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Common Stock | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2025
Equity [Abstract] |
Common Stock | 7. COMMON STOCK [a] Authorized 150,000,000 authorized common shares, par value of $0.001, and 5,000,000 preferred shares, par value of $0.001. [b] Issued and outstanding shares February 2024 Registered Direct Offering and Concurrent Private Placement In February 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain purchasers, pursuant to which we sold 13,086,151 shares of common stock at a price of $4.585 per share in a registered direct offering. The offering of the shares was made pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3, including the prospectus dated January 5, 2022 contained therein, and the prospectus supplement dated February 28, 2024. In a concurrent private placement, we issued unregistered warrants to purchase up to 13,086,151 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.906 per share (provided, however, that the purchaser may elect to exercise the warrants for pre-funded warrants in lieu of shares of common stock at an exercise price of $4.906, minus $0.001, the exercise price of each pre-funded warrant). These warrants are immediately exercisable for shares of common stock or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof, and will expire on the earlier of (i) three and one-half years following the date of issuance and (ii) 30 days following our public disclosure of the acceptance of an NDA for cytisinicline by the FDA in a Day 74 Letter or equivalent correspondence. The shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants (or pre-funded warrants, as applicable) were subsequently registered pursuant to our registration statement on Form S-3, which was declared effective on May 6, 2024. The registered direct offering raised total gross proceeds of approximately $60.0 million, and after deducting approximately $3.9 million in placement agent fees and offering expenses, we received net proceeds of approximately $56.1 million. Jefferies Open Market Sale Agreement On September 27, 2024, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement, or Sale Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, as sales agent, to establish an at-the-market offering program through which we may sell shares of our common stock with an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we did no t sell any shares under the Sale Agreement. As of March 31, 2025, we had $50.0 million available under the Sale Agreement. [c] Equity Awards 2024 Equity Inducement Plan As of March 31, 2025, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2024 Equity Inducement Plan, 1,250,000 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, of which 181,000 shares were reserved for options currently outstanding, 168,000 for restricted stock units currently outstanding and 901,000 shares were available for future equity grants. Under the 2024 Equity Inducement Plan, we may grant options to purchase shares of our common stock or restricted stock units as a material inducement to new employees to enter into employment with us. The exercise price of the options is determined by our board of directors, or Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board. The expiry date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiry date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2024 Equity Inducement Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. 2023 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan As of March 31, 2025, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2023 Non-Employee Director Equity Incentive Plan, 300,000 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options by non-employee directors, of which 290,250 shares were reserved for options currently outstanding and 9,750 shares were available for future equity grants. Under the 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan, we may grant options to purchase shares of our common stock or restricted stock units to our non-employee directors. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically over one to three years. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2023 Non-Employee Director Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan As of March 31, 2025, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan, 4,401,669 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, directors, officers and consultants of ours, of which 1,644,405 were reserved for options currently outstanding, 2,588,650 for restricted stock units currently outstanding, and 168,614 were available for future equity grants. Under the 2018 Plan, we may grant options to purchase common shares or restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the shares of common stock at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, typically over three to four years for options issued to employees and consultants, and over one to three years for members of our Board. The expiry date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2018 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees. New Employee Inducement Grants We grant stock options as a material inducement to new employees for entering into employment agreements with us in accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c)(4). The stock options approved under the inducement grants are issued pursuant to a stock option agreement on terms substantially similar to those described in our 2018 Plan. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board but will be at least equal to the fair value of the common shares at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our Board. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board with a maximum expiration date of ten years from the date of grant. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we did no t grant any inducement stock options to new employees. As of March 31, 2025, 135,000 stock options granted as new employee inducement grants were outstanding. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan As of March 31, 2025, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, 13,156 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of currently outstanding stock options by employees, directors and officers of ours. Upon the effectiveness of our 2018 Plan, we ceased granting equity awards under our 2017 Plan. 2010 Performance Incentive Plan As of March 31, 2025, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2010 Performance Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, 103 shares of common stock for issuance upon exercise of currently outstanding stock options by employees, directors and officers of ours. Upon the effectiveness of our 2017 Plan, we ceased granting equity awards under our 2010 Plan. Stock Option Summary We grant stock options that vest over time in accordance with terms as determined by our Board, which are typically four years for employee and consultant grants and one to three years for Board option grants. We also grant stock option awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to executive officers, employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. The expiration date for each option is set by our Board, which is typically seven to ten years. The exercise price of the options is determined by our Board. Stock option transactions and the number of stock options outstanding are summarized below:
|  | Number of |  |  | Weighted |
|  | Optioned |  |  | Average |
|  | Common |  |  | Exercise |
|  | Shares |  |  | Price |
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,139,414 |  |  | $ | 9.18 |
Granted |  |  | 124,500 |  |  |  | 3.30 |
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 2,263,914 |  |  | $ | 8.86 |
The fair value of each stock award for employees and directors is estimated on the grant date and for consultants at each reporting period, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions noted in the following table:
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Risk-free interest rates |  |  | 4.58 | % |  |  | 4.00 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %
Expected life |  | 5.83 years |  |  | 5.65 years |
Expected volatility |  |  | 78.90 | % |  |  | 90.15 | %
Forfeiture rate |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | %
The expected life was calculated based on the simplified method as permitted by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, Share-Based Payment. We consider the use of the simplified method appropriate because of the lack of sufficient historical exercise data following the 2017 Merger Agreement between Achieve Life Sciences, Inc. and OncoGenex Pharmaceuticals. The computation of expected volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of the shares of our common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on a U.S. Treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. In addition to the assumptions above, as required under ASC 718, management made an estimate of expected forfeitures and is recognizing compensation costs only for those equity awards expected to vest. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture rates. These rates are adjusted on a quarterly basis and any change in compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. We have never paid or declared cash dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The results for the periods set forth below included stock-based compensation expense for stock options, restricted stock units and employee share purchase plan compensation expenses in the following expense categories of the consolidated statements of loss (in thousands):
|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Research and development |  | $ | 554 |  |  | $ | 413 |
General and administrative |  | $ | 1,678 |  |  |  | 875 |
Total stock-based compensation |  | $ | 2,232 |  |  | $ | 1,288 |
As of March 31, 2025, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options granted was $2.3 million, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a period of approximately 2.02 years from March 31, 2025. Restricted Stock Unit Awards Summary We grant restricted stock unit awards that generally vest and are expensed over a four-year period. We also grant restricted stock unit awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to certain executive officers, key employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded a compensation expense of $1.8 million, related to these awards, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit award activity during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
|  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  | Number |  |  | Average |
|  | of |  |  | Grant Date |
|  | Shares |  |  | Fair Value |
Balance, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 1,283,750 |  |  | $ | 4.65 |
Granted |  |  | 1,472,900 |  |  |  | 3.20 |
Balance, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 2,756,650 |  |  | $ | 3.88 |
As of March 31, 2025, we had approximately $5.3 million in total unrecognized compensation expense related to our restricted stock unit awards that is to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.87 years. [d] Loss Per Share For the three months ended March 31, 2025, a total of 22,684,819 shares, consisting of warrants to purchase 17,664,255 shares, options exercisable for 2,263,914 shares and 2,756,650 restricted stock units, have not been included in the loss per share computation, as their effect on diluted per share amounts would have been anti-dilutive. For the same period in 2024, a total of 21,332,497 shares underlying options, restricted stock units and warrants have not been included in the loss per share computation. Additionally, the outstanding New Convertible Term Loan is included in the calculation of diluted per share amounts only if its inclusion is dilutive for periods during which the notes were outstanding. As of March 31, 2025, the outstanding New Convertible Term Loan was not included in the calculation of diluted per share amounts as its effect would have been anti-dilutive. [e] Non-employee options and restricted stock units We recognize non-employee stock-based compensation expense over the period of expected service by the non-employee. As the service is performed, we are required to update our valuation assumptions, re-measure unvested options and restricted stock units and record the stock-based compensation using the valuation as of the vesting date. This differs from the accounting for employee awards where the fair value is determined at the grant date and is not subsequently adjusted. This re-measurement may result in higher or lower stock-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss. As such, changes in the market price of our stock could materially change the value of an option or restricted stock unit and the resulting stock-based compensation expense. [f] Employee Share Purchase Plan Our Board and stockholders approved the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or ESPP, in August 2017. Contributions are made by eligible employees, subject to certain limits defined in the ESPP. The number of shares available for future purchases under the ESPP is 854,477 shares. All shares purchased under the ESPP are new share issuances. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no shares were purchased under the ESPP. [g] Common Stock Warrants The following is a summary of outstanding warrants to purchase common stock as of March 31, 2025:
