trials;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our ability to raise additional capital as needed to fund our planned development and commercialization efforts and repay our existing debt;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the potential benefits and differentiated profile, FDA approval, commercialization and commercial market for cytisinicline;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the performance of, and our ability to obtain sufficient supply of cytisinicline in a timely manner from, third-party suppliers and manufacturers;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">timing and plans for the expansion of our focus to address other methods of nicotine addiction;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">timing and amount of future contractual payments, product revenue and operating expenses;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">market acceptance of our products and the estimated potential size of these markets; </font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our expectations regarding the impact of the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, including inflation, increased volatility in interest rates and the debt and equity markets, instability in the global banking system, global health crises and pandemics and geopolitical conflict, and their potentially material adverse impact on our business and the execution of our preclinical studies and clinical trials; and</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the anticipated proceeds from this offering, if any.</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results may differ materially from current expectations and projections. Factors that might cause such a difference include the risk factors identified under the caption &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in this prospectus supplement, as well as those identified under Item 1A. &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024, filed with the SEC on August 13, 2024.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this prospectus or, in the case of documents referred to or incorporated by reference, the date of those documents.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">2</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus supplement or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under applicable U.S. securities law. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">3</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="prospectus_summary1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus supplement or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024, and our other filings with the SEC listed below under the heading &#x201c;Incorporation of Information by Reference.&#x201d; This summary may not contain all the information that you should consider before investing in securities. You should read the entire prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement carefully, including &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; and the financial data and related notes and other information incorporated by reference, before making an investment decision. See &#x201c;Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our Company</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our focus is to address the global nicotine addiction epidemic in combustible cigarette and e-cigarette usage through the development and commercialization of cytisinicline. There are an estimated 29 million adults in the United States alone who smoke combustible cigarettes. Tobacco use is currently the leading cause of preventable death and is responsible for more than 8.0 million deaths worldwide and nearly half a million deaths in the United States annually. More than 87% of lung cancer deaths, 61% of all pulmonary disease deaths, and 32% of all deaths from coronary heart disease are attributable to smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In addition, there are approximately 11.0 million adults in the United States who use e-cigarettes, also known as vaping. While nicotine e-cigarettes are thought to be less harmful than combustible cigarettes, they remain addictive and can deliver harmful chemicals which can cause lung injury or cardiovascular disease. In 2023, 2.1 million high school and middle school students reported using e-cigarettes. Research shows adolescents who have used e-cigarettes are seven times more likely to become smokers one year later compared to those who have never vaped. Recently, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for the development of cytisinicline for nicotine e-cigarette, or vaping, cessation. Breakthrough Therapy designation allows expedited development of drugs that are intended to treat serious conditions, when preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug demonstrates substantial improvement over available therapies. Currently, there are no FDA approved therapies indicated specifically as an aid to nicotine e-cigarette cessation.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It is believed to aid in treating nicotine addiction for smoking and e-cigarette cessation by interacting with nicotine receptors in the brain, reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms, and reducing the reward and satisfaction associated with nicotine products. Cytisinicline is an investigational product candidate being developed for treatment of nicotine addiction and is not currently approved for use in this indication by any regulatory authority worldwide.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We believe cytisinicline represents an important opportunity to significantly impact global health by addressing the considerable unmet need among millions of smokers and e-cigarettes users. If approved by the FDA, it may become one of the first new prescription medicines in nearly two decades aimed at aiding individuals in overcoming nicotine dependence. We believe cytisinicline would be differentiated from existing smoking cessation treatments given its combination of robust efficacy, minimal frequency of side effects and optional shorter course of therapy.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our management team has significant experience in late-stage, precommercial development companies focused on pharmaceutical compounds to meet unmet medical needs. We intend to use this experience to develop and ultimately commercialize cytisinicline either directly or in combination with strategic collaborations.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Company Information</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:4pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We were incorporated in California in October 1991 and subsequently reorganized as a Delaware corporation in March 1995. Our principal executive offices are located at 2722 29</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">th</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021 and 1040 West Georgia Street, Suite 1030, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4H1, and our telephone number is (604) 210-2217. Our website address is </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">ir.achievelifesciences.com</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and, therefore, is not part of this prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We are a &#x201c;smaller reporting company&#x201d; meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million and our annual revenue was less than $100 million during our most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million. For so long as we remain a smaller reporting company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure and other requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not smaller reporting companies.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">5</font></p></div></div>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="the_offering1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">THE OF</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">FERING</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">Common stock offered by us</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Common stock to be outstanding</font></p>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">immediately after this offering</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Up to 45,602,564 shares (as more fully described in the notes following this table), assuming sales of 11,261,261 shares of our common stock in this offering at an offering price of $4.44 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market on September 26, 2024. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">Plan of distribution</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#x201c;At the market offering&#x201d; that may be made from time to time through Jefferies, our sales agent. See &#x201c;Plan of Distribution.&#x201d;</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">Use of proceeds</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund clinical development of cytisinicline, to fund other cytisinicline related research and clinical development activities and for working capital and general corporate purposes. See &#x201c;Use of Proceeds.&#x201d;</font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">Risk factors</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Investing in our common stock involves significant risks. See the disclosure under the heading &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; of this prospectus and under similar headings in other documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;min-width:fit-content;">The Nasdaq Capital Market symbol</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="vertical-align:top;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#x201c;ACHV&#x201d;</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 34,341,303 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2024. The number of shares outstanding as of June 30, 2024 excludes:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:18pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1,928,439 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of June 30, 2024, with a weighted average exercise price of $9.78 per share;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1,115,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units outstanding as of June 30, 2024;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">18,032,322 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2024, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.06 per share; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:3.333%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.333%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.447919145106397%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">142,857 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2023, with an exercise price of $0.001 per share; and</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">6</font></p></div></div>
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  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">627,781 shares of common stock reserved and available for future issuance under our equity incentive plans as of June 30, 2024, consisting of (1) 61,761 shares available for issuance under our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, (2) 9,750 shares available for issuance under our 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan and (3) 556,270 shares available for issuance under our 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Except as otherwise indicated all information in this prospectus supplement assumes no exercise of outstanding options or warrants and no vesting of restricted stock units after June 30, 2024.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">7</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="risk_factors1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">RISK F</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ACTORS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Investment in any securities offered pursuant to this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus involves risks. You should carefully consider the risk factors described below and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, any amendment or update thereto reflected in subsequent filings with the SEC, including in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and all other information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement, as updated by our subsequent filings under the Exchange Act. The occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the offered securities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Risks Relating to this Offering</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">If you purchase shares of our common stock sold in this offering, you may experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of your shares. In addition, we may issue additional equity or convertible debt securities in the future, which may result in additional dilution to you.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The price per share of our common stock being offered may be higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock prior to this offering. Assuming that an aggregate of 11,261,261 shares of our common stock are sold at a price of $4.44 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on September 26, 2024, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $50.0 million, and after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, new investors in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $2.50 per share. For a more detailed discussion of the foregoing, see the section entitled &#x201c;Dilution&#x201d; below. To the extent outstanding stock options or warrants are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors. In addition, to the extent we need to raise additional capital in the future and we issue additional shares of common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable for our common stock, our then existing stockholders may experience dilution and the new securities may have rights senior to those of our common stock offered in this offering.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled &#x201c;Use of Proceeds,&#x201d; and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. Our management might not apply our net proceeds in ways that ultimately increase the value of your investment. We currently expect to use the net proceeds from this offering to fund clinical development of cytisinicline, to fund other cytisinicline related research and clinical development activities and for working capital and general corporate purposes. However, we have no current commitments or obligations to do so. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. Pending their use, we plan to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term or long-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders. If we do not invest or apply the net proceeds from this offering in ways that enhance stockholder value, we may fail to achieve expected financial results, which could cause our stock price to decline.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">The actual number of shares we will issue under the sale agreement, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Subject to certain limitations in the sale agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver a placement notice to Jefferies at any time throughout the term of the sale agreement. The number of shares that are sold by Jefferies after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on the market price of the common shares during the sales period and limits we set with Jefferies. Because the price per share of each share sold will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period, it is not possible at this stage to predict the number of shares that will be ultimately issued.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">The common stock offered hereby will be sold in &#x201c;at the market offerings,&#x201d; and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">8</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold, and there is no minimum or maximum sales price. Investors may experience a decline in the value of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">9</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="use_proceeds1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">USE OF PROCEEDS</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue and sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million from time to time under this prospectus supplement. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. There can be no assurance that we will sell any shares under or fully utilize the sale agreement with Jefferies as a source of financing.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We currently intend to use any net proceeds from the sale of securities under this prospectus supplement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">primarily to fund clinical development of cytisinicline, to fund other cytisinicline related research and clinical development activities and for working capital and general corporate purposes.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors, including the progress of our clinical trials and other development efforts and other factors described under &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus, and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein, as well as the amount of cash used in our operations. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds for other purposes, and we will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds. Pending these uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in short-term or long-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.  We have not determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for such purposes. As a result, management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of net proceeds.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">10</font></p></div></div>
