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Summary of Material Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities

Cash equivalents include interest-bearing deposits with our bank totaling $31,534 as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $9,501). Marketable securities include foreign currency term deposits with a maturity of greater than 90 days and less than one year.

Deferred income taxes

We follow the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the difference between the financial statement carrying values and the respective income tax basis of assets and liabilities (temporary differences). Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using substantively enacted income tax rates and laws expected to apply in the years in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is charged or credited to income, except when it is related to items charged or credited to either other comprehensive income or directly to equity.

Financial assets

Financial assets are initially measured at fair value. In the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, the financial asset is initially measured at fair value plus or minus transaction costs.

Financial assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through profit or loss (FVPL), or fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). The classification is based on two criteria: the Company’s business model for managing the assets; and whether the financial asset’s contractual cash flows represent 'solely payments of principal and interest' on the principal amount outstanding (the 'SPPI criterion').

Our financial assets include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, and other receivables. The classification and measurement of these financial assets are at amortized cost, as these assets are held within our business model with the objective to hold the financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI criterion.

Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortised cost or FVPL. Our financial liabilities include accounts payable and accrued liabilities, other liabilities, and warrant derivative. The classification and measurement of accounts payable and accrued liabilities are at amortized cost. The classification and measurement of the warrant derivative is at FVPL.

Impairment

Accounting for impairment losses for financial assets uses a forward-looking expected credit loss (ECL) approach. We are required to record a loss allowance for ECLs on all financial assets not held at FVPL. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive. The shortfall is then discounted at an approximation to the asset’s original effective interest rate.

Derecognition

A financial asset is derecognized when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or we transfer the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset to another entity.

A financial liability is derecognized when our obligations specified in the contract are discharged or canceled, or expired.

Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, at the measurement date. In determining the fair value measurement of our financial instruments, we prioritize the related inputs used in measuring fair value into the following hierarchy:

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable;

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs in which little or no market activity exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing.

Foreign currency translation

The financial statements for each of our subsidiaries are prepared using their functional currency. Our functional and presentation currency is the Canadian dollar. Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at exchange rates ruling at the statement of financial position date of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recognized directly in the consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss.

Exceptions to this are where the monetary items form part of the net investment in a foreign operation, and the foreign operation's functional currency is the local currency. These exchange differences are initially recognized in equity. The statement of financial position of foreign operations is translated into Canadian dollars using the exchange rate at the statement of financial position date and the income statements are translated into Canadian dollars using the average exchange rate for the period. Where this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, the exchange rate on the transaction date is used. Exchange differences on translation into Canadian dollars are recognized as a separate component of equity. On disposal of a foreign operation, any cumulative exchange differences held in equity are transferred to the consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss.

Leases

At the inception of a contract, we assess whether a contract is, or contains, a lease by determining whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, we assess whether:

•the contract involves the use of an identified asset;

•we have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use; and

•we have the right to direct the use of the identified asset.

A right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability are recognized on the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The right-of-use asset is subsequently depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term. In addition, the right-of-use asset is reduced by impairment losses and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liabilities, if any.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date. The lease payments are discounted using the implicit interest rate in the lease. If the rate cannot be readily determined, our incremental rate of borrowing is used. The lease liability is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The lease liability is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in our estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if we change our

assessment of whether we will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option, or if the underlying lease contract is amended.

We have elected not to separate fixed non-lease components from lease components and instead account for each lease component and associated fixed non-lease components as a single lease component.

We have elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. We recognize the lease payments associated with these leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Loss per share

iluted loss per share is computed in a manner consistent with basic loss per share except that the weighted average common shares outstanding are adjusted to include the effects of all dilutive potential common shares, which comprise stock options, share awards, and warrants.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided on bases and at rates designed to amortize the cost of the assets over their estimated useful lives. Depreciation is recorded using the declining balance method at the following annual rates:


Office equipment and furniture	20	%
Medical equipment	20	%
Computer equipment	30	%
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line over the term of the lease

Research and development costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred, net of recoveries. We record accruals for the estimated costs of our research and development activities performed by third parties. Advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are capitalized as prepaid expenses and recognized as an expense as the related goods are delivered or the related services are performed. Development costs that meet specific criteria related to technical, market, and financial feasibility will be capitalized. To date, all development costs have been expensed.

Revenue recognition

Revenue relates to a long-term contract associated with a regional licensing agreement (the "Licensing Agreement") with Adlai Nortye Biopharma Co., Ltd. ("Adlai"). The pricing for the contract was based on the specific negotiations with Adlai and included non-refundable upfront license fees, development and regulatory milestone payments, royalties, and sales-based milestone payments. We account for a contract with a customer when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and the collectability of consideration is probable.

