UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report ________________

For the transition period from ___________ to ____________

Commission file number: 001-39302

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A
132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui
Kowloon, Hong Kong
+852 2180-6111
(Address of principal executive offices)

Yimeng Shi, Chief Financial Officer
Telephone: +852 2180-6111
Email: ir@ucloudlink.com
Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A
132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui
Kowloon, Hong Kong
(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
American depositary shares (one American depositary share representing ten Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share) |  | UCL |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Global Market)
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share* |  |  |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (The Nasdaq Global Market)

| * | Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The Nasdaq Global Market of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None
(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None
(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

258,499,680 Class A ordinary shares (with no Class A ordinary shares issued to the depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under the share incentive plans) and 122,072,980 Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share, as of December 31, 2025.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐ | Accelerated Filer ☐ | Non-Accelerated Filer ☒ | Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

| † | The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒ | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ | Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes ☐ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION |  | ii
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION |  | iii
Part I |  | 1
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers |  | 1
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable |  | 1
Item 3. | Key Information |  | 1
Item 4. | Information on the Company |  | 60
Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 102
Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects |  | 102
Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees |  | 123
Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions |  | 133
Item 8. | Financial Information |  | 134
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing |  | 136
Item 10. | Additional Information |  | 136
Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 151
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities |  | 152
Part II |  | 154
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies |  | 154
Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds |  | 154
Item 15. | Controls and Procedures |  | 154
Item 16. | [Reserved] |  | 156
Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert |  | 156
Item 16B. | Code of Ethics |  | 156
Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |  | 156
Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees |  | 156
Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers |  | 156
Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant |  | 156
Item 16G. | Corporate Governance |  | 157
Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure |  | 157
Item 16I. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections |  | 157
Item 16J. | Insider Trading Policies |  | 157
Item 16K. | Cybersecurity |  | 157
Part III |  | 159
Item 17. | Financial Statements |  | 159
Item 18. | Financial Statements |  | 159
Item 19. | Exhibits |  | 159
SIGNATURES |  | 161

i

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:

| ● | “ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts which may evidence the ADSs;

| ● | “ADSs” are to the American depositary shares, each of which represents ten Class A ordinary shares;

| ● | “average daily active terminals” are to the average number of terminals connected to our platform per day during a certain period;

| ● | “average monthly active terminals” are to the average number of terminals connected to our platform per month during a certain period;

| ● | “average daily active users” are to the average number of users per day during a certain period who engage with services across its various business lines, primarily derived from active subscription relationships within valid service plan periods, and active terminals or devices under usage-based service models (including emergency networks);

| ● | “average monthly active users” are to the average number of users per month during a certain period who engage with services across its various business lines, primarily derived from active subscription relationships within valid service plan periods, and active terminals or devices under usage-based service models (including emergency networks);

| ● | “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan;

| ● | “Class A ordinary shares” are to our Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share;

| ● | “Class B ordinary shares” are to our Class B ordinary shares, par value US$0.00005 per share;

| ● | “former VIEs” are to the former variable interest entities, which are Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. both having become our wholly-owned subsidiaries since March 2022;

| ● | “Hong Kong” refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China;

| ● | “MNO” are to mobile network operator;

| ● | “MVNO” are to mobile virtual network operator;

| ● | “PaaS” are to Platform-as-a-Service;

| ● | “Restructuring” refers to a series of restructuring transactions to unwind the historical contractual agreements with the former VIEs and adjust our local business in mainland China;

| ● | “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of mainland China;

| ● | “SaaS” are to Software-as-a-Service;

| ● | “shares” or “ordinary shares” are to our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares;

| ● | “terminals” are to our portable Wi-Fi devices providing mobile data connectivity services, and smartphones and other smart hardware with our GlocalMe Inside app installed that are serviced by us or our business partners;

| ● | “uCloudlink” are to UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.;

| ● | “US$,” “U.S. dollars,” “$,” and “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States; and

| ● | “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” are to UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., our Cayman Islands holding company, and its subsidiaries, and, when describing our operations and consolidated financial information, also including the former VIEs in mainland China and their subsidiaries during the applicable period.

ii

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview.” Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

| ● | our mission, goals, strategies and vision;

| ● | our future business development, financial conditions and results of operations;

| ● | the expected growth of the mobile data connectivity service industry;

| ● | our expectations regarding demand for and market acceptance of our products and services;

| ● | our expectations regarding our relationships with our customers, suppliers and business partners;

| ● | competition in our industry;

| ● | our proposed use of proceeds; and

| ● | government policies and regulations relating to our industry and our geographic markets.

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview” and other sections in this annual report. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This annual report contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. Our industry may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of the relevant market to grow at the projected rate may have a material adverse effect on our business and the market price of the ADSs. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of our industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of the relevant market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections made based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this annual report is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

iii

Part I

| Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

| Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

| Item 3. | Key Information

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the Former Variable Interest Entities

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries, including but not limited to the former VIEs based in mainland China. The laws and regulations of mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in telecommunication businesses. Accordingly, we used to operate these businesses in mainland China through Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd., which we refer to as the former VIEs in this annual report. There were contractual arrangements among our mainland China subsidiaries, the former VIEs and their nominee shareholders, which were terminated in 2022 as we continued to adjust our business model in mainland China and proceed the Restructuring. As used in this annual report, “uCloudlink” refers to UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., and “we,” “us,” “our company,” or “our” refers to UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. and its subsidiaries, and, when describing our operations and consolidated financial information, also includes the former VIEs and their subsidiaries in mainland China in applicable period.

We, through Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd., were subject to a series of contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and the nominee shareholders of the former VIEs from January 2015 to March 2022. During the effective period of these contractual arrangements, these contractual arrangements enabled us to: (i) receive the economic benefits that could potentially be significant to the former VIEs in consideration for the services provided by our subsidiaries; (ii) exercise effective control over the former VIEs; and (iii) hold an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and assets of the former VIEs when and to the extent permitted by the laws of mainland China.

These contractual agreements included exclusive technology consulting and services agreements, business operation agreements, powers of attorney, equity interest pledge agreements, option agreements and/or spousal consent letters, as the case may be. We refer to Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing uCloudlink, to Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd as Shenzhen uCloudlink, and to Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing Technology. Pursuant to the option agreement, Beijing Technology and its shareholders had irrevocably granted Beijing uCloudlink or any person designated by it an exclusive option to purchase all or part of its equity interests in Shenzhen uCloudlink. Pursuant to the business operation agreement, Shenzhen uCloudlink and Beijing Technology and its shareholders agree that to the extent permitted by law, they accept and unconditionally execute instructions from Beijing uCloudlink on business operations. Beijing Technology and its shareholders also executed a power of attorney to irrevocably authorize Beijing uCloudlink, or any person designated by Beijing uCloudlink, to act as its attorney-in-fact to exercise all of its rights as a shareholder of Shenzhen uCloudlink. Pursuant to the exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, Beijing uCloudlink had the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen uCloudlink with operational supports as well as consulting and technical services required by Shenzhen uCloudlink’s business. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, Beijing Technology’ shareholders had pledged 100% equity interests in Beijing Technology to Beijing uCloudlink, and Beijing Technology had pledged 100% equity interests in Shenzhen uCloudlink to Beijing uCloudlink, to guarantee performance by Shenzhen uCloudlink and Beijing Technology of their obligations under the option agreement, the exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, the business operation agreement and power of attorney they entered into. The spouses of the shareholders of Beijing Technology, if applicable, had each signed a spousal consent letter agreeing that the equity interests in Beijing Technology held by and registered under the name of the respective shareholders would be disposed pursuant to the contractual agreements with Beijing uCloudlink. We have evaluated the guidance in FASB ASC 810 and concluded that we were the primary beneficiary of the former VIEs for accounting purposes because of these contractual arrangements for the effective period of these contractual arrangements. Accordingly, under U.S. GAAP, the financial statements of the former VIEs were consolidated as part of our financial statements prior to the Restructuring

1

As we continued to evaluate our business plan, we have decided to adjust our business model in mainland China, which we believe will no longer require specific certificate for offering internet access services that could fall within the scope of prohibited or restricted categories for foreign investment in mainland China. As a result, the contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and their shareholders are no longer necessary. Therefore, we initiated the Restructuring to adjust our local business in mainland China and unwind the aforementioned contractual arrangements; as a result, the former VIEs became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited.

On March 17, 2022, Beijing uCloudlink, the former VIEs, the nominee shareholders of the former VIEs and the spouses of the shareholders of Beijing Technology entered into termination agreements respectively, to terminate these contractual arrangements. Beijing uCloudlink issued a confirmation letter to designate Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited, or Shenzhen Technology, to exercise the exclusive option right to purchase all equity interests of Beijing Technology from its shareholders according to the abovementioned option agreement. Accordingly, Shenzhen Technology entered into an equity interest transfer agreement with the shareholders of Beijing Technology, and was registered as the sole shareholder of Beijing Technology since March 17, 2022. All contractual arrangements were terminated since then. We believe that the Restructuring did not affect our uCloudlink 1.0 international data connectivity services in mainland China. After the Restructuring, we now carry out the PaaS and SaaS platform services in mainland China, which were the primary business operated by the former VIEs, in cooperation with local business partners, such as Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company, which have the required licenses to provide local data connectivity services in mainland China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders.”

However, our historical contractual arrangements might not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the former VIEs and the termination of these agreements may incur additional costs. There were and may also be substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules of mainland China regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to our historical contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations of mainland China relating to former VIEs structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or any of the former VIEs is found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements with the former VIEs structure did not comply with the regulations of mainland China, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our shares and/or ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are deemed to be unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the former VIEs.”

Our historical corporate structure is subject to risks associated with our previous contractual arrangements with the former VIEs. If the PRC government deems that our historical contractual arrangements with the former VIEs did not comply with regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries in mainland China, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our mainland China subsidiaries and the former VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the historical contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the historical financial performance of the former VIEs and our company as a whole. For a detailed description of the risks associated with our corporate structure, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. A significant portion of our business operations are conducted in mainland China, and we are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations of mainland China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. This may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

2

PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, mainland China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be of little or no value. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in mainland China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in mainland China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 18, 2020 and further amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 signed into law on December 29, 2022, or the HFCAA, if the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our previous auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. In addition, our current auditor is a Singapore-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB with the last inspection on September 27, 2024. For this reason, we were not identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we filed our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our current auditor. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

3

Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We have conducted our business in mainland China primarily through our subsidiaries and the former VIEs in mainland China. Our previous contractual arrangements with the former VIEs were terminated and the former VIEs became our subsidiaries in 2022. Our operations in mainland China are governed by the laws and regulations of mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, apart from the approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC government authorities that may be required in connection with the former VIE structure and our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, we have not received any requirement from PRC governmental authorities to obtain other permissions for our material operations in mainland China and issuance of securities to foreign investors. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future.

Furthermore, in connection with our issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current laws, regulations and regulatory rules of mainland China promulgated, as of the date of this annual report, we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the former VIEs, (i) are not required to obtain permission from the CSRC, (ii) are not required to go through a cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, and (iii) have not received or were denied such requisite permissions by any PRC authority. However, the PRC government has indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in mainland China-based issuers. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities.”

Additionally, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, together with another twelve regulatory authorities jointly issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which came into effect on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review require that, in addition to network products and services acquired by critical information infrastructure operators, online platform operators are also subject to cybersecurity review if they carry out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, and online platform operators listing in a foreign country with more than one million users’ personal information data must apply for a cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review further elaborate the factors to be considered when assessing the national security risks of the relevant activities. On July 7, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China promulgated the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data Transfer, which became effective on September 1, 2022. These measures require that any data processor who processes or exports personal information exceeding a certain volume threshold pursuant to the measures shall apply for a security assessment by the Cyberspace Administration of China before transferring any personal information abroad. The security assessment requirement also applies to any transfer of important data outside of mainland China. There are uncertainties regarding how these measures would be interpreted and enforced, and to what extent they may affect us. On September 24, 2024, the State Council published the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration, which became effective on January 1, 2025. It provides that data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant cyberspace administration of the PRC. Network data processing activities refer to the collection, retention, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, deletion, and other activities of network data.

The Measures for Cybersecurity Review, the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration and the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data Transfer remain unclear on whether the requirements will be applicable to further equity or debt offerings by companies that have completed the initial public offering in the United States. We cannot predict the impact of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration and the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-Border Data Transfer, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess the statutory developments in this regard. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, penalties, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business.”

4

Under the Measures for Cybersecurity Review and other cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China, critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services that affect or may affect national security must be subject to the cybersecurity review. As the PRC governmental authorities may have broad discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, including the interpretation of the scope of “critical information infrastructure operators.” See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Personal Information Protection—Regulations Related to Personal Information Protection.” In addition, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review also stipulate that any data processor carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security should also be subject to the cybersecurity review. In anticipation of the strengthened implementation of cybersecurity laws and regulations and the continued expansion of our business, we face potential risks if we are deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China. In such case, we must fulfill certain obligations as required under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China, including, among others, storing personal information and important data collected and produced within the mainland China territory during our operations in China, which we have fulfilled in our business, and we may be subject to review when purchasing internet products and services. According to the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration, which became effective on January 1, 2025, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities, and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices in data processing. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the Cyberspace Administration of China on such basis, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect.

On July 6, 2021, the PRC governmental authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasize the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by mainland China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by mainland China-based overseas-listed companies. Official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued yet and the interpretation of these opinions remains unclear at this stage. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities.” As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions regarding offshore offering from the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC jointly with other governmental authorities, promulgated the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, which took effect on March 31, 2023. According to these provisions, domestic companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide by the applicable laws and regulations when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. If such documents or materials contain any state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority. Furthermore, these provisions provide that securities companies and securities service providers shall fulfill the applicable legal procedures when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest.