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  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="dividend_policy1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DIVIDE</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ND POLICY</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors the board of directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">11</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="dilution1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DILU</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">TION</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If you invest in our common stock, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the price per share you pay in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Our net tangible book value of our common stock as of June 30, 2024 was approximately $40.2 million, or approximately $1.17 per share of common stock based upon 34,341,303 shares outstanding as of that date. Net tangible book value per share is equal to our total tangible assets, less our total liabilities, divided by the total number of shares outstanding as of June 30, 2024.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">After giving effect to the sale of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $50.0 million at an assumed offering price of $4.44 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on September 26, 2024, and after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2024 would have been $88.4 million, or $1.94 per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.77 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $2.50 per share to new investors in this offering.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
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    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:middle;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:middle;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:middle;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
   <tr style="height:10pt;background-color:#cceeff;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;text-indent:12pt;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="text-indent:-12pt;padding-left:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Assumed public offering price per share</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">$</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">4.44</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;text-indent:24pt;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="margin-left:12pt;text-indent:-12pt;padding-left:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2024</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">$</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">1.17</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
   <tr style="height:10pt;background-color:#cceeff;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;text-indent:24pt;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="margin-left:12pt;text-indent:-12pt;padding-left:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to the offering</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;$</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">0.77</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
   <tr style="height:10pt;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;text-indent:12pt;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="text-indent:-12pt;padding-left:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">As adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to the offering</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;$</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">1.94</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
   <tr style="height:10pt;background-color:#cceeff;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;">
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;text-indent:12pt;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:top;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="text-indent:-12pt;padding-left:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">Dilution per share to new investors participating in the offering</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">$</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;text-align:center;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:right;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;">2.50</font></p></td>
    <td style="padding-top:0.007in;padding-left:0.01in;vertical-align:bottom;padding-bottom:0.007in;padding-right:0.01in;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p></td>
   </tr>
  </table>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The table above illustrates this calculation on a per share basis. The as-adjusted information is illustrative only and will adjust based on the actual price to the public, the actual number of shares sold and other terms of the offering determined at the time shares of our common stock are sold pursuant to this prospectus supplement. The as-adjusted information assumes that all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $50.0 million is sold at the assumed offering price of $4.44 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on September 26, 2024. An increase of $1.00 per share in the price at which the shares are sold from the assumed offering price to $5.44 per share, assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $50.0 million is sold at that price, would result in an adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering of $2.03 per share and would increase the dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering to $3.41 per share, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us. A decrease of $1.00 per share in the price at which the shares are sold from the assumed offering price to $3.44 per share, assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of $50.0 million is sold at that price, would result in an adjusted net tangible book value per share after the offering of $1.81 per share and would decrease the dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering to $1.63 per share, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us. This information is supplied for illustrative purposes only.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The number of shares of our common stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 34,341,303 shares of our common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2024. The number of shares outstanding as of June 30, 2024 excludes:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:4.528%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:4.537%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:4.7521786492374725%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1,928,439 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of June 30, 2024, with a weighted average exercise price of $9.78 per share;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:4.528%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:4.537%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:4.7521786492374725%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1,115,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units outstanding as of June 30, 2024;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">12</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:4.528%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:4.537%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:4.7521786492374725%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">18,032,322 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2024, with a weighted average exercise price of $5.06 per share;</font></div></div>
  <p style="margin-left:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:4.528%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:4.537%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:4.7521786492374725%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">142,857 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of pre-funded warrants outstanding as of June 30, 2023, with an exercise price of $0.001 per share; and</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:4.528%;display:flex;margin-top:6pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:4.537%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:4.7521786492374725%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">627,781 shares of common stock reserved and available for future issuance under our equity incentive plans as of June 30, 2024, consisting of (1) 61,761 shares available for issuance under our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, (2) 9,750 shares available for issuance under our 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan and (3) 556,270 shares available for issuance under our 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Except as otherwise indicated all information in this prospectus supplement assumes no exercise of outstanding options or warrants and no vesting of restricted stock units after June 30, 2024.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">To the extent that outstanding options or warrants have been or may be exercised, or restricted stock units have vested or may vest, or other shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares are issued, new investors may experience further dilution.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">13</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="plan_of_distribution1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PLAN OF DIS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">TRIBUTION</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have entered into a sale agreement with Jefferies, under which we may offer and sell up to $50,000,000 of our shares of common stock from time to time through Jefferies acting as agent. Sales of our shares of common stock, if any, under this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus will be made by any method that is deemed to be an &#x201c;at the market offering&#x201d; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Each time we wish to issue and sell our shares of common stock under the sale agreement, we will notify Jefferies of the number of shares to be issued, the dates on which such sales are anticipated to be made, any limitation on the number of shares to be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. Once we have so instructed Jefferies, unless Jefferies declines to accept the terms of such notice, Jefferies has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such shares up to the amount specified on such terms. The obligations of Jefferies under the sale agreement to sell our shares of common stock are subject to a number of conditions that we must meet.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The settlement of sales of shares between us and Jefferies is generally anticipated to occur on the first trading day following the date on which the sale was made. Sales of our shares of common stock as contemplated in this prospectus supplement will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and Jefferies may agree upon. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will pay Jefferies a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds we receive from each sale of our shares of common stock. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse Jefferies for the fees and disbursements of its counsel, payable upon execution of the sale agreement, in an amount not to exceed $75,000, in addition to certain ongoing disbursements of its legal counsel. We estimate that the total expenses for the offering, excluding any commissions or expense reimbursement payable to Jefferies under the terms of the sale agreement, will be approximately $250,000. The remaining sale proceeds, after deducting any other transaction fees, will equal our net proceeds from the sale of such shares.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Jefferies will provide written confirmation to us before the open on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the day following each day on which our shares of common stock are sold under the sale agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares sold on that day, the aggregate gross proceeds of such sales and the proceeds to us.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In connection with the sale of our shares of common stock on our behalf, Jefferies will be deemed to be an &#x201c;underwriter&#x201d; within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation of Jefferies will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed to indemnify Jefferies against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. We have also agreed to contribute to payments Jefferies may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The offering of our shares of common stock pursuant to the sale agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all shares of common stock subject to the sale agreement and (ii) the termination of the sale agreement as permitted therein. We and Jefferies may each terminate the sale agreement at any time upon five trading days&#x2019; prior written notice.