10-K 1 form10-k2018.htm
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

| [X] | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year ended December 29, 2018
OR

| [ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________ to _______________
Commission File Number 001-35383
THE EASTERN COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Connecticut | 06-0330020
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) | Identification No.)

112 Bridge Street, Naugatuck, Connecticut | 06770
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (203) 729-2255
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: Common Stock No Par Value NASDAQ Global Market
(Title of each class) (Name of each exchange
on which registered)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes [] No [ X ]
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [X ] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [ ] | Accelerated filer [ X ]
Non-accelerated filer [ ] | Smaller reporting company [X ]
Emerging growth company [ ] |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
As of July 1, 2018, the last day of registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $145,184,332 (based on the closing sales price of the registrant's common stock on the last trading date prior to that date). Shares of the registrant's common stock held by each officer and director and shares held in trust by the pension plans of the Company have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of February 15, 2019, 6,231,409 shares of the registrant's common stock, no par value per share, were issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Certain information required for Part III of this report is incorporated herein by reference to the proxy statement for the Company's 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018.

The Eastern Company
Form 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 29, 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
| Table of Contents | 2.
| Safe Harbor Statement | 3.
PART I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 3.
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 6.
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 11.
Item 2. | Properties | 11.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 13.
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 13.
PART II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related |
| Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 14.
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data | 15.
Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial |
| Condition and Results of Operations | 15.
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures |
| About Market Risk | 23.
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 24.
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on |
| Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 59.
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 59.
Item 9B. | Other Information | 61.
PART III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 61.
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 61.
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management |
| and Related Stockholder Matters | 61.
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director |
| Independence | 62.
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 62.
PART IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | 62.
| Exhibit Index | 63.
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 64.
| Signatures | 66.

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SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES
LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Form 10-K") contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements reflect the Company's current expectations regarding its products, its markets and its future financial and operating performance. These statements, however, are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause the Company's actual results in future periods to differ materially from those expected. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, unanticipated slowdowns in the Company's major markets, changing customer preferences, lack of success of new products, loss of customers, competition, increased raw material prices, problems associated with foreign sourcing of parts and products, worldwide conditions and foreign currency fluctuations that may affect results of operations, and other factors discussed the "Legal Proceedings" section, the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section and other sections of this Form 10-K and, from time to time, in the Company's other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company undertakes no obligation to update, alter, or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
PART I

ITEM 1 | BUSINESS

General Development of Business
The Eastern Company (the "Company," "Eastern," "we," "us," or "our") was incorporated under the laws of the State of Connecticut in October, 1912, succeeding a co-partnership established in October, 1858. The businesses of the Company is the design, manufacture and sale of unique engineered solutions for niche industrial markets.
Today, the Company maintains sixteen physical locations across North America and Asia.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Effective June 1, 2018 the Company acquired certain assets of Load N Lock Systems, Inc. ("Load N Lock"), including accounts receivable, inventories, furniture, fixtures and equipment, intellectual property rights, and assumed certain liabilities and rights existing under all sales and purchase agreements. The transaction price was $5 million. The Load N Lock acquisition was financed with a draw down on the Company's $10 million revolving credit facility. Load N Lock operates as a part of Eastern's Illinois Lock Company ("ILC"), a part of Eastern's Security Products Segment.
On April 3, 2017, the Company completed a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Securities Purchase Agreement") with Velvac Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation ("Velvac"), Jeffery R. Porter, W. Greg Bland, John Backovitch, Dave Otto, Bob Otto, Timothy Rintelman, Robert Brester, Dan Mcgrew, Mark Moeller, and Prospect Partners II, L.P. (collectively, the "Sellers"). Pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of Velvac from the Sellers (the "Velvac Acquisition") for $39.5 million and an earnout consideration contingent upon Velvac achieving minimum earnings performance levels and based on sales of Velvac's new proprietary Road-iQ product line (the "Earnout Consideration"). The Velvac Acquisition was financed with a $31 million term loan from People's United Bank, National Association ("People's"), a $5 million draw down on the Company's $10 million revolving credit facility with People's and $3.5 million in cash. In addition, the Company paid a working capital adjustment of $0.6 million by which working capital exceeded a pre-determined target amount. Please refer to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 7, 2017 and the amendment thereto filed on June 19, 2017 for further details.
Narrative Description of Business
The Eastern Company manages industrial businesses that design, manufacture and sell unique engineered solutions to niche markets. We believe Eastern's businesses operate in industries with long-term macroeconomic growth opportunities and face minimal threats of technological or competitive obsolescence. We look to acquire businesses that produce stable and growing earnings and cash flows. Eastern may pursue acquisitions in industries other than those in which its divisions currently operate if an acquisition presents an attractive opportunity.
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Eastern focuses on proactive financial, operational, and strategic management of its businesses in order to increase cash generation, operating earnings and long-term shareholder value. Among other things, Eastern monitors financial and operational performance of each of its businesses and instills consistent financial discipline. Eastern's management analyzes and pursues prudent organic growth strategies and works to execute attractive external growth and acquisition opportunities.
In addition, Eastern recruits and retains talented managers to operate its businesses. We look for leaders who are accountable, maintain cost discipline, act quickly, and build strong followership.
The Company operates in three business segments: Industrial Hardware, Security Products and Metal Products.
Industrial Hardware
The Industrial Hardware segment consists of Eberhard Manufacturing, Eberhard Hardware Manufacturing Ltd., Eastern Industrial Ltd, Velvac Holdings, Canadian Commercial Vehicles Corporation, Composite Panel Technologies and Sesamee Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. These businesses design, manufacture and market a diverse product line of custom and standard vehicular and industrial hardware, including passenger restraint and vehicular locks, latches, hinges, mirrors, mirror-cameras, light-weight sleeper boxes and truck bodies. These products can be found on tractor-trailer trucks, specialty commercial vehicles, recreational vehicles, fire and rescue vehicles, school buses, military vehicles and other vehicles. The segment also designs and manufactures a wide selection of fasteners and other closure devices used to secure access doors on various types of industrial equipment such as metal cabinets, machinery housings and electronic instruments. In addition, we invest in the continued introduction of new or improved product designs and we expand into synergistic product lines in order to maintain and increase market share. The segment sells directly to original equipment manufacturers ("OEM's") and to distributors through in-house sales personnel and outside sales representatives. Sales, customer engineering and customer service are primarily provided through in-house sales personnel and engineering staff. We believe that in order to service these markets, our divisions offer competitive engineering design, service, quality and price.
Security Products
The Security Products segment consists of Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products, World Lock Company Ltd., Dongguan Reeworld Security Products Ltd., World Security Industries Ltd., Greenwald Industries ("Greenwald"), and Argo EMS (formerly Argo Transdata). Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products, known in the market as ILC, is a global leader in the design and manufacture of engineered security and access solutions in the form of mechanical, electronic and wireless products. ILC employs an 80/20 business philosophy to drive focus and efficiency in its end-markets, customers, products and manufacturing processes. ILC focuses on the industrial, vehicle accessory, outdoor recreational equipment, medical, and point of sale and vending segments. These products and solutions are specified and sold to OEM's, contract equipment manufacturers ("CEM's"), and industrial distributors globally. Greenwald designs, manufactures and markets payment systems and coin security products used primarily in the commercial laundry market. Greenwald's products include timers, drop meters, coin chutes, money boxes, meter cases, mobile payment apps, smart cards, value transfer stations, smart card readers, card management software, and access control units. Argo EMS supplies printed circuit boards and other electronic assemblies to original equipment manufacturers in various industries, including measurement systems, semiconductor equipment manufacturing, and industrial controls, medical and military products. The Security Products segment continuously evaluates markets, technology and customer requests to develop growth strategies for the future.
Metal Products
The Company believes that its Metal Products segment, based at the Company's Frazer & Jones facility in Solvay, New York, is the largest and most efficient producer of expansion shells for use in supporting the roofs of underground mines in North America. This segment also manufactures specialty malleable and ductile iron castings. Typical products include mine roof support anchors, couplers for railroad braking systems, support anchoring for construction and couplers/fittings for utility (oil, water and gas) industries. Mine roof support anchors are sold to bolt manufacturers while specialty castings are sold to original equipment manufacturers or machine houses.
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General
The Company obtains materials from domestic, Asian affiliated and nonaffiliated sources. Raw materials and outside services were readily available for all of the Company's segments during 2018 and are expected to be readily available in 2019 and the foreseeable future. In in the first half of 2018 and during 2017, the Company experienced price increases for many of the raw materials used in producing its products, including: scrap iron, stainless steel, hot and cold rolled steel, and aluminum. Since mid-2018, the Company has seen a reduction in zinc and brass raw material prices but expects steel to continue to increase as demand for raw materials increases as the global economy grows. These raw material cost increases could negatively impact the Company's gross margin if raw material prices increase too rapidly for the Company to recover those cost increases through either price increases to our customers or cost reductions in other areas of the business.
Effective September 24, 2018, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (the "USTR") imposed 10% tariffs on approximately $200 billion worth of Chinese imports. The impact of the 10% tariffs on Chinese produced goods has been negligible in 2018 as the majority of the tariffs have been recovered from our customers. For 2019, the USTR anticipates the level of the additional tariffs to increase to 25% and could expand to include an additional $267 billion worth of Chinese imports. If the proposed 25% tariff goes into effect in 2019 on Chinese purchased goods, it could result in a loss of business and possible reduced margins if the tariffs cannot be recovered in higher selling prices. If the proposed 25% tariff on Chinese purchased goods goes into effect in 2019, these tariffs could result in a loss of business and possible reduced margins if the tariffs cannot be recovered in the higher selling prices.
Patent and trademark protection for the various product lines within the Company is limited, but believed by the Company to be sufficient to protect the Company's competitive positions. Patent durations are from 4 to 20 years. No business segment is dependent on any patent nor would the loss of any patent have any material adverse effect on the Company's business.
None of the Company's segments are seasonal.
Customers for all segments are broad-based geographically and by markets, and sales are generally not highly concentrated by customer. Foreign sales are not significant. No one customer exceeded 10% of total consolidated sales in 2018 or 2017.
The dollar amount of the backlog of orders received by the Company increased as of the fiscal year ended December 29, 2018. Such backlogs were $46,888,000 at December 29, 2018, as compared to $34,991,000 at December 30, 2017. The primary reasons for the change from 2017 to 2018 were significant backlog increases at Eberhard Manufacturing, Velvac, Argo EMS, and Frazer & Jones and the timing of orders received from customers.
The Company encounters competition in all of its business segments. Imports from Asia and Latin America with favorable currency exchange rates and low cost labor have created additional pricing pressure. The Company competes successfully by offering high quality custom engineered products on a timely basis. To compete, the Company deploys internal engineering resources, maintains cost effective manufacturing capabilities through its wholly-owned Asian subsidiaries, expands its product lines through product development and acquisitions, and maintains sufficient inventory for fast turnaround of customer orders.
The Company does not anticipate that compliance with federal, state or local environmental laws or regulations are likely to have a material effect on the Company's capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.
The average number of fulltime employees in 2018 was 1,327.
The Company's ratio of working capital to sales improved to 30.3% in 2018 from 33.7% in 2017. The improvement in working capital was the result of increased sales activity and our continued commitment to reducing our working capital. Working capital includes cash held in various foreign subsidiaries. With the passage of recent tax legislation cash previously held in foreign countries can be repatriated back to the United States and used for other business needs thus reducing working capital further. Other factors affecting working capital include our average days' sales in accounts receivable, inventory turnover ratio and payment of vendor accounts payable. In some cases, the company must hold extra inventory due to extended lead time in receiving products ordered from our foreign subsidiaries to ensure product is available for our customers. The Company continues to monitor its working capital needs with the goal of reducing our ratio of working capital to sales.
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Available Information
The Company makes available, free of charge through its Internet website at http://www.easterncompany.com, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). The Company's reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A | RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information contained in this Form 10-K and the exhibits hereto and the Company's other filings with the SEC, the following risk factors should be considered carefully in evaluating the Company's business. The Company's business, financial condition or results of operation could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks or additional risks not presently known to the Company, or by risks the Company currently deems immaterial. which may also adversely affect its business, financial condition or results of operations, such as: changes in the economy, including changes in inflation, tax rates, interest rates and currency exchange rates; risk associated with possible disruption in the Company's operations due to terrorism, cybersecurity threats and other manmade or natural disasters; future regulatory actions, legal issues or environmental matters; loss of, or changes in, executive management; and changes in accounting standards that are adverse to the Company. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the Company has correctly identified and appropriately assessed all factors affecting its business or that information publicly available with respect to these matters is complete and correct.
The Company's business is subject to risks associated with conducting business overseas.
International operations could be adversely affected by changes in political and economic conditions, trade protection measures, restrictions on repatriation of earnings, differing intellectual property rights and changes in regulatory requirements that restrict the sales of products or increase costs. Changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies could result in increases or decreases in earnings and may adversely affect the value of the Company's assets outside the United States. The Company's operations are also subject to the effects of international trade agreements and regulations. These trade agreements could impose requirements that adversely affect the Company's business, such as, but not limited to, setting quotas on products that may be imported from a particular country into the Company's key markets in North America.
The Company's ability to import products in a timely and cost-effective manner may also be affected by conditions at ports or issues that otherwise affect transportation and warehousing providers, such as port and shipping capacity, labor disputes, severe weather or increased homeland security requirements in the United States or other countries. These issues could delay importation of products or require the Company to locate alternative ports or warehousing providers to avoid disruption to customers. These alternatives may not be available on short notice or could result in higher transit costs, which could have an adverse impact on the Company's business, financial conditions or results of operations.
Indebtedness may affect our business and may restrict our operating flexibility.
As of December, 29, 2018, the Company had $28,675,000 in total consolidated indebtedness. Subject to restrictions contained in our credit facility, the Company may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including indebtedness incurred to finance acquisitions. The level of indebtedness and servicing costs associated with that indebtedness could have important effects on our operation and business strategy. For example, the indebtedness could:

· | Place the Company at a competitive disadvantage relative to the Company's competitors, some of which have lower debt service obligations and greater financial resources;

· | Limit our ability to borrow additional funds;

· | Limit our ability to complete future acquisitions;

· | Limit our ability to pay dividends;

· | Limit our ability to make capital expenditures; and

· | Increase the Company's vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.