5

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, which became effective on March 31, 2023. On the same date, the CSRC circulated Supporting Guidance Rules No. 1 through No. 5, Notes on these measures, Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions, on CSRC’s official website. These measures, together with the rules, notes and notices, reiterate the basic principles of the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and the Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) and impose substantially the same requirements for the overseas securities offering and listing by domestic enterprises. Under these measures, rules, notes and notices, domestic enterprises conducting overseas securities offering and listing, either directly or indirectly, shall complete filings with the CSRC pursuant to these measures’ requirements within three working days following the submission of an application for initial public offering or listing. Starting from March 31, 2023, enterprises that have been listed overseas or satisfy all of the following conditions shall be deemed as “Grandfathered Issuers” and are not required to complete the overseas listing filing immediately, but shall complete filings as required if they conduct refinancing or are involved in other circumstances that require filing with the CSRC: (i) the application for indirect overseas offering or listing shall have been approved by the overseas regulatory authority or stock exchange prior to March 31, 2023 (as the SEC does not approve or disapprove of an offering, this requirement is interpreted to be the SEC’s declaration of the registration statement to be effective with respect to this offering), (ii) the enterprise is not required to reapply for the approval of the overseas regulatory authority or stock exchange, and (iii) such overseas securities offering or listing shall be completed before September 30, 2023. Any future securities offerings and listings outside of mainland China by our company, including but not limited to follow-on offerings, refinancing, secondary listings, and going private transactions, will be subject to the filing requirements with the CSRC under these measures, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such filing requirements in a timely manner, or at all.

If it is determined that any approval, filing or other administrative procedure from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities is required for any future offering or listing, we cannot assure that we can obtain the required approval or accomplish the required filings or other regulatory procedures in a timely manner, or at all. If we fail to obtain the approval or complete the filings and other regulatory procedures, we may be subject to an investigation by competent regulators, fines or penalties, or an order prohibiting us from conducting an offering, and these risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

The Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses (2017 Revision), which were promulgated by the PRC Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on March 1, 2009 and last amended on July 3, 2017, require that any approved telecommunications services provider shall conduct its business in accordance with the specifications in its license for value-added telecommunications services. Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co. Ltd. obtained this license issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2017 for conducting business of information technology services and sales of terminals and data related products. As we continued to evaluate our business plan, we have decided to adjust our business model in mainland China, and we believe the license for value-added telecommunications services is no longer required. We terminated the contractual arrangements in 2022, and the license previously held by Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co. Ltd. was also terminated during the Restructuring. For business planning and business development in the future, and considering the existing shareholding structure of our company, we applied to the PRC Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and obtained the pilot operation approval for the telecommunications business on February 26, 2025.

Apart from the approval of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC government authorities that may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, we and our mainland China subsidiaries are not required to obtain other permissions from Chinese authorities for our material operations in mainland China and issuance of securities to foreign investors. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities.”

6

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

We conduct our operations in mainland China through our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) The laws and regulations of mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in telecommunication businesses. Accordingly, we historically operated these businesses in mainland China through the former VIEs with which we maintained contractual arrangements prior to the Restructuring. Our previous contractual arrangements with the former VIEs were terminated in 2022 and the former VIEs had since become our subsidiaries. As our mainland China and Hong Kong subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) have accumulated losses since their incorporation, none of them has declared or paid any dividends or made any distributions to their respective holding companies, including uCloudlink. For the same reason, uCloudlink has not declared a dividend.

Prior to the completion of our initial public offering in June 2020, our sources of funds primarily consisted of pre-IPO financing through issuance of preferred shares, external borrowings and cash generated from operation. The sources of funds of the former VIEs primarily consisted of external borrowings, intercompany advances from subsidiaries and cash generated from operation. The cash proceeds from the initial public offering have been used for strategic investments and general corporate purposes, including research and development and working capital needs.

There were fund transfers from a subsidiary to the parent company amounting to US$0.2 million, US$1.4 million and US$0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Impact of Taxation on Dividends

uCloudlink is incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conducts businesses in mainland China primarily through its mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs). Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, uCloudlink is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends to our shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Our mainland China and Hong Kong subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) have incurred cumulative losses since inception. We have no current intention to pay dividends to shareholders.

If our existing subsidiaries in mainland China or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with mainland China’s accounting standards and regulations. Under the laws of mainland China, each of our subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on mainland China’s accounting standards to discretionary surplus funds at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of mainland China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Our mainland China subsidiaries will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds. For restrictions and limitations on our ability to distribute earnings from our businesses, including subsidiaries (including the former VIEs), to uCloudlink and investors, see also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Mainland China’s regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs), which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

| A. | [Reserved]

| B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

| C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

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| D. | Risk Factors

Summary of Risk Factors

An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. All the operational risks associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China also apply to operations in Hong Kong. You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report, including the risks and uncertainties described below, before making an investment in our ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully after this summary in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are subject to risks and uncertainties related to our business and industry, including, but not limited to, the following:

| ● | We depend on network operators for their wireless networks, infrastructures and data traffic, and any disruptions of or limitations on our use of such networks, infrastructures and data traffic may adversely affect our business and financial results. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We depend on network operators for their wireless networks, infrastructures and data traffic, and any disruptions of or limitations on our use of such networks, infrastructures and data traffic may adversely affect our business and financial results.”

| ● | Our ability to grow our business and user base for our service may be limited unless we can continue to obtain data traffic at favorable rates. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our ability to grow our business and user base for our service may be limited unless we can continue to obtain data traffic at favorable rates.”

| ● | We incurred losses in the past, and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We incurred losses in the past, and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future.”

| ● | Our use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies may subject us to evolving laws and regulations, which could result in increased compliance costs or legal liabilities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies may subject us to evolving laws and regulations, which could result in increased compliance costs or legal liabilities.”

| ● | Recent regulatory developments in data security and cross-border data transfer may affect our global operations.

| ● | Our business is subject to telecommunications regulations in mainland China. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would result in claims, penalties, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to telecommunications regulations in mainland China. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would result in claims, penalties, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business.”

| ● | We are subject to extensive and complex telecommunications regulations in various jurisdictions, and any change in the regulatory environment may materially impact us. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are subject to extensive and complex telecommunications regulations in various jurisdictions, and any change in the regulatory environment may materially impact us.”

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| ● | In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.”

| ● | The current tensions in international economic relations may negatively affect the cost of our operations, the growth of our business, and the size of our target market. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The current tensions in international economic relations may negatively affect the cost of our operations, the growth of our business, and the size of our target market.”

| ● | If our expansions into new businesses do not achieve the expected results, our future results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our expansions into new businesses do not achieve the expected results, our future results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.”

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

We face risks and uncertainties related to the former corporate structure, including, but not limited to, the following:

| ● | If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements with the former VIEs structure did not comply with the regulations of mainland China, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our shares and/or ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are deemed to be unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the former VIEs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements with the former VIEs structure did not comply with the regulations of mainland China, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our shares and/or ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are deemed to be unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the former VIEs.”

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We face risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China in general, including, but not limited to, the following:

| ● | Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. The enforcement of laws and rules and regulations in mainland China may change quickly with little advance notice, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.”

| ● | The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities.”

9

| ● | The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to advance regulatory and social goals and policy positions. Any actions taken or policies released by the PRC government could significantly impact our industry or limit or completely hinder our operations and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

| ● | The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.”

| ● | Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Risks Related to The ADSs

Risks and uncertainties related to our ADSs include, but are not limited to, the following:

| ● | The trading price of the ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to The ADSs—The trading price of the ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.”

| ● | If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or other continued listing requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to The ADSs—If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or other continued listing requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs.”

| ● | Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to The ADSs—Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.”

10

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We depend on network operators for their wireless networks, infrastructures and data traffic, and any disruptions of or limitations on our use of such networks, infrastructures and data traffic may adversely affect our business and financial results.

We do not own or operate a physical network, but rather utilize the global wireless communication networks of mobile network operators, or MNOs, through data traffic procurement from data traffic suppliers. The reliability of the service we provide to our users depends on those networks. If the MNOs fail to maintain their wireless facilities and government authorizations or to comply with government policies and regulations, the connection of our terminals, be it the initial connection or continued service connection, may be adversely affected. Some of the risks related to MNOs’ wireless communication networks and infrastructures include: major equipment failures, breaches of network or information technology security that affect their wireless networks, including transport facilities, communications switches, routers, microwave links, cell sites or other equipment or third-party owned local and long-distance networks on which we rely, power surges or outages, software defects and disruptions beyond their control, such as natural disasters and acts of terrorism, among others. Any impact on their wireless communication networks could disrupt our operations, require significant resources, result in a loss of users or impair our ability to attract new users, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, while no data traffic supplier supplies a considerable portion of our SIM cards in our SIM pool and there are usually multiple available networks in major markets, our business may be materially adversely impacted if certain data traffic suppliers limit or deny our access to and usage of their networks and data traffic. The data traffic suppliers may determine that the service we provide or the cloud SIM technology we use does not fully comply with local telecommunications regulations, or is not fully compatible with the data traffic suppliers’ technical requirements, policies or contract provisions. The contracts we entered into for network service and data traffic supply contain terms that demonstrate different levels of certainties as to whether and to what extent we are allowed to use the data traffic supply under our business model. A small number of such contracts may be interpreted to prohibit the commercial use of our procured SIM cards. If data traffic suppliers consider that our business model and usage of data traffic do not comply with the terms of the applicable contracts, or violate local regulations, they can, among others, block the hotspot Wi-Fi function, limit the speed of the network we use, or completely terminate their services. Any of these actions taken by data traffic suppliers may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our business may be adversely affected if certain mobile network operators restrict the data usage of SIM cards, for example, by changing unlimited data packages to limited data packages, which may reduce the data available to users.

Our ability to grow our business and user base for our service may be limited unless we can continue to obtain data traffic at favorable rates.

To further expand our business, we must continue to obtain wireless data traffic at favorable rates and terms. Our operating performance and ability to attract new users may be adversely affected if we are unable to meet increasing demands for our services in a timely and efficient manner.

Negotiations with prospective and existing data traffic suppliers also require substantial time, effort and resources. We may ultimately fail in our negotiations, resulting in costs to our business without any associated benefits. The termination or failure of renewal of our contracts with major suppliers of our data traffic can adversely affect our business and financial results. These contracts are in most cases for limited terms and, therefore, there can be no guarantee that they will be renewed at all or on favorable terms to us. Our business and results of operations would be adversely affected if these contracts were terminated or we were unable to enter into data traffic supply agreements in the future to provide our services to our users, which could result in a reduction of our revenues and profits.

Mergers and acquisitions among MNOs and mobile virtual network operators, or MVNOs, either voluntary or government-driven, can result in fewer players in the telecommunications market, and as a consequence reduce our options for data traffic supply as well as our bargaining power. A more consolidated telecommunications market in a region may also partially negate the demand for our mobile data connectivity service as resources are combined and fewer negotiations are needed among the operators for network sharing or roaming.

11

We incurred losses in the past, and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future.

Although we recorded income from operations of US$2.6 million, US$4.4 million and US$8.0 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, and generated net cash from operating activities of US$6.5 million, US$9.2 million and US$3.2 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain profitability and positive cash flow from operations in the future.

Our revenues may not grow sufficiently to offset the increase in our expenses as we continue to invest in the development and expansion of our business in areas including:

| ● | research and development;

| ● | sales and marketing; and

| ● | expansion of our product and service offerings, operations and infrastructure.

We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would harm our profitability. In addition, in future periods, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue growth to offset costs and sustain profitability. If we fail to sustain or increase profitability, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies may subject us to evolving laws and regulations, which could result in increased compliance costs or legal liabilities.

We have integrated AI and machine learning into our cloud SIM traffic orchestration and GlocalMe service optimization. As with many industrial innovations, AI also presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and, therefore, our business. AI algorithms may be flawed and datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by us or others could impair our AI solutions. Some AI scenarios present ethical issues and if we offer AI related products that are controversial because of the impact of AI on human rights, privacy, employment, or other social issues, we may experience reputational harm or be exposed to liability.

In addition, uncertainties remain as to the ownership and intellectual property protection of the AI-generated content and the use of AI-generated-content tools may result in potential copyright infringement and other legal issues. If we fail to obtain the necessary consents or permits in conjunction with our use of AI tools, whether due to the inability to identify or verify the appropriate rights holder or for any other reason, we may be found to have infringed on the rights of others, potentially resulting in claims for monetary damages, regulatory fines and penalties, or a reduction of content available to users.

Governments around the word, including in the United States, European Union, and China, have recently enacted or proposed new regulatory frameworks for AI and the regulatory landscape is evolving rapidly and may not sufficiently cover all relevant issues.