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This summary of the material provisions of the sale agreement does not purport to be a complete statement of its terms and conditions. A copy of the sale agreement is filed as an exhibit to a current report on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act and incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Jefferies and its affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking, commercial banking, financial advisory and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which services they may in the future receive customary fees. In the course of its business, Jefferies may actively trade our securities for its own account or for the accounts of customers, and, accordingly, Jefferies may at any time hold long or short positions in such securities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by Jefferies, and Jefferies may distribute this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus electronically.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">14</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="legal_matters1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">LEGAL M</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ATTERS</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The validity of the common stock offered hereby and certain legal matters in connection with this offering will be passed upon by Fenwick &amp; West LLP, Seattle, Washington. Jefferies LLC is being represented in connection with this offering by Paul Hastings LLP, New York, New York.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">15</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="experts1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">EXPERTS</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus supplement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">16</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="where_you_can_find_more_information1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">WHERE YOU CAN F</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">IND MORE INFORMATION</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and are required to file annual, quarterly, and other reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and various other of our information. You may also inspect the documents described herein at our principal executive offices, 2722 29</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">th</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021 and 1040 West Georgia Street, Suite 1030, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4H1, during normal business hours.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our Internet address is </font><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">www.achievelifesciences.com</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">.There we make available free of charge, on or through the investor relations section of our website, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The information found on our website is not part of or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:8pt;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">17</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="incorporation_of_information_by_refere1"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">INCORPORATION OF INF</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ORMATION BY REFERENCE</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:18pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The SEC allows us to &#x201c;incorporate by reference&#x201d; information that we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those other documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus supplement, and information we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of any offering of securities made by this prospectus supplement:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Annual Report on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024038049/achv-20231231.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Form 10-K</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2024;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024056929/achv-20240331.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">May 9, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> and the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024, filed with the SEC on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000095017024096193/achv-20240630.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">August 13, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000095017024023189/achv-20240228.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">February 29, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">, </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000095017024069973/achv-20240605.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">June 6, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">, </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024087118/achv-20240725.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">July 29, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> and </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000119312524207129/d834963d8k.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">August 26, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> (excluding any information furnished in such report under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01); </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the description of our common stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on September 27, 1995 (paper filing) under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description, including </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000156459020010642/achv-ex412_639.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Exhibit 4.12</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">filings we make with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act after the date of the initial registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement.</font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Upon written or oral request, we will provide without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom this prospectus supplement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">is delivered, a copy of any or all of such documents that are incorporated herein by reference (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into the documents that this prospectus supplement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">incorporates). Written or oral requests for copies should be directed to Achieve Life Sciences, Inc., 2722 29</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">th</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021 and 1040 West Georgia Street, Suite 1030, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4H1, Attn: Sandra Thomson, telephone number (604) 736-3678.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Any statement contained in this prospectus supplement, or in a document all or a portion of which is incorporated by reference, shall be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;"> </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus supplement or any document incorporated by reference modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not, except as so modified or superseded, constitute a part of this prospectus supplement.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">S-</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">18</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">$200,000,000</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><img src="img224665463_1.jpg" alt="img224665463_1.jpg" style="width:105px;height:115px;">&#160;</p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Common Stock, Preferred Stock,</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Debt Securities, Warrants, Subscription Rights and Units</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;text-align:center;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">From time to time, we may offer up to $200,000,000 aggregate amount of shares of our common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities, in any combination, together or separately, in one or more offerings, in amounts, at prices and on the terms that we will determine at the time of the offering and which will be set forth in a prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. The total amount of these securities will have an initial aggregate offering price of up to $200,000,000.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">You should read this prospectus, the information incorporated, or deemed to be incorporated, by reference in this prospectus, and any applicable prospectus supplement and related free writing prospectus carefully before you invest.</font></p>
  <p style="padding-bottom:12pt;font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#x201c;ACHV.&#x201d; On June 27, 2024 the last reported sales price for our common stock was $4.64 per share. None of the other securities we may offer are currently traded on any securities exchange. The applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus will contain information, where applicable, as to any other listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any securities market or exchange of the securities covered by the prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making any investment in these securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties in the section entitled &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; beginning on page </font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> of this prospectus.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, subscription rights and/or units may be sold by us to or through underwriters or dealers, directly to purchasers or through agents designated from time to time. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled &#x201c;Plan of Distribution&#x201d; in this prospectus. If any underwriters, dealers or agents are involved in the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such underwriters or agents and any applicable fees, discounts or commissions, details regarding over-allotment options, if any, and the net proceeds to us will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. The securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is not permitted.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:9pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The date of this prospectus is July 8, 2024</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="about_this_prospectus"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ABO</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">UT THIS PROSPECTUS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, using a &#x201c;shelf&#x201d; registration process. Under this shelf registration process, from time to time, we may sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $200,000,000.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have provided to you in this prospectus a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we sell securities under this shelf registration process, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of the offering. We may also add, update or change in the prospectus supplement any of the information contained in this prospectus or in documents we have incorporated by reference into this prospectus. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus and the prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the prospectus supplement; provided that, if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date&#x2014;for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement&#x2014;the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement. This prospectus, together with the applicable prospectus supplements and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, includes all material information relating to this offering. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under the headings &#x201c;Incorporation of Information by Reference&#x201d; and &#x201c;Where You Can Find More Information.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Neither we, nor any agent, underwriter or dealer have authorized anyone to give you any information or to make any representation other than the information and representations contained in or incorporated by reference into this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. We and any agent, underwriter or dealer take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information others may give you. You may not imply from the delivery of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, nor from a sale made under this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement, that our affairs are unchanged since the date of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or that the information contained in any document incorporated by reference is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or any sale of a security. This prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement may only be used where it is legal to sell the securities.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO OFFER AND SELL SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In this prospectus, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms &#x201c;Achieve,&#x201d; the &#x201c;Company,&#x201d; &#x201c;we,&#x201d; &#x201c;us,&#x201d; and &#x201c;our&#x201d; refer to Achieve Life Sciences, Inc. together with its subsidiaries, taken as a whole. This prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference herein and therein may contain additional trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies&#x2019; trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other companies.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">1</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="prospectus_summary"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PR</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">OSPECTUS SUMMARY</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, and our other filings with the SEC listed below under the heading &#x201c;Incorporation of Information by Reference.&#x201d; This summary may not contain all the information that you should consider before investing in securities. You should read the entire prospectus and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus carefully, including &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; and the financial data and related notes and other information incorporated by reference, before making an investment decision. See &#x201c;Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our Company</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our focus is to address the global smoking health and nicotine addiction epidemic through the development and commercialization of cytisinicline. There are an estimated 28 million adults in the United States alone who smoke combustible cigarettes. Tobacco use is currently the leading cause of preventable death and is responsible for more than 8.0 million deaths worldwide and nearly half a million deaths in the United States annually. More than 87% of lung cancer deaths, 61% of all pulmonary disease deaths, and 32% of all deaths from coronary heart disease are attributable to smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In addition, there are approximately 11.0 million adults in the United States who use e-cigarettes, also known as vaping. While nicotine e-cigarettes are thought to be less harmful than combustible cigarettes, they remain addictive and can deliver harmful chemicals which can cause lung injury or cardiovascular disease. In 2023, 2.1 million high school and middle school students reported using e-cigarettes. Research shows adolescents who have used e-cigarettes are seven times more likely to become smokers one year later compared to those who have never vaped. Currently, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approved treatments indicated specifically as an aid to nicotine e-cigarette cessation.