The Company's ability to make scheduled principal payments, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness and to satisfy other debt obligations will depend upon future operating performance, which may be affected by factors beyond the Company's
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control. In addition, there can be no assurance that future borrowings or the issuance of equity would be available to the Company on favorable terms for the payment or refinancing of the Company's debt. If the Company is unable to service its indebtedness, the business, financial condition and results of operation would be materially adversely affected.
The Company's credit facility contains covenants requiring the Company to achieve certain financial and operations results and maintain compliance with specified financial ratios. The Company's ability to meet the financial covenants or requirements in its credit facility may be affected by events beyond our control, and the Company may not be able to satisfy such covenants and requirements. A breach of these covenants or the Company's inability to comply with the financial ratios, tests or other restrictions contained in our credit facility could result in an event of default under such credit facility. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under our credit facility and/or the expiration of any grace periods, the lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under our credit facility, together with accrued interest, to be immediately due and payable. If this were to occur, the Company's assets may not be sufficient to fully repay the amounts due under our credit facility or the Company's other indebtedness.
In addition, the Company's growth strategy involves expanding sales of its products into foreign markets. There is no guarantee that the Company's products will be accepted by foreign customers or how long it may take to develop sales of the Company's products in these foreign markets.
Increases in the price or reduced availability of raw materials.
Raw materials needed to manufacture products are obtained from numerous suppliers. Under normal market conditions, these raw materials are readily available on the open market from a variety of producers. However, from time to time, the prices and availability of these raw materials fluctuate, which could impair the Company's ability to procure the required raw materials for its operations or increase the cost of manufacturing its products. If the price of raw materials increases, the Company may be unable to pass these increases on to its customers and could experience reductions to its profit margins. Also, any decrease in the availability of raw materials could impair the Company's ability to meet production requirements in a timely manner.
If tariffs on imported Chinese products are further expanded to include an additional $267 billion of products and the tariff is increased to 25% from the current 10% our cost of raw materials may increase, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company obtains raw materials used in the production of its products from domestic, Asian affiliated and nonaffiliated sources. Effective September 24, 2018, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (the "USTR") imposed 10% tariffs on approximately $200 billion worth of Chinese imports. The impact of the 10% tariffs on Chinese produced goods has been negligible in 2018, as the majority of the tariffs have been recovered from our customers. For 2019, the USTR anticipates the level of the additional tariffs to increase to 25% and could expand to include an additional $267 billion worth of Chinese imports. If the proposed 25% tariff goes into effect in 2019 on Chinese purchased goods, it could result in a loss of business and possible reduced margins if the tariffs cannot be recovered in higher selling prices.
Changes in competition in the markets that the Company services could impact revenues and earnings.
Any change in competition may result in lost market share or reduced prices, which could result in reduced profits and margins. This may impair the ability to grow or even maintain current levels of revenues and earnings. While the Company has an extensive customer base, loss of certain customers could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations until such business is replaced, and no assurances can be made that the Company would be able to regain or replace any lost customers.
The Company is required to evaluate its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
The Company is an "accelerated filer" as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act and is thus required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 requires the Company to include in its report management's assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the fiscal period for which the Company is filing its Annual Report on Form 10-K. This report must also include disclosure of any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that the Company has identified. Additionally, the Company's independent registered public accounting firm is required to issue a report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting and their evaluation
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of the operating effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The Company's assessment requires it to make subjective judgments, and the independent registered public accounting firm may not agree with the Company's assessment. If the Company or its independent registered public accounting firm were unable to complete the assessments within the period prescribed by Section 404 and thus be unable to conclude that the internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors could lose confidence in the Company's reported financial information, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of the Company's common stock or impact the Company's borrowing ability. In addition, changes in operating conditions and changes in compliance with policies and procedures currently in place may result in inadequate internal control over financial reporting in the future.
The inability to develop new products could limit growth.
Demand for new products and the inability to develop and introduce new competitive products at favorable profit margins could adversely affect the Company's performance and prospects for future growth, and the Company would not be positioned to maintain current levels of revenues and earnings. The uncertainties associated with developing and introducing new products, such as the market demands and the costs of development and production, may impede the successful development and introduction of new products. Acceptance of the new products may not meet sales expectations due to several factors, such as the Company's potential inability to accurately predict market demand or to resolve technical issues in a timely and cost effective manner. Additionally, the inability to develop new products on a timely basis could result in the loss of business to competitors.
The inability to identify or complete acquisitions could limit growth.
The Company's future growth may partly depend on its ability to acquire and successfully integrate new businesses. The Company intends to seek additional acquisition opportunities, both to expand into new markets and to enhance the Company's position in existing markets. However, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to successfully identify suitable candidates, negotiate appropriate terms, obtain financing on acceptable terms, complete proposed acquisitions, successfully integrate acquired businesses or expand into new markets. Once acquired, operations may not achieve anticipated levels of revenues or profitability.
Acquisitions involve risk, including difficulties in the integration of the operations, technologies, services and products of the acquired companies and the diversion of management's attention from other business concerns. Although the Company's management will endeavor to evaluate the risks inherent in any particular transaction, there can be no assurances that the Company's management will properly ascertain all such risks. In addition, prior acquisitions have resulted, and future acquisitions could result in the incurrence of substantial debt and other expenses. Future acquisitions may also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities. Difficulties encountered with acquisitions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Environmental compliance costs and liabilities could increase the Company's expenses and adversely affect the Company's financial condition.
The Company's operations and properties are subject to laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, including air emissions, water discharges, waste management and workplace safety. These laws and regulations can result in the imposition of substantial fines and sanctions for violations and could require the installation of pollution control equipment or operational changes to limit pollution emissions and/or decrease the likelihood of accidental hazardous substance releases. The Company must conform its operations and properties to these laws and adapt to regulatory requirements in the countries in which the Company's divisions operate as these requirements change.
The Company uses and generates hazardous substances and wastes in its operations and, as a result, could be subject to potentially material liabilities relating to the investigation and clean-up of contaminated properties and to claims alleging personal injury. The Company has experienced, and expects to continue to experience, costs relating to compliance with environmental laws and regulations. In connection with the Company's acquisitions, the Company may assume significant environmental liabilities, some of which it may not be aware of at the time of acquisition. In addition, new laws and regulations, stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations, the discovery of previously unknown contamination or the imposition of new clean-up requirements could require the Company to incur costs or become the basis for new or increased liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our technology is important to the Company's success and the failure to protect this technology could put the Company at a competitive disadvantage.
Some of the Company's products rely on proprietary technology; therefore, the Company believes that the development and protection of intellectual property rights through patents, copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks, confidentiality agreements and other contractual provisions are important to the future success of its business. Despite the Company's efforts to protect proprietary rights, unauthorized parties or competitors may copy or otherwise obtain and use the Company's products or technology. Actions to enforce these rights may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and the Company make no assurances that any such actions will be successful.
The Company relies on information and technology for many of its business operations, which could fail and cause disruption to the Company's business operations.
The Company's business operations are dependent upon information technology networks and systems to securely transmit, process and store electronic information and to communicate among its locations around the world and with clients and vendors. A shut-down of, or inability to access, one or more of the Company's facilities, a power outage or a failure of one or more of the Company's information technology, telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair the Company's ability to perform such functions on a timely basis. Computer viruses, cyberattacks, other external hazards and human error could result in the misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, corruption of data or operational disruption. If sustained or repeated, such a business interruption, system failure, service denial or data loss and damage could result in a deterioration of the Company's ability to write and process orders, provide customer service or perform other necessary business functions.
A breach in the security of the Company's software could harm its reputation, result in a loss of current and potential customers and subject the Company to material claims, which could materially harm our operating results and financial condition.
If the Company's security measures are breached, an unauthorized party may obtain access to the Company's data or users' or customers' data. In addition, cyber-attacks and similar acts could lead to interruptions and delays in customer processing or a loss or breach of a customer's data. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, the Company may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. The risk that these types of events could seriously harm the Company's business is likely to increase as the Company expands the number of web-based products we offer, the services we provide, and our global operations.
Regulatory authorities around the world are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the United States and elsewhere are often uncertain and in flux. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with the Company's data practices. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, this could result in an order requiring that the Company change its data practices, which could have an adverse effect on its business and results of operations.
Any security breaches for which the Company is, or is perceived to be, responsible, in whole or in part, could subject us to legal claims or legal proceedings, including regulatory investigations, which could harm the Company's reputation and result in significant litigation costs and damage awards or settlement amounts. Any imposition of liability, particularly liability that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of insurance coverage, could materially harm our operating results and financial condition. Security breaches also could cause the Company to lose current and potential customers, which could have an adverse effect on
our business. Moreover, the Company might be required to expend significant financial and other resources to further protect against security breaches or to rectify problems caused by any security breach.
The Company could be subject to litigation, which could have a material impact on the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.
From time to time, the Company's operations are parties to or targets of lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, and environmental and employment matters, which are defended and settled in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome
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of any of these matters, it does not believe, based upon currently available information, that the resolution of any pending matter will have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations. See "ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS" in this Form 10-K for a discussion of current litigation.
The Company could be subject to additional tax liabilities.
The Company is subject to income tax laws of the United States, its states and municipalities and those of other foreign jurisdictions in which the Company has business operations. These laws are complex and subject to interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment and interpretation is required in determining the Company's worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of business, transactions arise where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Although the Company believes that our tax estimates are reasonable, the final outcome of tax audits and any related litigation could be materially different from that which is reflected in historical income tax provisions and accruals. Based on the status of a given tax audit or related litigation, a material effect on the Company's income tax provision or net income may result during the period or periods from the initial recognition of a particular matter in the Company's reported financial results to the final closure of that tax audit or settlement of related litigation when the ultimate tax and related cash flow is known with certainty.
The Company's goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets may become impaired, which could require a significant charge to earnings to be recognized.
Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment at least annually. Future operating results used in the assumptions, such as sales or profit forecasts, may not materialize, and the Company could be required to record a significant charge to earnings in the financial statements during the period in which any impairment is determined, resulting in an unfavorable impact on our results of operations. Numerous assumptions are used in the evaluation of impairment, and there is no guarantee that the Company's independent registered public accounting firm would reach the same conclusion as the Company or an independent valuation firm, which could result in a disagreement between management and the Company's independent registered public accounting firm.
The Company may need additional capital in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
From time-to-time, the Company has historically relied on outside financing to fund expanded operations, capital expenditure programs and acquisitions. The Company may require additional capital in the future to fund operations or strategic opportunities. The Company cannot be assured that additional financing will be available on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, the terms of available financing may place limits on the Company's financial and operating flexibility. If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient capital in the future, the Company may not be able to expand or acquire complementary businesses and may not be able to continue to develop new products or otherwise respond to changing business conditions or competitive pressures.
The Company's stock price may become highly volatile.
The Company's stock price may change dramatically when buyers seeking to purchase shares of the Company's common stock exceed the shares available on the market, or when there are no buyers to purchase shares of the Company's common stock when shareholders are trying to sell their shares.
The Company may not be able to reach acceptable terms for contracts negotiated with its labor unions and be subject to work stoppages or disruption of production.
During 2019, union contracts covering approximately 1% of the Company's total workforce will expire. The Company has been successful in negotiating new contracts over the years, but cannot guarantee that will continue. Failure to negotiate new union contracts could result in the disruption of production, inability to deliver product or a number of unforeseen circumstances, any of which could have an unfavorable material impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition.
10

Deterioration in the creditworthiness of several major customers could have a material impact on the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.
Included as a significant asset on the Company's balance sheet are accounts receivable from our customers. If several large customers become insolvent or are otherwise unable to pay for products, or become unwilling or unable to make payments in a timely manner, it could have an unfavorable material impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition.
Although the Company is not dependent on any one customer, deterioration in several large customers at the same time could have an unfavorable material impact on the Company's results of operations or financial condition. No one customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable for 2018 or 2017.
The Company's operating results may fluctuate, which makes the results of operations difficult to predict and could cause the results to fall short of expectations.
The Company's operating results may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing the Company's operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and past results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Quarterly, year to date and annual costs and expenses as a percentage of revenues may differ significantly from historical or projected levels. Future operating results may fall below expectations. These types of events could cause the price of the Company's stock to fall.
New or existing U.S. or foreign laws could subject the Company to claims or otherwise impact the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.
The Company is subject to a variety of laws in both the U.S. and foreign countries that are costly to comply with, can result in negative publicity and diversion of management time and effort and can subject the Company to claims or other remedies.

ITEM 1B | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2 | PROPERTIES

The corporate office of the Company is located in Naugatuck, Connecticut in a two-story, 8,000 square foot administrative building on 3.2 acres of land.
All of the Company's properties are owned or leased and are adequate to satisfy current requirements. All of the Company's properties have the necessary flexibility to cover any long-term expansion requirements.
The Industrial Hardware Group includes the following:
The Eberhard Manufacturing Division in Strongsville, Ohio owns 9.6 acres of land and a building containing 157,580 square feet, located in an industrial park. The building is steel frame, is one-story and has curtain walls of brick, glass and insulated steel panels. The building has two high bays, one of which houses two units of automated warehousing.
Eberhard Hardware Manufacturing, Ltd., a wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary in Tillsonburg, Ontario, owns 4.4 acres of land and a building containing 31,000 square feet in an industrial park. The building is steel frame, is one-story, and has curtain walls of brick, glass and insulated steel panels. It is particularly suited for light fabrication, assembly and warehousing and is adequate for long-term expansion requirements.
Eastern Industrial Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary in Shanghai, China, leases brick and concrete buildings containing approximately 47,500 square feet of space that are located in both industrial and commercial areas. In 2016, Eastern Industrial, Ltd. entered into a six-year lease, which expires on March 31, 2022 and is renewable.
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Velvac, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary in New Berlin, Wisconsin, leases a 98,000 square foot building. The building includes 17,000 square feet of office space and 81,000 square feet of warehousing and distribution operations. The current lease expires on May 31, 2021.
Velvac de Reynosa, S. De R.L De C.V., a maquiladora wholly-owned in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, leases 90,000 square feet of building space located in an industrial park identified as Buildings 19, 20 and 21 and on a tract of land with an area of 165,507 square feet. The building is one level and is made from brick and concrete. The building is protected by a 24 hour security system and onsite security. The current lease expires on August 31, 2021.
Velvac, Inc. also leases a 9,300 square foot building in Bellingham, Washington. The premises are used solely for software development and research and development. The current lease expires on September 30, 2021.
Canadian Commercial Vehicles Corporation ("CCV"), a wholly-owned subsidiary in Kelowna, British Columbia, leases 46,385 square feet of building space located in an industrial park. The building is made from brick and concrete, contains approximately 5,400 square feet of office space on two levels and houses a modern paint booth for finishing our products. The building is protected by a F1 rated fire suppression system and alarmed for fire and security. CCV's lease expires on December 31, 2018 and is renewable.
The Composite Panel Technologies Division ("CPT") in Salisbury, North Carolina, leases 70,000 square feet of building space located in an industrial park. The building is made from brick and concrete, contains approximately 6,600 square feet of office space on one level and houses a modern paint booth for finishing our products. The building is protected by a water sprinkler fire suppression system and is alarmed for fire and security. The current lease expires on December 31, 2019 and is renewable.
The Sesamee Mexicana subsidiary leases 42,588 square feet in a facility located in an industrial park in Lerma, Mexico. The current lease expires on November 30, 2020 and is renewable. The building is steel frame with concrete block and glass curtain walls.
The Security Products Group includes the following:
The Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products Division owns 2.5 acres of land and a building containing 44,000 square feet in Wheeling, Illinois. The building is brick and is located in an industrial park.
The World Lock Co. Ltd. subsidiary leases 5,285 square feet of space in a building located in Taipei, Taiwan. The building is made from brick and concrete and is protected by a fire alarm and sprinklers. A four-year lease was signed in 2018, which expires on July 31, 2022 and is renewable.
The Dongguan Reeworld Security Products Company Ltd. subsidiary was established in July 2013 to manufacture locks and hardware and leases 118,000 square feet of space in concrete buildings that are located in an industrial park in Dongguan, China. The current lease expires on June 30, 2019 and is renewable for six months to December 31, 2019.
The Greenwald Industries Division in Chester, Connecticut owns 26 acres of land and a building containing 120,000 square feet. The building is steel frame, is one-story, and has brick over concrete blocks.
The Argo EMS Division leases approximately 17,000 square feet of space in a building located in an industrial park in Clinton, Connecticut. The building is a two-story steel frame structure and is situated on 2.9 acres of land. The current lease expires on March 31, 2022.
The Metal Products Group consists of:
The Frazer & Jones Division in Solvay, New York owns 17.9 acres of land and buildings containing 205,000 square feet constructed for foundry use. These facilities are well adapted to handle the division's current and future casting requirements.
All owned properties are free and clear of any encumbrances.
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ITEM 3 | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is party to various legal proceedings from time to time related to its normal business operations. Currently, the Company is not involved in any legal proceedings.
In 2010, the Company was contacted by the State of Illinois regarding potential ground contamination at its plant in Wheeling, Illinois. The Company entered into a voluntary remediation program in Illinois and engaged an environmental clean-up company to perform testing and develop a remediation plan. Since 2010, the environmental company completed a number of tests and the design of a final remediation system was approved in the second quarter of 2018. As of the end of the third quarter of 2018, the remediation plan was completed. The State of Illinois has received the documentation related to the remediation and is in the process of signing off on the documentation. The total estimated cost for the remediation system is anticipated to be approximately $50,000 which the Company accrued for and expensed.
In 2016, the Company created a plan to remediate a landfill of spent foundry sand maintained at the Company's metal casting facility in New York. This plan was agreed to by the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (the "DEC") on March 27, 2018. Based on estimates provided by the Company's environmental engineers, the anticipated cost to remediate and monitor the landfill is $430,000. The Company accrued for and expensed the entire $430,000 in the first quarter of 2018 and in fiscal 2017. In the Fall of 2018 detailed construction drawings were prepared by an outside consultant in conjunction with informal progress reviews by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (the "NYSDEC"). A meeting is scheduled for the first quarter of 2019 to formally present finalized construction drawings to the NYSDEC and to request written approval. Approval is anticipated by March of 2019. Construction of the closure remedies, including improved drainage system, regrading, and installation of a low permeability cap, is anticipated in May or June of 2019. Site preparation including surveying and clearing of select trees and shrubs was conducted in December of 2018 to improve access for anticipated construction work to occur in the Spring of 2019. Long-term groundwater monitoring will commence in April of 2019. In the Fall of 2019, following the completion of construction work, a closure report and maintenance plan will be prepared for the NYSDEC documenting the work done and requesting acknowledgement of satisfactory completion of the Order on Consent between Frazer and Jones and the NYSDEC.

ITEM 4 | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
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PART II

ITEM 5 | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The Company's common stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol "EML". The approximate number of record holders of the Company common stock on December 29, 2018 was 337.
The following table sets forth the high and low per share sales prices of the Company's common stock, and the per share quarterly dividend declared on the Company's common stock, for each quarter of the immediately preceding two years as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market.

|  | 2018 |  |  |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Market Price |  |  |  |  |  |  | Market Price |  |  |  |
Quarter |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | Dividend |  | Quarter |  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | Dividend |
First |  | $ | 30.83 |  |  | $ | 24.00 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  | First |  | $ | 21.50 |  |  | $ | 18.85 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |
Second |  |  | 31.00 |  |  |  | 27.50 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  | Second |  |  | 31.50 |  |  |  | 21.06 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Third |  |  | 30.95 |  |  |  | 25.25 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  | Third |  |  | 31.15 |  |  |  | 24.35 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Fourth |  |  | 30.70 |  |  |  | 21.67 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  | Fourth |  |  | 30.85 |  |  |  | 25.10 |  |  |  | 0.11 |

The Company expects to continue its policy of paying regular cash dividends, although there can be no assurance as to future dividends because they are dependent on future earnings, capital requirements and financial condition. The payment of dividends is subject to the restrictions of the Company's loan agreement if such payment would result in an event of default. See Item 7 – Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Note 5 to the Company's financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
The following table sets forth information regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company's equity compensation plans as of December 29, 2018, consisting of the Company's 2010 Executive Stock Incentive Plan (the "2010 Plan").