12

PRC government authorities have gradually accelerated the pace of legislation for generative AI related technologies including algorithm recommendation and deep synthesis. The Administrative Provisions on the Deep Synthesis of Internet Information Services, issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Public Security on November 25, 2022 and effective on January 10, 2023, require the providers of deep synthesis services to, among other things, establish and maintain the management systems for algorithmic mechanism review, data security and personal information protection. The Provisional Measures on AI-Generated-Content Services, published on July 10, 2023 by seven governmental authorities including the Cyberspace Administration of China, also imposes compliance requirements for providers of generative AI services to fulfill their responsibilities as network information contents producers and fulfill their obligations of network information security. Besides, providers of generative AI services with attribute of public opinions or capable of social mobilization shall conduct security assessment and complete the formalities for algorithm filing, change or deregistration in accordance with the regulations. Non-compliance with these regulations may subject the providers of generative-AI services to penalties, including warning, public denouncement, rectification orders and suspension of the provision of certain services. On September 24, 2024, the State Council of China published the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration, which took effect on January 1, 2025. The Regulations on Network Data Security Administration provides that a network data handler providing generative artificial intelligence services shall strengthen its security management of training data and training data handling activities and take effective measures to prevent and dispose of network data security risks. On October 28, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress decided to amend the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which took effect on January 1, 2026. According to the amendment of PRC Cybersecurity Law, the State shall support basic theoretical research on AI and the research and development of key technologies such as algorithms, advance the construction of infrastructure such as training data resources and computing power, improve ethical norms for AI, strengthen risk monitoring and assessment and safety supervision, and promote the application and healthy development of AI. In addition, the Administrative Provisions on Algorithm Recommendation require filing for certain recommendation algorithms. If our algorithms are deemed “high-risk” or involve significant user profiling, we may face mandatory audits, disclosure requirements, or restrictions on use, which could increase our operating costs and impact our service efficiency.

Because laws and regulations governing AI are relatively new, significant uncertainties remain with respect to their interpretation and implementation. We cannot assure you whether we will be able to comply with the requirements of such laws and regulations in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to complete all necessary filings and/or assessments, or if we have any dispute with any third party relating to intellectual property or data security, our business operation may be adversely affected.

Recent regulatory developments in data security and cross-border data transfer may affect our global operations.

Following the Restructuring, we continue to process a significant amount of user data. The Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC Data Security Law”) and the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “PIPL”), along with the 2024-2025 implementation rules on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flows, require rigorous self-assessment or security reviews for certain data exports. Similarly, in the United Kingdom and the European Union, we must comply with the GDPR and the update International Data Transfer Agreement (IDTA). Any failure to obtain necessary approvals for cross-border data transmission could lead to fines or suspension of our platforms.

Our business is subject to telecommunications regulations in mainland China. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would result in claims, penalties, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business.

Telecommunications operators in mainland China are subject to regulation by, and under the supervision of, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the primary regulator of the telecommunications industry in mainland China. Other PRC government authorities also take part in regulating the telecommunications industry in areas such as tariff policies and foreign investment. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, under the direction of the State Council, has been preparing a draft telecommunications law, which, once adopted, will become the fundamental telecommunications statute and the legal basis for telecommunications regulations in mainland China. In 2000, the State Council promulgated a set of telecommunications regulations that apply in the interim period prior to the adoption of the telecommunications law. In 2020, mainland China also tightened the enforcement of certain telecommunication regulations such as real-name authentication for SIM card users and restrictions on the use of machine-to-machine data SIM cards. Since 2025, regulatory authorities in China has further revised the regulatory requirements applicable to the telecommunications industry, particularly through (i) the “Transparent Application and Secure Use of Telecommunications Services” campaign launched by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in April 2025, which focuses on enhancing service transparency and standardization; and (ii) the Measures for the Administration of National Network Identity Authentication Public Services on promulgated on July 15, 2025, which establishes a unified national authentication framework.

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On May 17, 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced the Mobile Telecommunication Resale Service Pilot Scheme to encourage private investment in the telecommunications industry, which represented the official approval of the MVNO business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Mobile Data Traffic Service.” According to the laws and regulations of mainland China related to MVNO, and our consultation with the local branch of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, we understand that the key character of MVNO is that it purchases mobile telecommunication services from MNOs who own physical network, and then re-organize and resell these services to end-users under their own brands. We believe our business is significantly different from mobile telecommunication resale service in mainland China, for reasons including that (i) we only use our own brands to provide terminals and technology to our users, but not to resale mobile telecommunication services, and we emphasize in our users’ agreement that we only provide mobile data connectivity services, while all the data traffic are produced and provided by MNOs or MVNOs; (ii) we enable end-users to gain access to mobile data traffic without physical SIM cards by our services, but end-users do not gain access to any other mobile telecommunication services, for example, among others, voice services, short messages, through our services; (iii) MVNOs usually provide physical SIM cards with a specific phone number to users, through which users are able to get access to data traffic and voice services. However, our mobile data connectivity services do not contain phone numbers or provide voice services. Based on the foregoing, our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, is of the opinion that the service we provide in mainland China is not mobile telecommunication resale service as described under the laws and regulations of mainland China. Our PRC legal counsel advised us that as the regulations of mainland China related to MVNOs and mobile telecommunication resale service continues to develop, and because our business model shares certain similarities with mobile telecommunication resale service, there is no assurance that our competitors or our users will not report us to the PRC governmental authorities, and there is no assurance that the PRC governmental authorities will hold the same position or interpret applicable laws and regulations in the same manner and the PRC governmental authorities may regard us as an MVNO. We have also entered into cooperation with an MVNO to conduct certain business transactions. There is no assurance that such cooperation will resolve all compliance issues under the developing regulatory regime of mainland China.

As a network service provider in mainland China, we are obligated under applicable laws and regulations to require users to provide their real identity information when signing agreements or confirming the provision of services. As MNOs and MVNOs are required to obtain real identity information of their users when granting network access to mobile phone numbers, we rely on this authentication process and build our authentication method by requiring our users to provide us verification codes we send to their mobile phone numbers when they first register in our Apps. In other words, the users provide the requested information for the real name registration to MNOs and MVNOs directly and not to us. If we fail to request our users to provide real identity information or we provide services for those who fail to provide real identity information, we may be subject to orders, fines, or penalties. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We purchase machine to machine data SIM cards, or M2M Data SIM Cards, to support our service in mainland China. In addition to the usage limitation set forth in the purchase agreements, laws and regulations of mainland China also prescribe other restrictions, and further require MVOs and MVNOs to oversee and regulate the usage of M2M Data SIM Cards, including but not limited to prohibition of reselling M2M Data SIM Cards or using M2M Data SIM Cards for non-industry uses. Regulatory requirements applicable to M2M SIM Cards have been further strengthened in recent years, including the 2024 policy measures issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to advance the development of the Internet of Things, or IoT, which impose more stringent security management requirements on the use of IoT cards (including M2M SIM Cards) and require enhanced oversight of card usage scenarios by MNOs and MVNOs. Since the interpretation and application of regulations and laws related to M2M Data SIM Cards in mainland China remain unclear, and there are uncertainties as to the restriction on the use of M2M Data SIM Cards, including the definition of resale and non-industry uses, our usage of M2M Data SIM Cards may be deemed in violation of regulations. In that case, we could be subject to administrative proceedings, orders, fines, or penalties, our cooperative MNOs and MVNOs may block data traffic or even terminate our cooperation, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to extensive and complex telecommunications regulations in various jurisdictions, and any change in the regulatory environment may materially impact us.

In addition to mainland China, we also operate in many other jurisdictions around the world. In most countries and regions in which we operate, we may be required to comply with various regulatory obligations governing the provision of our products and services, primarily relating to telecommunications regulations. Due to the international reach of our services, it is difficult and costly to evaluate the regulatory environment in a given market and to what extent we are in compliance. Across different jurisdictions, we may be viewed as providing different services, and thus are required to obtain different licenses and permits. In addition, we may face and be subject to governmental investigation and inquiries initiated by the governmental authorities on their own or in response to reports or complaints filed by our competitors and/or our users. Below we list a few examples of regional regulatory frameworks in selected markets where we have entered or plan to enter in the future.

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In Japan, the Telecommunications Business Act generally requires that those who plan to provide telecommunications services be registered as telecommunications business operators. We have completed the registration of, and obtained an MVNO license for, our subsidiary in Japan. Telecommunications business operators in Japan are prohibited from acquiring, using without permission, or leaking private communications (including, but not limited to, the contents of communications, the dates and places of the communications, the names and addresses, telephone numbers and IP addresses). The Telecommunications Business Act also requires a telecommunications business operator to, among other things, provide its service in a fair manner and, in certain emergency situations such as a natural disaster, prioritize important public communications. If, among other things, the acquisition, use without permission or leakage of private communications occurs or is not appropriately prevented in connection with the operation of the telecommunications business, a telecommunications business operator does not satisfy the foregoing requirements, or its business operation is otherwise inappropriate or unreasonable, such telecommunications business operator may be subjected to administrative or criminal sanctions.

In Hong Kong, the Telecommunications Ordinance (Chapter 106 of the Laws of Hong Kong) generally requires, among others, that those who plan to (i) deal in the course of trade or business in apparatus or material for radiocommunications; or (ii) offer in the course of business a telecommunications service, to apply for an appropriate license. Currently, we have a Radio Dealers License (Unrestricted) and are preparing an application to the Communications Authority in Hong Kong for a Services-Based Operator License. However, there is no assurance that due to the expansion and changes to our product and service offerings from time to time, we possess or will possess all required licenses. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Hong Kong—Laws and Regulations Related to Telecommunication Services and Import and Export of Telecommunication Devices.” In the event that the Communications Authority in Hong Kong is of the view that we are required to, but have not obtained, the specific license at the relevant time, we and any responsible directors or other officers may be subject to fines and/or criminal liabilities. After obtaining a specific license from the Communications Authority, we will also be subject to any licensing conditions imposed by the Communications Authority and there is no assurance that this will not require us to change our practices and/or require additional expenditures on resources to ensure compliance.

In January 2021, the Hong Kong Government proposed a Real-name Registration Program for SIM Cards. On 1 September 2021, the Telecommunications (Registration of SIM Cards) Regulation (Chapter 106AI of the Laws of Hong Kong) was enacted and it applies to any form of SIM card, be it physical or non-physical SIM cards, and SIM cards with changeable SIM profiles which may be downloaded over-the-air, or any other technical means which identifies and authenticates a subscriber for access to a telecommunications service provided in Hong Kong by a licensee holding a unified carrier license, Services-Based Operator license or person given a right under a class license created under the Telecommunications Ordinance. It requires that all SIM cards issued by telecommunications operators of Hong Kong to be used for local person-to-person communications shall have real-name registration within a specified period before activation. The Real-name Registration Program is implemented in two phases. Telecommunications operators were required to put in place relevant infrastructure and systems for implementing real-name registration within phase one (i.e. on or before February 28, 2022). Phase two of the Real-name Registration Program began on March 1, 2022, whereby all newly effective SIM service plan services and new pre-paid SIM cards issued from March 1, 2022 onwards will require real-name registration before activation. For pre-paid SIM cards, a licensee shall register no more than 10 SIM cards for any individual user, and 25 SIM cards for any organization user holding a valid business/branch registration certificate under the Business Registration Ordinance, and it shall check and verify specific information provided by the users and keep and store the specified information collected for a specified time. A licensee is responsible for fulfilling the obligations under the Telecommunications (Registration of SIM Cards) Regulation. Certain types of SIM cards are excluded from the registration requirements. In March 2022, we launched our real name registration platform after liaising with Hong Kong Office of the Communications Authority. We comply with the Real-name Registration Program for SIM Cards in Hong Kong. As of the date of this annual report, we have implemented automated verification systems to ensure all uCloudlink 2.0 users are registered according to the Telecommunications Ordinance. In July 2025, the Hong Kong Government submitted proposals to the Legislative Council to amend the Telecommunications (Registration of SIM Cards) Regulation (Chapter 106AI of the Laws of Hong Kong) in response to the continued prevalence of telephone fraud. The proposed amendment would: reduce the maximum number of prepaid SIM cards that may be registered per individual user per telecommunications service provider from 10 to 3; and (ii) introduce three new criminal offences under the Regulation targeting fraudulent registration and misuse of SIM cards. As of the date of this annual report, the proposed amendments have not yet been enacted and remain subject to consideration by the Legislative Council. If and when enacted, these amendments may require us to update our registration systems and processes to reflect the reduced SIM card limit and to ensure compliance with any new criminal offence provisions.

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The overall legal framework of the European Union (EU) was modified by the Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of December 11, 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code (also known as the new European Electronic Communications Code, or EECC), effective on December 20, 2018. The EU member states were required to transpose the requirements of the EECC into national law by December 21, 2020. With effect from December 21, 2020, the EECC repealed four main directives on:(i) a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services; (ii) the authorization of electronic communications networks and services; (iii) access to and interconnection of electronic communications networks and associated facilities; and (iv) universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communications networks and services. With respect to roaming, Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of November 25, 2015 (also known as the Telecoms Single Market package, or TSM), which aims, in particular, to eliminate surcharges for international roaming within the European Union, and Regulation (EU) 2017/920 of May 17, 2017, which lays down the rules for wholesale roaming markets to: (i) impose, in the context of fair usage, the alignment of international roaming retail prices with national prices for intra-European communications (voice, SMS and data) from June 15, 2017; (ii) expand, for users using their cell phones outside the EU, pricing transparency requirements and bill shock prevention measures for European operators; and (iii) grant a regulated right of access to European mobile data connectivity services for MVNOs and resellers, and sets new caps on wholesale markets. We are monitoring the implementation of the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC). Our IoT product lines (including global M2M connectivity) comply with the updated “over-the-air” provisioning and security standards to ensure seamless connectivity across EU member states.

The EU announced the Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems, or the NIS Directive, on July 6, 2016. The NIS Directive directs critical basic service operators and digital service providers in the EU to establish and plan basic capabilities for information exchange, cooperation, and common security requirements to improve the security of the EU internal market. By November 2018, each member state must identify key basic service operators within its territory and establish a list, including energy, transportation, banking, financial market infrastructure, health sector, water supply and distribution, digital infrastructure, etc. Basic service operators under this directive are those that (i) provide services that maintain important social or economic activities; (ii) provide services that rely on the supply of the Internet or information systems; and (iii) provide services that is vulnerable to significant disruption. The scope of application of the NIS Directive also includes digital services, such as digital service providers of online markets, search engines and cloud services. Under the NIS Directive, when planning for information security measures and notification obligations for information security incidents, digital service providers must also take into account factors such as the security of their systems and facilities, incident handling, continuity of business management, monitoring, auditing and testing, and compliance with international standards.