Under the Licensing Agreement, we have granted a regional license to our intellectual property. The granting of this license is accounted for as one performance obligation. We have determined that we provide Adlai with a right to access our intellectual property and, therefore, recognize revenue related to the upfront license fee over time. Revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress toward completion of the performance obligation using the input method. Under the input method, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. We use this method because Adlai receives and consumes the benefit of our intellectual property as we undertake activities that impact the intellectual property. Management must use judgment in making assumptions and estimates regarding total estimated costs, the complexity of the work to be performed, and the length of time to complete the performance obligation, among other variables.

The contract also provides for development and regulatory milestone payments, royalties, and sales-based milestone payments. These amounts are contingent on the occurrence of a future event and, therefore, give rise to variable consideration. We estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount to which we expect to be entitled. We include estimated amounts in the transaction price when it becomes highly probable that the amount will not be subject to significant reversal when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information (historical, current, and forecasted) that is reasonably available to us. Based on this information and related analysis, any quarterly adjustments to revenue are recognized as necessary in the period they become known.

The upfront license fee is not considered a significant financing component because it is used to meet working capital demands that can be higher in the early stages of a contract and to protect us from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its obligations under the contract.

Revenue from sales-based royalties and the achievement of annual sales volumes will be recognized when the subsequent sale occurs, as the license of the intellectual property is the predominant item to which the royalty relates. We consider payments associated with the achievement of annual sales volumes to be, in substance, royalty payments, and we will recognize such sales-based payments upon achievement of such sales volumes, provided that collection is reasonably assured.

Contract liability - Our contract liability includes upfront license fees and billings in excess of the revenue recognized. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as or when we perform under the contract. We classify our contract liability as current or non-current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize revenue.

Share-based compensation

Stock option plan

We have one stock option plan (the "Stock Option Plan") available to directors, officers, employees, and consultants with grants under the Stock Option Plan approved from time to time by our Board of Directors (the "Board"). Under the Stock Option Plan, no option shall be granted with an exercise price at a discount to the closing price of our stock on the Toronto Stock Exchange on the last trading date prior to the date of the grant. Vesting is provided at the discretion of the Board, and the expiration of options is to be no greater than ten years from the date of grant. Exercised stock options are settled with common shares issued from treasury.

We use the fair value-based method of accounting for stock option awards granted under the Stock Option Plan. We recognize compensation expense and a corresponding adjustment to contributed surplus equal to the fair value of the stock options granted using the Black-Scholes valuation model over the vesting periods of the respective options. Compensation expense is adjusted for subsequent changes in management’s estimate of the number of options that are expected to vest.

Stock options awarded to non-employees are accounted for at the fair value of the goods received or the services rendered. The fair value is measured at the date the Company obtains the goods or the date the counterparty renders the service. If the fair value of the goods or services cannot be reliably measured, the fair value of the options granted will be used.

Share award plan

Our share award plan (the "Share Award Plan") is available to directors, officers, employees, and consultants. Under our Share Award Plan, performance and restricted share awards may be approved from time to time by the Board. Performance share awards ("PSAs") can be awarded to certain officers and employees to which common shares shall be issued based upon achieving the applicable performance criteria. Restricted share awards ("RSAs") can be awarded to certain officers, employees, non-employee directors, and consultants to which common shares shall be issued in accordance with the Share Award Plan.

We recognize compensation expense and a corresponding adjustment to contributed surplus equal to the market value of our common shares at the grant date based on the number of PSAs/RSAs expected to vest, recognized over the vesting period. Compensation expense is adjusted for subsequent changes in management’s estimate of the number of PSAs/RSAs that are expected to vest. The effect of these changes is recognized in the period of the change.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards and Accounting Standards and Interpretations Issued but Not Yet Effective

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements

In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements, in which it provides guidance and examples to help entities apply materiality judgements to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments became effective on January 1, 2023. Adopting the amendments did not have a

material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors

In February 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 8, in which it introduced a new definition of 'accounting estimates'. The amendments clarify the distinction between changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies, and the correction of errors. Also, the amendments clarify how entities use measurement techniques and inputs to develop accounting estimates. The amendments became effective on January 1, 2023. Adopting the amendments did not have a material impact on

our consolidated financial statements.

IAS 12 Income Taxes

In May 2021, the IASB issued amendments to IAS 12, which narrowed the scope of the initial recognition exception under IAS 12, so that it no longer applies to transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. The amendments became effective on January 1, 2023. Adopting the amendments did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Accounting Standards and Interpretations Issued but Not Yet Effective

IAS 1 Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current

In October 2022, the IASB issued amendments to clarify how conditions with which an entity must comply within 12 months after the reporting period affect the classification of a liability. This is in addition to the amendment from January 2020 where the IASB issued amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, to provide a more general approach to the presentation of liabilities as current or non-current based on contractual arrangements in place at the reporting date. These amendments specify that the rights and conditions existing at the end of the reporting period are relevant in determining whether the Company has a right to defer settlement of a liability by at least 12 months, provided that management's expectations are not a relevant consideration as to whether the Company will exercise its rights to defer settlement of a liability and clarify when a liability is considered settled. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024, and are to be applied retrospectively. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.