Equity Compensation Plan Information |
Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c) |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  |  | 45,675 |  |  |  | 21.46 |  |  |  | 274,500 | 1
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 45,675 |  |  |  | 21.46 |  |  |  | 274,500 |

1 Includes shares available for future issuance under the 2010 Plan.
Each director who is not an employee of the Company ("Independent Director") is paid a director's fee for his services at the annual rate of $30,000. Effective August 1, 2017, the Chairman of the Board of Directors receives an annual fee of $60,000 for his services and all chairs of the varying committees will receive additional compensation. All annual fees paid to non-employee members of the Board of Directors of the Company are paid in common stock of the Company or cash, in accordance with the Directors Fee Program adopted by the shareholders on March 26, 1997 and amended on January 5, 2004. The directors make an annual election, within a reasonable time before their first quarterly payment, to receive their fees in the form of cash, stock or a combination thereof. The election remains in force for one year.
During fiscal years 2018 and 2017, there were no sales by the Company of its securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act").
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On May 2, 2018, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new program to repurchase up to 200,000 shares of the Company's common stock. The Company's share repurchase program does not obligate it to acquire the Company's common stock at any specific cost per share. Under this program, shares may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act.
The Company did not have any share repurchase plans or programs in effect during fiscal year 2017. Below is a summary of the Company's share repurchases during 2018:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased As Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  |  | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
July 1 – August 4, 2018 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
August 5 – September 1, 2018 |  |  | 6,210 |  |  |  | 27.02 |  |  |  | 6,210 |  |  |  | 193,790 |
September 2 – September 29, 2018 |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 29.45 |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 188,790 |
September 30 – November 3, 2018 |  |  | 18,790 |  |  |  | 26.54 |  |  |  | 18,790 |  |  |  | 170,000 |
November 4 – December 1, 2018 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
December 2 – December 29, 2018 |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 24.97 |  |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | 160,000 |
Total |  |  | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 26.58 |  |  |  | 40,000 |  |  |  | 160,000 |

ITEM 6 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
As a result of the Company's status as a smaller reporting company pursuant to Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, the Company is no longer required to provide the information under this Item 6, of Form 10-K pursuant to Item 301(c) of Reg. S-K.

ITEM 7 | MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Summary
Sales for fiscal year 2018 were $234.3 million compared to $204.2 million for fiscal year 2017. Net income for fiscal year 2018 was $14.5 million, or $2.31 per diluted share, compared to $5.0 million, or $0.80 per diluted share, for fiscal year 2017. Sales for the fourth quarter of 2018 were $56.6 million compared to $54.1 million for the same period in 2017. Net income for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $4.4 million, or $0.70 per diluted share compared to a loss of ($0.2) million, or a loss of ($0.03) per diluted share, for the comparable 2017 period. The fourth quarter 2017 earnings were adversely affected by a one-time tax charge of $2.5 million related to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in December 2017.
The Company anticipates continued growth in sales and earnings in fiscal 2019 primarily as a result of a new mirror program for Class 8 trucks awarded to our Velvac subsidiary and the acquisition of specific assets of Load N Lock Systems, Inc. in June of 2018 and new products launches at Eberhard Manufacturing and Illinois Lock. Load N Lock provides innovative truck cap and tonneau cover locks that keep truck contents safe and secure. Load N Lock developed and patented the first integrated power lock for the automotive industry and has developed numerous truck cap and tonneau cover lock related products. Load N Lock has been successfully integrated into our Illinois Lock Company division and brings new capabilities to our customers.
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Areas of uncertainty that require judgments, estimates and assumptions include items such as the accounting for derivatives; environmental matters; the testing of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment; proceeds on assets to be sold; pensions and other postretirement benefits; and tax matters. Management uses historical experience and all available information to make its estimates and assumptions, but actual results will inevitably differ from the estimates and assumptions that are used to prepare the Company's financial statements at any given time. Despite these inherent limitations, management believes that Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the financial statements and related footnotes provide a meaningful and fair presentation of the Company.
Management believes that the application of these estimates and assumptions on a consistent basis enables the Company to provide the users of the financial statements with useful and reliable information about the Company's operating results and financial condition.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company reviews the collectability of its receivables on an ongoing basis, taking into account a combination of factors. The Company reviews potential problems, such as past due accounts, a bankruptcy filing or deterioration in the customer's financial condition, to ensure that the Company has adequately accrued for potential loss. Accounts are considered past due based on when payment was originally due. If a customer's situation changes, such as a bankruptcy or its creditworthiness, or there is a change in the current economic climate, the Company may modify its estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company will write off accounts receivable after reasonable collection efforts have been made and the accounts are deemed uncollectible.
Inventory Reserve
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market and or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method at the Company's U.S. facilities. Accordingly, a LIFO valuation reserve is calculated using the dollar value link chain method.
We review the net realizable value of inventory in detail on an ongoing basis, giving consideration to deterioration, obsolescence and other factors. Based on these assessments, we provide for an inventory reserve in the period in which an impairment is identified. The reserve fluctuates with market conditions, design cycles and other economic factors.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the periods benefited. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. The Company performed its most recent qualitative assessment as of the end of fiscal 2018 and determined that it is more likely than not that no impairment of goodwill existed at the end of 2018. The Company will perform annual qualitative assessments in subsequent years as of the end of each fiscal year. Additionally, the Company will perform interim analysis whenever conditions warrant.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements related to pension and other postretirement benefits are determined from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are assumptions about such factors as expected return on plan assets, discount rates at which liabilities could be settled, rate of increase in future compensation levels, mortality rates, and trends in health insurance costs. These assumptions are reviewed annually and updated as required. In accordance with GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, affect the expense recognized and obligations recorded in future periods.
The discount rate used is based on a single equivalent discount rate derived with the assistance of our actuaries by matching expected future benefit payments in each year to the corresponding spot rates from the FTSE Pension Liability Yield Curve, comprised of high quality (rated AA or better) corporate bonds. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company elected to refine its
16

approach for calculating its service and interest costs in future years by applying the specific spot rates along the selected yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows. The Company believes this method more precisely measures its obligations.
The expected long-term rate of return on assets is also developed with input from the Company's actuarial firms. We consider the Company's historical experience with pension fund asset performance, the current and expected allocation of our plan assets and expected long-term rates of return. The long-term rate-of-return assumption used for determining net periodic pension expense was 7.5% for 2018 and 2017. The Company reviews the long-term rate of return each year.
Future actual pension income and expense will depend on future investment performance, changes in future discount rates and various other factors related to the population of participants in the Company's pension plans.
The Company expects to make cash contributions of approximately $600,000 and $105,000 to our pension plans and other postretirement plan, respectively, in 2019.
In connection with our pension and other postretirement benefits, the Company reported a $(0.2) million and $0.6 million gain/(loss) (net of tax) on its Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for Fiscal Years 2018 and 2017, respectively. While the main factor driving this gain/(loss) was the change in the discount rate during the applicable period, the Company froze the benefits of our salaried pension plan effective May 31, 2016, resulting in an approximate $2.5 million gain for this significant event.
Assumptions used to determine net periodic pension benefit cost for the fiscal years indicated were as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Discount rate |  |  | 3.54% - 3.57 | % |  |  | 4.04%-4.08 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 7.5 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %

Assumptions used to determine net periodic other postretirement benefit cost are the same as those assumptions used for the pension benefit cost, except that the rate of compensation is not applicable for other postretirement benefit cost.
The changes in assumptions had the following effect on the net periodic pension and other postretirement costs recorded in Other Comprehensive Income as follows:

|  | Year ended |
|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Discount rate |  | $ | 8,537,413 |  |  | $ | (6,382,182 | )
Mortality table |  |  | -- |  |  |  | -- |
Additional recognition due to significant event |  |  | 14,928 |  |  |  | (496,899 | )
Asset gain or (loss) |  |  | (9,530,411 | ) |  |  | 6,043,672 |
Amortization of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized gain or (loss) |  |  | 1,044,520 |  |  |  | 1,153,885 |
Unrecognized prior service cost |  |  | 109,750 |  |  |  | 157,430 |
Other |  |  | (957,643 | ) |  |  | 140,969 |
Comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | (781,443 | ) |  |  | 616,875 |
Income tax |  |  | (578,090 | ) |  |  | 62,632 |
Comprehensive income, net of tax |  | $ | (203,353 | ) |  | $ | 554,243 |

The Plan has been investing a portion of the assets in long-term bonds in an effort to better match the impact of changes in interest rates on its assets and liabilities and thus reduce some of the volatility in Other Comprehensive Income. Please refer to Note 11 – Retirement Benefit Plans in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures concerning the Company's pension and other postretirement benefit plans.
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Software Development Costs
Software development costs, including costs to develop software sold, leased, or otherwise marketed, that are incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized if significant. Costs incurred during the application development stage for internal-use software are capitalized if significant. Capitalized software development costs are amortized using the straight-line amortization method over the estimated useful life of the applicable software. Such software development costs required to be capitalized have not been material to date.
Fourth Quarter 2018 Compared to Fourth Quarter 2017
The following table shows, for the fourth quarter of 2018 and 2017, selected line items from the consolidated statements of income as a percentage of net sales, by segment.

|  | 2018 Fourth Quarter |
|  | Industrial |  |  | Security |  |  | Metal |  |  |  |
|  | Hardware |  |  | Products |  |  | Products |  |  | Total |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of products sold |  |  | 73.4 | % |  |  | 64.9 | % |  |  | 93.5 | % |  |  | 74.0 | %
Gross margin |  |  | 26.6 | % |  |  | 35.1 | % |  |  | 6.5 | % |  |  | 26.0 | %
Product development expense |  |  | 4.0 | % |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | -- | % |  |  | 3.3 | %
Selling and administrative expense |  |  | 15.3 | % |  |  | 17.7 | % |  |  | 6.2 | % |  |  | 14.6 | %
Operating profit |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |  | 13.8 | % |  |  | 0.3 | % |  |  | 8.1 | %
|  | 2017 Fourth Quarter |
|  | Industrial |  |  | Security |  |  | Metal |  |  |  |  |
|  | Hardware |  |  | Products |  |  | Products |  |  | Total |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of products sold |  |  | 73.5 | % |  |  | 67.8 | % |  |  | 93.6 | % |  |  | 74.8 | %
Gross margin |  |  | 26.5 | % |  |  | 32.2 | % |  |  | 6.4 | % |  |  | 25.2 | %
Product development expense |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | -- | % |  |  | 2.7 | %
Selling and administrative expense |  |  | 16.6 | % |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  | 15.5 | %
Operating profit |  |  | 6.8 | % |  |  | 11.7 | % |  |  | -1.4 | % |  |  | 7.0 | %

Net sales in the fourth quarter of 2018 increased 5% to $56.6 million from $54.1 million a year earlier. Sales increased in the Industrial Hardware Segment by 6% for the fourth quarter of 2018 as compared to sales in the fourth quarter of 2017 as a result of strong sales growth to Class 8 Trucks, distribution, specialty vehicles and truck accessories customers. Sales of new products contributed 5% and included a new hood mount truck mirror, a modular toolbox latching system, an electronic activated latching system and various composite panels. Sales in the Security Products Segment increased by 2% for the fourth quarter of 2018 compared to the fourth quarter of 2017. Sales in the Metal Products Segment increased 5% for the fourth quarter of 2018 from sales in the fourth quarter of 2017 as a result of an increase in sales to industrial casting customers.
Cost of products sold in the fourth quarter of 2018 increased $1.4 million or 3% from the corresponding period in 2017. The increase in cost primarily reflects increased material cost associated with increased sales volume and higher cost for scrap iron, which was up15% used in the metal product segment.
Gross margin as a percentage of net sales for the fourth quarter of 2018 was 26% and 25% in the fourth quarter of 2017.
Product development expenses as a percentage of sales in the fourth quarter of 2018 and 2017 were comparable at 3%.
Selling and administrative expenses for the fourth quarter of 2018 were comparable with the fourth quarter of 2017 at approximately $8 million or 15% of sales.
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Net income (loss) for the fourth quarter of 2018 increased to $4.4 million or $0.70 per diluted share from a loss of ($0.2) million or ($0.3) per diluted share for the comparable period in 2017. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we incurred an incremental one-time charge of $2.5 million, or $0.41 per fully diluted share, consisting of a $2.0 million charge on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries as well as a charge of $0.5 million related to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on our deferred tax asset.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared to Fiscal Year 2017
The following table shows, for fiscal year 2018 and fiscal year 2017, selected line items from the consolidated statements of income as a percentage of net sales, by segment.

|  | Industrial |  |  | Security |  |  | Metal |  |  |  |
|  | Hardware |  |  | Products |  |  | Products |  |  | Total |
|  | Fiscal Year 2018 |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of products sold |  |  | 75.2 | % |  |  | 68.6 | % |  |  | 87.7 | % |  |  | 74.9 | %
Gross margin |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 31.4 | % |  |  | 12.3 | % |  |  | 25.1 | %
Product development expense |  |  | 3.5 | % |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | -- | % |  |  | 3.0 | %
Selling and administrative expense |  |  | 14.4 | % |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | 8.3 | % |  |  | 14.5 | %
Operating profit |  |  | 6.9 | % |  |  | 11.0 | % |  |  | 4.0 | % |  |  | 7.6 | %
|  | Fiscal Year 2017 |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of products sold |  |  | 76.1 | % |  |  | 69.3 | % |  |  | 87.1 | % |  |  | 75.6 | %
Gross margin |  |  | 23.9 | % |  |  | 30.7 | % |  |  | 12.9 | % |  |  | 24.4 | %
Product development expense |  |  | 3.3 | % |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | -- | % |  |  | 2.8 | %
Selling and administrative expense |  |  | 16.2 | % |  |  | 17.8 | % |  |  | 9.2 | % |  |  | 15.7 | %
Operating profit |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | 9.9 | % |  |  | 3.7 | % |  |  | 5.9 | %

Summary
Net sales for 2018 increased 15% to $234.3 million from $204.2 million in 2017. Sales growth in 2018 reflects a full year of sales from the Velvac Acquisition, which closed on April 3, 2017, as compared to 9 months of sales from Velvac in 2017. Excluding the effects of Velvac, sales growth was approximately 6% in 2018. Net sales in the Industrial Hardware segment increased approximately 22% in 2018, and excluding Velvac, sales increased 7% as compared to 2017. Sales volume of existing products increased 19% in 2018 primarily as the result of the Velvac acquisition and increased sales from our existing Class 8 truck, distribution, specialty vehicles and truck accessory customers. Net sales in the Security Products segment increased approximately 6% in 2018 primarily as result of increased sales volume from our investment in growth at Illinois Lock and Greenwald Industries. The Metal Products segment's net sales increased approximately 4% in 2018 compared to the prior year period. Sales volume decreased 13% in mine roof products as a result of a lower demand for coal in the mining industry. Net sales increased 68% in industrial casting products through our continued efforts to diversify away from mining products. Net income for 2018 increased 187% to $14.5 million, or $2.31 per diluted share, from $5.0 million, or $0.80 per diluted share, in 2017. In 2017, net income was adversely affected by the recognition of one-time charges of $2.5 million related to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017 and $1.8 million, net of tax expenses, related to the Velvac acquisition, environmental remediation and personnel related expenses.
Industrial Hardware Segment
Net sales in the Industrial Hardware Segment increased 22% in 2018 from the 2017 level. Sales volume of existing products increased 19%, however excluding the Velvac acquisition, sales volume increased 3% from growth in Class 8 trucks, distribution, specialty vehicles and truck accessory customers, while price and new products contributed 2% respectively. New product sales include a new hood mount truck mirror, modular toolbox latching system, an electronic activated latching system and various composite panels.
19

Cost of products sold in the Industrial Hardware Segment increased $17.8 million or 20% from 2017 level. The increase in the cost of products sold primarily reflects the Velvac Acquisition in April of 2017. Other significant factors resulting in changes in cost of products sold in 2018 compared were 2017 was rising metal cost during the year, which increased by 11% after adjusting for the Velvac Acquisition, as a result of an increase in hot rolled steel cost by 30%, an increase in cold rolled steel cost by 15%, an increase in stainless steel cost by 14% and an increase in aluminum cost by 6%. Where possible, our businesses passed along higher metal prices to customers.
Gross margin as a percentage of sales increased to 25% in 2018 from 24% in 2017 in the Industrial Hardware Segment. The increase reflects the combination of favorable product mix, greater utilization of productive capacity and the non-recurrence of one-time charges of $1.2 million to cost of goods sold, related to the impact of the purchase accounting in connection with the Velvac acquisition in 2017.
Product development expenses as a percentage of sales increased to 4% in 2018 from 3% in 2017. This increase was primarily the result of a new truck hood mount mirror program awarded to Velvac in 2018.
Selling and administrative expenses in the Industrial Hardware Segment increased $1.5 million or 8% in 2018 from the 2017 level. The increase in selling and administrative expenses in 2018 reflect a full year of the Velvac acquisition as compared to the partial year of expenses related to the Velvac Acquisition in 2017.
Security Products Segment
Net sales in the Security Products Segment increased 6% in 2018 from the 2017 level. Sales volume of existing products increased 3% while price and new products contributed 1% and 2% respectively. New product sales included a custom designed lock core for a removable tie down system, a backrest docking system, a miniature tubular lock, a flip cover modular lock, and a power lock module.
Cost of products sold in the Security Products Segment increased by $2.3 million or 5% in 2018 from 2017. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily attributable to higher factory payroll cost which increased $1.2 million or 36%.
Gross margin as a percentage of sales in the Security Products Segment remained comparable to 2017 level of 31%. Lower material costs, primarily in zinc and brass, down year over year by 19% and 11%, respectively, helped to offset higher factory payroll cost in our Asian factory.
Product development expenses as a percentage of sales remained level with 2017 at 3%.
Selling and administrative expenses in the Security Products Segment increased by $0.4 million or 4% in 2018 from 2017. The most significant factors resulting in changes in selling and administrative expenses were bad debt expense of $0.2 million and an increase of $0.2 million in payroll and payroll related expenses.
Metal Products Segment
Net sales in the Metal Products Segment increased 3.9% in 2018 compared to the prior year period. Sales volume decreased 11% while price and new products were up 2% and 13% respectively. Sales of mining products declined 13% year over year while industrial casting increased 92% over 2017 level. Although coal demand is expected to decline slightly through 2023 the company is placing more effort in attracting additional industrial casting customers. New product sales include a bomb plug for the military, torque bolt and segment flute for the utilities market and various casting for the oil water and gas industries.
Cost of products sold for the Metal Products Segment increased $1.1 million or 5% from 2017 level. The most significant factors resulting in changes in cost of products sold in 2018 was higher raw materials (scrap iron) increasing for the year by 25%.
Gross margin as a percentage of sales in the Metal Products Segment decreased to 12% in 2018 from 13% in 2017. The increase in higher metal cost could not be fully recovered in price increases to customers.
Selling and administrative expenses in the Metal Products segment decreased $0.1 million or 5% from 2017. The most significant factors, resulting in the decrease in selling and administrative expenses was a reduction in payroll and payroll related charges.
20

