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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-based compensation recognized
Stock-based compensation has been recognized in operating results as follows:
(in thousands)Years ended December 31,
 20222021
Research and development expenses1,035 491 
Selling, general and administrative expenses3,221 2,743 
Total stock-based compensation$4,256 $3,234 
Estimated Fair Value of Stock Options - Assumptions
The estimated fair value of stock option awards was determined on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model with the following assumptions during the years indicated below:
 Years ended December 31,
 20222021
Risk-free interest rate
1.62% - 3.75%
0.83% - 1.3%
Dividend yield0%0%
Expected volatility (range)
98% - 110%
107% - 110%
Expected volatility (weighted-average)106%108%
Expected term (in years)6.0 years6.0 years
Summary of Stock Option Activity
A summary of stock option activity and of changes in stock options outstanding is presented below:
Number of OptionsWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareIntrinsic
Value
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
Balance outstanding, December 31, 20213,771,984 $7.13 $6,405,258 8.7 years
Granted1,737,760 $3.15 
Exercised(28,858)$2.60 $1,443 
Cancelled(398,156)$4.62 
Expired(13,272)$32.52 
Balance Outstanding, December 31, 20225,069,458 $5.92 $19,322 7.4 years
Vested and exercisable, December 31, 20222,300,619 $7.38 $12,210 5.7 years
Vested and expected to vest, December 31, 20224,990,351 $5.94 $18,752 7.4 years