Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies	NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include CF Bankshares Inc. (the “Holding Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CFBank, National Association (“CFBank”). On December 1, 2016, CFBank converted from a federal savings institution to a national bank. Prior to December 1, 2016, the Holding Company was a registered savings and loan holding company. Effective as of December 1, 2016 and in conjunction with the conversion of CFBank to a national bank, the Holding Company became a registered bank holding company and elected financial holding company status with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”). Effective as of July 27, 2020, the Company changed its name from Central Federal Corporation to CF Bankshares Inc. The Holding Company and CFBank are sometimes collectively referred to herein as the “Company”. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. CFBank provides financial services through its eight full-service banking offices in the metro markets of Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland and Akron, Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana. Its primary deposit products are commercial and retail checking, savings, money market and term certificate accounts. Its primary lending products are commercial and commercial real estate, residential mortgages and installment loans. There are no significant concentrations of loans to any one industry or customer segment. However, our customers’ ability to repay their loans is dependent on general economic conditions and the real estate values in their geographic areas. Use of Estimates: To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. The allowance for credit losses on financial assets, deferred tax assets and fair values of financial instruments are particularly subject to change. Cash Flows: Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with maturities fewer than 90 days and federal funds sold. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and borrowings with original maturities under 90 days. Cash in Excess of FDIC Limits: At December 31, 2023, the Company’s cash accounts exceeded federally insured limits by approximately $229.1 million. Approximately $225.1 million of that amount was held by either the Federal Reserve Bank or the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, which is not federally insured. Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Financial Institutions: Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions mature in April, 2025 and are carried at cost. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $100 in interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions. Securities: Debt securities are classified as available for sale when they might be sold before maturity. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or accretion of discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized or accreted on the level-yield method, except for mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations where prepayments are anticipated based on industry payment trends. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method. Allowance for credit losses on investment securities available for sale: For investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For investment securities available for sale that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that have not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are reported in the income statement as a component of the provision for credit loss. The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on investment securities available for sale from the estimate of credit losses. Investment securities available for sale are charged off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through the income statement when deemed uncollectible or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Company did not record an allowance for credit losses on its investment securities available for sale as of December 31, 2023, as the unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, not credit quality. Equity Securities: Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are held at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. In accordance with ASC 321, the Company performs a qualitative assessment for equity securities without readily determinable fair values considering impairment indicators to evaluate whether an impairment exists. If an impairment exists, the Company will recognize a loss based on the difference between carrying value and estimated fair value. Loans Held for Sale: Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value under the fair value option, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights released. The carrying value of mortgage loans sold is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing rights when mortgage loans held for sale are sold with servicing rights retained. Loans originated as construction loans, that were subsequently transferred to held for sale, are carried at the lower of cost or market. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan sold. Loans and Leases: Loans and leases that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, adjusted for purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs and an allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments. The accrual of interest income on all classes of loans, except other consumer loans, is discontinued and the loan is placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection. Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan for all classes of loans. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans. Commercial, multi-family residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans placed on nonaccrual status are individually classified as impaired loans. All interest accrued but not received for each loan placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income in the period in which it is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are considered for return to accrual status provided all the principal and interest amounts that are contractually due are brought current, there is a current and well documented credit analysis, there is reasonable assurance of repayment of principal and interest, and the customer has demonstrated sustained, amortizing payment performance of at least six months. Concentration of Credit Risk: Most of the Company’s primary business activity is with customers located within the Ohio counties of Franklin, Delaware, Hamilton, Cuyahoga and Summit and Marian County, Indiana and contiguous counties. Therefore, the Company’s exposure to credit risk can be affected by changes in the economies within these counties. Although these counties are the Company’s primary market area for loans, the Company originates residential and commercial real estate loans throughout the United States. Adoption of ASC 326: Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Codification 326 (“ASC 326”) “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” Results for the periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under the new “Current Expected Credit Losses” methodology under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with the “incurred loss” model under previously applicable GAAP. Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans and Leases ("ACL - Loans"): The ACL - Loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans over the contractual term. Loans and leases are collectively referred to as loans for the purpose of discussing the allowance for credit losses. Loans are charged off against the allowance when the uncollectibility of the loan is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off. Adjustments to the ACL- Loans are reported in the income statement as a component of provision for credit loss. The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on loans from the estimate of credit losses. The ACL - Loans represents the Company's best estimate of current expected credit losses (CECL) on loans using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. The CECL calculation is performed and evaluated quarterly and losses are estimated over the expected life of the loan. The level of the ACL - Loans is believed to be adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the measurement date. In calculating the ACL - Loans, the loan portfolio was pooled into loan segments with similar risk characteristics. Common characteristics include the type or purpose of the loan, underlying collateral and historical/expected credit loss patterns. In developing the loan segments, the Company analyzed the degree of correlation in how loans within each portfolio respond when subjected to varying economic conditions and scenarios as well as other portfolio stress factors. The expected credit losses are measured over the life of each loan segment utilizing the average charge-off methodology combined with economic forecast models to estimate the current expected credit loss inherent in the loan portfolio. This approach is also leveraged to estimate the expected credit losses associated with unfunded loan commitments incorporating expected utilization rates. The Company sub-segmented certain commercial portfolios by risk level where appropriate. The Company utilized a one-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period. The Company qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not inherently considered in the historical losses, but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan portfolio. These adjustments may increase or decrease the estimate of expected credit losses based upon the assessed level of risk for each qualitative factor. The various risks that may be considered in making qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in economic conditions, (ii) changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, (iii) changes in the existence, growth and effect of any concentrations in credit, (iv) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries, (v) changes in the quality of the credit review function, (vi) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (vii) changes in the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified loans and the volume of non-accrual loans, (viii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, and (ix) other environmental factors such as regulatory, legal and technological considerations, as well as competition. In some cases, management may determine that an individual loan exhibits unique risk characteristics which differentiate the loan from other loans within the loan segments. In such cases, the loans are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. Specific reserves in the allowance for credit losses are determined by analyzing the borrower's ability to repay amounts owed, collateral deficiencies, the relative risk grade of the loan and economic conditions affecting the borrower's industry, among other things. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. The fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent loans is evaluated on a quarterly basis. The following portfolio segments have been identified: commercial loans; single-family residential real estate loans; multi-family residential real estate loans; commercial real estate loans; construction loans; home equity lines of credit; and other consumer loans. A description of each segment of the loan portfolio, along with the risk characteristics of each segment, is included below. Commercial loans: Commercial loans and direct financing leases include loans and leases to businesses generally located within our primary market area. Those loans and leases are typically secured by business equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and other business assets. In underwriting commercial loans, we consider the net operating income of the borrower, the debt service ratio and the financial strength, expertise and credit history of the business owners and/or guarantors. Because payments on commercial loans are dependent on successful operation of the business enterprise, repayment of such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the economy. We seek to mitigate these risks through underwriting policies which require such loans to be qualified at origination on the basis of the borrower’s financial performance and the financial strength of the business owners and/or guarantors. Single-family residential real estate loans: Single-family residential real estate loans include permanent conventional mortgage loans secured by single-family residences that we originate for portfolio and purchased loans located primarily within our primary market area. Credit approval for single-family residential real estate loans requires demonstration of sufficient income to repay the principal and interest and the real estate taxes and insurance, stability of employment and an established credit record. Our policy is to originate quality loans that are evaluated for risk based on the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. Collateral positions are established by obtaining independent appraisal opinions. Mortgage insurance may be required when the LTV exceeds 80%. Multi-family residential real estate loans: Multi-family residential real estate loans include loans secured by apartment buildings, condominiums and multi-family residential houses generally located within our primary market area. Underwriting policies provide that multi-family residential real estate loans generally may be made in amounts up to 85% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. In underwriting multi-family residential real estate loans, we consider the appraised value and net operating income of the property, the debt service ratio and the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans. Fixed-rate loans are generally limited to three years to five years, at which time they convert to adjustable-rate loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family residential properties are dependent on successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of multi-family residential real estate loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate scenarios. Commercial real estate loans: Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by owner occupied and non-owner occupied properties used for business purposes, such as manufacturing facilities, office buildings or retail facilities generally located within our primary market area. Underwriting policies provide that commercial real estate loans may be made in amounts up to 85% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. In underwriting commercial real estate loans, we consider the appraised value and net operating income of the property, the debt service ratio and the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. We offer both fixed and adjustable-rate loans. Fixed-rate loans are generally limited to three years to five years, at which time they convert to adjustable-rate loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial real estate properties are dependent on successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of commercial real estate loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate scenarios. Construction loans: Construction loans include loans to finance the construction of residential and commercial properties generally located within our primary market area. Construction loans are fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans which may convert to permanent loans with maturities of up to 30 years. Our policies provide that construction loans may generally be made in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value of the property, and an independent appraisal of the property is required. Loan proceeds are disbursed in increments as construction progresses and as inspections warrant, and regular inspections are required to monitor the progress of construction. In underwriting construction loans, we consider the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. Construction financing is considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan is dependent largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, we may be confronted with a project, when completed, having a value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. We attempt to reduce such risks on construction loans through inspections of construction progress on the property and by requiring personal guarantees and reviewing current personal financial statements and tax returns, as well as other projects of the developer. Home equity lines of credit: Home equity lines of credit include both loans we originate for portfolio and purchased loans. We originate home equity lines of credit to customers generally within our primary market area. Home equity lines of credit are variable rate loans and the interest rate adjusts monthly at various margins to the prime rate of interest as disclosed in The Wall Street Journal. The margin is based on certain factors including the loan balance, value of collateral, election of auto-payment, and the borrower’s FICO® score. The amount of the line is based on the borrower’s credit, income and equity in the home. When combined with the balance of the prior mortgage liens, these lines generally may not exceed 89.9% of the appraised value of the property at the time of the loan commitment. The lines are secured by a subordinate lien on the underlying real estate and are, therefore, vulnerable to declines in property values in the geographic areas where the properties are located. Credit approval for home equity lines of credit requires income sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stability of employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral. Collectability of home equity lines of credit are dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. We continue to monitor collateral values and borrower FICO® scores on both purchased and portfolio loans and, when the situation warrants, have frozen the lines of credit. Other consumer loans: Other consumer loans include closed-end home equity, home improvement, auto, credit card loans and any purchased loans to consumers generally located within our primary market area. Credit approval for other consumer loans requires income sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stability of employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral for secured loans. Consumer loans typically have shorter terms and lower balances with higher yields as compared to real estate mortgage loans, but generally carry higher risks of default. Consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. CFBank’s charge-off policy for commercial loans, single-family residential real estate loans, multi-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and home equity lines of credit requires management to record a specific reserve or charge-off as soon as it is apparent that the borrower is troubled and there is, or likely will be, a collateral shortfall related to the estimated value of the collateral securing the loan. Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due. Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses under prior GAAP (Incurred loss model): Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 and the current expected credit loss model on January 1, 2023, the Company maintained an allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL) in accordance with the “incurred loss” model under previously applicable GAAP. The ALLL was a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Loan losses were charged against the allowance when management believed the uncollectibility of a loan balance was confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, were credited to the allowance. Management estimated the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance were made for specific loans, but the entire allowance was available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. The allowance consisted of specific and general components. The specific component related to loans that were individually classified as impaired. A loan was impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable that CFBank would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans within any loan class for which the terms had been modified resulted in a concession, and for which the borrower was experiencing financial difficulties, were considered troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and classified as impaired. See recent and future Accounting Pronouncement and Developments below for changes in 2023 to TDR accounting. Factors considered by management in determining impairment for all loan classes included payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experienced insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally were not classified as impaired. Management determined the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. All substandard loans within the commercial, multi-family residential, commercial real estate and construction segments were individually evaluated for impairment when they were 90 days past due, or earlier than 90 days past due if information regarding the payment capacity of the borrower indicated that payment in full according to the loan terms was doubtful. If a loan was impaired, a portion of the allowance was allocated so that the loan was reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate, or at the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell, if repayment was expected solely from the collateral. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer, single-family residential real estate loans and commercial leases, were collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they were not separately identified for impairment disclosures. TDRs of all classes of loans were separately identified for impairment disclosures and were measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using each loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR was considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan was reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. If the payment of the loan was dependent on the sale of the collateral, then costs to liquidate the collateral were included when determining the impairment. For TDRs that subsequently default, the amount of reserve was determined in accordance with the accounting policy for the ALLL. The general reserve component covered non-impaired loans of all classes and was based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience was determined by loan class and was based on the actual loss history experienced by CFBank over a three-year period. The general component was calculated based on CFBank’s loan balances and actual three-year historical loss rates. For loans with little or no actual loss experience, industry estimates were used based on loan segment. This loss experience was supplemented with other economic and judgmental factors based on the risks present for each loan class. These economic and judgmental factors included consideration of the following: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations. Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures: The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a liability account representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. No allowance is recognized if the Company has the unconditional right to cancel the obligation. Off-balance sheet credit exposures primarily consist of amounts available under outstanding lines of credit and letters of credit. For the period of exposure, the estimate of expected credit losses considers both the likelihood that funding will occur and the amount expected to be funded over the estimated remaining life of the commitment or other off-balance sheet exposure. The likelihood and expected amount of funding are based on historical utilization rates. The amount of the allowance represents management's best estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over the contractual life of the commitment. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through the income statement as a component of provision for credit loss. Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Foreclosed Assets: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, an adjustment is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed. Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC): The Company has invested in LIHTCs through funds that assist corporations in investing in limited partnerships and limited liability companies that own, develop and operate low income residential rental properties for purposes of qualifying for the LIHTCs. These investments are accounted for under the proportional amortization method which recognizes the amortization of the investment in proportion to the tax credit and other tax benefits received. Historic Tax Credits: The Company has made equity investments as a non-managing member in two entities that received historic tax credits (HTC) pursuant to Section 47 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company receives a return through the realization of federal income tax credits, as well as other tax benefits, such as tax deductions from net operating losses of the investment over a period of time. The HTC investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s recorded investment in these entities was $2,097 at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The maximum exposure to loss related to these investments was $2,097 at December 31, 2023, representing the Company’s investment balance. Joint Ventures: The Holding Company has contributed funds into a series of joint ventures for the purpose of allocating excess liquidity into higher earning assets while diversifying its revenue sources. The joint ventures are engaged in shorter term operating activities related to single family real estate developments. Income is recognized based on a rate of return on the outstanding investment balance. As units are sold, the Holding Company receives an additional incentive payment. The balance outstanding in joint ventures at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $1,909 and $1,568, respectively. Income recognized on the joint ventures was $224, $172, and $224, respectively, for 2023, 2022 and 2021. Premises and Equipment: Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Buildings and related components are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 3 years to 40 years. Furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 2 years to 25 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated straight-line over the shorter of the useful life or the lease term. Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock: CFBank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (the “FHLB”). Members are required to own a certain amount of FHLB stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock: CFBank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is required to own a certain amount of stock in the FRB. FRB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. Bank Owned Life Insurance: CFBank has purchased life insurance policies on certain directors and employees. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off-balance-sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and issue commercial letters of credit to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded, and fees associated with origination are booked to non-interest income at the origination date. Derivatives: Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities at fair value. The Company's derivatives consist mainly of interest rate swap agreements, which are used as part of its asset liability management program to help manage interest rate risk. The Company does not use derivatives for trading purposes. The derivative transactions are stand-alone derivatives with no hedging designation. Changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported currently in earnings, as other noninterest income. Mortgage Banking Derivatives: Commitments to fund mortgage loans to be sold into the secondary market, otherwise known as interest rate locks, are accounted for as free standing derivatives. Mortgage banking activities include two types of commitments: rate lock commitments and forward loan commitments. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are based on anticipated gains on the underlying loans. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans. Stock-Based Compensation: Compensation cost is recognized for stock options and restricted stock awards issued to directors and employees, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred. Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest related to income tax matters as interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as other noninterest expense. Retirement Plans: Pension expense is the amount of annual contributions by the Company to the multi-employer contributory trusteed pension plan. Employee 401(k) and profit sharing plan expense is the amount of matching contributions. Supplemental retirement plan expense allocates the benefits over years of service. Earnings Per Common Share: Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share include the dilutive effect, if any, of additional potential common shares issuable under the equity incentive plan, computed using the treasury stock method. See Note 20- Earnings Per Common Share. Comprehensive Income (Loss): Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, which are also recognized as a separate component of equity. Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income are conducted on a specific identification method. Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there were any such matters at December 31, 2023 that will have a material effect on the financial statements. See Note 21 – Contingent Liabilities. Restrictions on Cash: Cash on deposit with the FHLB included $3,300 pledged as collateral for FHLB advances at December 31, 2023. Equity: Treasury stock is carried at cost. Shares sold out of treasury are valued based on the weighted average cost. Dividend Restriction: Banking regulations require us to maintain certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by CFBank to the Holding Company or by the Holding Company to stockholders. The ability of the Holding Company to pay dividends on its common stock is dependent upon the amount of cash and liquidity available at the Holding Company level, as well as the receipt of dividends and other distributions from CFBank to the extent necessary to fund such dividends. The Holding Company is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from CFBank, which has no obligation to make any dividends or other funds available for the payment of dividends by the Holding Company. The Holding Company also is subject to various legal and regulatory policies and guidelines impacting the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock. In addition, the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock is conditioned upon the payment, on a current basis, of quarterly interest payments on the subordinated debentures underlying the Company’s trust preferred securities. Finally, under the terms of the Holding Company’s fixed-to-floating rate subordinated debt, the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock is conditioned upon the Holding Company continuing to make required principal and interest payments, and not incurring an event of default, with respect to the subordinated debt. Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 6 – Fair Value. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates. Advertising and Marketing Expense: Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are recorded as advertising and marketing, a component of noninterest expense. Advertising and marketing expense also includes leads-based marketing for our residential mortgage lending business. Operating Segments: While management monitors and analyzes the revenue streams of the Company’s various products and services, the operations and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Operating results are not reviewed by senior management to make resource allocation or performance decisions. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. Reclassifications: Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior period net income or stockholders’ equity. Recent and Future Accounting Pronouncements and Developments: In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This ASU requires a new Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) methodology that replaces the previous "incurred loss" model for measuring credit losses, which encompassed allowances for current known and inherent losses within the portfolio. CECL provides for an "expected loss" model for measuring credit losses, which encompasses allowances for losses expected to be incurred over the life of the portfolio. The new CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied historically are still permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. ASU 2016-13 requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, ASU 2016-13 amended the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The CECL methodology under ASU 2016-13 applies to loans held for investment, held to maturity debt securities, and off balance-sheet credit exposures. The ASU allows for several different methods of computing the allowance for credit losses: closed pool, vintage, average charge-off, migration, probability of default / loss given default, discounted cash flow, and regression. Based on its analysis of observable data, the Company concluded the average charge-off method to be the most appropriate and statistically relevant. A lookback to March 31, 2000 was utilized as the historical loss period due to its inclusion of several economic cycles and relevance to real estate secured assets. Upon implementation of ASU 2016-13, the expected loss estimate is made up of a historical lookback of actual losses applied over the life of the loan portfolio and adjusted for qualitative factors and forecasted losses based on economic and forward-looking data applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The impact of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13, effective January 1, 2023, was a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment increasing our reserves for loans and unfunded commitments by $49. The qualitative impact of the new accounting standard is still directed by many of the same factors that impacted the previous methodology for computing the allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL), including, but not limited to, economic conditions, quality and experience of staff, changes in the value of collateral, concentrations of credit in loan types or industries and changes to lending policies. In addition to this, the Company will also use reasonable and supportable forecasts. Examples of this are regression analyses of data from the Federal Open Market Committee quarterly economic projections for change in real GDP and of national unemployment. The Company did not have any material changes to its business practices as a result of implementing ASU 2016-13. In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." This ASU eliminated the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in ASC 310-40 and required entities to evaluate all receivable modifications under ASC 310-20 to determine whether a modification made to a borrower results in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The amended guidance added enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amended guidance also required disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination within the vintage disclosures required by ASC 326. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. They provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. As subsequently amended, this update is effective December 31, 2024. The adoption of ASU No. 2020-04 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Future Accounting Matters: In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using Proportional Amortization Method. The ASU is intended to improve the accounting and disclosures for investments in tax credit structures. It allows reporting entities to elect to adopt for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements, but adoption of the standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements or disclosures. In August 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. The amendments in this ASU require that a joint venture, upon formation, apply a new basis of accounting and initially measure assets and liabilities at fair value, with exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance. This update will be effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." The amendments apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. Public entities are required to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. In addition, public entities must provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, in interim periods. The amendments clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, at least one of the reported segment profit or loss measures (or the single reported measure, if only one is disclosed) should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in measuring the corresponding amounts in the public entity's consolidated financial statements. The Amendments require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Finally, the amendments require that a public entity that has a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in the ASU and all existing segment disclosures in ASC Topic280. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. A public entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impacts related to the adoption of the ASU. In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The FASB issued ASU 2023-09 to address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is to be applied on a prospective basis and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-09 will impact income tax disclosures, and the Company does not expect a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies

NOTE 1 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations and Principles of Consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include CF Bankshares Inc. (the “Holding Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, CFBank, National Association (“CFBank”). On December 1, 2016, CFBank converted from a federal savings institution to a national bank. Prior to December 1, 2016, the Holding Company was a registered savings and loan holding company. Effective as of December 1, 2016 and in conjunction with the conversion of CFBank to a national bank, the Holding Company became a registered bank holding company and elected financial holding company status with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “FRB”). Effective as of July 27, 2020, the Company changed its name from Central Federal Corporation to CF Bankshares Inc. The Holding Company and CFBank are sometimes collectively referred to herein as the “Company”. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

CFBank provides financial services through its eight full-service banking offices in the metro markets of Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland and Akron, Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana. Its primary deposit products are commercial and retail checking, savings, money market and term certificate accounts. Its primary lending products are commercial and commercial real estate, residential mortgages and installment loans. There are no significant concentrations of loans to any one industry or customer segment. However, our customers’ ability to repay their loans is dependent on general economic conditions and the real estate values in their geographic areas.

Use of Estimates: To prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ. The allowance for credit losses on financial assets, deferred tax assets and fair values of financial instruments are particularly subject to change.

Cash Flows: Cash and cash equivalents include cash, deposits with other financial institutions with maturities fewer than 90 days and federal funds sold. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions and borrowings with original maturities under 90 days.

Cash in Excess of FDIC Limits: At December 31, 2023, the Company’s cash accounts exceeded federally insured limits by approximately $229.1 million. Approximately $225.1 million of that amount was held by either the Federal Reserve Bank or the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati, which is not federally insured.

Interest-Bearing Deposits in Other Financial Institutions: Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions mature in April, 2025 and are carried at cost. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was $100 in interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions.