Other Items
The following table shows the amount of change from 2017 to 2018 in other items (dollars in thousands):

|  | Amount |  |  | % |
Interest expense |  | $ | 226 |  |  |  | 23 | %
Other income |  | $ | 585 |  |  |  | 168 | %
Income taxes |  | $ | (3,325 | ) |  |  | -52 | %

Interest expense increased in 2018 from 2017 due to the increased level of debt in 2018 that was incurred in connection with the Velvac Acquisition.
Other income in 2018 increased from the 2017 level. Other income in 2018 included a $887,000 gain on pension assets due to the implementation of ASU 2017-07, Compensation — Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, and a gain on marketable securities of $44,000. Other income in 2017 included a $194,000 gain on pension assets the recognition of a gain on marketable securities of $73,000.
The effective tax rate for 2018 was 18% compared to the 2017 effective tax rate, which was 56%. The effective tax rate for 2018 was lower than the prior year period due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Jobs Act") in 2017 and its impact on foreign repatriation tax.
Total income taxes paid were $3,741,021 in 2018 and $4,104,701 in 2017.
Jobs Act, which is commonly referred to as "U.S. tax reform," significantly changes U.S. corporate income tax laws by, among other provisions, reducing the maximum U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% which became effective in 2018, and creating a territorial tax system with a one-time mandatory tax on previously deferred foreign earnings of U.S. subsidiaries. During the year ending December 30, 2017 and December 29, 2018, the Company recognized deferred income tax expense of $531,307 and deferred income tax benefit of $507,847, respectively, as a result of the re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities to the new lower statutory rate of 21%.
Due to the passage of the Jobs Act, United States income taxes expenses have been provided on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries ($19,336,428, at December 29, 2018) as well as the associated withholding taxes from the foreign countries. The amount of taxes associated with the changes to the provisions of the tax law regarding foreign earnings is $1,557,897. Foreign divisions that were previously treated as corporations for U.S. income tax purposes will generally no longer be taxed on their foreign source income by the U.S. federal government. Of the $1,557,897 in taxes associated with the new treatment of foreign earnings under the Act, $816,198 are associated with the withholding taxes assessed by the foreign countries, net of the applicable U.S. tax credits; and $741,699 are associated with the deemed repatriation of earnings held in foreign corporations. The Company has made an election to pay the $741,699 in taxes on an installment basis over eight years with payments of $59,336 becoming due in each of the years 2018 to 2022 and a payment of $111,255 becoming due 2023, a payment of $148,340 becoming due in 2024, and a final payment of $185,424 becoming due in the year 2025.
Liquidity and Sources of Capital
The Company's financial position strengthened in 2018. The primary source of the Company's cash is earnings from operating activities adjusted for cash generated from or used for net working capital and the term loan from People's Bank. The most significant recurring non-cash items included in net income are depreciation and amortization expense. Changes in working
capital fluctuate with the changes in operating activities. As sales increase, there generally is an increased need for working capital. Since increases in working capital reduce the Company's cash, management attempts to keep the Company's investment in net working capital at a reasonable level by closely monitoring inventory levels and matching production to expected market demand, keeping tight control over the collection of receivables and optimizing payment terms on its trade and other payables.
The Company is dependent on continued demand for our products and subsequent collection of accounts receivable from our customers. The Company serves a broad base of customers and industries with a variety of products. As a result, any fluctuations in demand or payment from a particular industry or customer should not have a material impact on the Company's sales and
21

collection of receivables. Management expects that the Company's foreseeable cash needs for operations, capital expenditures, debt service and dividend payments will continue to be met by the Company's operating cash flows and available credit facility.
The following table shows key financial ratios at the end of each year:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current ratio |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
Average days' sales in accounts receivable |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 46 |
Inventory turnover |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 3.4 |
Ratio of working capital to sales |  |  | 30.3 | % |  |  | 33.7 | %
Total debt to shareholders' equity |  |  | 29.6 | % |  |  | 40.5 | %

The following table shows important liquidity measures as of the fiscal year-end balance sheet date for each of the preceding three years (in millions):

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |
- Held in the United States |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 7.9 |
- Held by foreign subsidiary |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  | 14.4 |
|  |  | 13.9 |  |  |  | 22.3 |
Working capital |  |  | 71.0 |  |  |  | 68.8 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 12.9 |  |  |  | 11.2 |
Change in working capital impact on net cash (used)/provided by operating activities |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  |  | 2.4 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (10.4 | ) |  |  | (44.7 | )
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities |  |  | (10.4 | ) |  |  | 30.7 |

All cash held by foreign subsidiaries is readily convertible into other currencies, including the U.S. dollar.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $12.9 million in 2018 compared to $11.2 million in 2017. In 2018 the Company contributed an excess contribution of $2.0 million into its defined benefit retirement plan. In 2017, the Company was not required to, and did not, contribute anything into its salaried retirement plan. See Note 11 – Retirement Benefit Plans for details of the Plan changes.
In fiscal year 2018 cash used in the net change in working capital was $6.0 million, which was primarily due to increased sales activities that drove up the associated inventory and accounts receivable balances in order to manage the sales activities. In fiscal year 2017 cash used in the net change in working capital was $0.2 million, which was primarily due to an increase in accounts receivable derived from increased sales activities at the end of the year.
The Company used $10.4 million and $42.8 million for investing activities in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Included in the 2018 figure is approximately $5 million for the acquisition of Load N Lock. Included in the 2017 figure is approximately $40.1 million used for the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding stock of Velvac. This transaction is more fully discussed in Note 3 of the 2018 Audited Financial Statements located in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The balance of $5.4 million and $2.6 million in fiscal year 2018 and 2017, respectively, was used to purchase fixed assets. Capital expenditures in fiscal year 2019 are expected to be in the range of $5 million.
In fiscal year 2018, the Company paid approximately $10.4 million in cash for financing activities. The Company paid $1.1 million for repurchasing its common stock and used approximately $6.6 million for debt repayments and $2.8 million for the payment of dividends. See Note 3 – Debt for additional details on the debt that was issued.
In fiscal year 2017, the Company received approximately $30.7 million in cash from financing activities. The Company received proceeds of $37.6 million from the issuance of new debt and used approximately $4.1 million for debt repayments and $2.8 million for the payment of dividends. See Note 3 – Debt for additional details on the debt that was issued.
The Company leases certain equipment and buildings under cancelable and non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates up to five years. Rent expense amounted to approximately $2.6 million in 2018 and $2.2 million in 2017.
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On April 3, 2017, the Company signed an amended and restated loan agreement (the "Restated Loan Agreement") with People's that included a $31,000,000 term portion and a $10,000,000 revolving credit portion. Proceeds of the loan were used to repay the remaining outstanding term loan of the Company (approximately $1,429,000) and to acquire 100% of the common stock of Velvac Holdings, Inc. (see Footnote 3). The term portion of the Restated Loan Agreement requires quarterly principal payments of $387,500 for a two-year period beginning July 3, 2017. The repayment amount then increases to $775,000 per quarter beginning July 1, 2019. The term portion of the Restated Loan Agreement is a five-year loan with any remaining outstanding balance due on March 1, 2022. The revolving credit portion has a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.2% to 0.375% based on operating results. Under the terms of the Restated Loan Agreement, this quarterly commitment fee was 0.25% for the first six months. The revolving credit portion has a maturity date of April 1, 2022. On April 3, 2017, the Company borrowed approximately $6.6 million on the revolving credit facility. The Company subsequently paid off $1.6 million on the revolving credit portion of the Restated Loan Agreement, leaving a balance on the revolving credit portion of the Restated Loan Agreement of $5 million as of December 30, 2017. During 2018 the Company paid $5 million on the revolving credit facility resulting in no balance outstanding on the revolving credit facility as of December 29, 2018.
The interest rates on the term and revolving credit portion of the Restated Loan Agreement vary. The interest rates may vary based on the LIBOR rate plus a margin spread of 1.75% to 2.50%. The margin spread is based on operating results calculated on a rolling-four-quarter basis. The Company may also borrow funds at the lender's Prime rate. On December 29, 2018, the interest rate for one half ($14.3 million) of the term portion was 4.1%, using a one-month LIBOR rate and 4.15% on the remaining balance ($14.3 million) of the term portion which was based on a three-month LIBOR rate.
On April 4, 2017, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract with People's with an original notional amount of $15,500,000, which is equal to 50% of the outstanding balance of the term portion of the Restated Loan Agreement on that date. The notional amount will decrease on a quarterly basis beginning July 3, 2017 following the principal repayment schedule of the term portion of the Restated Loan Agreement. The Company has a fixed interest rate of 1.92% on the swap contract and will pay the difference between the fixed rate and the LIBOR rate when the LIBOR rate is below 1.92% and will receive interest when the LIBOR rate exceeds 1.92%.
The quarterly payment dates as listed in the Loan Agreement and the Restated Loan Agreement are the first business day of the calendar quarter. In each of fiscal years 2017 and 2018, there were four scheduled payment dates.
The interest rates on the Loan Agreement, Restated Loan Agreement, and interest rate swap contract are susceptible to changes to the method that LIBOR rates are determined and to the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021. Information regarding the potential phasing out of LIBOR is provided below.
On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. In the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. Dollar reference interest rates have been initiated by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. At this time, it is not possible to predict whether any such changes will occur, whether LIBOR will be phased out or any such alternative reference rates or other reforms to LIBOR will be enacted in the United Kingdom, the United States or elsewhere or the effect that any such changes, phase-out, alternative reference rates or other reforms, if they occur, would have on the amount of interest paid on the Company's LIBOR-based borrowings. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, phase-out, alternative reference rates or other reforms may materially adversely affect interest rates paid by the Company on its borrowings. Reform of, or the replacement or phasing out of, LIBOR and proposed regulation of LIBOR and other "benchmarks" may materially adversely affect the amount of interest paid on the Company's LIBOR-based borrowings and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 7A | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a result of the Company's status as a smaller reporting company pursuant to Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, the Company is no longer required to provide information under this Item 7A.
23

ITEM 8 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Eastern Company
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 13,925,765 |  |  | $ | 22,275,477 |
Accounts receivable, less allowances of $680,000 in 2018 and $470,000 in 2017 |  |  | 30,285,316 |  |  |  | 27,119,910 |
Inventories: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Raw materials and component parts |  |  | 17,841,166 |  |  |  | 14,331,915 |
Work in process |  |  | 8,960,202 |  |  |  | 7,718,379 |
Finished goods |  |  | 25,971,841 |  |  |  | 25,218,463 |
|  |  | 52,773,209 |  |  |  | 47,268,757 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 3,071,888 |  |  |  | 3,401,456 |
Refundable income taxes |  |  | 1,133,847 |  |  |  | — |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 101,190,025 |  |  |  | 100,065,600 |
Property, Plant and Equipment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 1,159,813 |  |  |  | 1,160,298 |
Buildings |  |  | 16,477,462 |  |  |  | 16,426,977 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 56,131,340 |  |  |  | 52,680,240 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (43,915,238 | ) |  |  | (41,075,121 | )
|  |  | 29,853,377 |  |  |  | 29,192,394 |
Other Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 34,840,376 |  |  |  | 32,228,891 |
Trademarks |  |  | 3,686,063 |  |  |  | 3,686,063 |
Patents, technology and other intangibles net of accumulated amortization |  |  | 10,281,720 |  |  |  | 9,275,158 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,396,006 |  |  |  | 2,010,291 |
|  |  | 50,204,165 |  |  |  | 47,200,403 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | $ | 181,247,567 |  |  | $ | 176,458,397 |

24

Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 18,497,626 |  |  | $ | 14,712,414 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | 4,159,808 |  |  |  | 4,376,211 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 3,095,666 |  |  |  | 3,606,057 |
Contingent Liability |  |  | 2,070,000 |  |  |  | 2,070,000 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  |  | 2,325,000 |  |  |  | 6,550,000 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 30,148,100 |  |  |  | 31,314,682 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 1,516,012 |  |  |  | 1,723,543 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 353,856 |  |  |  | 358,982 |
Long-term debt, less current portion |  |  | 26,350,000 |  |  |  | 28,675,000 |
Accrued other postretirement benefits |  |  | 648,635 |  |  |  | 1,032,171 |
Accrued pension cost |  |  | 25,362,325 |  |  |  | 26,423,429 |
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Voting Preferred Stock, no par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized and unissued: 1,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvoting Preferred Stock, no par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized and unissued: 1,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock, no par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized: 50,000,000 shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issued: 8,965,987 shares in 2018 and 8,957,974 shares in 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding: 6,231,258 shares in 2018 and 6,263,245 shares in 2017 |  |  | 29,994,890 |  |  |  | 29,501,123 |
Treasury Stock: 2,734,729 shares in 2018 and 2,694,729 shares in 2017 |  |  | (20,169,098 | ) |  |  | (19,105,723 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 109,671,362 |  |  |  | 97,921,903 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | (2,106,329 | ) |  |  | (943,193 | )
Unrealized gain on interest rate swap, net of tax |  |  | 166,444 |  |  |  | 41,757 |
Unrecognized net pension and other postretirement benefit costs, net of taxes |  |  | (20,688,630 | ) |  |  | (20,485,277 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (22,628,515 | ) |  |  | (21,386,713 | )
Total Shareholders' Equity |  |  | 96,868,639 |  |  |  | 86,930,590 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  | $ | 181,247,567 |  |  | $ | 176,458,397 |

See accompanying notes.
25

Consolidated Statements of Income

|  | Year ended |
|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net sales |  | $ | 234,275,463 |  |  | $ | 204,239,613 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | (175,550,418 | ) |  |  | (154,382,737 | )
Gross margin |  |  | 58,725,045 |  |  |  | 49,856,876 |
Product development expenses |  |  | (6,950,969 | ) |  |  | (5,622,829 | )
Selling and administrative expenses |  |  | (33,914,735 | ) |  |  | (32,151,289 | )
Operating profit |  |  | 17,859,341 |  |  |  | 12,082,758 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,202,272 | ) |  |  | (976,512 | )
Other income |  |  | 933,260 |  |  |  | 348,696 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 17,590,329 |  |  |  | 11,454,942 |
Income taxes |  |  | 3,084,392 |  |  |  | 6,409,687 |
Net income |  | $ | 14,505,937 |  |  | $ | 5,045,255 |
Earnings per Share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 2.32 |  |  | $ | .81 |
Diluted |  | $ | 2.31 |  |  | $ | .80 |

See accompanying notes.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

|  | Year ended |
|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Net income |  | $ | 14,505,937 |  |  | $ | 5,045,255 |
Other comprehensive income/(loss) - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation |  |  | (1,163,136 | ) |  |  | 1,221,888 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap, net of tax benefit of: $26,969 |  |  | 124,687 |  |  |  | 41,757 |
in 2018 and $7,310 in 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in pension and other postretirement benefit costs, net of income taxes (expense)/benefit of: $578,090 in 2018 and $62,632 in 2017 |  |  | (203,353 | ) |  |  | 554,243 |
Total other comprehensive income/(loss) |  |  | (1,241,802 | ) |  |  | 1,817,888 |
Comprehensive income/(loss) |  | $ | 13,264,135 |  |  | $ | 6,863,143 |

See accompanying notes.
26

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity

|  | Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Treasury Shares |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Shareholders' Equity |
Balances at December 31, 2016 |  |  | 8,950,827 |  |  | $ | 29,146,622 |  |  |  | (2,694,729 | ) |  | $ | (19,105,723 | ) |  | $ | 95,631,216 |  |  | $ | (23,204,601 | ) |  | $ | 82,467,514 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,045,255 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,045,255 |
Cash dividends declared, $.44 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,754,568 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,754,568 | )
Currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,221,888 |  |  |  | 1,221,888 |
Change in fair value of interest rate swap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41,757 |  |  |  | 41,757 |
Change in pension and other postretirement benefit costs, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 554,243 |  |  |  | 554,243 |
Issuance of SARS |  |  |  |  |  |  | 172,806 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 172,806 |
Issuance of Common Stock for directors' fees |  |  | 7,147 |  |  |  | 181,695 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 181,695 |
Balances at December 30, 2017 |  |  | 8,957,974 |  |  | $ | 29,501,123 |  |  |  | (2,694,729 | ) |  | $ | (19,105,723 | ) |  | $ | 97,921,903 |  |  | $ | (21,386,713 | ) |  | $ | 86,930,590 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,505,937 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,505,937 |
Cash dividends declared, $.44 per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,756,478 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,756,478 | )
Currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,163,136 | ) |  |  | (1,163,136 | )
Change in fair value of interest rate swap |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 124,687 |  |  |  | 124,687 |
Change in pension and other postretirement benefit costs, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (203,353 | ) |  |  | (203,353 | )
Treasury stock purchases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (40,000 | ) |  |  | (1,063,375 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,063,375 | )
Issuance of SARS |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 276,777 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 276,777 |
Issuance of Common Stock for directors' fees |  |  | 7,862 |  |  |  | 216,990 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 216,990 |
Balances at December 29, 2018 |  |  | 8,965,987 |  |  | $ | 29,994,890 |  |  |  | (2,734,729 | ) |  | $ | (20,169,098 | ) |  | $ | 109,671,362 |  |  | $ | (22,628,515 | ) |  | $ | 96,868,639 |