Directive (EU) 2022/2555 on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union, or the NIS 2 Directive, officially came into effect on January 16, 2023. It is in line with the NIS Directive and supplements the scope of supervision, coordination and cooperation among the EU member states and their information security risk management measures. The NIS 2 Directive covers public electronic communication networks or service supply, manufacturing of specific key products (such as drugs and medical equipment), digital services related to social network platforms and data centers, space and public administration, etc., and distinguishes key basic service operators by enterprise size. All medium and large enterprises must comply with the provision of the NIS 2 Directive, and member states can regulate compliance requirements for individual small enterprises with high-security risks. The NIS 2 Directive also simplifies the information security incident reporting process and provides more precise regulations on reporting procedures, content, and schedules to enhance the effectiveness of information sharing among member states. It establishes the European Cyber Crisis Liaison Organization Network (EU-CyCLONe) to support the coordinated management of large-scale information security incident and crises and a database and basic framework for vulnerability disclosure. It also introduces stricter supervision measures and law enforcement requirements to ensure consistency in penalty systems among member states. The NIS 2 Directive has more detailed and specified information security risk management measures, including information security incident reporting and crisis management, vulnerability handling and disclosure, policies and procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of measures, effective use of passwords, etc., and requires companies to address information security risks in the supply chain.

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The EU regulations and proposals, by reducing the price for international roaming, increasing pricing transparency for users, and lowering entry barriers for the provision of mobile data connectivity services, may reduce the demand for and growth potential of our international mobile data connectivity services. With respect to the regulation of communication services, most of the obligations intended to protect end-users are for internet access service and services using public numbering plan resources, independently of the service provider. Other services, such as interpersonal communication services independent of the numbering plan and signal transport services are only subject to a limited number of obligations.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission, Federal Trade Commission, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and other federal, state and local, as well as international, governmental authorities assert jurisdiction over the telecommunications industry. The licensing, construction, operation, sale and interconnection arrangements of wireless telecommunications systems are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission and, depending on the jurisdiction, international, state and local regulatory agencies. In particular, the Federal Communications Commission imposes significant regulation on licensees of wireless spectrum with respect to how radio spectrum is used by licensees, the nature of the services that licensees may offer and how the services may be offered, and resolution of issues of interference between spectrum bands. The Federal Communications Commission grants wireless licenses for terms of generally ten years that are subject to renewal. If a licensee fails to comply with the key terms of its license, including build-out requirements, its license may be subject to revocation. Over the past few years, the Federal Communications Commission and other federal and state agencies have engaged in increased regulatory and enforcement activity as well as investigations of the industry generally. Enforcement activities or investigations could make it more difficult and expensive to provide services like international or local mobile data connectivity service.

In addition to telecommunications regulations of the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. Congress and various executive agencies have enacted or imposed a series of measures aimed at increasing oversight of certain commercial transactions involving Chinese companies or investments by such companies in the United States. Such measures include Executive Order 13873, issued in May 2019, which the Department of Commerce proposed to implement through an interim final rule that broadly empowers that agency (in consultation with other executive agencies) to block or condition any “transaction” involving the “acquisition, importation, transfer, installation, dealing in, or use of any information and communications technology or service” designed, developed, manufactured, or supplied by a Chinese company (i.e. given China’s designation as a “foreign adversary” under Executive Order 13873) that poses “undue risks of sabotage to or subversion of” information and communications technology and services in the United States or that otherwise threatens the resiliency or national security of the United States. An additional Executive Order, issued January 19, 2021, directs the Commerce Department to adopt rules requiring Infrastructure as a Service providers to collect additional information about their customers and new record-keeping requirements, and would allow the Department of Commerce to take actions to address “malicious cyber-enabled activities.” These Executive Orders, together with enhanced powers assigned to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and other actions by the Department of Commerce subjecting certain Chinese companies to export controls regulations, could result in increased scrutiny of transactions involving our business and potential interference with business transactions that we deem to be beneficial.

Overall, the telecommunications law and other new telecommunications regulations or rules in the regions listed above or other regions where we operated or plan to enter may contain provisions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Additional costs or fees imposed by governmental regulation could adversely affect our revenues, future growth, and results of operations. Furthermore, our business activities and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by legislative or regulatory changes, sometimes of an extraterritorial nature, or by changes to government policy, and in particular by decisions taken by regulatory authorities.

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In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.

In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to our (i) lack of sufficient resources regarding financial reporting and accounting personnel in the application of U.S. GAAP and the reporting requirements set forth by the SEC and (ii) lack of comprehensive U.S. GAAP accounting policies and financial reporting procedures. The material weaknesses, if not timely remedied, may lead to significant misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in the future.

We have implemented a series of measures to address the material weaknesses, including that (i) we have been conducting regular U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for accounting and financial reporting personnel; and (ii) Mr. Yimeng Shi, our chief financial officer, has qualified as a licensed Certified Public Accountant in the State of Michigan of the United States. Although the aforementioned remediation measures were implemented, these measures will require validation and testing of the operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles. The previously identified material weaknesses still existed as of December 31, 2025. We plan to continue to implement measures to remedy the identified material weaknesses. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”

However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remediated. Our failure to correct the material weaknesses or our failure to discover and address any other control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

We are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” The management report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm as we are a non-accelerated filer. Had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional deficiencies may have been identified.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may identify other weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of the ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our consolidated financial statements for prior periods.

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The current tensions in international economic relations may negatively affect the cost of our operations, the growth of our business, and the size of our target market.

Recently, there have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, and the global macroeconomic environment still faces numerous challenges. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict, attacks on shipping in the Red Sea, the military conflict between Israel and Iran (including U.S. participation) and the instability in Southeast Asia have heightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Ukraine food exports has contributed to increases in food prices and thus to inflation more generally. Similarly, the Israel-Iran conflict and the disruption to the Strait of Hormuz have contributed to significant volatility in global energy markets. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries which may have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to a wide range of issues including trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The U.S. government has made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to changes in U.S. and international trade policies towards China. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the United States, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters.

We are closely monitoring potential changes in U.S. trade policy and assessing the potential impact of these and other trade policy changes on our business operations and financial performance. For example, during the 2024 U.S. presidential campaign, then-candidate Trump said he would impose tariffs as high as 60 percent on Chinese goods. In February 2025, the U.S. administration imposed a 10 percent duty on Chinese imports, and the tariff rates increased further to 20 percent in March 2025. Authorities in China announced tariffs over select U.S. products and regulatory investigation against U.S. companies in response to the tariff imposed by the U.S. Since cross-border business is an increasingly important area of focus for us, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact the competitive position of our products or prevent us from selling products in certain countries, especially in the U.S. If any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if the U.S. government takes retaliatory trade actions due to ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Likewise, we are monitoring policies in the United States aimed at restricting the export of items and technology subject to U.S. jurisdiction to Chinese companies. The United States and various foreign governments have imposed license requirements and restrictions on the export of technologies and products to China, or voiced the intention to do so. For instance, since 2022, the United States has imposed increasingly strict export control measures relating to exports of semiconductors to China. In October 2023, the Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security promulgated two new rules that expanded export controls to cover a broader array of advanced semiconductors and semiconductor manufacturing equipment. The rules also introduced end-use controls for any company headquartered in China or whose ultimate parent is headquartered in China, and established new licensing requirements for additional countries. Similarly, in January 2025, the Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security released an interim final rule that established licensing requirements for the export of advanced computing integrated circuits that facilitate advanced AI research and development, as well as certain AI model technology. The rule prohibits the export of such items to any company headquartered in China or whose ultimate parent is located in China. These measures also restrict the ability of U.S. persons to provide “support” for semiconductor manufacturing and related activities in China and may seriously affect the ability of Chinese companies to purchase or obtain certain semiconductor manufacturing equipment or advanced chips.

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The United States has also taken efforts to limit U.S. investment in China. On October 28, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule to prohibit U.S. investment in Chinese companies active in developing certain national security technologies, or the Outbound Investment Rule. The Outbound Investment Rule targets investments involving persons and entities associated with “countries of concern,” a designation currently limited to China. In effect since January 2025, the Outbound Investment Rule imposes investment prohibitions and notification requirements on a range of investments in companies engaged in activities relating to three sectors: (i) semiconductors and microelectronics, (ii) quantum technologies, and (iii) artificial intelligence systems. Persons from countries of concern engaged in these activities are defined as “covered foreign persons.” Investments by U.S. persons subject to the Outbound Investment Rule include the acquisition of equity or a contingent equity interest, the provision of certain debt financing, the conversion of contingent equity interest into equity interest, involvement in a greenfield or brownfield investment, entrance into a joint venture, and the acquisition of a limited partner interest in non-U.S. pooled investment fund. On December 18, 2025, the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025, or the COINS Act, was signed into law. The COINS Act will keep the core of the Outbound Investment Rule while expanding its scope and coverage and clearly including underwriting services as an exception and amending certain key definitions such as Covered Foreign Person. The COINS Act will not take effect until the Department of Treasury issues new regulations (subject to notice and comment), which it must do by March 13, 2027, providing Department of Treasury with the opportunity to further amend or expand existing prohibitions and restrictions in accordance with the COINS Act. In the meantime, the existing Outbound Investment Rule will remain in effect. The content of the implementation regulations remain uncertain. Separately, the United States has also restricted U.S. persons from investing in publicly traded securities of Chinese Military-Industrial Complex companies identified by the Treasury Department.

The Outbound Investment Rule and the Chinese Military-Industrial Complex restrictions are aimed at exerting greater U.S. government oversight of U.S. direct and indirect investments involving China, and they may introduce new hurdles and uncertainties for cross-border collaborations, investments, and funding opportunities of China-based companies. Importantly, the Outbound Investment Rule excludes some investments from the scope of covered transactions, including those in publicly traded securities listed on a national stock exchange. U.S. persons’ acquisitions of publicly traded securities, such as our ADSs, will therefore be exempted from the scope of covered transactions under the Outbound Investment Rule. We do not believe we would be defined as “covered foreign person” under the Outbound Investment Rule; however, there is no assurance that the U.S. Department of the Treasury will take the same view as ours. If we are deemed to be a covered foreign person, and therefore subject to the Outbound Investment Rule, our ability to raise capital or contingent equity capital from U.S. investors would be limited and could negatively affect our stock price. As a result, our financial condition, business, results of operations and prospects could also be adversely affected.

On February 21, 2025, the White House released the “America First Investment Policy” memorandum, or the Investment Policy, which outlined several initiatives to restrict investments involving China. While legislative and regulatory actions are required to effect these proposed changes, the Investment Policy may expand enforcement against inbound investment from China to the United States by potentially implementing broader, sector-based restriction on PRC investments in the U.S., expanding CFIUS’ jurisdiction over greenfield investment by Chinese companies, and replacing open-ended mitigation agreements with mitigation agreements prescribing specific timeframes and concrete actions. Additionally, the Investment Policy proposes to create restrictions on U.S. investments in China additional to those already imposed under the Outbound Investment Rule, by potentially expanding industry sectors covered in sectors by existing U.S. outbound investment regulations, supplementing outbound investment restrictions with sanctions, and directing a review to suspend or terminate the 1984 United States-The People’s Republic of China Income Tax Convention. As the Investment Policy and its related legislative and regulatory proposals are still relatively new, it is unclear how these policies, and any future policies concerning investments between the U.S. and China, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by U.S. government authorities. These policies may restrict our ability to implement our investment strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Measures such as these could deter suppliers in the United States and/or other countries that impose export controls and other restrictions from providing technologies and products to, making investments in, or otherwise engaging in transactions with Chinese companies. As a result, Chinese companies may have to identify and secure alterative supplies or sources of financing, which they may not be able to do so in a timely manner and at commercially acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, Chinese companies may have to limit and reduce their research and development and other business activities, or cease conducting transactions, with parties in the United States and other countries that impose export controls or other restrictions. Like other Chinese companies, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as a result.

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The White House released the Trump administration’s National Security Strategy report on December 4, 2025. The report emphasizes an “America First” foreign policy, prioritizes the recruitment of skilled workers, supply chain security, and artificial intelligence security, and reaffirms the commitment to maintaining military superiority over Taiwan to achieve peace and a focus on maintaining the ability to defeat aggression anywhere in the First Island Chain. The geopolitical implications of this “First Island Chain” strategy could be significant for us:

| ● | as the U.S. National Security Strategy intensifies its focus on the First Island Chain, our key overseas markets such as Japan may implement more stringent regulatory scrutiny or restrictive measures on telecommunications and technology services with Chinese affiliations, potentially impeding our B2B partnerships and local carrier collaborations;

| ● | any escalation of “gray-zone” conflicts or normalized military exercises within the First Island Chain could significantly disrupt cross-border travel and business activities, leading to a material reduction in our Daily Active Terminals (DAT) and a substantial decline in data traffic revenues in these critical corridors; and

| ● | sustained geopolitical tensions in the Asia-Pacific region may trigger systemic supply chain disruptions or policy-driven “decoupling”, which could adversely affect our long-term strategic expansion and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The rapid pace and unpredictability of U.S. trade and technology policy changes make it extremely difficult to predict the ultimate trajectory of U.S.-China economic relations. Any adverse change in U.S. trade or technology policy applicable to our business or our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In light of these existing and future measures, we may be required to adjust or relocate certain parts of our operations, which can be costly and time consuming. Similarly, our supply chain may be negatively affected and we have and may continue to seek alternative sources for our supplies, which may lead to higher raw material costs, delays in production and lower production efficiency. In addition, given that certain measures are centered on the information and communications, the global implementation of 5G mobile communication systems could be delayed, which may reduce the pace of growth in need for mobile data connectivity services worldwide. Escalations of tensions and deterioration of trade relations may lead to slower growth in global travels and global economy in general, and potentially negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot provide any assurances or forecasts as to how the current Sino-U.S. economic relations and tensions in other parts of the world may evolve.