Securities: Debt securities are classified as available for sale when they might be sold before maturity. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or accretion of discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized or accreted on the level-yield method, except for mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations where prepayments are anticipated based on industry payment trends. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

Allowance for credit losses on investment securities available for sale: For investment securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For investment securities available for sale that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that have not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses are recognized in other comprehensive income. Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses are reported in the income statement as a component of the provision for credit loss. The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on investment securities available for sale from the estimate of credit losses. Investment securities available for sale are charged off against the allowance or, in the absence of any allowance, written down through the income statement when deemed uncollectible or when either of the aforementioned criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. The Company did not record an allowance for credit losses on

its investment securities available for sale as of December 31, 2023, as the unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, not credit quality.

Equity Securities: Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are held at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. In accordance with ASC 321, the Company performs a qualitative assessment for equity securities without readily determinable fair values considering impairment indicators to evaluate whether an impairment exists. If an impairment exists, the Company will recognize a loss based on the difference between carrying value and estimated fair value.

Loans Held for Sale: Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value under the fair value option, as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. Mortgage loans held for sale are generally sold with servicing rights released. The carrying value of mortgage loans sold is reduced by the amount allocated to the servicing rights when mortgage loans held for sale are sold with servicing rights retained. Loans originated as construction loans, that were subsequently transferred to held for sale, are carried at the lower of cost or market. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are based on the difference between the selling price and the carrying value of the related loan sold.

Loans and Leases: Loans and leases that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, adjusted for purchase premiums and discounts, deferred loan fees and costs and an allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level yield method without anticipating prepayments.

The accrual of interest income on all classes of loans, except other consumer loans, is discontinued and the loan is placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection. Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan for all classes of loans. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans. Commercial, multi-family residential real estate loans and commercial real estate loans placed on nonaccrual status are individually classified as impaired loans.

All interest accrued but not received for each loan placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income in the period in which it is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are considered for return to accrual status provided all the principal and interest amounts that are contractually due are brought current, there is a current and well documented credit analysis, there is reasonable assurance of repayment of principal and interest, and the customer has demonstrated sustained, amortizing payment performance of at least six months.

Concentration of Credit Risk: Most of the Company’s primary business activity is with customers located within the Ohio counties of Franklin, Delaware, Hamilton, Cuyahoga and Summit and Marian County, Indiana and contiguous counties. Therefore, the Company’s exposure to credit risk can be affected by changes in the economies within these counties. Although these counties are the Company’s primary market area for loans, the Company originates residential and commercial real estate loans throughout the United States.

Adoption of ASC 326: Effective January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standard Codification 326 (“ASC 326”) “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” Results for the periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under the new “Current Expected Credit Losses” methodology under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with the “incurred loss” model under previously applicable GAAP.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans and Leases ("ACL - Loans"): The ACL - Loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on loans over the contractual term. Loans and leases are collectively referred to as loans for the purpose of discussing the allowance for credit losses. Loans are charged off against the allowance when the uncollectibility of the loan is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off. Adjustments to the ACL- Loans are reported in the income statement as a component of provision for credit loss. The Company has made the accounting policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable on loans from the estimate of credit losses.

The ACL - Loans represents the Company's best estimate of current expected credit losses (CECL) on loans using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, related to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. The CECL calculation is performed and evaluated quarterly and losses are estimated over the expected life of the loan. The level of the ACL - Loans is believed to be adequate to absorb all expected future losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the measurement date.

In calculating the ACL - Loans, the loan portfolio was pooled into loan segments with similar risk characteristics. Common characteristics include the type or purpose of the loan, underlying collateral and historical/expected credit loss patterns. In developing the loan segments, the Company analyzed the degree of correlation in how loans within each portfolio respond when subjected to varying economic conditions and scenarios as well as other portfolio stress factors.

The expected credit losses are measured over the life of each loan segment utilizing the average charge-off methodology combined with economic forecast models to estimate the current expected credit loss inherent in the loan portfolio. This approach is also leveraged to estimate the expected credit losses associated with unfunded loan commitments incorporating expected utilization rates.

The Company sub-segmented certain commercial portfolios by risk level where appropriate. The Company utilized a one-year reasonable and supportable economic forecast period.

The Company qualitatively adjusts model results for risk factors that are not inherently considered in the historical losses, but are nonetheless relevant in assessing the expected credit losses within the loan portfolio. These adjustments may increase or decrease the estimate of expected credit losses based upon the assessed level of risk for each qualitative factor. The various risks that may be considered in making qualitative adjustments include, among other things, the impact of (i) changes in economic conditions, (ii) changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, (iii) changes in the existence, growth and effect of any concentrations in credit, (iv) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries, (v) changes in the quality of the credit review function, (vi) changes in the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff, (vii) changes in the volume and severity of past due and adversely classified loans and the volume of non-accrual loans, (viii) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, and (ix) other environmental factors such as regulatory, legal and technological considerations, as well as competition.

In some cases, management may determine that an individual loan exhibits unique risk characteristics which differentiate the loan from other loans within the loan segments. In such cases, the loans are evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis and excluded from the collective evaluation. Specific reserves in the allowance for credit losses are determined by analyzing the borrower's ability to repay amounts owed, collateral deficiencies, the relative risk grade of the loan and economic conditions affecting the borrower's industry, among other things. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when, based upon management's assessment, the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. In such cases, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date, adjusted for estimated selling costs if satisfaction of the loan depends on the sale of the collateral. The fair value of collateral supporting collateral dependent loans is evaluated on a quarterly basis.

The following portfolio segments have been identified: commercial loans; single-family residential real estate loans; multi-family residential real estate loans; commercial real estate loans; construction loans; home equity lines of credit; and other consumer loans. A description of each segment of the loan portfolio, along with the risk characteristics of each segment, is included below.