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Cytisinicline is a plant-based alkaloid with a high binding affinity to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It is believed to aid in treating nicotine addiction for smoking and e-cigarette cessation by interacting with nicotine receptors in the brain, reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms, and reducing the reward and satisfaction associated with nicotine products. Cytisinicline is an investigational product candidate being developed for treatment of nicotine addiction and has not been approved by the FDA for any indication in the United States.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We believe cytisinicline represents a unique opportunity to significantly impact global health by addressing the considerable unmet need among millions of smokers and e-cigarettes users. If approved by the FDA, it may become one of the first new prescription medicines in nearly two decades aimed at aiding individuals in overcoming nicotine dependence. We believe cytisinicline is differentiated from existing smoking cessation treatments given its combination of robust efficacy, minimal frequency of side effects and optional shorter course of therapy.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Our management team has significant experience in growing emerging companies focused on the development of under-utilized pharmaceutical compounds to meet unmet medical needs. We intend to use this experience to develop and ultimately commercialize cytisinicline either directly or via strategic collaborations.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The Securities We May Offer</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">With this prospectus, we may offer common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities in any combination. The aggregate offering price of securities that we offer with this prospectus will not exceed $200,000,000. Each time we offer securities with this prospectus, we will provide offerees with a prospectus supplement that will contain the specific terms of the securities being offered. The following is a summary of the securities we may offer with this prospectus.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Common Stock</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">2</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Preferred Stock</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer shares of our preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, in one or more series. Our board of directors or a committee designated by our board of directors will determine the dividend, voting, conversion and other rights of the series of shares of preferred stock being offered. Each series of preferred stock will be more fully described in the particular prospectus supplement that will accompany this prospectus, including redemption provisions, rights in the event of our liquidation, dissolution or the winding up, voting rights and rights to convert into common stock.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Debt Securities</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer general obligations, which may be secured or unsecured, senior or subordinated and convertible into shares of our common stock or preferred stock. In this prospectus, we refer to the senior debt securities and the subordinated debt securities together as the &#x201c;debt securities.&#x201d; Our board of directors or a committee designated by our board of directors will determine the terms of each series of debt securities being offered.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will issue the debt securities under an indenture between us and a trustee. In this document, we have summarized general features of the debt securities from the indenture. We encourage you to read the indenture, which is an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Warrants</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer warrants for the purchase of debt securities, shares of preferred stock or shares of common stock. We may issue warrants independently or together with other securities. Our board of directors or a committee designated by our board of directors will determine the terms of the warrants.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Subscription Rights</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. We may issue subscription rights independently or together with other securities. Our board of directors or a committee designated by our board of directors will determine the terms of the subscription rights.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Units</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer units consisting of some or all of the securities described above, in any combination, including common stock, preferred stock, warrants and/or debt securities. The terms of these units will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The description of the terms of these units in the related prospectus supplement will not be complete. You should refer to the applicable form of unit and unit agreement for complete information with respect to these units.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">* * *</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We were incorporated in California in October 1991 and subsequently reorganized as a Delaware corporation in March 1995. Our principal executive offices are located at 2722 29</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">th</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021 and 1040 West Georgia Street, Suite 1030, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4H1, and our telephone number is (604) 210-2217.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">3</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="risk_factors"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">RIS</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">K FACTORS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. The prospectus supplement applicable to each offering of securities will contain a discussion of the risks applicable to an investment in our securities. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the specific factors discussed under the heading &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in the applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information contained or incorporated by reference in the prospectus supplement or appearing or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, and other documents we file with the SEC that are deemed incorporated by reference into this prospectus, which may be amended, supplemented, or superseded from time to time by other reports we file with the SEC in the future. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our operations.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">4</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="cautionary_note_regarding_forward"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CAUTI</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">This prospectus contains or incorporates by reference &#x201c;forward-looking statements&#x201d; within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties. We caution readers that any forward-looking statement is not a guarantee of future performance and that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statement. These statements are based on current expectations of future events. Such statements include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results, plans, objectives, expectations and intentions, costs and expenses, interest rates, outcome of contingencies, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, business strategies, cost savings, objectives of management and other statements that are not historical facts. You can find many of these statements by looking for words like &#x201c;believes,&#x201d; &#x201c;expects,&#x201d; &#x201c;anticipates,&#x201d; &#x201c;estimates,&#x201d; &#x201c;may,&#x201d; &#x201c;should,&#x201d; &#x201c;will,&#x201d; &#x201c;could,&#x201d; &#x201c;plan,&#x201d; &#x201c;intend&#x201d; or similar expressions in this prospectus or in documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We intend that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbors created thereby. Examples of these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">progress and preliminary and future results of any clinical trials; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">anticipated regulatory filings and FDA responses, recommendations, requirements or additional future clinical trials; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our ability to raise additional capital as needed to fund our planned development and commercialization efforts and repay our existing debt;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the potential benefits and differentiated profile, FDA approval, commercialization and commercial market for cytisinicline;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the performance of, and our ability to obtain sufficient supply of cytisinicline in a timely manner from, third-party suppliers and manufacturers;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">timing and plans for the expansion of our focus to address other methods of nicotine addiction;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">timing and amount of future contractual payments, product revenue and operating expenses;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">market acceptance of our products and the estimated potential size of these markets; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our expectations regarding the impact of the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment, including inflation, rising interest rates, increased volatility in the debt and equity markets, instability in the global banking system, global health crises and pandemics and geopolitical conflict, and their potentially material adverse impact on our business and the execution of our preclinical studies and clinical trials.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results may differ materially from current expectations and projections. Factors that might cause such a difference include the risk factors identified under the caption &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in this prospectus, as well as those identified under Item 1A. &#x201c;Risk Factors&#x201d; in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the SEC on May 9, 2024.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this prospectus or, in the case of documents referred to or incorporated by reference, the date of those documents.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">5</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under applicable U.S. securities law. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">6</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="where_you_can_find_more_information"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">WHE</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">RE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities offered hereby. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement, the exhibits filed therewith or the documents incorporated by reference therein. For further information about us and the securities offered hereby, reference is made to the registration statement, the exhibits filed therewith and the documents incorporated by reference therein. Statements contained in this prospectus regarding the contents of any contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and are required to file annual, quarterly and other reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and various other information about us. You may also inspect the documents described herein at our principal executive offices at 2722 29</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;vertical-align:super;font-size:6.7pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">th</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> Drive SE, Suite 100, Bothell, WA 98021 and 1040 West Georgia Street, Suite 1030, Vancouver, B.C. V6E 4H1, during normal business hours.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Information about us is also available at our website at https://achievelifesciences.com/. However, the information on our website is not a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">7</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="incorporation_of_information"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">INCORP</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">ORATION OF INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The SEC allows us to &#x201c;incorporate by reference&#x201d; information that we file with the SEC, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those other documents. The information incorporated by reference is an important part of this prospectus, and information we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. A Current Report (or portion thereof) furnished, but not filed, on Form 8-K shall not be incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings we make with the SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of any offering of securities made by this prospectus:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Annual Report on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024038049/achv-20231231.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Form 10-K</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 28, 2024;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024056929/achv-20240331.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">May 9, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000095017024023189/achv-20240228.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">February 29, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> and  </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/949858/000095017024069973/achv-20240605.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">June 6, 2024</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> (excluding any information furnished in such report under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01); </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the description of our common stock contained in our registration statement on Form 8-A filed with the SEC on September 27, 1995 (paper filing) under Section 12 of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description, including </font><a href="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000949858/000095017024038049/achv-20231231.htm"><font style="color:#0000ff;white-space:pre-wrap;text-decoration:underline;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Exhibit 4.12</font></a><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">filings we make with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act after the date of the initial registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will furnish without charge to you, on written or oral request, a copy of any or all of such documents that has been incorporated herein by reference (other than exhibits to such documents unless such exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference into the documents that this prospectus incorporates). You may request a copy of these filings (other than an exhibit to a filing unless that exhibit is specifically incorporated by reference into that filing) at no cost by writing, telephoning or e-mailing us at the following address, telephone number or e-mail address:</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Achieve Life Sciences, Inc.