If our expansions into new businesses do not achieve the expected results, our future results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

As part of our growth strategy, we enter into new markets, such as mobile data connectivity services for local users, develop new businesses, find new applications for our technologies, such as GlocalMe Life accessories (including PetPhone) and Internet-of-Things modules, which we refer to as IoT modules, and explore new monetization opportunities, such as payment services. Expansions into new businesses may present operating, marketing and compliance challenges that differ from those that we currently encounter. There can be long lead time and various uncertainties associated with the development of new products and services. Our potential lack of familiarity with new products and services and the lack of relevant marketing data relating to these products and services may make it more difficult for us to anticipate user demand and preferences. We may misjudge market demand, and may not be able to effectively control our costs and expenses in rolling out these new products and services. Furthermore, it may take a long time for users to recognize the value of the new products and services and we may need to price our new products or services more aggressively to penetrate new markets and gain market share or remain competitive. One of the strategies we employ to expand is to introduce new and innovative business models. In the markets in which we operate the new business models, the regulators may not be familiar with the business model and new legislations that adapt to the new business model may be lacking, creating uncertainties in the outcome of the regulators determinations or our compliance status. We have historically experienced investigations or inquiries from the regulators regarding our new business models.

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We started to commercially offer products and services for our uCloudlink 2.0 model in 2018, through which we aim to provide mobile data connectivity services for local users across different MNOs or help MNOs improve the service quality to their users, since local mobile data traffic represents a much bigger market than international data roaming. We have expanded the business scope of our local data connectivity service in line with the development of our strategy. During the third quarter of 2025, we completed the initial commercial launch of PetPhone in Hong Kong and across the Middle East. We may not be able to effectively control our costs and expenses in these new business initiatives. We may encounter regulatory issues, bad reception by the market, or difficulties in securing partnerships with smartphone companies. If our new business initiatives do not achieve the level of success we expected, our operating results and growth prospect can be adversely affected.

We generate a substantial portion of our revenues from provision of international mobile data connectivity services. If we fail to diversify our revenue base or increase our market share in the future, our sales growth and operating results may be adversely affected.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we derived 44.3%, 43.1% and 50.5%, respectively, of our total revenues from our international mobile data connectivity services. While we expect to continue to diversify our revenue base, there can be no assurance the new products and services we introduce will be successful. Accordingly, our future success depends upon our ability to enhance and expand our international mobile data connectivity service and maintain or further increase our market share in the international data roaming market, which involves substantial time, costs and risks. Our revenues from international mobile data connectivity services are expected to be affected by travel and consumer spending, because users seek to access the mobile internet while they are on-the-go, and because spending on internet access is often a consumer discretionary spending decision. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global and/or Chinese economy or the recurrence of any financial disruptions could reduce expenditures for travel, which in turn may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, we already occupy considerable market shares in some of our focused geographic markets, leaving less potential for rapid growth in those markets. If we do not achieve the targeted results from enhancing and expanding our international mobile data connectivity service and maintaining or further increasing our market share, for technological or other reasons, our sales growth and operating results may be adversely affected.

Introduction of new business models by third parties may reduce the market for our products and services.

New business models can be introduced in the markets we operate in or their adjacent markets, which can be the result of technology development, industry consolidation, or new players entering the market. For example, many venues offer free mobile Wi-Fi as an incentive or value-added benefit to their users. Free Wi-Fi may reduce retail user demand for our services, and put downward pressure on the prices we charge our retail users. In addition, telecommunications operators may offer free mobile Wi-Fi as part of a home broadband or other service contract, which also may force down the prices we charge our retail users. In addition, some mobile apps work with MNOs to offer free data traffic that can be utilized only by such apps, which may reduce the demand for our mobile data connectivity service. If these new business models are more attractive to users than the business models we currently use, our users may switch to our competitors’ services, and we may lose market share.

Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services, and brand.

Our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, and other intellectual property rights are important assets. However, our existing and future intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to protect our products, technologies or designs and may not prevent others from developing competing products, technologies or designs. We may not have sufficient intellectual property rights in all countries and regions to prevent unauthorized third parties from misappropriating our proprietary technologies, and the scope of our intellectual property might be more limited in certain countries and regions. Furthermore, there is always the possibility, despite our efforts, that the scope of the protection gained will be insufficient or that an issued patent may be deemed invalid or unenforceable. In addition, confidentiality, intellectual property ownership and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect or enforce our intellectual property rights in China.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights. For example, in August 2018, we filed a complaint against SIMO Holdings Inc. and Skyroam Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, claiming infringement of two of our U.S. patents. On August 30, 2021, we entered into a settlement agreement with SIMO Holdings Inc. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, the parties filed joint motions to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California for the dismissal of the patent infringement case. The case was dismissed in September 2021. Other pending litigations in mainland China at that time were also dismissed pursuant to the settlement agreement. Initiating infringement proceedings against third parties can be expensive and time-consuming, and divert management’s attention from other business concerns. In addition, we may not prevail in litigations to enforce our intellectual property rights against unauthorized use.

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We may be subject to intellectual property claims from time to time, which are costly to defend, could result in significant damage awards, disrupt our business operation, and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future.

As we adopt new technologies and roll out new products and services, we face the risk of being subject to intellectual property infringement claims. Dealing with any intellectual property claims, with or without merit, could be time-consuming and expensive, and could divert our management’s attention away from the execution of our business plan. Moreover, any settlement or adverse judgment resulting from such claims may require us to pay substantial amounts of damages or obtain a license to continue to use the intellectual property that is the subject of the claims, for which we will have to pay royalties, or otherwise restrict or prohibit our use of the technologies in certain jurisdictions.

For example, in 2020, Shenzhen Skyroam Technology Co., Ltd. filed invalidation petitions against patents No. 366.4, No. 352.6 and No. 323.5 owned by us in Patent Reexamination Board of National Intellectual Property Administration in mainland China, respectively. The National Intellectual Property Administration issued orders which invalidated patent No. 366.4, patent No. 352.6 and patent No. 323.5 in September 2020, November 2020 and April 2021, respectively. Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and HONG KONG UCLOUDLINK NETWORK TECHNOLOGY LIMITED as patent holders filed lawsuits at the Beijing Intellectual Property Court to challenge the invalidation decisions. With respect to patent No. 352.6, Beijing Intellectual Property Court issued the first instance judgment upholding the invalidation decision in September 2022, and we have appealed to the Supreme People’s Court against the first instance judgment in October 2022. And the Supreme People’s Court made a final judgment on September 26, 2023, upholding the invalidation decision. With respect to patent No. 366.4, we received a judgment from the Beijing Intellectual Property Court on May 11, 2023, to uphold the invalidation decision of the patent. For patent No. 323.5, Beijing Intellectual Property Court made a judgment on June 15, 2023, upholding the invalidation decision. In summary, up to the end of September 2023, all the above cases have been closed and do not involve any issue of compensation for damages.

We reached a global settlement with SIMO Holdings Inc. for the series of cases held in both the United States and mainland China. According to the settlement, we and SIMO Holdings Inc. have applied to withdraw all lawsuits initiated by either party. In light of the aforementioned intellectual property litigation experience, our management has permitted us to use our intellectual property rights in key market areas to proactively send warning letters or file intellectual property infringement lawsuits. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

Further, our internal procedures and licensing practices may not be effective in completely preventing the unauthorized use of copyrighted materials or the infringement of other rights of third parties by us or our officers or employees. Competitors and other third parties may claim that our officers or employees have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their software copyright, confidential information, trade secrets, proprietary technology or other intellectual property rights in the course of their employment with us. We also license and use software or technologies from third parties in our applications and platform. These third-party software or technology licenses may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms or at all, and may expose us to liability. Any such liability, or our inability to use any of these third-party software or technologies, could result in disruptions to our business that could materially and adversely affect our operating and financial results.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, penalties, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business.

Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting large volume of data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platforms, including:

| ● | protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior or improper use by our employees;

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| ● | addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and

| ● | complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to these data.

Many jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union and mainland China, continue to consider the need for greater regulation or reform to the existing regulatory frameworks for data privacy and data protection. If any data that we possess belongs to data categories that are subject to heightened scrutiny, we may be required to adopt stricter measures for protection and management of such data. In the United States, all 50 states have now passed laws to regulate the actions that a business must take in the event of a data breach, such as prompt disclosure and notification to affected users and regulatory authorities. In addition to the data breach notification laws, some states have also enacted statutes and rules governing the ways in which businesses may collect, use, and retain personal information, granting data privacy rights to certain individuals, or requiring businesses to reasonably protect certain types of personal information they hold or otherwise comply with certain specified data security requirements for personal information. One such example is the California Consumer Privacy Act, which came into effect in 2020. The U.S. federal and state governments will likely continue to consider the need for greater regulation aimed at restricting certain uses of personal data, including for the purposes of targeted advertising. In the European Union, or the EU, the General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, which came into effect in 2018, increased our burden of regulatory compliance and required us to change certain of our data privacy and security practices in order to achieve compliance. The GDPR implements stringent operational requirements for processors and controllers of personal data, including, for example, requiring expanded disclosures about how personal information is to be used, limitations on retention of information, mandatory data breach notification requirements, and higher standards for data controllers to demonstrate that they have obtained either valid consent or have another legal basis in place to justify their data processing activities. The GDPR provides that EU member states may make their own additional laws and regulations in relation to certain data processing activities, which could further limit our ability to use and share personal data and could require localized changes to our operating model. Recent legal developments in the EU have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal information from the EU to “third countries,” especially the United States. For example, in 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework (a mechanism for the transfer of personal information from the EU to the US) and made clear that reliance on standard contractual clauses (another such mechanism) alone may not be sufficient in all circumstances. In addition, after the United Kingdom, or UK, left the EU, the UK enacted the UK GDPR, which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act 2018, retains the GDPR in UK national law. The UK’s departure from the EU has also created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers between the UK and the EU. Under both the GDPR and UK GDPR, fines of up to €20 million (£17.5 million) or up to 4% of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year, whichever is higher, may be assessed for non-compliance, which significantly increases our potential financial exposure if we fail to comply with all requirements under such laws.

In mainland China, governmental authorities have enacted a series of laws and regulations to enhance the protection of privacy and data. The regulatory and enforcement regime in mainland China with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different regulatory bodies of mainland China, including the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. The PRC Cybersecurity Law and regulations require network operators, which may include us, to ensure the security and stability of the services provided via network and protect individual privacy and the security of personal data in general by requiring the consent of internet users prior to the collection, use or disclosure of their personal data. Under the Cybersecurity Law, the owners and administrators of networks and network service providers have various personal information security protection obligations, including restrictions on the collection and use of personal information of users, and they are required to take steps to prevent personal data from being divulged, stolen, or tampered with. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Personal Information Protection.”

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Pursuant to the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, critical information infrastructure operators that purchase network products and services and data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to the cybersecurity review. Pursuant to the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration, data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant cyberspace administration of the PRC. In addition, on October 28, 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress adopted the revised Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China (originally adopted on November 7, 2016), which further enhances cybersecurity protection, expands the scope of regulatory oversight, and imposes significantly stricter penalties for non-compliance, including substantially higher fines and additional sanctions such as suspension of businesses, shutdown of applications, and revocation of licenses. However, there remain uncertainties regarding the further interpretation and implementation of those laws and regulations. For example, the scope of “core data” and “important data,” two important concepts in the PRC Data Security Law, has not been fully clarified. While the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration has explicitly defined “important data” as data in specific fields, groups, or regions, or data that has reached a certain level of accuracy and scale, which may directly endanger national security, economic operations, social stability, public health, and safety if tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally obtained or used, the specific industry and regional catalogs for “important data” and “core data” are still being formulated and are being rolled out from time to time; the identification standards for such data are also subject to continual refinement. In early July 2021, regulatory authorities in mainland China launched cybersecurity investigations with regard to several mainland China-based companies that are listed in the United States. The regulatory authorities in mainland China continue to monitor the websites and apps in relation to the protection of personal data, privacy and information security, and may impose additional requirements from time to time. The regulatory authorities also publicize, from time to time, their monitoring results and require enterprises listed in such notices to rectify non-compliance. If any of our mobile apps is found not in compliance with these regulations, we could be subject to penalties, including revocation of our business licenses and permits. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation rules have been issued by any authority and we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure refers to any important network facilities or information systems of an important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, transport, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and other industries and sectors that may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, administration departments of each critical industry and sector are responsible for formulating eligibility criteria and determining the critical information infrastructure in the respective industry or sector. The operators will be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or interpretation has been issued and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any governmental authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of critical information infrastructure operators under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC governmental authorities may have discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the laws and regulations of mainland China.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection, which took effect on November 1, 2021. Our mobile apps and websites only collect basic user personal information that is necessary to provide the corresponding services. We do not collect any sensitive personal information or other excessive personal information that is not related to the corresponding services. We update our privacy policies from time to time to meet the latest regulatory requirements of Cyberspace Administration of mainland China and other authorities and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure cybersecurity in a systematic way. Nonetheless, the Personal Information Protection Law raises the protection requirements for processing personal information, and many specific requirements of the Personal Information Protection Law remain to be clarified by the Cyberspace Administration of mainland China, other regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations.