Commercial loans: Commercial loans and direct financing leases include loans and leases to businesses generally located within our primary market area. Those loans and leases are typically secured by business equipment, inventory, accounts receivable and other business assets. In underwriting commercial loans, we consider the net operating income of the borrower, the debt service ratio and the financial strength, expertise and credit history of the business owners and/or guarantors. Because payments on commercial loans are dependent on successful operation of the business enterprise, repayment of such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the economy. We seek to mitigate these risks through underwriting policies which require such loans to be qualified at origination on the basis of the borrower’s financial performance and the financial strength of the business owners and/or guarantors.

Single-family residential real estate loans: Single-family residential real estate loans include permanent conventional mortgage loans secured by single-family residences that we originate for portfolio and purchased loans located primarily within our primary market area. Credit approval for single-family residential real estate loans requires demonstration of sufficient income to repay the principal and interest and the real estate taxes and insurance, stability of employment and an established credit record. Our policy is to originate quality loans that are evaluated for risk based on the borrower’s ability to repay the loan. Collateral positions are established by obtaining independent appraisal opinions. Mortgage insurance may be required when the LTV exceeds 80%.

Multi-family residential real estate loans: Multi-family residential real estate loans include loans secured by apartment buildings, condominiums and multi-family residential houses generally located within our primary market area. Underwriting policies provide that multi-family residential real estate loans generally may be made in amounts up to 85% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. In underwriting multi-family residential real estate loans, we consider the appraised value and net operating income of the property, the debt service ratio and the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. We offer both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans. Fixed-rate loans are generally limited to three years to five years, at which time they convert to adjustable-rate loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family residential properties are dependent on successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of multi-family residential real estate loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Adjustable-rate multi-family residential real

estate loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate scenarios.

Commercial real estate loans: Commercial real estate loans include loans secured by owner occupied and non-owner occupied properties used for business purposes, such as manufacturing facilities, office buildings or retail facilities generally located within our primary market area. Underwriting policies provide that commercial real estate loans may be made in amounts up to 85% of the lower of the appraised value or purchase price of the property. In underwriting commercial real estate loans, we consider the appraised value and net operating income of the property, the debt service ratio and the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. We offer both fixed and adjustable-rate loans. Fixed-rate loans are generally limited to three years to five years, at which time they convert to adjustable-rate loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial real estate properties are dependent on successful operation or management of the properties, repayment of commercial real estate loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans generally pose credit risks not inherent in fixed-rate loans, primarily because as interest rates rise, the borrowers’ payments rise, increasing the potential for default. Additionally, adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans generally do not contain periodic and lifetime caps on interest rate changes. We seek to minimize the additional risk presented by adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans through underwriting criteria that require such loans to be qualified at origination with sufficient debt coverage ratios under increasing interest rate scenarios.

Construction loans: Construction loans include loans to finance the construction of residential and commercial properties generally located within our primary market area. Construction loans are fixed-rate or adjustable-rate loans which may convert to permanent loans with maturities of up to 30 years. Our policies provide that construction loans may generally be made in amounts up to 80% of the appraised value of the property, and an independent appraisal of the property is required. Loan proceeds are disbursed in increments as construction progresses and as inspections warrant, and regular inspections are required to monitor the progress of construction. In underwriting construction loans, we consider the property owner’s and/or guarantor’s financial strength, expertise and credit history. Construction financing is considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan is dependent largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction or development compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, we may be confronted with a project, when completed, having a value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. We attempt to reduce such risks on construction loans through inspections of construction progress on the property and by requiring personal guarantees and reviewing current personal financial statements and tax returns, as well as other projects of the developer.

Home equity lines of credit: Home equity lines of credit include both loans we originate for portfolio and purchased loans. We originate home equity lines of credit to customers generally within our primary market area. Home equity lines of credit are variable rate loans and the interest rate adjusts monthly at various margins to the prime rate of interest as disclosed in The Wall Street Journal. The margin is based on certain factors including the loan balance, value of collateral, election of auto-payment, and the borrower’s FICO® score. The amount of the line is based on the borrower’s credit, income and equity in the home. When combined with the balance of the prior mortgage liens, these lines generally may not exceed 89.9% of the appraised value of the property at the time of the loan commitment. The lines are secured by a subordinate lien on the underlying real estate and are, therefore, vulnerable to declines in property values in the geographic areas where the properties are located. Credit approval for home equity lines of credit requires income sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stability of employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral. Collectability of home equity lines of credit are dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. We continue to monitor collateral values and borrower FICO® scores on both purchased and portfolio loans and, when the situation warrants, have frozen the lines of credit.

Other consumer loans: Other consumer loans include closed-end home equity, home improvement, auto, credit card loans and any purchased loans to consumers generally located within our primary market area. Credit approval for other consumer loans requires income sufficient to repay principal and interest due, stability of employment, an established credit record and sufficient collateral for secured loans. Consumer loans typically have shorter terms and lower balances with higher yields as compared to real estate mortgage loans, but generally carry higher risks of default. Consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances.

CFBank’s charge-off policy for commercial loans, single-family residential real estate loans, multi-family residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, construction loans and home equity lines of credit requires management to record a specific reserve or charge-off as soon as it is apparent that the borrower is troubled and there is, or likely will be, a collateral shortfall related to the estimated value of the collateral securing the loan. Other consumer loans are typically charged off no later than 90 days past due.

Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses under prior GAAP (Incurred loss model): Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 and the current expected credit loss model on January 1, 2023, the Company maintained an allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL) in accordance with the “incurred loss” model under previously applicable GAAP. The ALLL was a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Loan losses were charged against the allowance when management believed the uncollectibility of a loan balance was confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, were credited to the allowance. Management estimated the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance were made for specific loans, but the entire allowance was available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

The allowance consisted of specific and general components. The specific component related to loans that were individually classified as impaired. A loan was impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable that CFBank would be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans within any loan class for which the terms had been modified resulted in a concession, and for which the borrower was experiencing financial difficulties, were considered troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and classified as impaired. See recent and future Accounting Pronouncement and Developments below for changes in 2023 to TDR accounting.