<br>22722 29th Drive SE, Suite 100</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Bothell, Washington 98021<br>Tel: (604) 210-2217<br>Attn: Sandra Thomson</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Copies of these filings are also available through the &#x201c;Investors&#x201d; section of our website at www.achievelifesciences.com. See the section of this prospectus entitled &#x201c;Where You Can Find More Information&#x201d; for information concerning how to obtain copies of materials that we file with the SEC.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Any statement contained in this prospectus, or in a document, all or a portion of which is incorporated by reference, shall be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement or any document incorporated by reference modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not, except as so modified or superseded, constitute a part of this prospectus.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">8</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="use_of_proceeds"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">U</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">SE OF PROCEEDS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will retain broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds to us from the sale of our securities under this prospectus. Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities under this prospectus for general corporate purposes, which may include funding research, clinical and process development and manufacturing of our product candidates, increasing our working capital, reducing indebtedness, acquisitions or investments in businesses, products or technologies that are complementary to our own and capital expenditures. We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement our intended use for the net proceeds received from the sale of any securities. Pending the application of the net proceeds, we intend to invest the net proceeds in short-term or long-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">9</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="plan_of_distribution"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PLA</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">N OF DISTRIBUTION</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may sell the securities covered by this prospectus to one or more underwriters for public offering and sale by them, and may also sell the securities to investors directly or through agents. We will name any underwriter or agent involved in the offer and sale of securities in the applicable prospectus supplement. We have reserved the right to sell or exchange securities directly to investors on our own behalf in jurisdictions where we are authorized to do so. We may distribute the securities from time to time in one or more transactions:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">at negotiated prices.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may directly solicit offers to purchase the securities being offered by this prospectus. We may also designate agents to solicit offers to purchase the securities from time to time. We will name in a prospectus supplement any agent involved in the offer or sale of our securities. Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, an agent will be acting on a best efforts basis, and a dealer will purchase securities as a principal for resale at varying prices to be determined by the dealer.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If we utilize an underwriter in the sale of the securities being offered by this prospectus, we will execute an underwriting agreement with the underwriter at the time of sale and we will provide the name of any underwriter in the prospectus supplement that the underwriter will use to make resales of the securities to the public. In connection with the sale of the securities, we, or the purchasers of securities for whom the underwriter may act as agent, may compensate the underwriter in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions. The underwriter may sell the securities to or through dealers, and those dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions, or commissions from the underwriters or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agent.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will provide in the applicable prospectus supplement any compensation we pay to underwriters, dealers, or agents in connection with the offering of the securities, and any discounts, concessions, or commissions allowed by underwriters to participating dealers. Underwriters, dealers, and agents participating in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any discounts and commissions received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions. In compliance with the guidelines of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., or FINRA, the aggregate maximum discount, commission or agency fees or other items constituting underwriting compensation to be received by any FINRA member or independent broker-dealer shall be fair and reasonable. We may enter into agreements to indemnify underwriters, dealers and agents against civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to reimburse them for certain expenses. We may grant underwriters who participate in the distribution of our securities under this prospectus an option to purchase additional securities in connection with the distribution.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The securities we offer under this prospectus may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange. To facilitate the offering of securities, certain persons participating in the offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the securities. This may include short sales of the securities, which involves the sale by persons participating in the offering of more securities than we sold to them. In these circumstances, these persons would cover such short positions by making purchases in the open market or by exercising their option to purchase additional securities. In addition, these persons may stabilize or maintain the price of the securities by bidding for or purchasing securities in the open market or by imposing penalty bids, whereby selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if securities sold by them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. These transactions may be discontinued at any time.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">10</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may engage in at-the-market offerings into an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In addition, we may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable prospectus supplement indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, including short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of stock, and they may use securities received from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of stock. The third party in these sale transactions will be an underwriter and will be identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell the securities short using this prospectus. The financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will file a prospectus supplement to describe the terms of any offering of our securities covered by this prospectus. The prospectus supplement will disclose:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the terms of the offer;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the names of any underwriters, including any managing underwriters, as well as any dealers or agents;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the purchase price of the securities from us;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the net proceeds to us from the sale of the securities;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any delayed delivery arrangements;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the nature of the underwriters&#x2019; obligations to take the securities;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any options under which underwriters, if any, may purchase additional securities from us;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any underwriting discounts, commissions or other items constituting underwriters&#x2019; compensation, and any commissions paid to agents;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">in a subscription rights offering, whether we have engaged dealer-managers to facilitate the offering or subscription, including their name or names and compensation;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any securities exchanges or markets on which such securities may be listed;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any public offering price; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">other facts material to the transaction.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will bear all or substantially all of the costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of our securities under this prospectus. The underwriters, dealers and agents may engage in transactions with us, or perform services for us, in the ordinary course of business.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in one business day, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise or the securities are sold by us to an underwriter in a firm commitment underwritten offering. The applicable prospectus supplement may provide that the original issue date for your securities may be more than one scheduled business day after the trade date for your securities. Accordingly, in such a case, if you wish to trade securities on any date prior to the first business day before the original issue date for your securities, you will be required, by virtue of the fact that your securities initially are expected to settle in more than one scheduled business day after the trade date for your securities, to make alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">11</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="description_of_capital_stock"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DES</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">General</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">As of the date of this prospectus, our authorized capital stock consists of 155,000,000 shares. Those shares consist of 150,000,000 shares of common stock, par value of $0.001 per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $0.001 per share. As of March 31, 2024, there were 34,251,911 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and no shares of preferred stock outstanding. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, we had reserved, pursuant to various plans, 3,228,829 shares of our common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by our employees, directors, officers and consultants, of which 1,928,443 were reserved for outstanding options, 1,228,875 were reserved for outstanding restricted stock units and 71,511 were available for future equity grants.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">As of March 31, 2024, there were warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 18,032,322 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $5.065 per share and pre-funded warrants outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 142,857 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $0.001 per share. Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#x201c;ACHV.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The following description summarizes the material terms of our capital stock. For greater detail about our capital stock, please refer to our certificate of incorporation and bylaws.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Common Stock</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Voting Rights</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. For all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders, each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share registered in his or her name. Except as may be required by law and in connection with some significant actions, such as mergers, consolidations, or amendments to our certificate of incorporation that affect the rights of stockholders, holders of our common stock vote together as a single class. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our directors, which means that, subject to any rights to elect directors that are granted to the holders of any class or series of preferred stock, a plurality of the votes cast at a meeting of stockholders at which a quorum is present is sufficient to elect a director.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Liquidation</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. In the event we are liquidated, dissolved or our affairs are wound up, after we pay or make adequate provision for all of our known debts and liabilities, each holder of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in all assets that remain, subject to any rights that are granted to the holders of any class or series of preferred stock.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Dividends</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. Subject to preferential dividend rights of any other class or series of stock, the holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends, including dividends of our stock, as and when declared by our board of directors, subject to any limitations imposed by law and to the rights of the holders, if any, of our preferred stock. We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying periodic cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination about the payment of dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our earnings, if any, capital requirements, operating and financial conditions and on such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Other Rights and Restrictions</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock, all shares of our common stock have equal dividend, distribution, liquidation and other rights, and have no preference, appraisal or exchange rights, except for any appraisal rights provided by Delaware law. Furthermore, holders of our common stock have no conversion, sinking fund or redemption rights, or preemptive rights to subscribe for any of our securities. Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws do not restrict the ability of a holder of our common stock to transfer his or her shares of our common stock.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The rights, powers, preferences and privileges of holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of holders of shares of any series of preferred stock which we may designate and issue in the future.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">12</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Listing</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#x201c;ACHV.&#x201d;</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;font-style:italic;min-width:fit-content;">Transfer Agent and Registrar</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">. The transfer agent for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Preferred Stock</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The following description of preferred stock and the description of the terms of any particular series of preferred stock that we choose to issue hereunder and that will be set forth in the related prospectus supplement are not complete. These descriptions are qualified in their entirety by reference to the certificate of designation relating to that series. The rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of the preferred stock of each series will be fixed by the certificate of designation relating to that series.