See accompanying notes.
27

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year ended |
|  | December 29 |  |  | December 30 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 14,505,937 |  |  | $ | 5,045,255 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 5,329,208 |  |  |  | 4,719,185 |
Unrecognized pension & other postretirement benefits |  |  | (2,226,083 | ) |  |  | 326,706 |
Loss on sale of equipment and other assets |  |  | (413,333 | ) |  |  | (369,128 | )
Provision for doubtful accounts |  |  | 185,136 |  |  |  | 55,284 |
Deferred Taxes |  |  | 947,851 |  |  |  | 1,198,020 |
Stock compensation expense |  |  | 493,767 |  |  |  | 354,501 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (3,483,484 | ) |  |  | (2,574,823 | )
Inventories |  |  | (5,356,646 | ) |  |  | 152,130 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | (761,135 | ) |  |  | (1,709,241 | )
Other assets |  |  | 102,068 |  |  |  | 709,757 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 4,106,130 |  |  |  | 892,439 |
Accrued compensation |  |  | (165,828 | ) |  |  | 911,572 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | (387,526 | ) |  |  | 1,468,525 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 12,876,062 |  |  |  | 11,180,182 |
Investing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (3,596,572 | ) |  |  | (2,762,949 | )
Capitalized software |  |  | (1,813,973 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of equipment and other assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,100 |
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired |  |  | (4,994,685 | ) |  |  | (40,078,000 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (10,405,230 | ) |  |  | (42,796,849 | )
Financing Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,000,000 |
Principal payments on long-term debt |  |  | (1,550,000 | ) |  |  | (2,560,714 | )
Proceeds from short-term borrowing (Revolver) |  |  | 7,000,000 |  |  |  | 6,614,611 |
Payments on Revolving Credit Note |  |  | (12,000,000 | ) |  |  | (1,614,611 | )
Purchase Common Stock for Treasury |  |  | (1,063,375 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid |  |  | (2,756,478 | ) |  |  | (2,754,568 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (10,369,853 | ) |  |  | 30,684,718 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | (450,691 | ) |  |  | 482,049 |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (8,349,712 | ) |  |  | (449,899 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 22,275,477 |  |  |  | 22,725,376 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 13,925,765 |  |  | $ | 22,275,477 |

See accompanying notes.
28

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Description of Business
The Eastern Company (the "Company") includes eight separate operating divisions located within the United States, two wholly-owned Canadian subsidiaries (one located in Tillsonburg, Ontario, Canada, and one in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada), a wholly-owned Taiwanese subsidiary located in Taipei, Taiwan, a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, two wholly-owned Chinese subsidiaries (one located in Shanghai, China, and one located in Dongguan, China) and two wholly-owned subsidiaries in Mexico (one located in Lerma, Mexico and one located in Reynosa, Mexico).
The operations of the Company consist of three business segments: industrial hardware, security products, and metal products.
The Industrial Hardware segment consists of Eberhard Manufacturing, Eberhard Hardware Manufacturing Ltd., Eastern Industrial Ltd, Velvac Holdings Inc., Canadian Commercial Vehicles Corporation, Composite Panel Technologies. and Sesamee Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. These businesses design, manufacture and market a diverse product line of custom and standard vehicular and industrial hardware, including passenger restraint and vehicular locks, latches, hinges, mirrors, mirror-cameras, light weight sleeper boxes and truck bodies. The segment's products can be found on tractor-trailer trucks, specialty commercial vehicles, recreational vehicles, fire and rescue vehicles, school buses, military vehicles and other vehicles. In addition, the segment designs and manufactures a wide selection of fasteners and other closure devices used to secure access doors on various types of industrial equipment such as metal cabinets, machinery housings and electronic instruments.
The Security Products segment, Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products, World Lock Company Ltd., Dongguan Reeworld Security Products Ltd. and World Security Industries Ltd., Greenwald Industries, Argo EMS (formerly Argo Transdata). Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products design, manufactures and distributes custom engineered and many standard closing and locking systems, including vehicular accessory locks, cabinet locks, cam locks, electric switch locks, tubular key locks and combination padlocks. Greenwald manufactures and markets coin acceptors and other coin security products used primarily in the commercial laundry markets. Greenwald's products include timers, drop meters, coin chutes, money boxes, meter cases, smart cards, value transfer stations, smart card readers, card management software, assess control units. Argo EMS supplies printed circuit boards and other electronic assemblies.
The Metal Products segment produces anchoring devices used in supporting the roofs of underground coal mines and specialty products which serve the construction, automotive, railroad and electrical industries.
Sales are made to customers primarily in North America.
2. Accounting Policies
Fiscal Year
The Company's year ends on the Saturday nearest to December 31. Fiscal Years, 2018 and 2017, were 52 week each.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly-owned. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated.
Reclassification
Commencing with the first quarter of 2018, pension service costs have been broken out and reclassified from the gains and losses associated with the pension assets. Additionally, for 2017 $193,943 of gains associated with pensions assets have been reclassified from cost of goods sold to other income for comparability between the two periods. The reclassification of these expenses does not affect the net income reported.
Commencing with the third quarter of 2017, product development expenses have been separately identified for all periods presented. These expenses have been reclassified from cost of products sold and selling and administrative expenses.
29

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
2. Accounting Policies (continued)
Product development expense is not necessarily a cost of product sold. Rather, these expenses are related to product development. The reclassification of these expenses does not affect the net income reported.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to product returns, bad debts, carrying value of inventories, intangible and other long-lived assets, income taxes, pensions and other postretirement benefits. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Foreign Currency
For foreign operations asset and liability accounts are translated with an exchange rate at the respective balance sheet dates; income statement accounts are translated at the average exchange rate for the years. Resulting translation adjustments are made directly to a separate component of shareholders' equity – "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) – Foreign currency translation". Foreign currency exchange transaction gains and losses are not material in any year.
Cash Equivalents
Highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. The Company has deposits that exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to $250,000, but the Company does not consider this a significant concentration of credit risk based on the strength of the financial institution. Approximately 60% of available cash is located outside of the United States in our foreign subsidiaries.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company reviews the collectability of its receivables on an ongoing basis taking into account a combination of factors. The Company reviews potential problems, such as past due accounts, a bankruptcy filing or deterioration in the customer's financial condition, to ensure the Company is adequately accrued for potential loss. Accounts are considered past due based on when payment was originally due. If a customer's situation changes, such as a bankruptcy or creditworthiness, or there is a change in the current economic climate, the Company may modify its estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company will write off accounts receivable after reasonable collection efforts have been made and the accounts are deemed uncollectible. No one customer exceeded 10% of total accounts receivable at year end 2018 or 2017.
Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method in the U.S. ($30,151,679 for U.S. inventories at December 29, 2018, excluding Velvac) and by the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method for inventories outside the U.S. ($8,175,339 for inventories outside the U.S. at December 29, 2018). Cost exceeds the LIFO carrying value by approximately $6,957,972 at December 29, 2018 and $6,476,073 at December 30, 2017. There was no material LIFO quantity liquidation in 2018 or 2017. In addition, as of the balance sheet dates, the Company has recorded reserves for excess/obsolete inventory.
30

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
2. Accounting Policies (continued)
Property, Plant and Equipment and Related Depreciation
Property, plant and equipment (including equipment under capital lease) are stated at cost. Depreciation ($4,329,136 in 2018, $3,948,728 in 2017) is computed generally using the straight-line method based on the following estimated useful lives of the assets: Buildings 10 to 39.5 years; Machinery and equipment 3 to 10 years.
Goodwill
The Company performed qualitative assessments of goodwill as of the end of fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017 and determined it is more likely than not that no impairment of goodwill existed at the end of 2018 or 2017. The Company will perform annual qualitative assessments in subsequent years as of the end of each fiscal year. Additionally, the Company will perform interim analysis whenever conditions warrant.
Goodwill would be considered impaired whenever the historical carrying amount exceeds the fair value. Pursuant to the qualitative assessment performed, goodwill was not impaired in 2018 or 2017. Should we reach a different conclusion in the future, additional work would be performed to determine the amount of the non-cash impairment charge to be recognized. The maximum future impairment of goodwill that could occur is the amount recognized on our balance sheet.
Intangible Assets
Patents are recorded at cost and are amortized using the straight-line method over the lives of the patents. Technology and licenses are recorded at cost and are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from 5 to 17 years. Generally, non-compete agreements and customer relationships are being amortized using the straight-line method over a period of 5 years. Amortization expense in 2018 and 2017 was $1,452,084 and $770,457, respectively. In the event that facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the intangible assets, including definite life intangible assets, may be impaired, an evaluation is performed to determine if a write-down is required.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The company utilizes a fair value hierarchy, which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy has three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 | Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.
Level 2 | Quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 | Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

The Company's financial instruments are primarily investments in pension assets, see footnote 11, and consists of an interest rate swap.
The Company's interest rate swap is not an exchange-traded instrument. However, it is valued based on observable inputs for similar liabilities and accordingly is classified as Level 2. The amount of the interest rate swap is included in other accrued liabilities.
The carrying amounts of other financial instruments (cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and debt) as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, approximate fair value based on the expected future cash flows of the related instruments.
31

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
2. Accounting Policies (continued)
Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606 when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
The Company generates wholesale revenues primarily from the sale of products to original equipment manufacturers and distributers in the United States. The Company recognizes revenue upon shipment or transfer of title to the customer as that is when the customer obtains control of the promised goods. The Company typically extends credit terms to its customers based on their creditworthiness and generally does not receive advance payments. As such, the Company records accounts receivable at the time of shipment, when the Company's right to the consideration becomes unconditional. Accounts receivable from the Company's customers are typically due within 30 days of invoicing. An allowance for doubtful accounts is provided based on a periodic analysis of individual account balances, including an evaluation of days outstanding, payment history, recent payment trends and the Company's assessment of the customer's credit worthiness. As of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts total was $680,000 and $470,000, respectively. As of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the Company's bad debt expense was $220,000 and $87,000, respectively.
The Company considers several factors in determining that control transfers to the customer upon shipment of products. These factors include that legal title transfers to the customer, the Company has a present right to payment, and the customer has assumed the risk and rewards of ownership at the time of shipment.
Based on historical experience, the Company does not accrue a reserve for product returns. For the years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the Company recorded sales returns of $725,000 and $565,000, respectively, as a reduction of revenue.
Greenwald Industries generates subscription services revenue from access provided to customers to the division's specific online databases. For the years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, Greenwald Industries subscription services revenue was $448,000 and $317,000, respectively.
Sales and similar taxes that are imposed on the Company's sales and collected from the customer are excluded from revenues.
Costs for shipping and handling activities, including those activities that occur subsequent to transfer of control to the customer, are recorded as cost of sales and are expensed as incurred.
The Company does not have any significant deferred revenue.
For the years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the Company recorded no revenues related to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods. As part of the Company's adoption of the new revenue standard, the Company has elected to use the practical expedient to exclude disclosure of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations, and when the Company expects to recognize such revenue, for all periods prior to the date of initial application of the standard.
Subscription services revenue from remaining performance obligations as of December 29, 2018 was $0.1 million.
No one customer accounted for 10% of net sales during 2018 or 2017.
See footnote 13 regarding the Company's revenue disaggregated by reporting segment, intersegment sales by reporting segment and geography.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold reflects the cost of purchasing, manufacturing and preparing a product for sale. These costs generally represent the expenses to acquire or manufacture products for sale (including an allocation of depreciation and amortization) and are
32

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
2. Accounting Policies (continued)
primarily comprised of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead, which includes indirect labor, facility and equipment costs, inbound freight, receiving, inspection, purchasing, warehousing and any other costs related to the purchasing, manufacturing or preparation of a product for sale.
Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of goods sold.
Product Development Costs
Product development costs, charged to expense as incurred, were $6,950,969 in 2018, $5,622,829 in 2017.
Selling and Administrative Expenses
Selling and administrative expenses include all operating costs of the Company that are not directly related to the cost of purchasing, manufacturing and preparing a product for sale. These expenses generally represent administrative expenses for support functions and related overhead.
Advertising Costs
The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs were $501,615 in 2018, $526,651 in 2017.
Software Development Costs
Software development costs, are primarily costs to develop software sold, leased, or otherwise marketed, that are incurred subsequent to the establishment of technological feasibility are capitalized if significant. Capitalized software development costs are amortized using the straight-line amortization method over the estimated useful life of the applicable software. For the year ended December 29, 2018 capitalized software development costs were $1,813,973. There were no capitalized software development costs in the 2017.
Stock Based Compensation
The Company accounts for its stock based awards in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification subtopic 718-10, Compensation ("ASC 718-10"), which requires a fair value measurement and recognition of compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made to its employees and Directors, including employee stock options and restricted stock awards. The Company estimates the fair value of granted stock options using the Black-Scholes valuation model. This model requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions including, without limitation, estimates regarding the length of time an employee
will retain vested stock options before exercising them, the estimated volatility of the Company's common stock price and the number of options that will be forfeited prior to vesting. The fair value is then amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period. Changes in these estimates and assumptions can materially affect the determination of the fair value of stock-based compensation and consequently, the related amount recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
For the year ended December 29, 2018, there were 51,000 SARs granted under the 2010 Plan.
Under the terms of the Director's Fee Program, the directors can elect to receive their Director's fees in cash or in common shares of the Company. This election is made at the beginning of each fiscal year and remains in effect for the entire year.
33

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
2. Accounting Policies (continued)
Income Taxes
The Company and its U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.
On December, 22, 2017, SAB 118 was issued due to the complexities involved in accounting for the enacted Tax Act. SAB 118 requires the company to include in its financial statements a reasonable estimate of the impact of the Tax Act on earnings to the extent such estimate has been determined. Accordingly, the U.S. provision for income tax for 2017 was based on the reasonable estimate guidance provided by SAB 118. The company has assessed the impact from the Tax Act and recorded the impact in the fourth quarter of 2018.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions pursuant to the provisions of FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740 which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company's financial statements. These provisions detail how companies should recognize, measure, present and disclose uncertain tax positions that have or are expected to be taken. As such, the financial statements will reflect expected future tax consequences of uncertain tax positions presuming the taxing authorities' full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. See Note 7 Income Taxes.
3. Business Acquisitions
Load N Lock Systems, Inc.
Effective June 1, 2018 the Company acquired certain assets of Load N Lock Systems, Inc. ("Load N Lock"), including accounts receivable, inventories, furniture, fixtures and equipment, intellectual property rights, and assumed certain liabilities and rights existing under all sales and purchase agreements. Load N Lock provides innovative truck cap and tonneau cover locks that keep truck contents safe and secure. Load N Lock developed and patented the first integrated power lock for the automotive industry and has developed numerous truck cap and tonneau cover lock related products. Load N Lock provides its innovative products and solutions to the automotive industry's leading manufacturers of truck and automotive accessories in the United States and Asia.
The above acquisition was accounted for under ASC 805 – Business Combinations. Load N Lock has been included in the Security Products segment of the Company from the date of the acquisition. The cost of the acquisition of Load N Lock was approximately $4,995,000. The excess of the cost of Load N Lock over the fair market value of the net definitive tangible and intangible assets acquired was $2,694,700, which has been recorded as goodwill.
In connection with the above acquisition, the Company recorded the following intangible assets:

Asset Class/Description |  | Amount |  |  | Weighted-average Life in Years |
Patents, technology, and licenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 689,675 |  |  |  | 8.3 |
Intellectual property |  |  | 586,762 |  |  |  | 8.3 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | 52,570 |  |  |  | 8.3 |
|  | $ | 1,329,007 |  |  |  | 8.3 |

34

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
3. Business Acquisitions (continued)
Velvac
On April 3, 2017, the Company completed the Velvac Acquisition for $39.5 million and earnout consideration contingent upon Velvac achieving minimum earning performance levels with the amount of any such earnout consideration based on a specified percentage (7.5% or 15%) of sales of Velvac's new proprietary Road-iQ product line (the "Earnout Consideration") measured over annual calculation periods through April 2022, as set forth in the Securities Purchase
Agreement, subject to certain customary post-closing adjustments. Velvac is a premier designer and manufacturer of The proprietary vision technology for original equipment manufacturers serving the heavy-duty and medium-duty truck, motorhome, and bus markets.
The adjusted goodwill of $17,341,000 arising from the Velvac Acquisition consists of the difference between the consideration paid and the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The following table summarizes the consideration paid for Velvac and the amounts of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized at the acquisition date, as well as the fair value at the acquisition date.
At April 3, 2017:

Consideration |  |  |
Cash |  | $ | 4,078,000 |
Debt |  |  | 36,000,000 |
Contingent consideration arrangement |  |  | 2,070,000 |
|  | $ | 42,148,000 |
Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed |  |  |  |
at fair value |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 6,063,429 |
Inventory |  |  | 12,992,377 |
Prepaid and other assets |  |  | 494,617 |
Property plant and equipment |  |  | 3,911,767 |
Other noncurrent assets |  |  | 366,401 |
Other intangible assets |  |  | 11,560,000 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (7,720,591 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (2,860,946 | )
Total identifiable net assets |  |  | 24,807,054 |
Goodwill |  |  | 17,340,946 |
|  | $ | 42,148,000 |

The Company determined the acquisition date fair value of the contingent consideration obligation using the Income Approach method which is a valuation technique that provides an estimate of the fair value of an asset based on the market participant expectations of the cash flows that an asset would generate over a period of time. The contingent consideration obligation was based on weighted projected cash flows discounted back to present value equivalents at a risk adjusted discount rate. The Velvac earnout is contingent upon the ability of Velvac to reach certain EBITDA targets over the course of the next five years. At each annual period, the Company will revalue the contingent consideration obligation to estimated fair value and record changes in fair value as income or expense in the Company's consolidated statement of operations.
Accounts Receivable
Acquired receivables are amounts due from customers.
35

