Share-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Disclosure of Share-based Payment Arrangements [Abstract]

Stock options and share awards

(a)Our amended and restated Stock Option Plan and Share Award Plan (collectively, the "Equity Incentive Plans") were approved by our shareholders at the annual general meeting of shareholders on May 9, 2023. Pursuant to our Equity Incentive Plans, we may grant stock options, restricted share awards, and performance share awards. The number of common shares reserved for issuance under our Equity Incentive Plans in aggregate shall not exceed 14% of the total number of issued and outstanding common shares from time to time. As at December 31, 2024, we reserved 11,202,818 common shares for issuance relating to our Equity Incentive Plans. Our share-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $2,723 (2023 - $1,917; 2022 - $2,378).

(b)Our stock option activity for the years ended December 31 was as follows:


	2024		2023		2022
	Number of options	Weighted Average Exercise Price $	Number of options	Weighted Average Exercise Price $	Number of options	Weighted Average Exercise Price $
Outstanding, beginning of year	7,063,333	2.72	5,963,185	2.91	5,334,420	3.53
Granted	2,016,800	1.22	2,145,400	2.23	1,005,000	2.04
Forfeited	(175,534)	2.46	(280,288)	2.86	(62,962)	3.83
Expired	(2,028,254)	3.22	(314,573)	4.17	(304,940)	10.80
Exercised	—	—	(450,391)	1.74	(8,333)	1.45
Outstanding, end of year	6,876,345	2.14	7,063,333	2.72	5,963,185	2.91
Exercisable, end of year	4,718,058	2.43	5,039,604	2.85	4,420,482	3.01

The following table summarizes information about the stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2024:


Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price $	Number Exercisable	Weighted Average Exercise Price $
$1.13 - $1.50	1,799,300	4.6	1.14	637,257	1.13
$1.51 - $2.20	2,232,850	3.3	1.88	1,434,792	1.94
$2.21 - $2.70	699,689	1.9	2.36	699,689	2.36
$2.71 - $3.11	940,800	3.2	2.78	742,614	2.78
$3.12 - $7.60	1,203,706	1.2	3.51	1,203,706	3.51
	6,876,345	3.1	2.14	4,718,058	2.43

Option grants vest either immediately or annually over periods ranging from one to three years.

We use the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate fair value. We use historical data to estimate the expected dividend yield

and expected volatility of our stock in determining the fair value of the stock options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the

Government of Canada benchmark bond yield rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected life of the options represents the

estimated length of time the options are expected to remain outstanding.

The estimated fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31 were determined using the following weighted average assumptions:


	2024	2023	2022
Risk-free interest rate	3.1%	4.1%	3.4%
Expected life	3.0 years	3.0 years	3.0 years
Expected volatility	66.4%	72.0%	96.0%
Expected dividend yield	Nil	Nil	Nil
Weighted average fair value of options	$0.57	$1.12	$1.24

(c)Our share award activity for the years ended December 31 was as follows:


	2024	2023	2022
Outstanding, beginning of year	398,440	—	40,560
Granted(1)	853,642	403,200	—
Forfeited	—	(4,760)	—
Released	(133,572)	—	(40,560)
Outstanding, end of year	1,118,510	398,440	—

(1) The weighted average fair value of the RSAs granted was $1.15 in 2024 (2023 - $2.23).

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we granted restricted share awards to officers and a board of director member in his capacity as interim chief executive officer of the Company. Restricted share award granted to officers vest immediately or over a three-year period. Restricted share award granted to the board of director member vest on the second anniversary from the grant date.

Compensation warrants

In consideration of the services rendered by the underwriter as part of a public offering in 2023 (see note 10(c)), we issued 536,693 compensation warrants. Each compensation warrant is exercisable into one common share at an exercise price of US$2.25 up to 60 months from the date of issuance. At issuance date, we used the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate the fair value of the services rendered. As at December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 536,693 compensation warrants outstanding.