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The board of directors has the authority, without stockholder approval, subject to limitations prescribed by law, to provide for the issuance of the shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and by filing a certificate pursuant to the applicable law of the State of Delaware, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, and to fix the designation, powers, preferences, and rights of the shares of each series and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions, including, but not limited to, the following:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the number of shares constituting that series;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">dividend rights and rates;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">voting rights;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">conversion terms;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">rights and terms of redemption (including sinking fund provisions); and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">rights of the series in the event of liquidation, dissolution, or winding up.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">All shares of preferred stock offered hereby will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable and will not have any preemptive or similar rights. Our board of directors could authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of discouraging a takeover or other transaction that might involve a premium price for holders of the shares or which holders might believe to be in their best interests.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will set forth in a prospectus supplement relating to the series of preferred stock being offered the following items:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the title and stated value of the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the number of shares of the preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference per share, and the offering price of the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the dividend rate(s), period(s), and/or payment date(s) or method(s) of calculation applicable to the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">whether dividends are cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends on the preferred stock will accumulate;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the provisions for a sinking fund, if any, for the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the provision for redemption, if applicable, of the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">13</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which the preferred stock will be convertible into common stock, including the conversion price (or manner of calculation) and conversion period;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">a discussion of any material and/or special United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon the liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of our affairs;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any limitations on issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the class or series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of our affairs; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:0;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations, or restrictions of the preferred stock.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The transfer agent and registrar for any series of preferred stock will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">14</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="description_of_debt_securities"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DES</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">General</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will issue the debt securities offered by this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement under an indenture to be entered into between us and the trustee identified in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of the debt securities will include those stated in the indenture and those made part of the indenture by reference to the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as in effect on the date of the indenture. We have filed a copy of the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement in which this prospectus is included. The indenture will be subject to and governed by the terms of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt securities will represent our direct, unsecured obligations and will rank equally with all of our other unsecured indebtedness.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may offer under this prospectus up to an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 million in debt securities, or if debt securities are issued at a discount, or in a foreign currency, foreign currency units or composite currency, the principal amount as may be sold for an aggregate public offering price of up to $200.0 million. We may issue the debt securities in one or more series with the same or various maturities, at par, at a premium, or at a discount. We will describe the particular terms of each series of debt securities in a prospectus supplement relating to that series, which we will file with the SEC. The prospectus supplement relating to the particular series of debt securities being offered will specify the particular amounts, prices and terms of those debt securities. These terms may include:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the title of the series; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the aggregate principal amount, and, if a series, the total amount authorized and the total amount outstanding; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the issue price or prices, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any limit on the aggregate principal amount; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the date or dates on which principal is payable; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the interest rate or rates (which may be fixed or variable) or, if applicable, the method used to determine such rate or rates; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the date or dates from which interest, if any, will be payable and any regular record date for the interest payable; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the place or places where principal and, if applicable, premium and interest, is payable; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the terms and conditions upon which we may, or the holders may require us to, redeem or repurchase the debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the denominations in which such debt securities may be issuable, if other than denominations of $1,000 or any integral multiple of that number; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">whether the debt securities are to be issuable in the form of certificated securities (as described below) or global securities (as described below); </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the portion of principal amount that will be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity date if other than the principal amount of the debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the currency of denomination; </font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">15</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the designation of the currency, currencies or currency units in which payment of principal and, if applicable, premium and interest, will be made; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if payments of principal and, if applicable, premium or interest, on the debt securities are to be made in one or more currencies or currency units other than the currency of denomination, the manner in which the exchange rate with respect to such payments will be determined; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if amounts of principal and, if applicable, premium and interest may be determined by reference to an index based on a currency or currencies or by reference to a commodity, commodity index, stock exchange index or financial index, then the manner in which such amounts will be determined; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the provisions, if any, relating to any collateral provided for such debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any addition to or change in the covenants and/or the acceleration provisions described in this prospectus or in the indenture; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any events of default, if not otherwise described below under &#x201c;Events of Default&#x201d;; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the terms and conditions, if any, for conversion into or exchange for shares of our common stock or preferred stock; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any depositaries, interest rate calculation agents, exchange rate calculation agents or other agents; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the debt securities shall be subordinated in right of payment to our other indebtedness. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue discount debt securities that provide for an amount less than the stated principal amount to be due and payable upon acceleration of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of the indenture. We may also issue debt securities in bearer form, with or without coupons. If we issue discount debt securities or debt securities in bearer form, we will describe material U.S. federal income tax considerations and other material special considerations which apply to these debt securities in the applicable prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue debt securities denominated in or payable in a foreign currency or currencies or a foreign currency unit or units. If we do, we will describe the restrictions, elections, and general tax considerations relating to the debt securities and the foreign currency or currencies or foreign currency unit or units in the applicable prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Debt securities offered under this prospectus and any prospectus supplement will be subordinated in right of payment to certain of our outstanding senior indebtedness. In addition, we will seek the consent of the holders of any such senior indebtedness prior to issuing any debt securities under this prospectus to the extent required by the agreements evidencing such senior indebtedness.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Registrar and Paying Agent</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The debt securities may be presented for registration of transfer or for exchange at the corporate trust office of the security registrar or at any other office or agency that we maintain for those purposes. In addition, the debt securities may be presented for payment of principal, interest and any premium at the office of the paying agent or at any office or agency that we maintain for those purposes.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">16</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Conversion or Exchange Rights</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock. The terms and conditions of conversion or exchange will be stated in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms will include, among others, the following:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the conversion or exchange price; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the conversion or exchange period; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">provisions regarding the convertibility or exchangeability of the debt securities, including who may convert or exchange; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">events requiring adjustment to the conversion or exchange price; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">provisions affecting conversion or exchange in the event of our redemption of the debt securities; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any anti-dilution provisions, if applicable. </font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Registered Global Securities</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If we decide to issue debt securities in the form of one or more global securities, then we will register the global securities in the name of the depositary for the global securities or the nominee of the depositary, and the global securities will be delivered by the trustee to the depositary for credit to the accounts of the holders of beneficial interests in the debt securities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The prospectus supplement will describe the specific terms of the depositary arrangement for debt securities of a series that are issued in global form. None of us, the trustee, any payment agent or the security registrar will have any responsibility or liability for any aspect of the records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial ownership interests in a global debt security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to these beneficial ownership interests.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">No Protection in the Event of Change of Control</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The indenture does not have any covenants or other provisions providing for a put or increased interest or otherwise that would afford holders of our debt securities additional protection in the event of a recapitalization transaction, a change of control or a highly leveraged transaction. If we offer any covenants or provisions of this type with respect to any debt securities covered by this prospectus, we will describe them in the applicable prospectus supplement.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Covenants</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Unless otherwise indicated in this prospectus or the applicable prospectus supplement, our debt securities will not have the benefit of any covenants that limit or restrict our business or operations, the pledging of our assets or the incurrence by us of indebtedness. We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement any material covenants in respect of a series of debt securities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Merger, Consolidation or Sale of Assets</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The form of indenture provides that we will not consolidate with or merge into any other person or convey, transfer, sell or lease our properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any person, unless:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">we are the surviving person of such merger or consolidation, or if we are not the surviving person, the person formed by the consolidation or into or with which we are merged or the person to which our properties and assets are conveyed, transferred, sold or leased, is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the </font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">17</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;visibility:hidden;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;"></font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">U.S., any state or the District of Columbia or a corporation or comparable legal entity organized under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction and has expressly assumed all of our obligations, including the payment of the principal of and, premium, if any, and interest on the debt securities and the performance of the other covenants under the indenture; and</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">immediately before and immediately after giving effect to the transaction on a pro forma basis, no event of default, and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or both, would become an event of default, has occurred and is continuing under the indenture. </font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Events of Default</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Unless otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the following events will be events of default under the indenture with respect to debt securities of any series:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">we fail to pay any principal or premium, if any, when it becomes due; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">we fail to pay any interest within 30 days after it becomes due; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">we fail to observe or perform any other covenant in the debt securities or the indenture for 90 days after written notice specifying the failure from the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.796%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.87%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.981317641249332%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">certain events involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization of us or any of our significant subsidiaries. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The trustee may withhold notice to the holders of the debt securities of any series of any default, except in payment of principal of or premium, if any, or interest on the debt securities of a series, if the trustee considers it to be in the best interest of the holders of the debt securities of that series to do so.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If an event of default (other than an event of default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization) occurs, and is continuing, then the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series may accelerate the maturity of the debt securities. If this happens, the entire principal amount, plus the premium, if any, of all the outstanding debt securities of the affected series plus accrued interest to the date of acceleration will be immediately due and payable. At any time after the acceleration, but before a judgment or decree based on such acceleration is obtained by the trustee, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of outstanding debt securities of such series may rescind and annul such acceleration if:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">all events of default (other than nonpayment of accelerated principal, premium or interest) have been cured or waived; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">all lawful interest on overdue interest and overdue principal has been paid; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the rescission would not conflict with any judgment or decree. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In addition, if the acceleration occurs at any time when we have outstanding indebtedness that is senior to the debt securities, the payment of the principal amount of outstanding debt securities may be subordinated in right of payment to the prior payment of any amounts due under the senior indebtedness, in which case the holders of debt securities will be entitled to payment under the terms prescribed in the instruments evidencing the senior indebtedness and the indenture.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If an event of default resulting from certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occurs, the principal, premium and interest amount with respect to all of the debt securities of any series will be due and payable immediately without any declaration or other act on the part of the trustee or the holders of the debt securities of that series.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">18</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of a series will have the right to waive any existing default or compliance with any provision of the indenture or the debt securities of that series and to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, subject to certain limitations specified in the indenture.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">No holder of any debt security of a series will have any right to institute any proceeding with respect to the indenture or for any remedy under the indenture, unless:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the holder gives to the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the affected series make a written request and offer reasonable indemnity to the trustee to institute a proceeding as trustee; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the trustee fails to institute a proceeding within 60 days after such request; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the affected series do not give the trustee a direction inconsistent with such request during such 60-day period. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">These limitations do not, however, apply to a suit instituted for payment on debt securities of any series on or after the due dates expressed in the debt securities.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will periodically deliver certificates to the trustee regarding our compliance with our obligations under the indenture.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Modification and Waiver</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">From time to time, we and the trustee may, without the consent of holders of the debt securities of one or more series, amend the indenture or the debt securities of one or more series, or supplement the indenture, for certain specified purposes, including:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to provide that the surviving entity following a change of control permitted under the indenture will assume all of our obligations under the indenture and debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to provide for certificated debt securities in addition to uncertificated debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to comply with any requirements of the SEC under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of debt securities of any series as permitted by the indenture; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency, or make any other change that does not materially and adversely affect the rights of any holder; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to appoint a successor trustee under the indenture with respect to one or more series. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">From time to time we and the trustee may, with the consent of holders of at least a majority in principal amount of an outstanding series of debt securities, amend or supplement the indenture or the debt securities series, or waive compliance in a particular instance by us with any provision of the indenture or the debt securities. We may not, however, without the consent of each holder affected by such action, modify or supplement the indenture or the debt securities or waive compliance with any provision of the indenture or the debt securities in order to:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">reduce the amount of debt securities whose holders must consent to an amendment, supplement, or waiver to the indenture or such debt security; </font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">19</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">reduce the rate of or change the time for payment of interest or reduce the amount of or postpone the date for payment of sinking fund or analogous obligations; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">reduce the principal of or change the stated maturity of the debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">make any debt security payable in money other than that stated in the debt security; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">change the amount or time of any payment required or reduce the premium payable upon any redemption, or change the time before which no such redemption may be made; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">waive a default in the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or interest on the debt securities or a redemption payment; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">waive a redemption payment with respect to any debt securities or change any provision with respect to redemption of debt securities; or </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">take any other action otherwise prohibited by the indenture to be taken without the consent of each holder affected by the action. </font></div></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:12pt;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Defeasance of Debt Securities and Certain Covenants in Certain Circumstances</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The indenture permits us, at any time, to elect to discharge our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities by following certain procedures described in the indenture. These procedures will allow us either:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to defease and be discharged from any and all of our obligations with respect to any debt securities except for the following obligations (which discharge is referred to as &#x201c;legal defeasance&#x201d;): </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.065%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.293397088056734%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">1.</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to register the transfer or exchange of such debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.065%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.293397088056734%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">2.</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to replace temporary or mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen debt securities; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.065%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.293397088056734%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">3.</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to compensate and indemnify the trustee; or </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.065%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.293397088056734%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">4.</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to maintain an office or agency in respect of the debt securities and to hold monies for payment in trust; or </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to be released from our obligations with respect to the debt securities under certain covenants contained in the indenture, as well as any additional covenants which may be contained in the applicable supplemental indenture (which release is referred to as &#x201c;covenant defeasance&#x201d;). </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In order to exercise either defeasance option, we must irrevocably deposit with the trustee or other qualifying trustee, in trust for that purpose:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">money; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">U.S. Government Obligations (as described below) or Foreign Government Obligations (as described below) that through the scheduled payment of principal and interest in accordance with their terms will provide money; or </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">a combination of money and/or U.S. Government Obligations and/or Foreign Government Obligations sufficient in the written opinion of a nationally-recognized firm of independent accountants to provide money; </font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">20</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">that, in each case specified above, provides a sufficient amount to pay the principal of, premium, if any, and interest, if any, on the debt securities of the series, on the scheduled due dates or on a selected date of redemption in accordance with the terms of the indenture.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">In addition, defeasance may be effected only if, among other things:</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">in the case of either legal or covenant defeasance, we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel, as specified in the indenture, stating that as a result of the defeasance neither the trust nor the trustee will be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">in the case of legal defeasance, we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel stating that we have received from, or there has been published by, the Internal Revenue Service a ruling to the effect that, or there has been a change in any applicable federal income tax law with the effect that (and the opinion shall confirm that), the holders of outstanding debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes solely as a result of such legal defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner, including as a result of prepayment, and at the same times as would have been the case if legal defeasance had not occurred; </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">in the case of covenant defeasance, we deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the holders of the outstanding debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a result of covenant defeasance and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the same amounts, in the same manner and at the same times as would have been the case if covenant defeasance had not occurred; and </font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:2.935%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.843815999587905%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">certain other conditions described in the indenture are satisfied. </font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">If we fail to comply with our remaining obligations under the indenture and applicable supplemental indenture after a covenant defeasance of the indenture and applicable supplemental indenture, and the debt securities are declared due and payable because of the occurrence of any undefeased event of default, the amount of money and/or U.S. Government Obligations and/or Foreign Government Obligations on deposit with the trustee could be insufficient to pay amounts due under the debt securities of the affected series at the time of acceleration. We will, however, remain liable in respect of these payments.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The term &#x201c;U.S. Government Obligations&#x201d; as used in the above discussion means securities that are direct obligations of or non-callable obligations guaranteed by the United States of America for the payment of which obligation or guarantee the full faith and credit of the United States of America is pledged.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The term &#x201c;Foreign Government Obligations&#x201d; as used in the above discussion means, with respect to debt securities of any series that are denominated in a currency other than U.S. dollars, (1) direct obligations of the government that issued or caused to be issued such currency for the payment of which obligations its full faith and credit is pledged or (2) obligations of a person controlled or supervised by or acting as an agent or instrumentality of such government the timely payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by that government, which in either case under clauses (1) or (2), are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Regarding the Trustee</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We will identify the trustee with respect to any series of debt securities in the prospectus supplement relating to the applicable debt securities. You should note that if the trustee becomes a creditor of ours, the indenture and the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 limit the rights of the trustee to obtain payment of claims in certain cases, or to realize on certain property received in respect of any such claim, as security or otherwise. The trustee and its affiliates may engage in, and will be permitted to continue to engage in, other transactions with us and our affiliates. If, however, the trustee acquires any &#x201c;conflicting interest&#x201d; within the meaning of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, it must eliminate such conflict or resign.