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
3. Business Acquisitions (continued)
Inventories
The estimated fair value of inventories acquired included a purchase price adjustment of $1,187,668 above the seller's original cost basis of $11,804,709.
Intangible Assets
The estimated fair value of identifiable intangible assets was determined primarily using the Income Approach method which is a valuation technique that provides an estimate of the fair value of an asset based on the market participant's expectations of the cash flows that an asset would generate over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumption inherent in the development of the identifiable intangible assets valuation, from the perspective of a market
participant, include the estimate net cash flows for each year for each project or product, the appropriate discount rate to select in order to measure the risk inherent in each future cash flow stream, the assessment of each asset's life cycle, competitive trends impacting the asset and each cash flow stream as well as other factors.
Acquisition Related Expenses
Included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations for year ended December 30, 2017 was $863,000 for acquisition expenses.
4. GOODWILL
The following is a roll-forward of goodwill for 2018 and 2017:

|  | Industrial Hardware Segment |  |  | Security Products Segment |  |  | Metal Products Segment |  |  | Total |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,169,849 |  |  | $ | 13,059,042 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,228,891 |
Investment in Load N Lock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,694,700 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,694,700 |
Foreign exchange |  |  | (83,215 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (83,215 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 19,086,634 |  |  | $ | 15,753,742 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,840,376 |

|  | Industrial Hardware Segment |  |  | Security Products Segment |  |  | Metal Products Segment |  |  | Total |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 1,760,793 |  |  | $ | 13,059,042 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,819,835 |
Investment in Velvac |  |  | 17,340,946 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,340,946 |
Foreign exchange |  |  | 68,110 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 68,110 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 19,169,849 |  |  | $ | 13,059,042 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,228,891 |

36

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
5. INTANGIBLES
Trademarks are not amortized as their lives are deemed to be indefinite. Total amortization expense for each of the next five years is estimated to be as follows: 2019 - $1,211,000; 2020 - $958,000; 2021 - $937,000; 2022 - $931,000 and 2023 - $987,000.

|  | Industrial Hardware Segment |  |  | Security Products Segment |  |  | Metal Products Segment |  |  | Total |  |  | Weighted-Average Amortization Period (Years) |
2018 Gross Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents and developed technology |  | $ | 7,884,498 |  |  | $ | 1,648,731 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,533,229 |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 3,650,000 |  |  |  | 1,139,381 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,789,381 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 459,570 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 459,570 |  |  |  | 4.4 |
Intellectual property |  |  | — |  |  |  | 307,370 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 307,370 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Total Gross Intangibles |  | $ | 11,534,498 |  |  | $ | 3,555,052 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,089,550 |  |  |  | 9.2 |
2018 Accumulated Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents and developed technology |  | $ | 2,448,380 |  |  | $ | 737,276 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,185,656 |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  |  | 638,750 |  |  |  | 408,233 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,046,983 |  |  |  |  |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 329,296 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 329,296 |  |  |  |  |
Intellectual property |  |  | — |  |  |  | 245,895 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 245,895 |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated Amortization |  | $ | 3,087,130 |  |  | $ | 1,720,700 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,807,830 |  |  |  |  |
Net 2018 per Balance Sheet |  | $ | 8,447,368 |  |  | $ | 1,834,352 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,281,720 |  |  |  |  |
2017 Gross Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents and developed technology |  | $ | 7,074,456 |  |  | $ | 1,021,918 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,096,374 |  |  |  | 12.3 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 3,650,000 |  |  |  | 449,706 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,099,706 |  |  |  | 9.5 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 407,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 407,000 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Intellectual property |  |  | — |  |  |  | 307,370 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 307,370 |  |  |  | 5.0 |
Total Gross Intangibles |  | $ | 10,724,456 |  |  | $ | 2,185,994 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 12,910,450 |  |  |  | 10.8 |

37

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
5. INTANGIBLES (continued)

|  | Industrial Hardware Segment |  |  | Security Products Segment |  |  | Metal Products Segment |  |  | Total |  | Weighted-Average Amortization Period (Years)
2017 Accumulated Amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Patents and developed technology |  | $ | 2,007,418 |  |  | $ | 630,784 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,638,202 |  |
Customer relationships |  |  | 298,645 |  |  |  | 269,823 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 568,468 |  |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 244,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 244,200 |  |
Intellectual property |  |  | — |  |  |  | 184,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 184,422 |  |
Accumulated Amortization |  | $ | 2,306,063 |  |  | $ | 1,329,229 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,635,292 |  |
Net 2017 per Balance Sheet |  | $ | 8,418,393 |  |  | $ | 856,765 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,275,158 |  |

6. Contingencies
The Company is party to various legal proceedings from time to time related to its normal business operations. Currently, the Company is not involved in any legal proceedings.
In 2010, the Company was contacted by the State of Illinois regarding potential ground contamination at its plant in Wheeling, Illinois. The Company entered into a voluntary remediation program in Illinois and engaged an environmental clean-up company to perform testing and develop a remediation plan. Since 2010, the environmental company completed a number of tests and the design of a final remediation system was approved in the third quarter of 2018. As of the end of
2018, the remediation plan was completed. The State of Illinois has received the documentation related to the remediation and is in the process signing off on the documentation. The total estimated cost for the remediation system is anticipated to be approximately $50,000 which the Company accrued for and expensed.
In 2016, the Company created a plan to remediate a landfill of spent foundry sand maintained at the Company's metal casting facility in New York. This plan was agreed to by the New York Department of Environmental Conservation (the "DEC") on March 27, 2018. Based on estimates provided by the Company's environmental engineers, the anticipated cost to remediate and monitor the landfill is $430,000. The Company has accrued for and expensed the entire $430,000 in the first quarter of 2018 ($50,000) and in fiscal 2017 ($380,000). In the Fall of 2018 detailed construction drawings were prepared by an outside consultant in conjunction with informal progress reviews by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). A meeting is scheduled for in the first quarter of 2019 to formally present finalized construction drawings to NYSDEC and to request written approval. Approval is anticipated by March 2019 and construction of the closure remedies (improved drainage system, regrading, and installation of a low permeability cap) is anticipated in May or June 2019. Site preparation including surveying and clearing of select trees and shrubs was conducted in December 2018 to improve access for anticipated Spring 2019 construction work. Long-term groundwater monitoring will commence in April 2019. In the fall of 2019, following the completion of construction work, a closure report and maintenance plan will be prepared for NYSDEC documenting the work done and requesting acknowledgement of satisfactory completion of the Order on Consent between Frazer and Jones and NYSDEC.
38

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
7. Debt
On April 3, 2017, the Company signed an amended and restated loan agreement (the "Restated Loan Agreement") with People's United Bank that included a $31 million term portion and a $10 million revolving credit portion. Proceeds of the loan were used to repay the remaining outstanding term loan of the Company (approximately $1,429,000) and to acquire 100% of the common stock of Velvac Holdings, Inc. (see Footnote 3). The term loan and revolving credit facility are secured by all of the Company's assets as well as mortgages on the properties owned by the Company. The term portion of the loan requires quarterly principal payments of $387,500 for a two-year period beginning July 3, 2017. The repayment amount then increases to $775,000 per quarter beginning July 1, 2019. The term loan is a five-year loan with any remaining outstanding balance due on March 1, 2022. The revolving credit portion has a quarterly commitment fee ranging from 0.2% to 0.375% based on operating results. Under the terms of the Restated Loan Agreement. The revolving credit portion has a maturity date of April 1, 2022. On April 3, 2017, the Company borrowed approximately $6.6 million on the revolving credit facility. The Company subsequently paid off $1.6 million on the revolving credit facility leaving a balance on the credit facility of $5 million as of December 30, 2017. During 2018 the company paid $5 million on the revolving credit facility leaving no balance as of December 29, 2018.
The interest rates on the term and revolving credit portion of the Restated Loan Agreement vary. The interest rates may vary based on the LIBOR rate plus a margin spread of 1.75% to 2.50%. The margin spread is based on operating results calculated on a rolling-four-quarter basis. The Company may also borrow funds at the lender's prime rate. On December 29, 2018, the interest rate for one half ($14.3 million) of the term portion was 4.1%, using a 1 month LIBOR rate and 4.15% on the remaining balance ($14.3 million) of the term loan based on a 3 month LIBOR rate.
On April 4, 2017, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract with the lender with an original notional amount of $15,500,000, which is equal to 50% of the outstanding balance of the term loan on that date. The notional amount will decrease on a quarterly basis beginning July 3, 2017 following the principal repayment schedule of the term loan. The Company has a fixed interest rate of 1.92% on the swap contract and will pay the difference between the fixed rate and the LIBOR rate when the LIBOR rate is below 1.92% and will receive interest when the LIBOR rate exceeds 1.92%.
The interest rates on the Loan Agreement, Restated Loan Agreement, and interest rate swap contract are susceptible to changes to the method that LIBOR rates are determined and to the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021. Information regarding the potential phasing out of LIBOR is provided below.
On July 27, 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. In the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. Dollar reference interest rates have been initiated by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. At this time, it is not possible to predict whether any such changes will occur, whether LIBOR will be phased out or any such alternative reference rates or other reforms to LIBOR will be enacted in the United Kingdom, the United States or elsewhere or the effect that any such changes, phase-out, alternative reference rates or other reforms, if they occur, would have on the amount of interest paid on the Company's LIBOR-based borrowings. Uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, phase-out, alternative reference rates or other reforms may materially adversely affect interest rates paid by the Company on its borrowings. Reform of, or the replacement or phasing out of, LIBOR and proposed regulation of LIBOR and other "benchmarks" may materially adversely affect the amount of interest paid on the Company's LIBOR-based borrowings and could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations.
Debt consists of:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Term loans |  | $ | 28,675,000 |  |  | $ | 30,225,000 |
Revolving credit loan |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000,000 |
|  |  | 28,675,000 |  |  |  | 35,225,000 |
Less current portion |  |  | 2,325,000 |  |  |  | 6,550,000 |
|  | $ | 26,350,000 |  |  | $ | 28,675,000 |

The Company paid interest of $1,202,272 in 2018, $977,399 in 2017.
39

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
7. DEBT (continued)
The Company's loan covenants under the Restated Loan Agreement require the Company to maintain a consolidated minimum debt service coverage ratio of at least 1.1 to 1 for periods through December 31, 2018 and 1.2 to 1 thereafter, which is to be tested quarterly on a twelve-month trailing basis. In addition, the Company will be required to show a maximum total leverage ratio of 4.0x for periods through December 31, 2018, 3.5x for the periods from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019, 3.25x for the periods from January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 and 3.0x thereafter. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 29, 2018. In addition, the Company has restrictions on, among other things, new capital leases, purchases or redemptions of its capital stock, mergers and divestitures, and new borrowing. The Company was in compliance with all covenants in 2017 and 2018.
As of December 29, 2018, scheduled annual principal maturities of long-term debt for each of the next five years follow:

2019 |  | $ | 2,325,000 |
2020 |  |  | 3,100,000 |
2021 |  |  | 3,100,000 |
2022 |  |  | 20,150,000 |
Thereafter |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 28,675,000 |

8. Stock Options and Awards
Stock Options
As of December 29, 2018, the Company had one stock option plan, The Eastern Company 2010 Executive Stock Incentive Plan (the "2010 Plan"), for officers, other key employees, and non-employee Directors. Incentive stock options granted under the 2010 Plan must have exercise prices that are not less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the dates the stock options are granted. Restricted stock awards may also be granted to participants under the 2010 Plan with restrictions determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. Under the 2010 Plan, non-qualified stock options granted to participants will have exercise prices determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. During 2018, no stock options or restricted stock were granted that were subject to the meeting of performance measurements and during 2017, 25,000 shares were granted but not issued. For the period of 2018, the Company used several assumptions which included an expected term of 3.5 years, volatility deviation of 29.5% and a risk free rate of 2.33%. For the period of 2017, the Company used several assumptions which included an expected term of 3.5 years, volatility deviation of 22.6% and a risk free rate of 1.47%.
The 2010 Plan also permits the issuance of Stock Appreciation Rights ("SARs"). The SARs are in the form of an option with a cashless exercise price equal to the difference between the fair value of the Company's common stock at the date of grant and the fair value as of the exercise date resulting in the issuance of the Company's common stock. During 2018, the Company issued 51,000 SARs and during 2017 149,500 SARs were issued.
Stock-based compensation expense in connection with SARs granted to employees during fiscal year 2018 was $276,778 and for 2017 was $172,806.
As of December 29, 2018, there were 274,500 shares of common stock reserved and available for future grant under the above noted 2010 Plan.
40

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
8. STOCK OPTIONS AND AWARDS (continued)
The following tables set forth the outstanding SARs for the period specified:

|  | Year Ended December 29, 2018 |  |  | Year Ended December 30, 2017 |
|  | Units |  |  | Weighted - Average Exercise Price |  |  | Units |  |  | Weighted - Average Exercise Price |
Outstanding at beginning of period |  |  | 141,500 |  |  | $ | 20.36 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Issued |  |  | 51,000 |  |  |  | 24.90 |  |  |  | 149,500 |  |  |  | 20.39 |
Forfeited |  |  | (3,333 | ) |  |  | 19.10 |  |  |  | (8,000 | ) |  |  | 21.10 |
Outstanding at end of period |  |  | 189,167 |  |  |  | 21.46 |  |  |  | 141,500 |  |  |  | 20.36 |

SARs Outstanding and Exercisable |
Range of Exercise Prices |  |  | Outstanding as of December 29, 2018 |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  |  | Exercisable as of December 29, 2018 |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |
$ | 19.10-24.90 |  |  |  | 189,167 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 21.46 |  |  |  | 19,670 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 19.10 |

The following tables set forth the outstanding stock grants for the period specified:

|  | Year Ended December 29, 2018 |  |  | Year Ended December 30, 2017 |
|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted - Average Exercise Price |  |  | Shares |  |  | Weighted - Average Exercise Price |
Outstanding at beginning of period |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |
Issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Outstanding at end of period |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | — |

Stock Grants Outstanding and Exercisable |
Range of Exercise Prices |  |  | Outstanding as of December 30, 2017 |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  |  | Exercisable as of December 29, 2018 |  |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |
$ | 0.00 |  |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

As of December 29, 2018, outstanding SARs and options had an intrinsic value of $1,104,410.
41

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
9. Income Taxes
Deferred income taxes are provided on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and those for income tax reporting purposes. Deferred income tax (assets) liabilities relate to:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 2,582,792 |  |  | $ | 3,853,837 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 4,710,052 |  |  |  | 2,620,791 |
Other |  |  | 218,710 |  |  |  | 64,905 |
Foreign Withholding Tax |  |  | 540,761 |  |  |  | 861,964 |
Total deferred income tax liabilities |  |  | 8,052,315 |  |  |  | 7,401,497 |
Other postretirement benefits |  |  | (156,710 | ) |  |  | (235,510 | )
Inventories |  |  | (1,133,427 | ) |  |  | (792,724 | )
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | (146,576 | ) |  |  | (97,570 | )
Accrued compensation |  |  | (200,232 | ) |  |  | (83,829 | )
Pensions |  |  | (6,127,538 | ) |  |  | (6,029,034 | )
Foreign Tax Credit |  |  | (167,826 | ) |  |  | (449,578 | )
Total deferred income tax assets |  |  | (7,932,309 | ) |  |  | (7,688,245 | )
Net deferred income tax (assets) liabilities |  | $ | 120,006 |  |  | $ | (286,748 | )

Income before income taxes consists of:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Domestic |  | $ | 12,431,889 |  |  | $ | 7,513,348 |
Foreign |  |  | 5,158,440 |  |  |  | 3,941,594 |
|  | $ | 17,590,329 |  |  | $ | 11,454,942 |

The provision for income taxes follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 484,451 |  |  | $ | 3,713,975 |
Foreign |  |  | 753,521 |  |  |  | 1,084,353 |
State |  |  | 347,199 |  |  |  | 319,439 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  |  | 815,858 |  |  |  | (47,241 | )
Foreign |  |  | 153,726 |  |  |  | 1,301,972 |
State |  |  | 529,637 |  |  |  | (37,189 | )
|  | $ | 3,084,392 |  |  | $ | 6,409,687 |

42

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
9. Income Taxes (continued)
A reconciliation of income taxes computed using the U.S. federal statutory rate to that reflected in operations follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Amount |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Income taxes using U.S. federal statutory rate |  | $ | 3,693,968 |  |  |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 3,894,680 |  |  |  | 34 | %
State income taxes, net of federal benefit |  |  | 692,698 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 264,205 |  |  |  | 2 |
Impact on Foreign Repatriation Tax Reform |  |  | (83,479 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 2,034,065 |  |  |  | 18 |
Impact of foreign subsidiaries on effective tax rate |  |  | (401,992 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (364,569 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
Impact of New Tax Law |  |  | (507,847 | ) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 531,307 |  |  |  | 5 |
Impact of Research & Development tax credit |  |  | (216,675 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (60,630 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Impact of manufacturers deduction on effective tax rate |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (123,554 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Other—net |  |  | (92,281 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 234,183 |  |  |  | 2 |
|  |  | 3,084,392 |  |  |  | 18 | % |  |  | 6,409,687 |  |  |  | 56 | %

