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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Allocation of recognized period costs | The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation on the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Delivery costs | $ | 2,680 |  |  | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 2,682 |
Sales and marketing expense | 10,017 |  |  | 12,624 |  |  | 11,935 |
Research and development expense | 14,957 |  |  | 16,392 |  |  | 13,262 |
General and administrative expense | 12,713 |  |  | 9,537 |  |  | 16,807 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 40,367 |  |  | $ | 40,980 |  |  | $ | 44,686 |
Summary of RSU activity | We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees and our non-employee directors. The following table summarizes changes in RSUs, inclusive of performance-based RSUs:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2023 | 5,485 |  |  | $ | 15.70 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 4,949 |  |  | 9.65 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (3,503) |  |  | 13.30 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (2,424) |  |  | 11.47 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2024 | 4,507 |  |  | $ | 13.20 |  |  | 1.20 |  | $ | 43,710 |
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2022 | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 25.43 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3,560 |  |  | 7.19 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (2,947) |  |  | 19.51 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,084) |  |  | 31.66 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2023 | 5,485 |  |  | $ | 15.70 |  |  | 2.01 |  | $ | 68,092 |
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2021 | 2,294 |  |  | $ | 60.58 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 6,182 |  |  | 24.74 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (984) |  |  | 49.15 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/canceled | (1,536) |  |  | 59.94 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2022 | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 25.43 |  |  | 2.93 |  | $ | 116,941 |
Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION On July 18, 2022, our board of directors adopted the Cardlytics, Inc. 2022 Inducement Plan ("2022 Inducement Plan"). Our board of directors also adopted a form of stock option grant notice and agreement and a form of restricted stock unit grant notice and agreement for use with the 2022 Inducement Plan. We reserved a total of 1,500,000 shares of our Common Stock under the 2022 Inducement Plan. On January 18, 2023, our board of directors approved an amendment to the 2022 Inducement Plan to reserve an additional 350,000 shares of our common stock. On July 13, 2023, our board of directors approved an amendment to the 2022 Inducement Plan to reserve an additional 800,000 shares of our common stock. On November 6, 2024, our board of directors approved an amendment to the 2022 Inducement Plan to reserve an additional 2,500,000 shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there were 2,657,349 shares available under the 2022 Inducement Plan. Our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan ("2018 Plan") became effective in February 2018. Prior to the 2018 Plan, we granted awards under our 2008 Stock Plan ("2008 Plan"). Any awards granted under the 2008 Plan remain subject to the terms of our 2008 Plan and applicable award agreements, and shares subject to awards granted under our 2008 Plan that are forfeited, canceled or expired prior to vesting become available for use under our 2018 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, there were 529,419 shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Plan. The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028, by 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. Accordingly, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 Plan increased by 2,562,851 shares on January 1, 2025. The 2018 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance-based stock awards and other forms of equity compensation, which are collectively referred to as stock awards. Additionally, the 2018 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards. The following table summarizes the allocation of stock-based compensation on the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Delivery costs | $ | 2,680 |  |  | $ | 2,427 |  |  | $ | 2,682 |
Sales and marketing expense | 10,017 |  |  | 12,624 |  |  | 11,935 |
Research and development expense | 14,957 |  |  | 16,392 |  |  | 13,262 |
General and administrative expense | 12,713 |  |  | 9,537 |  |  | 16,807 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 40,367 |  |  | $ | 40,980 |  |  | $ | 44,686 |
During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we capitalized $5.0 million, $2.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense for software development. Restricted Stock Units We grant restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees and our non-employee directors. The following table summarizes changes in RSUs, inclusive of performance-based RSUs:
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2023 | 5,485 |  |  | $ | 15.70 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 4,949 |  |  | 9.65 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (3,503) |  |  | 13.30 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (2,424) |  |  | 11.47 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2024 | 4,507 |  |  | $ | 13.20 |  |  | 1.20 |  | $ | 43,710 |
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2022 | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 25.43 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 3,560 |  |  | 7.19 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (2,947) |  |  | 19.51 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (1,084) |  |  | 31.66 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2023 | 5,485 |  |  | $ | 15.70 |  |  | 2.01 |  | $ | 68,092 |
| Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  | Unamortized Compensation Costs (in thousands)
Unvested - December 31, 2021 | 2,294 |  |  | $ | 60.58 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 6,182 |  |  | 24.74 |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (984) |  |  | 49.15 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited/canceled | (1,536) |  |  | 59.94 |  |  |  |  |
Unvested - December 31, 2022 | 5,956 |  |  | $ | 25.43 |  |  | 2.93 |  | $ | 116,941 |