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">21</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The holders of a majority in principal amount of the then outstanding debt securities of any series may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for exercising any remedy available to the trustee. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the trustee, in the exercise of its rights and powers, must use the degree of care and skill of a prudent person in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to that provision, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request of any of the holders of the debt securities, unless they have offered to the trustee reasonable indemnity or security.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">No Individual Liability of Incorporators, Stockholders, Officers or Directors</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Each indenture provides that no incorporator and no past, present or future stockholder, officer or director of our company or any successor corporation in those capacities will have any individual liability for any of our obligations, covenants or agreements under the debt securities or such indenture.</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Governing Law</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The indentures and the debt securities will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">22</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="description_of_warrants"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DE</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">SCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">General</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue warrants for the purchase of our debt securities, preferred stock or common stock, or any combination thereof. Warrants may be issued independently or together with our debt securities, preferred stock, or common stock and may be attached to or separate from any offered securities. Each series of warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a bank or trust company, as warrant agent. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the warrants. The warrant agent will not have any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders or beneficial owners of warrants. This summary of certain provisions of the warrants is not complete. For the terms of a particular series of warrants, you should refer to the prospectus supplement for that series of warrants and the warrant agreement for that particular series.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Debt Warrants</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The prospectus supplement relating to a particular issue of warrants to purchase debt securities will describe the terms of the debt warrants, including the following:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the title of the debt warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the offering price for the debt warrants, if any;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the aggregate number of the debt warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the designation and terms of the debt securities, including any conversion rights, purchasable upon exercise of the debt warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the date from and after which the debt warrants and any debt securities issued with them will be separately transferable;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the principal amount of debt securities that may be purchased upon exercise of a debt warrant and the exercise price for the warrants, which may be payable in cash, securities or other property;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the dates on which the right to exercise the debt warrants will commence and expire;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of the debt warrants that may be exercised at any one time;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">whether the debt warrants represented by the debt warrant certificates or debt securities that may be issued upon exercise of the debt warrants will be issued in registered or bearer form;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the currency or currency units in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the antidilution provisions of the debt warrants, if any;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the redemption or call provisions, if any, applicable to the debt warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">23</font></p></div></div>
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  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any provisions with respect to the holder&#x2019;s right to require us to repurchase the debt warrants upon a change in control or similar event; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any additional terms of the debt warrants, including procedures, and limitations relating to the exchange, exercise, and settlement of the debt warrants.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Debt warrant certificates will be exchangeable for new debt warrant certificates of different denominations. Debt warrants may be exercised at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the prospectus supplement. Prior to the exercise of their debt warrants, holders of debt warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the debt securities purchasable upon exercise and will not be entitled to payment of principal or any premium, if any, or interest on the debt securities purchasable upon exercise.</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Equity Warrants</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of warrants to purchase our common stock or preferred stock will describe the terms of the warrants, including the following:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the title of the warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the offering price for the warrants, if any;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the aggregate number of warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the designation and terms of the common stock or preferred stock that may be purchased upon exercise of the warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each security;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the date from and after which the warrants and any securities issued with the warrants will be separately transferable;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock that may be purchased upon exercise of a warrant and the exercise price for the warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants shall commence and expire;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of the warrants that may be exercised at any one time;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the currency or currency units in which the offering price, if any, and the exercise price are payable;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, a discussion of material U.S. federal income tax considerations;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the antidilution provisions of the warrants, if any;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the redemption or call provisions, if any, applicable to the warrants;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any provisions with respect to a holder&#x2019;s right to require us to repurchase the warrants upon a change in control or similar event; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any additional terms of the warrants, including procedures, and limitations relating to the exchange, exercise, and settlement of the warrants.</font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">24</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Holders of equity warrants will not be entitled:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">to vote, consent, or receive dividends;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">receive notice as stockholders with respect to any meeting of stockholders for the election of our directors, or any other matter; or</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">exercise any rights as stockholders of Achieve.</font></div></div>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">25</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="description_of_subscription_rights"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DES</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CRIPTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. These subscription rights may be offered independently or together with any other security offered hereby and may or may not be transferable by the stockholder receiving the subscription rights in such offering. In connection with any offering of subscription rights, we may enter into a standby arrangement with one or more underwriters or other purchasers pursuant to which the underwriters or other purchasers may be required to purchase any securities remaining unsubscribed for after such offering.</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The prospectus supplement relating to any subscription rights we offer, if any, will, to the extent applicable, include specific terms relating to the offering, including some or all of the following:</font></p>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the price, if any, for the subscription rights;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the exercise price payable for our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities upon the exercise of the subscription rights;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the number of subscription rights to be issued to each stockholder;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the number and terms of our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities which may be purchased per each subscription right;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the extent to which the subscription rights are transferable;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">any other terms of the subscription rights, including the terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the subscription rights;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the date on which the right to exercise the subscription rights shall commence, and the date on which the subscription rights shall expire;</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">the extent to which the subscription rights may include an over-subscription privilege with respect to unsubscribed securities or an over-allotment privilege to the extent the securities are fully subscribed; and</font></div></div>
  <div class="item-list-element-wrapper" style="margin-left:6.269%;display:flex;margin-top:12pt;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:baseline;margin-bottom:0;min-width:3.731%;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:3.98054005611804%;word-break:keep-all;display:inline-flex;justify-content:flex-start;">&#x2022;</font><div style="width:100%;display:inline;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or purchase arrangement which may be entered into by us in connection with the offering of subscription rights.</font></div></div>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The description in the applicable prospectus supplement of any subscription rights we offer will not necessarily be complete and will be qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable subscription rights certificate, which will be filed with the SEC if we offer subscription rights. We urge you to read the applicable subscription rights certificate and any applicable prospectus supplement in their entirety.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">26</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="description_of_units"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">DES</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">CRIPTION OF UNITS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">We may issue units consisting of some or all of the securities described above, in any combination, including common stock, preferred stock, warrants and/or debt securities. The terms of these units will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The description of the terms of these units in the related prospectus supplement will not be complete. You should refer to the applicable form of unit and unit agreement for complete information with respect to these units.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">27</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="legal_matters"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">LEG</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">AL MATTERS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Fenwick &amp; West LLP, Seattle, Washington, will issue an opinion about certain legal matters with respect to the securities. Any underwriters or agents will be advised about legal matters relating to any offering by their own counsel.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">28</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;" id="experts"><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">E</font><font style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">XPERTS</font></p>
  <p style="text-indent:6.667%;font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:justify;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">The financial statements incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.</font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">29</font></p></div></div>
  <hr style="page-break-after:always;">
  <div style="padding-top:0.49in;z-index:-3;min-height:1in;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:3pt solid #334998;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:40pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><img src="img224665463_2.jpg" alt="img224665463_2.jpg" style="width:105px;height:115px;">&#160;</p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:36pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Up to $50,000,000<br>Common Stock</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:70pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:36pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">Jefferies</font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:36pt;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">September 27, 2024</font><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-weight:bold;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:36pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:3pt solid #334998;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="color:#000000;white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;"> </font></p>
  <div class="page-node-content"><div style="z-index:-3;flex-direction:column;display:flex;padding-bottom:0.49in;min-height:1in;justify-content:flex-end;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;"><p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0;font-family:Times New Roman;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"><font style="white-space:pre-wrap;font-size:10pt;font-family:Times New Roman;min-width:fit-content;">&#160;</font></p></div></div>
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$      $!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