Total income taxes paid were $3,741,021 in 2018 and $4,104,701 in 2017.
Pursuant to the SAB118, the company is allowed a measurement period of up to one year after the enactment date of the Tax Act to finalize the recording of the related tax impacts and as such has adjusted for the finalization of the tax impacts in the fourth quarter of 2018. The change primarily related to deferred taxes.
On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"). The Act, which is commonly referred to as "U.S. tax reform," significantly changes U.S. corporate income tax laws by, among other provisions, reducing the maximum U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% starting in 2018, and creating a territorial tax system with a one-time mandatory tax on previously deferred foreign earnings of U.S. subsidiaries. During the year ending December 30, 2017 and December 29, 2018, the Company recognized deferred income tax expense of $531,307 and deferred income tax benefit of $507,847, respectively, as a result of the re-measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities to the new lower statutory rate of 21%.
Due to the passage of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, United States income taxes have been provided on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries ($19,336,428, at December 30, 2017) as well as the associated withholding taxes from the foreign countries. The amount of taxes associated with the current tax law change on the foreign earnings is $1,557,897. Foreign divisions that were previously treated as corporations for U.S. income tax purposes will generally no longer be taxed on their foreign source income by the U.S. federal government. The resulting taxes from the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of $1,557,897; $816,198 are associated with the withholding taxes assessed by the foreign countries, net of the applicable U.S. tax credits; and
$741,699 in taxes are associated with the deemed repatriation of earnings held in foreign corporations. The Company has made an election to pay the $741,699 taxes in installments over 8 years with the payments due in the years 2018 to 2022 in the amount of $59,336; in the year 2023 a payment of $111,255; in the year 2024 a payment of $148,340; and the final payment in the year 2025 of $185,424.
Under accounting standards (ASC 740) a deferred tax liability is not recorded for the excess the financial reporting (book) basis over the tax basis of an investment in a foreign subsidiary if the indefinite reinvestment criteria is met. Effective for foreign earnings after December 30, 2017, if such earnings are distributed in the form of cash dividends, the Company would not be subject to additional U.S. income taxes but could be subject to foreign income and withholding taxes. A provision has not been made for additional U.S. federal and foreign taxes at December 29, 2018 on approximately $4,404,920 of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries because the Company intends to reinvest these funds indefinitely. It is not practicable to estimate the unrecognized deferred tax liability for withholding taxes on these undistributed earnings.
43

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
9. Income Taxes (continued)
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits are as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 299,734 |  |  | $ | 251,839 |
Increases for positions taken during the current period |  |  | 74,219 |  |  |  | 53,013 |
Decreases resulting from the expiration of the statute of limitations |  |  | (74,231 | ) |  |  | (5,118 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 299,722 |  |  | $ | 299,734 |

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various states and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014 and non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities prior to 2012.
Included in the balance at December 29, 2018, are $236,781 of unrecognized tax benefits that would affect the annual effective tax rate. In 2018, the Company recognized accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. The Company had approximately $51,017 of accrued interest at December 29, 2018.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits could increase or decrease within the next twelve months for a number of reasons, including the closure of federal, state and foreign tax years by expiration of the statute of limitations and the recognition and measurement considerations under ASC 740. The Company believes that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will not increase or decrease significantly over the next twelve months.
10. Leases
The Company leases certain equipment and buildings under operating lease arrangements. Most leases are for a fixed term and for a fixed amount; additionally, the Company leases certain buildings under operating leases on a month-to-month basis. The Company is not a party to any leases that have step rent provisions, escalation clauses, capital improvement funding or payment increases based on any index or rate.
Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial or remaining terms in excess of one year during each of the next five years follow:

2019 |  | $ | 2,489,016 |
2020 |  |  | 1,928,877 |
2021 |  |  | 1,120,898 |
2022 |  |  | 304,704 |
2023 |  |  | 550 |
|  | $ | 5,844,045 |

Rent expense for all operating leases was $2,552,887 in 2018 and $2,166,755 in 2017. The Company expects future rent expense, including non-cancelable operating leases, leases that are expected to be renewed and buildings leased on a month-to-month basis, for each of the next five years to be in the range of $2,200,000 to $2,500,000.
44

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans
The Company has non-contributory defined benefit pension plans covering most U.S. employees. Plan benefits are generally based upon age at retirement, years of service and, for its salaried plan, the level of compensation. The Company also sponsors unfunded non-qualified supplemental retirement plans that provide certain former officers with benefits in excess of limits imposed by federal tax law.
The Company also provides health care and life insurance for retired salaried employees in the United States who meet specific eligibility requirements.
Effective for October 31, 2018, as a result of the collective bargaining agreement between the Frazer and Jones Company, Division of the Eastern Company and the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried (Machine and Furniture Workers) CWA-AFL-CIO pension accruals for the covered employees have been frozen. Under ASC 715, the Company is required to remeasure plan assets and obligations during an interim period whenever a significant event occurs that results in a material change in the net periodic pension cost. The determination of significance is based on judgment and consideration of events and circumstances affecting the pension costs. After consulting with our actuary, although the freezing of benefits under the Frazer and Jones Plan would normally be considered a significant event pursuant to such standard, there was no remaining unrecognized Prior Service Cost as of the date of the freeze, thus, Eastern Company did not increase the expense. In addition, the freezing of benefit accruals did not impact the pension benefit obligation. Thus there was no additional recognition required and a remeasurement was not necessary.
Effective for January 1, 2018, as a result of the collective bargaining agreement between the Illinois Lock Company and the Service Employees International Union Local, 1 C.L.C. pension accruals for the covered employees have been frozen. Under ASC 715, the Company is required to remeasure plan assets and obligations during an interim period whenever a significant event occurs that results in a material change in the net periodic pension cost. The determination of significance is based on judgment and consideration of events and circumstances affecting the pension costs. After consulting with our actuary, the freezing of benefits under the Illinois Lock Plan was considered a significant event pursuant to such standard. As a result, the Company expensed the previously unrecognized Prior Service Cost. The Eastern Company increased the expense by $14,928. The freezing of benefit accruals did not impact the pension benefit obligation. The additional recognition occurred as of the beginning of the fiscal year; thus, a remeasurement was not necessary.
Effective for September 1, 2017, as a result of the collective bargaining agreement between the Eberhard Manufacturing Company and the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers AFL-CIO District # 54 Local #439, the following changes were made:

· | The pension for the covered employees has been frozen for any new employees who would have entered the plan after September 1, 2017. Under ASC 715, the Company is required to remeasure plan assets and obligations during an interim period whenever a significant event occurs that results in a material change in the net periodic pension cost. The determination of significance is based on judgment and consideration of events and circumstances affecting the pension costs. After consulting with our actuary the partial freezing of benefits under the Eberhard Hourly Union Plan was not considered a significant event pursuant to such standard. The benefit formula multiplier was modified by increasing it by $.50 on September 1, 2017 and by another $.50 on each subsequent anniversary for the lifetime of the contract. The benefit multiplier will equal $45.00 at the end of the current contract (August 31, 2022).

45

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
Components of the net periodic benefit cost of the Company's pension benefit plans for the fiscal year indicated were as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Service cost |  | $ | 1,319,841 |  |  | $ | 1,276,608 |
Interest cost |  |  | 3,107,164 |  |  |  | 3,170,194 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (5,219,515 | ) |  |  | (4,783,531 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  |  | 114,822 |  |  |  | 178,874 |
Amortization of the net loss |  |  | 1,110,111 |  |  |  | 1,231,486 |
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | 432,423 |  |  | $ | 1,073,631 |

Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the Company's pension benefit plans for the fiscal year indicated were as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
- Pension plans |  |  | 3.54% - 3.57 | % |  |  | 4.04% - 4.08 | %
- Supplemental pension plans |  |  | 3.10 | % |  |  | 3.03 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 7.5 | %
Rate of compensation increase |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %

Components of the net periodic benefit cost of the Company's other postretirement benefit plan were as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Service cost |  | $ | 37,024 |  |  | $ | 27,389 |
Interest cost |  |  | 77,161 |  |  |  | 80,827 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (55,650 | ) |  |  | (51,494 | )
Amortization of prior service cost |  |  | (5,072 | ) |  |  | (21,444 | )
Amortization of the net loss |  |  | (65,591 | ) |  |  | (77,601 | )
Net periodic benefit cost |  | $ | (12,128 | ) |  | $ | (42,323 | )

Assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for the Company's other postretirement plan for the fiscal year indicated were as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Discount rate |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  | 4.12 | %
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | 4.0 | % |  |  | 4.0 | %

46

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
As of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the status of the Company's pension benefit plans and other postretirement benefit plan was as follows:

|  | Pension Benefit |  |  | Other Postretirement Benefit |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year |  | $ | 98,522,201 |  |  | $ | 92,258,937 |  |  | $ | 2,423,410 |  |  | $ | 2,339,050 |
Change due to availability of final actual assets and census data |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Change in discount rate |  |  | (8,319,874 | ) |  |  | 6,200,491 |  |  |  | (217,539 | ) |  |  | 181,691 |
Service cost |  |  | 1,319,841 |  |  |  | 1,276,608 |  |  |  | 37,024 |  |  |  | 27,389 |
Interest cost |  |  | 3,107,164 |  |  |  | 3,170,194 |  |  |  | 77,161 |  |  |  | 80,827 |
Actuarial (gain)/loss |  |  | 531,799 |  |  |  | (1,495,135 | ) |  |  | (89,664 | ) |  |  | (65,601 | )
Benefits paid |  |  | (3,627,931 | ) |  |  | (3,385,793 | ) |  |  | (133,631 | ) |  |  | (139,946 | )
Plan Amendment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 496,899 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Benefit obligation at end of year |  | $ | 91,533,200 |  |  | $ | 98,522,201 |  |  | $ | 2,096,761 |  |  | $ | 2,423,410 |

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year |  | $ | 72,098,772 |  |  | $ | 65,627,499 |  |  | $ | 1,391,239 |  |  | $ | 1,287,350 |
Actual return on plan assets |  |  | (4,827,641 | ) |  |  | 9,315,225 |  |  |  | 56,887 |  |  |  | 103,889 |
Employer contributions |  |  | 2,527,675 |  |  |  | 541,841 |  |  |  | 133,631 |  |  |  | 139,946 |
Benefits paid |  |  | (3,627,931 | ) |  |  | (3,385,793 | ) |  |  | (133,631 | ) |  |  | (139,946 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year |  | $ | 66,170,875 |  |  | $ | 72,098,772 |  |  | $ | 1,448,126 |  |  | $ | 1,391,239 |

| Pension Benefit |  | Other Postretirement Benefit |
Funded Status | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net amount recognized in the balance sheet |  | $ | (25,362,325 | ) |  | $ | (26,423,429 | ) |  | $ | (648,635 | ) |  | $ | (1,032,171 | )

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of: |  |  |
| Pension Benefit |  | Other Postretirement Benefit |
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Net (loss)/gain |  | $ | (33,714,584 | ) |  | $ | (32,565,614 | ) |  | $ | 1,332,634 |  |  | $ | 1,089,785 |
Prior service (cost) credit |  |  | (364,392 | ) |  |  | (494,142 | ) |  |  | 13,325 |  |  |  | 18,397 |
|  | $ | (34,078,976 | ) |  | $ | (33,059,756 | ) |  | $ | 1,345,959 |  |  | $ | 1,108,182 |

47

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
Change in the components of accumulated other comprehensive income consist of:

|  | Pension Benefit |  | Other Postretirement Benefit |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (33,059,756 | ) | $ | (33,799,555 | ) | $ | 1,108,182 |  | $ | 1,270,922 |
Change due to availability of final actual assets and census data |  |  | — |  |  | --- |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Charged to net periodic benefit cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost |  |  | 114,822 |  |  | 178,874 |  |  | (5,072 | ) |  | (21,444 | )
Net loss (gain) |  |  | 1,110,111 |  |  | 1,231,486 |  |  | (65,591 | ) |  | (77,601 | )
Liability (gains)/losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  |  | 8,319,874 |  |  | (6,200,491 | ) |  | 217,539 |  |  | (181,691 | )
Asset (gains)/losses deferred |  |  | (9,531,647 | ) |  | 5,978,071 |  |  | 1,237 |  |  | 52,395 |
Additional recognition due to plan amendment |  |  | 14,928 |  |  | (496,899 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | (1,047,308 | ) |  | 48,758 |  |  | 89,664 |  |  | 65,601 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (34,078,976 | ) | $ | (33,059,756 | ) | $ | 1,345,959 |  | $ | 1,108,182 |

In 2018, the net periodic pension benefit cost included $1,145,203 of net loss and $99,380 of prior service cost and the net periodic other postretirement benefit cost included $82,027 of net gain and $5,072 of prior service credit.
Assumptions used to determine the projected benefit obligations for the Company's pension benefit plans and other postretirement benefit plan for the fiscal year indicated were as follows:

|  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Discount rate |  |  |  |
|  | - |  | Pension plans |  |  | 4.20% - 4.22 | % |  |  | 3.54% - 3.57 | %
|  | - |  | Supplemental pension plans |  |  | 3.81 | % |  |  | 3.10 | %
|  | - |  | Other postretirement plan |  |  | 4.26 | % |  |  | 3.60 | %

At December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, the accumulated benefit obligation for all qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans was $91,533,200 and $98,522,201, respectively.
Information for the under-funded pension plans with a projected benefit obligation and an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Number of plans |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 6 |
Projected benefit obligation |  | $ | 91,533,200 |  |  | $ | 98,522,201 |
Accumulated benefit obligation |  |  | 91,533,200 |  |  |  | 98,522,201 |
Fair value of plan assets |  |  | 66,170,875 |  |  |  | 72,098,722 |
Net amount recognized in accrued benefit liability |  |  | (25,362,325 | ) |  |  | (26,423,429 | )

Estimated future benefit payments to participants of the Company's pension plans are $4.1 million in 2019, $4.3 million in 2020, $4.5 million in 2021, $4.7 million in 2022, $4.9 million in 2023 and a total of $27.4 million from 2024 through 2028.
48

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
Estimated future benefit payments to participants of the Company's other postretirement plan are $100,000 in 2019, $100,000 in 2020, $101,000 in 2021, $102,000 in 2022, $103,000 in 2023 and a total of $536,000 from 2024 through 2028.
The Company expects to make cash contributions to its qualified pension plans of approximately $600,000 and to its other postretirement plan of approximately $105,000 in 2019.
We consider a number of factors in determining and selecting assumptions for the overall expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. We consider the historical long-term return experience of our assets, the current and expected allocation of our plan assets, and expected long-term rates of return. We derive these expected long-term rates of return with the assistance of our investment advisors and generally base these rates on a 10-year horizon for various asset classes and consider the expected positive impact of active investment management. We base our expected allocation of plan assets on a diversified portfolio consisting of domestic and international equity securities and fixed income securities.
We consider a variety of factors in determining and selecting our assumptions for the discount rate at the end of the year. In 2018, as in 2017, we developed each plan's discount rate with the assistance of our actuaries by matching expected future benefit payments in each year to the corresponding spot rates from the FTSE Pension Liability Yield Curve, comprised of high quality (rated AA or better) corporate bonds.
49

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
The fair values of the company's pension plans assets at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 2, follow:

|  | December 29, 2018 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Cash and Equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust funds |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 306,882 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 306,882 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Eastern Company Common Stock |  |  | 5,247,495 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,247,495 |
Common/collective trust funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Russell Multi Asset Core Plus Fund (a) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,611,519 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,611,519 |
Fixed Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Duration LDI Fixed Income Funds (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
· Russell 8 Year LDI Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,735,993 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,735,993 |
· Russell 14 Year LDI Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,044,596 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,044,596 |
STRIPS Fixed Income Funds (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
· Russell 15 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,811,436 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,811,436 |
· Russell 10 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,408,879 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,408,879 |
· Russell 28 to 29 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,004,075 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,004,075 |
Total |  | $ | 5,247,495 |  |  | $ | 60,923,380 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 66,170,875 |

50

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)

|  | December 30, 2017 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Cash and Equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust funds |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278,016 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 278,016 |
Equities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
The Eastern Company Common Stock |  |  | 5,675,021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,675,021 |
Common/collective trust funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Russell Multi Asset Core Plus Fund (a) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,642,838 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,642,838 |
Fixed Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common/collective trust funds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Target Duration LDI Fixed Income Funds (b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
· Russell 8 Year LDI Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,033,648 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,033,648 |
· Russell 14 Year LDI Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,083,206 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,083,206 |
STRIPS Fixed Income Funds (c) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
· Russell 15 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,905,068 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,905,068 |
· Russell 10 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,570,427 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,570,427 |
· Russell 28 to 29 Year STRIPS Fixed Income Fund |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,144,581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,144,581 |
Insurance contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,765,967 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,765,967 |
Total |  | $ | 5,675,021 |  |  | $ | 66,423,751 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 72,098,772 |

Equity common funds primarily hold publicly traded common stock of both U.S and international companies selected for purposes of total return and to maintain equity exposure consistent with policy allocations. The Level 1 investment is made up of shares of The Eastern Company Common Stock and is valued at market price. Level 2 investments include commingled funds valued at unit values provided by the investment managers, which are based on the fair value of the underlying publicly traded securities.
51

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)

(a) | The investment objective of the RITC (formerly Russell) Multi-Asset Core Plus Fund seeks to provide long-term growth of capital over a market cycle by offering a diversified portfolio of funds and separate accounts investing in global stock, return seeking fixed income, commodities, global real estate and opportunistic investments. They hold a dynamic mix of underlying Russell Investments funds and/or separate accounts. Russell Investments is a strong proponent of disciplined strategic asset allocation and rebalancing strategies, and believes that unstable movements in the market have the potential to create opportunities. By identifying short-term mispricing, and making small tactical adjustments to the Multi-Asset Core Plus Fund, they believe there is potential to enhance returns while continuing to manage risks.
(b) | The Target Duration LDI Fixed Income Funds seek to outperform their respective Barclays-Russell LDI Indexes over a full market cycle. These Funds invest primarily in investment grade corporate bonds that closely match those found in discount curves used to value U.S. pension liabilities. They seek to provide additional incremental return through modest interest rate timing, security selection and tactical use of non-credit sectors. Generally for use in combination with other bond funds to gain additional credit exposure, with the goal of reducing the mismatch between a plan's assets and liabilities.
(c) | The STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities) Funds seek to provide duration and Treasury exposure by investing in an optimized subset of the STRIPS universe with a similar duration profile as the Barclays U.S. Treasury STRIPS 10-11 year, 16-16 year or 28-29 year Index. These passively managed funds are generally used with other bond funds to add additional duration to the asset portfolio. This will help reduce the mismatch between a plan's assets and liabilities.