|  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Outstanding |  |  | Exercise |  |  |
|  | and |  |  | price per |  |  |
|  | Exercisable |  |  | Share |  |  | Expiration Date
(1) Warrants issued in May 2019 financing |  |  | 60,000 |  |  | $ | 90.000 |  |  | May 2025
(2) Warrants issued in April 2020 financing |  |  | 182,461 |  |  | $ | 7.240 |  |  | April 2025
(3) Warrants issued in April 2020 financing |  |  | 24,375 |  |  | $ | 7.320 |  |  | April 2025
(4) Warrants issued in April 2020 financing |  |  | 25,270 |  |  | $ | 7.590 |  |  | April 2025
(5) Pre-Funded warrants issued in August 2020 financing |  |  | 142,857 |  |  | $ | 0.001 |  |  | *
(6) Warrants issued in December 2020 financing |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 8.750 |  |  | December 2025
(7) Warrants issued in November 2022 financing |  |  | 4,093,141 |  |  | $ | 4.500 |  |  | November 2029
(8) Warrants issued in February 2024 financing |  |  | 13,086,151 |  |  | $ | 4.906 |  |  | **
*The pre-funded warrants do not have an expiration date. **These warrants, the 2024 Warrants, will expire on the earlier of (i) three and one-half years following the date of issuance and (ii) 30 days following our public disclosure of the acceptance of an NDA for cytisinicline by the FDA in a Day 74 Letter or equivalent correspondence. The agreements governing the above warrants include the following terms: • certain warrants have exercise prices which are subject to adjustment for certain events, including the issuance of stock dividends on our common stock and, in certain instances, the issuance of our common stock or instruments convertible into our common stock at a price per share less than the exercise price of the respective warrants (specifically those issued under the December 2019 Public Offering and November 2022 Private Placement); • warrant holders may exercise the warrants through a cashless exercise if, and only if, we do not have an effective registration statement then available for the issuance of the shares of our common stock. If an effective registration statement is available for the issuance of our common stock a holder may only exercise the warrants through a cash exercise; • the exercise price and the number and type of securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants are subject to adjustment upon certain corporate events, including certain combinations, consolidations, liquidations, mergers, recapitalizations, reclassifications, reorganizations, stock dividends and stock splits, a sale of all or substantially all of our assets and certain other events; • in the case of certain warrants, in the event of an “extraordinary transaction” or a “fundamental transaction” (as such terms are defined in the respective warrant agreements), generally including any merger with or into another entity, sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, tender offer or exchange offer, or reclassification of its common stock, in which the successor entity (as defined in the respective warrant agreements) that assumes the successor entity is not a publicly traded company, the Company or any successor entity will pay the warrant holder, at such holder’s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with or within 30 days after the consummation of the extraordinary transaction or fundamental transaction, an amount of cash equal to the value of such holder’s warrants as determined in accordance with the Black Scholes option pricing model and the terms of the respective warrant agreement. In some circumstances, we or successor entity may be obligated to make such payments regardless of whether the successor entity that assumes the warrants is a publicly traded company; and • with respect to the 2024 Warrants, in the event we consummate a “fundamental transaction,” as described in the 2024 Warrants and generally including a merger or consolidation with or into another entity or other reorganization event in which our common shares are converted or exchanged for securities, cash or other property, we are not the surviving entity and in which our stockholders immediately prior to the merger or consolidation do not own, directly or indirectly, at least 50% of the voting power of the surviving entity immediately after such merger or consolidation (excluding any merger effected solely to change the Company’s name), or we sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets or another entity acquires 50% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock, then following such event, the holders of the 2024 Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of such 2024 Warrants the same kind and amount of securities, cash or property which the holders would have received had they exercised their 2024 Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction. Any successor to us or surviving entity shall assume the obligations under the 2024 Warrants. Additionally, as more fully described in the 2024 Warrants, in the event of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the 2024 Warrants will be entitled to receive consideration in an amount equal to the Black Scholes value of the 2024 Warrants on the date of consummation of such transaction. No warrants were exercised for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. As of March 31, 2025, all of our outstanding warrants were classified as equity.

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