Factors considered by management in determining impairment for all loan classes included payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experienced insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally were not classified as impaired. Management determined the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

All substandard loans within the commercial, multi-family residential, commercial real estate and construction segments were individually evaluated for impairment when they were 90 days past due, or earlier than 90 days past due if information regarding the payment capacity of the borrower indicated that payment in full according to the loan terms was doubtful. If a loan was impaired, a portion of the allowance was allocated so that the loan was reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate, or at the fair value of collateral, less costs to sell, if repayment was expected solely from the collateral. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as consumer, single-family residential real estate loans and commercial leases, were collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, they were not separately identified for impairment disclosures.

TDRs of all classes of loans were separately identified for impairment disclosures and were measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using each loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR was considered to be a collateral dependent loan, the loan was reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. If the payment of the loan was dependent on the sale of the collateral, then costs to liquidate the collateral were included when determining the impairment. For TDRs that subsequently default, the amount of reserve was determined in accordance with the accounting policy for the ALLL.

The general reserve component covered non-impaired loans of all classes and was based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience was determined by loan class and was based on the actual loss history experienced by CFBank over a three-year period. The general component was calculated based on CFBank’s loan balances and actual three-year historical loss rates. For loans with little or no actual loss experience, industry estimates were used based on loan segment. This loss experience was supplemented with other economic and judgmental factors based on the risks present for each loan class. These economic and judgmental factors included consideration of the following: levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; trends in volume and terms of loans; effects of any changes in risk selection and underwriting standards; other changes in lending policies, procedures, and practices; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; national and local economic trends and conditions; industry conditions; and effects of changes in credit concentrations.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures: The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is a liability account representing expected credit losses over the contractual period for which the Company is exposed to credit risk resulting from a contractual obligation to extend credit. No allowance is recognized if the Company has the unconditional right to cancel the obligation. Off-balance sheet credit exposures primarily consist of amounts available under outstanding lines of credit and letters of credit. For the period of exposure, the estimate of expected credit losses considers both the likelihood that funding will occur and the amount expected to be funded over the estimated remaining life of the commitment or other off-balance sheet exposure. The likelihood and expected amount of funding are based on historical utilization rates. The amount of the allowance represents management's best estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over the contractual life of the commitment. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through the income statement as a component of provision for credit loss.

Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the

transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Foreclosed Assets: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, an adjustment is recorded through expense. Operating costs after acquisition are expensed.

Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC): The Company has invested in LIHTCs through funds that assist corporations in investing in limited partnerships and limited liability companies that own, develop and operate low income residential rental properties for purposes of qualifying for the LIHTCs. These investments are accounted for under the proportional amortization method which recognizes the amortization of the investment in proportion to the tax credit and other tax benefits received.

Historic Tax Credits: The Company has made equity investments as a non-managing member in two entities that received historic tax credits (HTC) pursuant to Section 47 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company receives a return through the realization of federal income tax credits, as well as other tax benefits, such as tax deductions from net operating losses of the investment over a period of time. The HTC investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s recorded investment in these entities was $2,097 at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The maximum exposure to loss related to these investments was $2,097 at December 31, 2023, representing the Company’s investment balance.

Joint Ventures: The Holding Company has contributed funds into a series of joint ventures for the purpose of allocating excess liquidity into higher earning assets while diversifying its revenue sources. The joint ventures are engaged in shorter term operating activities related to single family real estate developments. Income is recognized based on a rate of return on the outstanding investment balance. As units are sold, the Holding Company receives an additional incentive payment. The balance outstanding in joint ventures at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $1,909 and $1,568, respectively. Income recognized on the joint ventures was $224, $172, and $224, respectively, for 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Premises and Equipment: Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Buildings and related components are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 3 years to 40 years. Furniture, fixtures and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from 2 years to 25 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated straight-line over the shorter of the useful life or the lease term.

Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock: CFBank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Cincinnati (the “FHLB”). Members are required to own a certain amount of FHLB stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock: CFBank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is required to own a certain amount of stock in the FRB. FRB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.

Bank Owned Life Insurance: CFBank has purchased life insurance policies on certain directors and employees. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off-balance-sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and issue commercial letters of credit to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded, and fees associated with origination are booked to non-interest income at the origination date.

Derivatives: Derivative financial instruments are recognized as assets or liabilities at fair value. The Company's derivatives consist mainly of interest rate swap agreements, which are used as part of its asset liability management program to help manage interest rate risk. The Company does not use derivatives for trading purposes. The derivative transactions are stand-alone derivatives with no hedging designation. Changes in the fair value of the derivatives are reported currently in earnings, as other noninterest income.

Mortgage Banking Derivatives: Commitments to fund mortgage loans to be sold into the secondary market, otherwise known as interest rate locks, are accounted for as free standing derivatives. Mortgage banking activities include two types of commitments: rate lock commitments and forward loan commitments. Fair values of these mortgage derivatives are based on anticipated gains on the underlying loans. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on sales of loans.

Stock-Based Compensation: Compensation cost is recognized for stock options and restricted stock awards issued to directors and employees, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with graded vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the required service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. Forfeitures are recognized as incurred.

Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax basis of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

The Company recognizes interest related to income tax matters as interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as other noninterest expense.

Retirement Plans: Pension expense is the amount of annual contributions by the Company to the multi-employer contributory trusteed pension plan. Employee 401(k) and profit sharing plan expense is the amount of matching contributions. Supplemental retirement plan expense allocates the benefits over years of service.

Earnings Per Common Share: Basic earnings per common share are calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share include the dilutive effect, if any, of additional potential common shares issuable under the equity incentive plan, computed using the treasury stock method. See Note 20- Earnings Per Common Share.