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Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, we cannot assure you that we will be compliant with such new laws, regulations and obligations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify and terminate any actions that are deemed non-compliant by the regulatory authorities and become subject to fines and other sanctions. In general, we expect that data security and data protection compliance will receive greater attention and focus from regulators, both domestically and globally, as well as attract continued or greater public scrutiny and attention going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and website, taken down of our operating applications, revocation of required licenses and other penalties, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition to the above, many jurisdictions including, for example, Indonesia, have adopted or are adopting new data privacy and data protection laws that may impose further onerous compliance requirements, such as data localization, which prohibits companies from storing data relating to resident individuals in data centers outside the jurisdiction. The proliferation of such laws within jurisdictions and countries in which we operate may result in conflicting and contradictory requirements.

In order for us to maintain or achieve compliance with applicable laws as they come into effect, it may require substantial expenditures of resources to continually evaluate our policies and processes and adapt to new requirements that are or become applicable to us. Complying with any additional or new regulatory requirements on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis may impose significant burdens and costs on our operations or require us to alter our business practices. While we strive to protect our users’ privacy and data security and to comply with data protection laws and regulations applicable to us, however, we cannot assure that our existing user information protection system and technical measures will be considered sufficient under all applicable laws and regulations in all respects. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable data privacy laws and regulations, including in relation to the collection of necessary end-user consents and providing end-users with sufficient information with respect to our use of their personal data, may result in fines and penalties imposed by regulators, governmental enforcement actions (including enforcement orders requiring us to cease collecting or processing data in a certain way), litigation and/or adverse publicity. Proceedings against us—regulatory, civil or otherwise—could force us to spend money and devote resources in the defense or settlement of, and remediation related to, such proceedings. Our international business expansion could be adversely affected if the existing or future laws and regulations are interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent with our current business practices or requires changes to these practices. If these laws and regulations materially limit our ability to collect, transfer, and use user data, our ability to continue our current operations without modification, develop new services or features of the products and expand our user base may be impaired, and our operation and financial results could be negatively affected.

We face risks relating to our business partnerships and strategic alliances.

We have entered into and may in the future enter into cooperation and alliances with various third parties to further our business purpose from time to time. Our data connectivity business and its further expansion depends on the distribution channels we work with. We operate portable Wi-Fi services through multiple channels, including multiple Roamingman e-commerce platforms, online travel agencies, airlines and other travel related companies, sells portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe Life products and SIM products on online e-commerce platforms, airport-based technology retailer, as well as on in-flight magazines with support from airlines. Our uCloudlink 2.0 model aims to provide mobile data connectivity services to local users across different MNOs in a single country, the success of which depends on our GlocalMe Inside implementation for smartphones and other smart hardware devices. In some jurisdictions, we are required to obtain additional telecommunication licenses and permits. To meet these requirements, we either form joint ventures with local business partners who possess such licenses and permits or apply for the required licenses and permits ourselves. Our success in markets where we rely on our local partners to comply with the licensing requirements is therefore contingent on maintaining effective relationships with these partners. The deterioration of our relationship with our partners could impair our ability to secure or maintain necessary authorizations, potentially resulting in a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Our partnerships could also subject us to a number of other risks, including risks associated with the misuse of proprietary information, failure to obtain or maintain the requisite certificates or licenses, non-performance by our partners and increased expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of our business partners and any reputational damage, regulatory action, or negative publicity affecting a partner could materially and adversely impact our own business, financial condition, and reputation by association.

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If the PRC government finds that the conduct of our value-added telecommunications business does not comply with the terms of our licenses and approvals or applicable PRC laws and regulations, or if these regulations or the interpretation of these regulations change in the future, we could be subject to penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign ownership of telecommunication businesses is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. For example, foreign investors are generally not allowed to own more than 50% of the equity interests in a commercial internet content provider or other value-added telecommunication service provider (other than operating e-commerce) and the major foreign investor in a value-added telecommunication service provider in China must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment promulgated in 2007, as amended, the Catalog of Industries for Encouraged Foreign Investment (2022 Edition), the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access of Foreign Investment (2024 Version), or the 2024 Negative List, and other applicable laws and regulations.

Restrictions on foreign investment in telecommunication business have recently shown signs of relaxation. The Notice on the Pilot Program of Expanding the Opening-up in Value-added Telecommunications Services promulgated on April 8, 2024 removes foreign equity ratio restrictions for specific value-added telecommunications services in the approved pilot areas, including the Comprehensive Demonstration Zone for Expanding Opening-up in the Services Sector in Beijing, the Lingang Special Area of China (Shanghai) Free Trade Zone for Leading Socialist Modernization, the Hainan Free Trade Port, and the Pilot Demonstration Area of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in Shenzhen. The liberalized sectors cover Internet data centers (IDC), content distribution networks (CDN), Internet access services (ISP), online data processing and transaction processing, information release platforms and delivery services (excluding Internet news information, online publishing, online audio-visual services, and Internet-based cultural businesses) within information services, and information protection and processing services.

We have received the pilot operation approval for telecommunications business issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on February 26, 2025. However, it is uncertain whether any new PRC laws, rules or regulations relating to foreign investment in value-added telecommunications will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. Since the Notice on the Pilot Program of Expanding the Opening-up in Value-added Telecommunications Services is new, there are substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its implementation and interpretation and it is also possible that our pilot operation approval for telecommunications business may be subject to restrictions in the future. Such restrictions may cause interruptions to our operations, products and services and may incur additional compliance cost, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any of these events could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our efforts to attract and retain users do not achieve the expected results, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on introducing new products and services and upgrading existing ones to attract and retain users. In order to attract and retain users and compete against our competitors, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development to enhance our technologies, improve our existing products and services, and introduce additional high-quality products and services, local data traffic service and GlocalMe Inside service. Despite testing prior to the release and throughout the lifecycle, our products and services sometimes contain coding or manufacturing errors, and result in other negative consequences. The detection and correction of any errors in released products and services can be time consuming and costly, causing delay in the development or release of new products or services or new versions of products or services, and adverse impact on market acceptance of our products or services. Furthermore, we may incur significant sales and marketing expenses in promoting our brand and new products and services in order to attract and retain our users. If we are unable to anticipate user preferences or industry changes, or if we are unable to enhance the quality of our products and services on a timely basis, we may suffer a decline in the size of our user base. Our results of operations may also suffer if our innovations do not respond to the needs of our users, are not appropriately timed with market opportunities or are not effectively brought to market.

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We face risks related to natural disasters, terrorist acts or acts of war, social unrest, health epidemics or other public safety concerns or hostile events, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, terrorist acts or acts of war, social unrest, health epidemics or other public safety concerns or hostile events. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system or technology platform failures, or internet failures, which would adversely affect our ability to operate our platform and provide our services. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any such event affects the economic condition in general and the travel industry in particular. For example, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused a severe decline in the level of business and leisure travel around the globe and the demand for our international data connectivity services was significantly reduced. Such decline also caused a decrease in revenues from sales of terminals and provision of PaaS and SaaS services to our business partners. Our business was adversely affected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 through 2023, and could be adversely affected by the outbreak of Ebola virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS, or other epidemics or pandemics in the future.

Since we are headquartered in Hong Kong and some of our assets and operations are located there, if any significant negative developments to the political, economic or social environment were to occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Interruption or failure of our own technology systems or those provided by third-party service providers we rely upon could impair our ability to provide products and services, which could damage our reputation and harm our results of operations.

Our ability to provide products and services depends on the continuing operation of our technology systems or those provided by third-party service providers, such as cloud service providers. Any damage to or failure of such systems could interrupt our services. Service interruptions could reduce our revenue and profit and damage our brand if our systems are perceived to be unreliable. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption as a result of terrorist attacks, wars, earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, undetected errors or “bugs” in our software, malware, computer viruses, interruptions in access to our platform through the use of “denial of service” or similar attacks, hacking or other attempts to harm our systems, and similar events. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning does not account for all possible scenarios. If we cannot continue to retain third-party services on acceptable terms, our services may be interrupted. If we experience frequent or persistent system failures on our platform, whether due to interruptions and failures of our own technology and or those provided by third-party service providers that we rely upon, our reputation and brand could be severely harmed.

We are in the process of developing and optimizing our billing system, which will place a key role in our existing and planned business initiatives. We will make the billing process more automatic so that it is in line with the global expansion of our business. Any error in the billing system could disrupt our operations and impact our ability to provide or bill for our services, retain customers, attract new customers, or negatively impact overall customer experience. Any occurrence of the foregoing could cause material adverse effects on our operations and financial condition, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and reputational damage.

We may need additional capital, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the next 12 months. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any changes in our pricing policy, marketing initiatives or investments we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to obtain a credit facility or sell additional equity or debt securities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution of our existing shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain financing when needed will depend on a variety of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, market conditions, the availability of credit, interest rates, investor confidence, and the performance of the broader economy. It is uncertain whether financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, we may be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate certain business activities, investments, or strategic initiatives, or we may be unable to respond to competitive pressures or pursue attractive business opportunities, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

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We face competition from other players in the international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry and their adjacent industries, including MNOs, MVNOs, and other mobile data connectivity service providers.

The international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry are competitive, and competition for users is increasing. While we create unique values to and collaborate with MNOs and MVNOs, who are important participants on our mobile data traffic sharing marketplace, we also face competition from them. As a result, their interests may be different from, or adverse to, ours. These and other competitors have developed or may develop technologies that compete directly with our solutions.

Some of the MNOs and MVNOs we compete with are substantially larger than we are and have substantially longer operating histories. We may not be able to fund or invest in certain areas of our business to the same degree as these competitors. Many have substantially greater product development and marketing budgets and other financial and personnel resources than we do. Some also have greater name and brand recognition and a larger base of subscribers or users than we have. In addition, our competitors may provide services that we generally do not, such as cellular, local exchange and long-distance services, voicemail and digital subscriber lines. Users that desire these services may choose to also obtain mobile wireless connectivity services from a competitor that provides these additional services rather than from us. Furthermore, our competitors, particularly the MNOs and MVNOs can leverage a variety of competition strategies that may affect our business, such as raising claimed non-compliance to regulatory bodies, initiating legal or administrative proceedings against us for contractual, competition, antitrust, or other causes of actions, or even lobbying for legislations that may have a disproportionate impact on us.

In addition, as our business model matures and technology direction becomes proven, players along the value chain of our services may expand into our territory, further intensifying the competition. Competition could increase our selling and marketing expenses and related user acquisition costs. We may not have the financial resources, technical expertise or marketing and support capabilities to continue to compete successfully. A failure to respond to established and new competitors may adversely impact our business and operating results.

We may also face pressure to reduce prices for our products and services. As competition in the international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry has increased, MNOs have lowered prices or increased the data traffic available under plans to attract or retain users, either through individual initiatives or joint actions among MNOs. To remain competitive, we may be compelled to reduce the prices for our mobile data connectivity services, which may in turn adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

We may also be harmed by negative publicity instigated by our competitors, regardless of its validity. We have encountered and may in the future continue to encounter disputes with our competitors, including lawsuits involving claims asserted under intellectual property laws, trade secret misappropriation and defamation, which may adversely affect our business and reputation. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Failure to compete with current and potential competitors could materially harm our business, financial condition and our results of operations.

We may not be able to obtain licenses to use third-party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Certain of products and services we offer incorporate third-party intellectual property, which requires licenses from those third parties. Based on past experience and industry practice, we believe such licenses generally can be obtained on reasonable terms. However, there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, that we would be able to develop alternative technology on a timely basis, if at all, or that we would be able to obtain a license to use a suitable alternative technology to permit us to continue offering, and our users to continue using, our affected products and services. Failure to obtain the right to use third-party intellectual property, or to use such intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms, could preclude us from selling certain products or services, or otherwise have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.

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The international nature of our business exposes us to certain business risks that could limit the effectiveness of our growth strategy and cause our results of operations to suffer.

Global expansion is an element of our growth strategy. Introducing and marketing our services internationally, developing direct and indirect international sales and support channels and managing global operations require significant management attention and financial resources. We face a number of risks associated with expanding our business internationally that could negatively impact our results of operations, including:

| ● | compliance with foreign laws, including more stringent laws in foreign jurisdictions relating to the privacy and protection of third-party data;

| ● | regulatory requirements governing the provision of communication services in foreign jurisdictions;

| ● | competition from companies with international operations, including large international competitors and entrenched local companies;

| ● | to the extent we choose to make acquisitions to enable our international expansion efforts, the identification of suitable acquisition targets in the markets into which we want to expand;

| ● | difficulties in protecting intellectual property rights in international jurisdictions;

| ● | political and economic instability in some overseas markets;

| ● | difficulties in recruiting, integrating and managing local employees in overseas operations with different cultural backgrounds;

| ● | currency fluctuations and exchange rates;

| ● | tariffs, quotas, customs, import or export restrictions and other trade barriers, trade sanctions or anti-dumping measures; and

| ● | potentially adverse tax consequences or an inability to realize tax benefits.

We may not succeed in our efforts to expand our international presence as a result of the factors described above or other factors that may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

We have expanded our uCloudlink 2.0 business since 2020. Since governments in certain countries and regions have strengthened the enforcement of regulation over use of M2M cards and real-name registration for SIM card users, the development of our 2.0 business may slow down to some extent.