The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of common stocks, bonds, cash equivalents, and other investments, which may reflect varying rates of return. The investments are further diversified within each asset classification. The portfolio diversification provides protection against a single security or class of securities having a disproportionate impact on aggregate performance. The Company has elected to change its investment strategy to better match the assets with the underlying plan liabilities. Currently, the long-term target allocations for plan assets are 50% in equities and 50% in fixed income although the actual plan asset allocations may be within a range around these targets. The actual asset allocations are reviewed and rebalanced on a periodic basis to maintain the target allocations. It is expected that, as the funded status of the plans improves, more assets will be invested in long-duration fixed income instruments.
The plans' assets include 217,018 shares of the common stock of the Company having a market value of $5,247,495 and $5,675,021 at December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, respectively. No shares were purchased in 2018 or 2017 nor were and shares sold in either period. Dividends received during 2018 and 2017 on the common stock of the Company were $95,488 and $95,488 respectively.
U.S. salaried and non-union hourly employees and most employees of the Company's Canadian subsidiaries are covered by defined contribution plans.
The Company has a contributory savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering substantially all U.S. non-union employees. This plan allows participants to make voluntary contributions of up to 100% of their annual compensation on a pretax basis, subject to IRS limitations. The plan provides for contributions by the Company at its discretion.
52

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
11. Retirement Benefit Plans (continued)
The Company amended the Eastern Company Savings and Investment Plan ("401(k) Plan Amendment") effective June 1, 2016. The 401(k) Plan Amendment increased this match to 50% of the first 6% of contributions for the remainder of Fiscal 2016. The 401(k) Plan Amendment also provided for an additional non-discretionary contribution (the "transitional credit") for certain non-union U.S. employees who were eligible to participate in the Salaried Plan. The amount of this non-discretionary contribution ranges from 0% to 4% of wages, based on the age of the individual on June 1, 2016. The 401(k) Plan Amendment increased the non-discretionary safe harbor contribution to 3%, and changed the eligibility to all non-union U.S. employees.
The Company made contributions to the plan as follows:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Regular matching contributions |  | $ | 551,046 |  |  | $ | 465,671 |
Transitional credit contributions |  |  | 349,062 |  |  |  | 385,578 |
Non-discretionary contributions |  |  | 578,373 |  |  |  | 355,747 |
Total contributions made for the period |  | $ | 1,478,481 |  |  | $ | 1,206,996 |

At December 29, 2018, the Company had accrued $565,748 for the non-discretionary safe harbor contribution this amount was expensed in 2018 and was contributed to the plan in January 2019. At December 30, 2017, the Company had accrued $502,618 for the non-discretionary safe harbor contribution. This amount was contributed to the Plan in January 2018 and was expensed in 2017.
12. Earnings per Share
The denominators used in the earnings per share computations follow:

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 6,258,277 |  |  |  | 6,259,139 |
Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 6,258,277 |  |  |  | 6,259,139 |
Dilutive stock options |  |  | 15,697 |  |  |  | 35,634 |
Denominator for diluted earnings per share |  |  | 6,273,974 |  |  |  | 6,294,773 |

There were no anti-dilutive stock equivalents in 2018 or 2017.
53

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
13. Reportable Segments

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales to unaffiliated customers: |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 140,293,409 |  |  | $ | 115,273,233 |
Security Products |  |  | 64,897,871 |  |  |  | 60,976,998 |
Metal Products |  |  | 29,084,183 |  |  |  | 27,989,382 |
|  | $ | 234,275,463 |  |  | $ | 204,239,613 |
Inter-segment Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 366,381 |  |  | $ | 524,536 |
Security Products |  |  | 3,365,695 |  |  |  | 2,935,797 |
Metal Products |  |  | 13,421 |  |  |  | 21,431 |
|  | $ | 3,745,497 |  |  | $ | 3,481,764 |
Income Before Income Taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 9,588,185 |  |  | $ | 5,042,687 |
Security Products |  |  | 7,122,640 |  |  |  | 6,020,847 |
Metal Products |  |  | 1,148,516 |  |  |  | 1,019,224 |
Operating Profit |  |  | 17,859,341 |  |  |  | 12,082,758 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1,202,272 | ) |  |  | (976,512 | )
Other income |  |  | 933,260 |  |  |  | 348,696 |
|  | $ | 17,590,329 |  |  | $ | 11,454,942 |
Geographic Information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 207,789,058 |  |  | $ | 178,124,818 |
Foreign |  |  | 26,486,405 |  |  |  | 26,114,795 |
|  | $ | 234,275,463 |  |  | $ | 204,239,613 |
Foreign sales are primarily to customers in North America. |  |  |  |  |
Identifiable Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 166,665,767 |  |  | $ | 153,712,643 |
Foreign |  |  | 14,581,800 |  |  |  | 22,745,754 |
|  | $ | 181,247,567 |  |  | $ | 176,458,397 |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 47,600,805 |  |  | $ | 44,828,458 |
Security Products |  |  | 54,593,837 |  |  |  | 53,724,837 |
Metal Products |  |  | 19,909,256 |  |  |  | 18,126,395 |
|  |  | 122,103,898 |  |  |  | 116,679,690 |
General corporate |  |  | 59,143,669 |  |  |  | 59,778,707 |
|  | $ | 181,247,567 |  |  | $ | 176,458,397 |

54

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
13. Reportable Segments (continued)

|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 2,978,324 |  |  | $ | 2,526,460 |
Security Products |  |  | 1,135,811 |  |  |  | 964,873 |
Metal Products |  |  | 1,215,073 |  |  |  | 1,227,852 |
|  | $ | 5,329,208 |  |  | $ | 4,719,185 |
Capital Expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Industrial Hardware |  | $ | 3,029,406 |  |  | $ | 1,151,868 |
Security Products |  |  | 1,482,267 |  |  |  | 705,178 |
Metal Products |  |  | 901,400 |  |  |  | 899,663 |
|  |  | 5,413,073 |  |  |  | 2,756,709 |
Currency translation adjustment |  |  | (9,014 | ) |  |  | 6,240 |
General corporate |  |  | 6,486 |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 5,410,545 |  |  | $ | 2,762,949 |

14. Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Adopted
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU No. 2014-09 provides authoritative guidance which impacts virtually all aspects of an entity's revenue recognition. The core principle of the new standard is that revenue should be recognized to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations – Clarifying the Definition of a business. ASU 2017-01 provides guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or dispositions of assets or businesses. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendment should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the test for Goodwill Impairment. ASU 2017-04 provides guidance to simplify the subsequent measure of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendment should be applied prospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period after January 1, 2017. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation — Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. ASU 2017-07 provides guidance to update and primarily improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost reporting. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendment was applied retrospectively with earlier application permitted as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period after December 15, 2017. The adoption of this amendment did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
55

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
14. Recent Accounting Pronouncements (continued)
Upcoming
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases ("Topic 842"). ASU 2016-02 requires leases to present right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The guidance is to be applied at the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements and is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842 - Leases. ASU 2018-10 clarifies and increases transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing transactions. The guidance is to be applied upon adoption of Topic 842 and is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018. Also in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases. ASU 2018-11 provides clarification and an additional (and optional) transition method to adopt the new leases standard. The guidance is to be applied upon adoption of Topic 842 and is effective for years beginning after December 15, 2018. The adoption of this amendment will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
In calculating the effect of Topic 842 – Leases, the Company has elected the transition method thereby not restating comparable periods and recognizing the cumulative effect of this guidance to retained earnings in the first quarter of 2019. The Company has elected to account for non-lease components as part of the lease component to which they relate. Lease accounting involves significant judgements, including when making estimates related to the lease term, lease payments, and discount rate. In accordance with the guidance, the Company will recognize the right of use (ROU) asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The adoption of this amendment will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
The Company has implemented all new accounting pronouncements that are in effect and that could impact its consolidated financial statements and does not believe that there are any other new accounting pronouncements that have been issued, but are not yet effective, that might have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.
15. Concentration of risk
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the potential financial loss resulting from the failure of a customer or counterparty to settle its financial and contractual obligations to the Company, as and when they become due. The primary credit risk for the Company is its accounts receivable due from customers. The Company has established credit limits for customers and monitors their balances to mitigate the risk of loss. As of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, there were no significant concentrations of credit risk. No single customer represented more than 10% of the Company's net accounts receivable as of December 29, 2018 or at December 30, 2017. The maximum exposure to credit risk is primarily represented by the carrying amount of the Company's accounts receivable.
Interest Rate Risk
The Company's exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Company's debt, which bears interest at variable rates based on the LIBOR rate plus a margin spread of 1.75% to 2.50%. The Company has an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $14,337,500 on December 29, 2018 to convert a portion of its 2017 Term Loan from variable to fixed rates. The valuation of this swap is determined using the three month LIBOR rate index and mitigates the Company's exposure to interest rate risk. Additionally, interest rates on the Company's debt are susceptible to changes to the method that LIBOR rates are determined and to the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021. More information regarding the potential phasing out of LIBOR is discussed in greater detail under Note 7 to Consolidated Financial Statements.
56

The Eastern Company
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)
15. CONCENTRATION OF RISK (continued)
Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The Company's currency exposure is concentrated in the Canadian dollar, Mexican peso, New Taiwan dollar, Chinese RMB and the Hong Kong dollar. Because of the Company's limited exposure to any single foreign market, any exchange gains or losses have not been material and are not expected to be material in the future. As a result, the Company does not attempt to mitigate its foreign currency exposure through the acquisition of any speculative or leveraged financial instruments.
57

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
The Eastern Company
Naugatuck, Connecticut
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Eastern Company (the Company) as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 29, 2018, and the related notes and schedules (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 29, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLP
Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2009.
Glastonbury, Connecticut
March 14, 2019
58

ITEM 9 | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the fiscal year ended December 29, 2018, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO") and Chief Financial Officer (the "CFO"), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 240.13a-15. As defined in Exchange Act Rules 240.13a-15(e) and 240.15d-15(e), "the term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure." Based upon that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that the Company's current disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the December 29, 2018 evaluation date.
The Company believes that a controls system, no matter how well designed and operated, cannot provide absolute assurance that the objectives of the controls system are met, and no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected. The Company's disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and the CEO and CFO have concluded that these controls and procedures are effective at the "reasonable assurance" level.
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 240.13a-15(f) and 240.15d-15(f), Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued in 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under this framework, our management concluded that our control over financial reporting was effective as of December 29, 2018. The Company's registered public accounting firm, Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLC, has issued an attestation report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting. The attestation report is set forth below in this Item 9A.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the fourth quarter of 2018, there were no significant changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
59

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of
The Eastern Company
Naugatuck, Connecticut
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited The Eastern Company's (the Company's) internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 29, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows of the Company, and our report dated March 14, 2019, expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for Opinion
The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLP
Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLP
Glastonbury, Connecticut
March 14, 2019
60

ITEM 9B OTHER INFORMATION
None.
PART III

ITEM 10 | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The Company's definitive proxy statement ("Proxy Statement") for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is incorporated herein by reference, will be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018.
The information concerning directors is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement under the captions "Item No. 1 – Election of Directors" and "Director Compensation in Fiscal Year 2018".
The information concerning the Company's executive officers is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement under the captions "Executive Compensation", "Stock Options", "Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal 2018 Year-End", and "Termination of Employment and Change in Control Arrangements".
The information concerning the Company's Audit Committee is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement under the captions "Audit Committee Financial Expert", "Report of the Audit Committee" and "The Board of Directors and Committees". The Audit Committee Charter is also available on the Company's website at http://www.easterncompany.com by clicking on Corporate Governance.
The information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated herein by reference to our Proxy Statement under the caption "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance".
The Company's Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to the Company's Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the Company's other financial professionals. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on the Company's website at http://www.easterncompany.com by clicking on Corporate Governance.

ITEM 11 | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information concerning director and executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference to portions of the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018 under the captions "Director Compensation in Fiscal Year 2018", "Executive Compensation", "Stock Options", "Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal 2018 Year-End", and "Termination of Employment and Change in Control Arrangements". The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors operates under the Compensation Committee Charter, which can be found on the Company's website at http://www.easterncompany.com by clicking on Corporate Governance.
ITEM 12 SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management:

(a) | Information concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018 under the caption "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Shareholders".

(b) | Information concerning security ownership of management is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018 under the captions "Item No. 1 – Election of Directors", "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Shareholders", "Executive Compensation", "Stock Options", "Options Exercised in Fiscal 2018", and "Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal 2018 Year-End". See also the equity compensation plan information in Item 5 of this Form 10-K.

61

(c) | Changes in Control

None.

ITEM 13 | DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information regarding director independence is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018 under the captions "Item No.1 – Election of Directors" and "The Board of Directors and Committees".

ITEM 14 | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information concerning principal accountant fees and services is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after December 29, 2018 under the caption "Item No. 3 – Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm".
PART IV

ITEM 15 | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

(a) Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K:

(1) | Financial statements

|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets — December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017…………… | 24.
|  | Consolidated Statements of Income — Fiscal years ended December 29, 2018, |
|  | December 30, 2017………………………………………………..………………………. | 26.
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income — Fiscal years ended |
|  | December 29, 2018, December 30, 2017…………………………………………………. | 26.
|  | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity — Fiscal years ended |
|  | December 29, 2018, December 30, 2017………………………….……………………… | 27.
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — Fiscal years ended December 29, 2018, |
|  | December 30, 2017……………..………………………………………………………… | 28.
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements………………………………………………… | 29.
|  | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm…………………………………. | 58.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II — Valuation and qualifying accounts begins on page [64] of this Form 10-K. Schedules other than that listed above have been omitted because the required information is contained in the financial statements and notes thereto, or because such schedules are not required or applicable.
62

Exhibit Index

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 3, 2017, by and among the Company, Velvac Holdings, Inc. and Security holders of Velvac Holdings, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-35383) filed on April 7, 2017).
2.2 |  | Asset Purchase Agreement, dated June 2, 2018, by and among the Company and Load N Lock Systems, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-35383) filed on June 4, 2018).
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated August 4, 1991 (filed herewith).
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Company's Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated April 29, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3(i) to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-35383) filed on April 29, 2016).
3.3 |  | By-Laws of The Eastern Company, as Amended through March 19, 2015.
3.4 |  | Amendment to the Company's Amended and Restated By-Laws, dated April 27, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-35383) filed on April 29, 2016).
10.3* |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2018, between the Company and August M. Vlak (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (SEC File No. 001-35383), filed January 22, 2018).
10.4* |  | The Company's Directors' Fee Program, effective as of October 1, 1996 (incorporated herein by reference to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8, as amended (SEC File No. 333-21351) filed on February 7, 1997).
10.5* |  | The Company's 2010 Executive Stock Incentive Plan, effective July 20, 2010 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4a to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (SEC File No. 333-169169), filed on September 2, 2010).
21 |  | Subsidiaries of the Company (filed herewith).
23 |  | Consent of Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina LLP (filed herewith).
31 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32 |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).

63

Exhibit No. |  | Description
99 |  | Letter to our shareholders from the Annual Report 2018 (filed herewith).
101 |  | The following materials from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 29, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017; (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended December 29, 2018 and December 30, 2017; and (vi) the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (filed herewith).

* Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.
** Exhibits to this Form 10-K listed but not included herein will be provided upon written request sent to the Company's executive offices.

ITEM 16 | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.
64

The Eastern Company and Subsidiaries
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying accounts

COL. A | COL. B | COL. C | COL. D | COL. E
|  | ADDITIONS |  |
Description | Balance at Beginning of Period | (1) Charged to Costs and Expenses | (2) Charged to Other Accounts-Describe | Deductions – Describe | Balance at End of Period
Fiscal year ended December 29, 2018: Deducted from asset accounts: Allowance for doubtful accounts | $470,000 | $ 220,000 | $ 0 | $ 10,000 (a) | $680,000
Fiscal year ended December 30, 2017: Deducted from asset accounts: Allowance for doubtful accounts | $430,000 | $ 87,000 | $ 64,000 | $ 111,000 (a) | $470,000

(a) Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries.
65

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: March 14, 2019 | THE EASTERN COMPANY
| By /s/ John L. Sullivan III John L. Sullivan III Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

/s/ August M. Vlak |  | March 14, 2019
August M. Vlak President, Chief Executive Officer and Director |  |
/s/ John L. Sullivan III |  | March 14, 2019
John L. Sullivan III Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |  |
/s/ James A. Mitarotonda |  | March 14, 2019
James A. Mitarotonda Chairman of the Board |  |
/s/ Fredrick D. DiSanto |  | March 14, 2019
Fredrick D. DiSanto Director |  |
/s/ John W. Everets |  | March 14, 2019
John W. Everets Director |  |
/s/ Charles W. Henry |  | March 14, 2019
Charles W. Henry Director |  |
/s/ Michael A. McManus |  | March 14, 2019
Michael A. McManus Director |  |

66