Service-based Restricted Stock Units During the year ended December 31, 2024, we granted 4,948,914 RSUs to employees and non-employee directors, which have vesting periods ranging from vesting immediately to vesting in four years. Subsequent to December 31, 2024, we granted 725,800 RSUs to employees, which have vesting periods ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unamortized stock-based compensation expense related to all RSUs granted subsequent to December 31, 2024 is $2.2 million. Performance-based Restricted Stock Units In July 2022, we granted 100,990 PSUs which vest on the achievement of specific revenue-based performance metrics ("2022 Bridg PSUs"). During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we reassessed the likelihood of achieving the second tranche of the 2022 Bridg PSUs and concluded that the achievement is no longer probable. As a result of the change in estimate, we have reversed the previously recognized cumulative expense associated with this grant as a benefit to stock-based compensation during the three months ended September 30, 2024. In March 2022 and August 2022, we granted 269,202 and 25,248 performance-based restricted stock units ("2022 PSUs"), respectively, consisting of three tranches. In December 2022, the compensation committee of our board of directors certified that the first tranche's milestone related to the installation of our Ad Server at our FI partners had been achieved, which resulted in the immediate vesting of the first tranche representing 25% of the grant. In January 2025, the compensation committee of our board of directors certified that the second tranche's milestone had been achieved, which resulted in the immediate vesting of the second tranche representing 25% of the grant. The first two tranches each represent 25% of the grant, and each vest upon the achievement of certain milestones related to the installation of our Ad Server at our FI Partners. 50% of the third tranche vests upon the achievement of a certain number of advertisers purchasing both the Cardlytics and Bridg platforms at a target incremental billings amount over 2021, and the remaining 50% of the tranche vests six months after this target is achieved. During the three months-ended September 30, 2024, we reassessed the likelihood of achieving this PSU and concluded that the achievement is no longer probable. As a result of the change in estimate, we have reversed the previously recognized cumulative expense associated with this grant as a benefit to stock-based compensation during the three months ended September 30, 2024. In September 2021, we granted 6,666 PSUs which have the same unmet vesting conditions of the 2020 PSUs, 6,667 PSUs which have the same unmet revenue target vesting condition of the 2021 PSUs and 6,667 PSUs which have the same unmet different revenue target vesting condition of the 2021 PSUs as described below. As discussed below, we concluded that the achievement of the 2020 PSUs and 2021 PSUs is no longer probable and have reversed the previously recognized cumulative expense in the respective period in which the 2020 PSUs and 2021 PSUs were determined to no longer be achievable. As of April 1, 2024, the 2020 PSU was forfeited as the performance condition was not met during the performance period. In July 2021, we granted 34,344 performance-based restricted stock units ("Bridg PSUs") which have performance-based vesting conditions based on the achievement of a minimum ARR target by the first anniversary of the Bridg acquisition. Vesting is tied to the percentage of the ARR target achieved during the specified period with 50% of the units vesting between 80% - 99.999% achievement and 100% of the units vesting upon 100% achievement. During 2023, the compensation committee of our board of directors certified the vesting of shares associated with the 50% attainment of the units based on the achieved annual run rate during the specified period. In April 2021, we granted 110,236 performance-based restricted stock units ("2021 PSUs") consisting of two tranches. The first tranche consists of 55,118 units that have a performance-based vesting condition based on a minimum revenue target over a trailing 12-month period. The units in this first tranche fully vest upon achievement. The second tranche consists of 55,118 units with a performance-based vesting condition based on a different minimum revenue target over a trailing 12-month period. Half of the units in the second tranche vest upon achievement and the remaining units vest six months after the achievement date, subject to continued service. Each performance-based vesting condition within the two tranches must be achieved within four years of the grant date and are subject to certification by the compensation committee of our board of directors. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we reassessed the likelihood of achieving the 2021 PSUs performance-based vesting condition and concluded that the achievement is no longer probable. As a result of the change in estimate, we have reversed the previously recognized cumulative expense associated with the 2021 PSUs since the grant date as a benefit to stock-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2024. Additionally, in April 2021, we granted 10,000 performance-based restricted stock units which have the same unmet vesting condition as the 2020 PSUs based on a minimum ARPU target over a trailing 12-month period as described below. In April 2020, we granted 476,608 performance-based restricted stock units ("2020 PSUs"), of which 443,276 units have a performance-based vesting condition based on a minimum average revenue per user ("ARPU") target over a trailing 12-month period and 33,332 units have the same performance-based vesting conditions as those that unmet at the time under the 2019 PSUs described above. ARPU is a performance metric defined within Item 2. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." The ARPU vesting condition must be achieved within four years of the grant date. Upon the vesting event, 50% of the award vests immediately, 25% of the award vests six months after achievement date and 25% of the award vests 12 months after the achievement date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we reassessed the likelihood of achieving the 2020 PSUs performance-based vesting condition and concluded the achievement is no longer probable. As a result of the change in estimate, we have recognized the cumulative expense associated with the 2020 PSUs from the grant date as a benefit to stock-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2022. On April 1, 2024, the 2020 PSU was forfeited as the performance condition was not met during the performance period. With the exception of the 2021 PSUs, the third tranche of the 2022 PSUs, the second tranche of the 2022 Bridg PSUs and any other PSUs tied to these vesting conditions, we believe that the achievement of all of the above referenced performance-based vesting conditions are probable before the awards' respective expiration dates. Employee Stock Purchase Plan Our board of directors adopted and our stockholders have approved our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("2018 ESPP"). Our 2018 ESPP became effective on February 8, 2018, the date our registration statement in connection with our IPO was declared effective and enables eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount. Purchases will be accomplished through participation in discrete offering periods. On each purchase date, eligible employees will purchase our common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of our common stock on the first trading day of the offering period or the date of purchase. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, a total of 520,197, 555,915 and 167,622 shares of common stock were purchased by employees under the 2018 ESPP, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, 534,912 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to our 2018 ESPP. Additionally, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 ESPP will automatically increase on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2019 and continuing through and including January 1, 2028, by the lesser of (i) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, (ii) 500,000 shares of our common stock or (iii) such lesser number of shares of common stock as determined by our board of directors. Accordingly, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2018 ESPP increased by 500,000 shares on January 1, 2025. Shares subject to purchase rights granted under our 2018 ESPP that terminate without having been issued in full will not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under our 2018 ESPP.

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