In addition, our international operations are subject to different customs and import/export rules and regulations. These rules and regulations are complex, vary by country, product and quantity, and require costly resources to maintain compliance. Customs and tax authorities in relevant jurisdictions may challenge our interpretation of applicable customs and import/export rules relating to product imports and exports under their respective customs and import/export laws and treaties. Based on business needs, we regularly purchase and import certain products and parts, such as integrated circuits, from overseas into mainland China. Therefore, any failure of us to comply with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China on customs and export/import may result in fines, penalties or even criminal liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, if we fail to accurately declare the value of imported goods due to misclassification, undervaluation or incorrect application of preferential trade agreements, we may be required by the customs authority to fully settle the underpaid duties and pay late payment fees or additional penalties.

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We are subject to inventory risks.

For our hardware terminals, such as GlocalMe Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe Life accessories, and PetPhone, we must forecast inventory needs and place orders with our contract manufacturers and component suppliers based on our estimates of future demand for particular products. We may be unable to meet customer or distributor demand for our products or may be required to incur higher costs to secure the necessary production capacity and components. We could also overestimate future demand for our products and risk carrying excess product and component inventory, in which case our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

We are subject to risks related to data demand projection.

To ensure adequate supply of data traffic for our users, we must forecast the demand. While our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform and our SIM card allocation algorithm significantly increase the efficiency and utilization rate of SIM cards, our ability to accurately forecast demand for our services could be affected by many factors, including specific events at a location, sales promotions by us or our distribution partners, and unanticipated changes in general market and economic conditions, among others. If we fail to accurately forecast user demand, we may experience shortage of network coverage or data traffic, limiting or interrupting the service to our users, and our users will lose confidence in our services. As market competition for products or services similar to ours intensifies, it could become more difficult to forecast demand.

Developments in alternative connectivity services, improvements in the existing networks or services, or advances in existing or alternative technologies may encroach on our market share, or make our technologies obsolete, thereby materially and adversely affecting the demand for our products and services.

Developments in alternative connectivity services, improvements in the existing networks or services, or advances in existing or alternative technologies, such Low-Earth-Orbit satellite-based communication technologies, or successful combinations of those may encroach our market share and materially and adversely affect our business and prospects in ways we do not currently anticipate. For example, improvements in the existing networks or services of MNOs that result in more flexible offerings at lower prices of both international mobile data connectivity service and local mobile data connectivity service could undermine the competitiveness of our products and services, resulting in decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors or providers of alternative services.

We may acquire companies or make investments in, or enter into licensing or cooperation arrangements with, other companies with technologies that are complementary to our business, or enter into joint ventures in the future. These acquisitions, arrangements or joint venture investments could have negative impacts on our business or cause us to require additional financing.

We may acquire companies, assets or the rights to technologies in the future in order to develop new services or enhance existing services, to enhance our operating infrastructure, to fund expansion, to respond to competitive pressures or to acquire complementary businesses. Entering into these types of arrangements entails many risks, any of which could materially harm our business, including:

| ● | diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns;

| ● | omission or failure of our due diligence processes to identify significant issues with the acquired assets or company;

| ● | failure to effectively integrate the acquired technology or company into our business;

| ● | incurring of significant acquisition costs;

| ● | loss of key employees from either our current business or the acquired business; and

| ● | assumption of significant liabilities of the acquired company.

Any of the foregoing or other factors could harm our ability to achieve anticipated levels of profitability from acquired businesses or to realize other anticipated benefits of acquisitions. We may not be able to identify additional appropriate acquisition targets or consummate any future acquisitions on favorable terms, or at all. If we do effect an acquisition, it is possible that the financial markets or investors will view the acquisition negatively. We may encounter difficulties in securing necessary financing on terms that would be acceptable to us and may not be able to close the proposed acquisition. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition or investment, such acquisition or investment may prove not to sufficiently advance our business strategy or provide the anticipated benefits, may cause us to incur unanticipated costs or liabilities, may result in write-offs of impaired assets, and may fall short of expected return on investment targets, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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In addition, we have and may continue to enter into joint ventures in the future. Such joint venture investments may involve risks not otherwise present in a branch or subsidiary, including, without limitation: (i) the risk that our joint venture partner might become bankrupt, insolvent or otherwise unable to meet its obligations; (ii) the risk that our joint venture partner may have inconsistent interests or goals with us or take actions contrary to the agreed terms or arrangements; (iii) the risk that we may incur liabilities or be subject to litigation or arbitration; and (iv) the risk that we may not be able to sell our interest in a joint venture when we desire to exit the joint venture, or at an attractive price. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks with respect to a joint venture could have an adverse effect on the financial performance of such joint venture, which could in turn have an adverse effect on our financial performance and the value of an investment in our company.

We are subject to risks and uncertainties faced by companies in rapidly evolving industries.

We operate in the rapidly evolving international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry, which makes it difficult to predict our future results of operations. Accordingly, you should consider our future prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties experienced by companies in evolving industries. Some of these risks and uncertainties relate to our ability to:

| ● | maintain our market share;

| ● | successfully expand into new businesses and explore additional monetization opportunities, such as mobile data connectivity services for local users such as GlocalMe Inside;

| ● | offer attractive, useful and innovative products and services to attract and retain a larger user base;

| ● | upgrade our technology to support increased traffic and expanded product and service offerings;

| ● | further enhance our brand;

| ● | respond to competitive market conditions;

| ● | respond to evolving user preferences or industry changes;

| ● | respond to changes in the regulatory environment and manage legal risks, including those associated with intellectual property rights;

| ● | maintain effective control of our costs and expenses;

| ● | execute our strategic investments and acquisitions and post-acquisition integrations effectively; and

| ● | build profitable operations in new markets we have entered into.

If we are unsuccessful in addressing any of these risks and uncertainties, or if the international mobile data connectivity service industry or local mobile data connectivity service industry do not grow as quickly as expected, our results of operation and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

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We have recognized a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense in the past and will incur additional share-based compensation expense in the future, which will have an impact on our results of operations.

In July 2019, our shareholders and board of directors adopted the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme and the Amended and Restated 2019 Share Incentive Plan, which we refer to as the 2018 Plan and 2019 Plan, respectively, in this annual report, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2018 Plan is 40,147,720 shares. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2019 Plan is initially 23,532,640 shares, which will be increased by a number equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, if determined and approved by the board of directors for the relevant fiscal year. As of February 28, 2025, the maximum number of issuable shares under the 2019 Plan was 36,656,858. As of February 28, 2026, 16,729,060 share options had been granted and outstanding under the 2018 Plan, 140,000 share options and 8,251,340 restricted share units had been granted and outstanding under the 2019 Plan. The vesting of the share options granted by us was conditional upon completion of our initial public offering, and upon the completion of such offering in 2020, we began to recognize a substantial amount of share-based compensation expense. We recognized share-based compensation expenses of US$3.3 million in 2023, US$1.2 million in 2024 and US$1.0 million in 2025. Moreover, with additional share options or other equity incentives granted to our employees or directors in the future, we will incur additional share-based compensation expense and our results of operations will be further adversely affected. For further information on our equity incentive plans and information on our recognition of related expenses, please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme” and “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Amended and Restated 2019 Share Incentive Plan.”

We are subject to taxation-related risks in multiple jurisdictions.

The tax laws applicable to our business activities are subject to change and uncertain interpretation. Our tax position could be adversely impacted by changes in tax rates, tax laws, tax practice, tax treaties or tax regulations or changes in the interpretation thereof by the tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we do business.

Moreover, we conduct operations through our subsidiaries in various tax jurisdictions pursuant to transfer pricing arrangements between us and our subsidiaries. While we believe that we operate in compliance with applicable transfer pricing laws and intend to continue to do so, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on applicable tax authorities. If tax authorities in any jurisdiction in which we operate were to successfully challenge our transfer prices as not reflecting arms’ length transactions, they could require us to adjust our transfer prices and thereby reallocate our income to reflect these revised transfer prices, which could result in a higher tax liability to us. Furthermore, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. Such circumstances could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

We operate in multiple markets, which exposes us to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates as we report our financials and key operational metrics in U.S. dollars. We earn revenue denominated in local currencies of our markets in mainland China, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, North America, Southeast Asia and Europe, among other currencies, while some of our costs and expenses are paid in other currencies. We do not rely on any single currency as we earn revenue in different local currencies across our markets and keep a significant cash position in U.S. dollars. However, fluctuations in the exchange rates among the various currencies that we use could cause fluctuations in our operational and financial results. Our expenses may become higher and our revenue and operating metrics may become lower than would be the case if exchange rates were stable or if we were operating and reporting in one currency. Movements in foreign currency exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, which may cause our financial and operational metrics reported in U.S. dollars to be not fully representative of our underlying business performance. A significant amount of our revenue and some of our operating metrics are denominated in certain local currencies that have been subject to significant volatility in the past. Because fluctuations in the value of these local currencies are not necessarily correlated, our results of operations in any period may be adversely affected by such volatility. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

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We may enter into foreign exchange derivatives transactions and incur relevant costs from time to time to manage our exposure to exchange rate risk. Such derivatives transactions while intended to be non-speculative, are designed to protect us against increases or decreases in exchange rates, but not both. If we have entered into derivatives transactions to protect against, for example, decreases in the value of a local currency and such local currency instead increases in value, we may incur financial losses. Such losses could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our business operations are conducted in mainland China. The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by mainland China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. In addition, significant fluctuation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by mainland China’s exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

We would be harmed by data loss or other security breaches.

Our business involves the receipt, storage, and transmission of sensitive information of our users, customers and employees, including personal information and other confidential information about or held by our company. We have also outsourced elements of our operations to third parties, and as a result we manage a number of third-party contractors who have access to our confidential information, including third party vendors of IT and data security systems and services. While we have agreements requiring such vendors to use best practices for data security, we have no operational control over them. Despite the implementation of security measures, unauthorized access to confidential information may be difficult for us or our third-party vendors to anticipate, detect, or prevent, particularly given that the methods of unauthorized access constantly change and evolve. We are subject to the threat of unauthorized access or disclosure of confidential information by state-sponsored parties, malicious actors, third parties or employees, errors or breaches by third-party suppliers, or other security incidents that could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of confidential information. Cyber-attacks, such as denial of service and other malicious attacks, could disrupt our internal systems and applications, impair our ability to provide services to our users, and have other adverse effects on our business and that of others who depend on our services. Mobile networks are considered a critical infrastructure provider and therefore may be more likely to be the target of such attacks. Such attacks against companies may be perpetrated by a variety of groups or persons, including those in jurisdictions where law enforcement measures to address such attacks are ineffective or unavailable, and such attacks may even be perpetrated by or at the behest of foreign governments.

Our procedures and safeguards to prevent unauthorized access to confidential information and to defend against attacks seeking to disrupt our services must be continually evaluated and revised to address the ever-evolving threat landscape. We cannot make assurances that all preventive actions taken will adequately repel a significant attack or prevent information security breaches or the misuses of data, unauthorized access by third parties or employees, or exploits against third-party supplier environments. If we or our third-party suppliers are subject to such attacks or security breaches, we may incur significant costs or other material financial impact, which may not be covered by, or may exceed the coverage limits of, our cyber insurance, be subject to regulatory investigations, sanctions and private litigation, experience disruptions to our operations or suffer damage to our reputation. Any future cyber-attacks, data breaches, or security incidents may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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Our products and services may experience quality problems from time to time, which could result in decreased sales, adversely affect our results of operations and harm our reputation.

Our products and services could contain design and manufacturing defects in their materials, hardware, and firmware. Defects may also occur in components and materials that we purchase from third-party suppliers, such as batteries. These defects could include defective materials or components, or “bugs,” that can unexpectedly interfere with the products’ intended operations. Although we extensively test new and enhanced products and services before their release, there can be no assurance we will be able to detect, prevent, or fix all defects. Failure to do so could result in loss of revenue, significant warranty and other expenses and harm to our reputation.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of our products or systems could result in a material adverse effect on our business.

We have designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology networks, our products and systems. However, hackers or even our own employees may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, products and systems to gain control of, or to change, our products’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, exploit our services for free and possibly for illegal use. Any unauthorized access to or control of our products or systems could result in legal claims, proceedings or investigations that cause interruptions of our operations, and damage to our reputation. In addition, we can be held liable for the illegal activities conducted through such unauthorized control or manipulation of our products and systems.

Our use of open-source software could negatively affect our ability to offer our products and services and subject us to possible litigation.

A portion of the technologies we use incorporates open-source software, and we may incorporate open-source software in the future. Such open-source software is generally licensed by its authors or other third parties under open-source licenses. These licenses may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions, including requirements that we offer our products and services that incorporate the open-source software for no cost, that we make publicly available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating, or using the open-source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open-source license.

Additionally, if a third-party software provider has incorporated open-source software into software that we license from such provider, we could be required to disclose or provide at no cost any of our source code that incorporates or is a modification of such licensed software. If an author or any third party that distributes open-source software that we use or license were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the applicable license, we may need to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages and enjoined from the sale of our products and services that contained the open-source software. Any of the foregoing could disrupt the distribution and sale of our products and services and harm our business.

If we are unable to take advantage of technological developments on a timely basis, we may experience a decline in demand for our products and services or face challenges in implementing or evolving our business strategy.