Comprehensive Income (Loss): Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, which are also recognized as a separate component of equity. Reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive income are conducted on a specific identification method.

Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there were any such matters at December 31, 2023 that will have a material effect on the financial statements. See Note 21 – Contingent Liabilities.

Restrictions on Cash: Cash on deposit with the FHLB included $3,300 pledged as collateral for FHLB advances at December 31, 2023.

Equity: Treasury stock is carried at cost. Shares sold out of treasury are valued based on the weighted average cost.

Dividend Restriction: Banking regulations require us to maintain certain capital levels and may limit the dividends paid by CFBank to the Holding Company or by the Holding Company to stockholders. The ability of the Holding Company to pay dividends on its common stock is dependent upon the amount of cash and liquidity available at the Holding Company level, as well as the receipt of dividends and other distributions from CFBank to the extent necessary to fund such dividends. The Holding Company is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from CFBank, which has no obligation to make any dividends or other funds available for the payment of dividends by the Holding Company. The Holding Company also is subject to various legal and regulatory policies and guidelines impacting the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock. In addition, the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock is conditioned upon the payment, on a current basis, of quarterly interest payments on the subordinated debentures underlying the Company’s trust preferred securities. Finally, under the terms of the Holding Company’s fixed-to-floating rate subordinated debt, the Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends on its stock is conditioned upon the Holding Company continuing to make required principal and interest payments, and not incurring an event of default, with respect to the subordinated debt.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 6 – Fair Value. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

Advertising and Marketing Expense: Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are recorded as advertising and marketing, a component of noninterest expense. Advertising and marketing expense also includes leads-based marketing for our residential mortgage lending business.

Operating Segments: While management monitors and analyzes the revenue streams of the Company’s various products and services, the operations and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Operating results are not reviewed by senior management to make resource allocation or performance decisions. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment.

Reclassifications: Some items in the prior year financial statements were reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior period net income or stockholders’ equity.

Recent and Future Accounting Pronouncements and Developments:

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This ASU requires a new Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) methodology that replaces the previous "incurred loss" model for measuring credit losses, which encompassed allowances for current known and inherent losses within the portfolio. CECL provides for an "expected loss" model for measuring credit losses, which encompasses allowances for losses expected to be incurred over the life of the portfolio. The new CECL model requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. Many of the loss estimation techniques applied historically are still permitted, although the inputs to those techniques will reflect the full amount of expected credit losses. Organizations continue to use judgment to determine which loss estimation method is appropriate for their circumstances. ASU 2016-13 requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of an organization’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In addition, ASU 2016-13 amended the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. ASU 2016-13 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2023.

The CECL methodology under ASU 2016-13 applies to loans held for investment, held to maturity debt securities, and off balance-sheet credit exposures. The ASU allows for several different methods of computing the allowance for credit losses: closed pool, vintage, average charge-off, migration, probability of default / loss given default, discounted cash flow, and regression. Based on its analysis of observable data, the Company concluded the average charge-off method to be the most appropriate and statistically relevant. A lookback to March 31, 2000 was utilized as the historical loss period due to its inclusion of several economic cycles and relevance to real estate secured assets.

Upon implementation of ASU 2016-13, the expected loss estimate is made up of a historical lookback of actual losses applied over the life of the loan portfolio and adjusted for qualitative factors and forecasted losses based on economic and forward-looking data applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period.

The impact of the Company’s adoption of ASU 2016-13, effective January 1, 2023, was a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment increasing our reserves for loans and unfunded commitments by $49.

The qualitative impact of the new accounting standard is still directed by many of the same factors that impacted the previous methodology for computing the allowance for loan and lease losses (ALLL), including, but not limited to, economic conditions, quality and experience of staff, changes in the value of collateral, concentrations of credit in loan types or industries and changes to lending policies. In addition to this, the Company will also use reasonable and supportable forecasts. Examples of this are regression analyses of data from the Federal Open Market Committee quarterly economic projections for change in real GDP and of national unemployment.

The Company did not have any material changes to its business practices as a result of implementing ASU 2016-13.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02 "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures." This ASU eliminated the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors in ASC 310-40 and required entities to evaluate all receivable modifications under ASC 310-20 to determine whether a modification made to a borrower results in a new loan or a continuation of the existing loan. The amended guidance added enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The amended guidance also required disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination within the vintage disclosures required by ASC 326. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. The amendments in this update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. They provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. As subsequently amended, this update is effective December 31, 2024. The adoption of ASU No. 2020-04 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Future Accounting Matters:

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using Proportional Amortization Method. The ASU is intended to improve the accounting and disclosures for investments in tax credit structures. It allows reporting entities to elect to adopt for qualifying tax equity investments using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the program giving rise to the related income tax credits. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the Company's consolidated financial statements, but adoption of the standard is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

In August 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement. The amendments in this ASU require that a joint venture, upon formation, apply a new basis of accounting and initially measure assets and liabilities at fair value, with exceptions to fair value measurement that are consistent with the business combinations guidance. This update will be effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." The amendments apply to all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. Public entities are required to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition. In addition, public entities must provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, in interim periods. The amendments clarify that if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources, a public entity may report one or more of those additional measures of segment profit. However, at least one of the reported segment profit or loss measures (or the single reported measure, if only one is disclosed) should be the measure that is most consistent with the measurement principles used in measuring the corresponding amounts in the public entity's consolidated financial statements. The Amendments require that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Finally, the amendments require that a public entity that has a single reportable segment provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in the ASU and all existing segment disclosures in ASC Topic280. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. A public entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impacts related to the adoption of the ASU.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The FASB issued ASU 2023-09 to address investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 is to be applied on a prospective basis and is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. ASU 2023-09 will impact income tax disclosures, and the Company does not expect a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.