Our future success depends on our ability to respond to rapidly changing technologies, adapt our products and services to evolving industry standards and improve the performance and reliability of our products and services. Significant technological changes continue to impact the international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry. In general, these technological changes may enable certain companies to offer services that compete with ours. In order to grow and remain competitive with new and evolving technologies, we will need to adapt to future changes in technology. Adopting new and sophisticated technologies may result in implementation issues such as system instabilities, unexpected or increased costs, technological constraints, regulatory permitting issues, user dissatisfaction, and other issues that could cause delays in launching new technological capabilities, which in turn could result in significant costs or reduce the anticipated benefits of the upgrades. In general, the development of new services in the international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry will require us to anticipate and respond to the continually changing demands of our users, which we may not be able to do accurately or timely. If we fail to keep up with rapid technological changes to remain competitive, or consequently fail to retain users with products and services of exceptional quality, our future success may be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our senior executives and other key personnel, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our success depends heavily upon the continuing services of our management team. If one or more of our executives or other key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions for various reasons such as legal actions and negative publicity, and we are not able to find their successors in a timely manner, our business may be disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. Competition for management and key personnel is intense, the pool of qualified candidates is limited, and we may not be able to retain the services of our executives or key personnel, or attract and retain experienced executives or key personnel in the future.

If any of our executives or other key personnel joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may not be able to successfully retain users, distributors, know-how and key personnel. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement with us, containing confidentiality and non-competition provisions. If any disputes arise between any of our executives or key personnel and us, we cannot assure you of the extent to which any of these agreements may be enforced.

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We rely on highly skilled personnel. If we are unable to retain or motivate them or hire additional qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our performance and future success depend on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. We will need to continue to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization and business operations. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees. As we expand internationally, we also face the difficulties in recruiting and managing overseas employees, such as cultural differences, language barriers, and different regulatory requirement. As competition in the international mobile data connectivity service industry and local mobile data connectivity service industry intensifies, it may be more difficult for us to hire, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel. If we do not succeed in attracting additional highly skilled personnel or retaining or motivating our existing personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively.

If our employees commit fraud or other misconduct, including non-compliance with regulatory standards, our business may experience serious adverse consequences.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Certain laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, user incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the provision of services, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Furthermore, employee misconduct could subject us to financial losses and regulatory sanctions and could seriously harm our reputation and negatively affect our business. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which we conduct activities, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, and other anti-corruption laws and regulations. Non-compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering or financial and economic sanctions laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. In addition, changes in economic sanctions laws in the future could adversely impact our business and investments in the ADSs.

We cooperate with our contract manufacturers to manufacture our products. If we encounter issues with them, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We cooperate with certain contract manufacturers to produce our products. We may experience operational difficulties with our contract manufacturers, including reductions in the availability of production capacity, failure to comply with product specifications, insufficient quality control, failure to meet production deadlines, increases in manufacturing costs and longer lead time. Our contract manufacturers may experience disruptions in their manufacturing operations due to equipment breakdowns, labor strikes or shortages, natural disasters, component or material shortages, cost increases, violation of environmental, health or safety laws and regulations, or other problems. We may be unable to pass on the cost increases to our users. We may have disputes with our contract manufacturers, which may result in litigation expenses, divert our management’s attention and cause supply shortages to us. If our contract manufacturers were unable to perform their obligations or were to end their relationship with us, it may take up a significant amount of time to identify and onboard a new manufacturer that has the capability and resources to build our products to our specifications in sufficient volume, and our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

While we have regular access to each manufacturing facility of our contract manufacturers, and have quality control teams to continually monitor the manufacturing processes at our contract manufacturers’ facilities, any failure of such manufacturers to perform may have a material negative impact on our cost or supply of finished goods.

Furthermore, although our agreements with our contract manufacturers contain confidentiality obligations, and we have adopted security protocols to ensure knowhow and technologies for manufacturing our products could not be easily leaked or plagiarized, we cannot guarantee the effectiveness of these efforts, and any leakage or plagiary of our knowhow and technologies could be detrimental to our business prospects and results of operations.

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We are dependent on our suppliers to provide certain components of our products, and inability of these suppliers to continue to deliver and do so on time, or their refusal to deliver, necessary components of our products at prices and volumes acceptable to us would have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects and operating results.

While we obtain components from multiple sources whenever possible, certain components used in our products are purchased by us from limited sources. We believe that we may be able to establish alternate supply relationships and can obtain or engineer replacement components for our limited source components, but we may be unable to do so in the short term or at all at prices or costs that are favorable to us. In particular, we rely on a major chip manufacturer based in the United States and our largest supplier of chips, for chips installed on our products. If we were to experience any material disruption to our sourcing of chips or any delay in the delivery, we may not be able to switch to an alternative supplier of chips within a short period time or at all. Furthermore, because our GlocalMe Inside service requires smartphone chips that support cloud SIM technology, the successful development and adoption of GlocalMe Inside service and our cooperation with smartphone companies in that regard depend on supply of smartphone chips featuring that function. If, for some reason, chip manufacturers remove or deny our access to that function from the chips they supply to the smart phone companies, the development of GlocalMe Inside business will be hindered.

We rely on distributors in marketing and selling our products and services, and failure to retain key distributors or attract additional distributors could materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely on third-party distributors in marketing and selling our products and services. If our distributors are not effective in selling and marketing our products and services, do not provide quality services to our users or otherwise breach their contracts with our users, or engage in inappropriate marketing conducts such as so-called “click farming” usually seen on e-commerce platforms, we may experience slower growth in a particular market, lose users and our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Since most of our distributors are not bound by long-term contracts, we cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain favorable relationships with them. If our major distributors decide to exit the cooperation with us or if we fail to retain our key distributors or attract additional distributors on terms that are commercially reasonable, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We are subject to payment-related risks.

We enable our users to make payments by working with various third-party payment processing service providers. As we rely on third parties to provide payment processing services, including processing payments made with credit cards and payment apps, it could disrupt our business if these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us. We may be subject to late payment, breach, human error, fraud and other illegal activities in connection with third-party online payment services. If our data security systems are breached or compromised, we may lose our ability to accept payments through credit and payment app from our users, and we may be subject to claims for damages from our users and third parties, all of which could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations.

We may incur losses arising from our investment in financial investment products.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had US$7.6 million, US$8.7 million and US$13.3 million other investments, respectively. In June 2020, we made an investment of US$15.0 million in an investment fund representing ownership interest in an entity for which the underlying assets were comprised of debt and equity securities. The fair value of this investment was US$13.3 million as of December 31, 2025. In June 2020, we made a US$17 million investment in an investment product for which the underlying assets were mainly comprised of unlisted bonds and subordinated debentures. In December 2023, we fully redeemed the latter investment and received US$1.3 million. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.” We may invest in more financial investment products in the future. Financial investment products typically have high market risks, such as interest rate risk, equity risk, and credit risk. As a result, we may incur losses from our investment in the financial investment products. Such losses could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We use third parties to perform shipping functions. A failure or disruption at our logistics providers would harm our business.

Currently, we use third-party logistics providers to perform shipment for us, including exports. If our logistics providers fail to deliver our products as required, we may face reputational damage or legal liabilities for breaching a contract. Although the shipping services required by us may be available from a number of providers, it is time-consuming and costly to qualify and implement these relationships. If one or more of our logistics providers suffer an interruption in their businesses, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in their operations, or we choose to change or add additional logistics providers, our ability to ship products would be delayed and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Our results of operations are likely to fluctuate because of seasonality in the travel industry.

Our business can experience fluctuations, reflecting seasonal variations in demand for travel services. For example, summers generally see more global travels and generate more revenues for our data connectivity services. Consequently, our results of operations may fluctuate with the season. As we continue to expand internationally, we could reduce the degree to which we are subject to seasonality in specific markets.

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Any inability to renew our leases on favorable terms could negatively impact our financial results.

We lease office space, warehouses, server rooms, data centers and counters. Generally, our leases provide us with the opportunity to renew the leases at our option for periods typically ranging from one to three years. For the leases that do not contain renewal options, or for which the option to renew has been exhausted or passed, we cannot guarantee the landlord will renew the lease, or will do so at a rate that will allow us to maintain profitability on that particular space. While we proactively monitor these leases and conduct ongoing negotiations with landlord, our ability to renegotiate renewals is inherently limited by the original contract language, including option renewal clauses. If we are unable to renew, we may incur substantial costs to move our infrastructure and to restore the property to its required condition. There is no guarantee that we will be able to find appropriate and sufficient space. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have limited insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

Insurance companies in mainland China currently offer limited business insurance products. While we maintain product liability insurance coverage, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance coverage for our operations. Any business disruption may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of our resources. In addition, as we may purchase supplemental insurances to support our business expansion, our cost could be increased and our financial results could be negatively affected as a result.

Our business depends on our brands, including GlocalMe and Roamingman, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brands, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that our brands, including GlocalMe and Roamingman, have contributed to the success of our business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the brands is critical as we try to retain and expand our user base for our international mobile data connectivity service and venture into new business opportunities such as GlocalMe Inside. If we fail to maintain and further promote our brands, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any negative publicity about our company, our products and services, our employees, our business practices, or our partners, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brand image and in turn adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business from time to time, involving competitors, business partners, customers and employees, among others. Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law could be asserted under a variety of laws, including but not limited to intellectual property laws, contract laws, tort laws, unfair competition laws, labor and employment laws, import and export laws, data privacy laws and property laws. No assurances can be given as to the outcome of any pending legal proceedings, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Even if we are successful in our attempt to defend ourselves in legal and administrative actions or to assert our rights under various laws, enforcing our rights against the various parties involved may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. These actions could expose us to negative publicity and to substantial monetary damages and legal defense costs, injunctive reliefs, and criminal and civil liabilities and/or penalties.

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government determines that our prior contractual arrangements with the former VIEs structure did not comply with the regulations of mainland China, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, our shares and/or ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are deemed to be unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the former VIEs.

Historically, the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, as amended, required foreign-invested value-added telecommunications enterprises, or VATEs, in mainland China to be established as Sino-foreign joint ventures, with foreign ownership generally not exceeding 50%. Furthermore, major foreign investors were previously required to demonstrate a good track record and experience in the industry. While the “track record” requirement was removed on May 1, 2022, the 50% foreign ownership restriction remained in effect for many years under various versions of the Negative List.

However, the regulatory landscape has recently undergone significant liberalization. On April 10, 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Circular on Launching the Pilot Program of Expanding the Opening-up of Value-added Telecommunications Services. Under this Circular and its subsequent implementation in late 2024 and early 2025, the 50% of foreign ownership restriction has been removed for certain VATEs – specifically including Internet Access Services (ISP) – within designated pilot zones such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hainan, and Shenzhen. While the Specially Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Access or Foreign Investment (2024 Version), effective November 1, 2024, generally maintains a 50% foreign investment cap for VATEs (except for e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, storage-forwarding, and call centers), the aforementioned pilot program provides a specific path for 100% foreign ownership in qualified regions.

In light of these regulatory developments and as part of our strategic business evaluation, we initiated the Restructuring to transition our business model in mainland China. We unwound our previous contractual arrangements and the former VIEs became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Shenzhen uCloudlink Technology Limited. In 2022, the equity interests in the former VIEs were transferred to Shenzhen uCloudlink Technology Limited, and the original VIE agreements were terminated. Prior to the Restructuring, we conducted our internet access services through the VIE structure to comply with then-effective foreign investment restrictions. Under U.S. GAAP, we were considered the primary beneficiary of the former VIEs, and their financial statements were consolidated into ours during the effective period of those arrangements.

Following the Restructuring and the commencement of the new Ministry of Industry and Information Technology pilot framework, we believe we are now better positioned to apply for or maintain the necessary licenses directly through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, provided that we satisfy other regulatory requirements. Currently, we operate our PaaS and SaaS platform services in mainland China in cooperation with local business partners, such as Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company, which hold the required licenses for local data connectivity. We believe the Restructuring has not materially affected our uCloudlink 1.0 international data connectivity services. For more details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders.”

After the Restructuring, certain of our immaterial businesses are still in the process of reorganization. If any PRC authority finds that we, our mainland China subsidiaries or the former VIEs are in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate any of our businesses in mainland China, the governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation: (i) imposing fines on us, (ii) confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations, (iii) discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations, (iv) placing restrictions on our right to collect revenues, and (v) shutting down our servers or blocking our mobile apps and websites. Any of these events could cause disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, although the contractual agreements with the former VIEs were terminated in 2022, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws of mainland China, regulations, and rules relating to the agreements that established the former VIE structure for our operations in mainland China, including potential future actions by the PRC government, which may retroactively affect the enforceability and legality of our historical contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the historical financial condition and results of operations of the former VIEs, and our ability to consolidate the results of the former VIEs into our consolidated financial statements for the periods prior to the completion of the Restructuring. If the PRC government finds such agreements non-compliant with laws of mainland China, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, and such changes may be retroactively applied to our historical contractual arrangements, we could be subject to severe penalties and our control over the former VIEs may be rendered ineffective, which could result in potential restatement of our financial statements prior to the Restructuring. As a result, our shares and/or ADSs may decline in value or become worthless.

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Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Certain portion of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, social conditions and government policies in China generally. Although the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy from 2020 through 2022, and the global macroeconomic environment still faces numerous challenges. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face risks related to natural disasters, terrorist acts or acts of war, social unrest, health epidemics or other public safety concerns or hostile events, which could significantly disrupt our operations.” The conflict between Ukraine and Russia and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia may raise cost for our operations in Europe. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the PRC government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or other PRC governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under the rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval for this offering, or a rescission of obtained approval, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC government authorities.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, purport to require offshore special purpose vehicles that are controlled by mainland China’s companies or individuals and that have been formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of domestic companies or assets in mainland China to obtain CSRC approval prior to any public securities offerings on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear. If a governmental approval is required, it is uncertain how long it will take for us to obtain such approval, and, even if we obtain such approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or a delay in obtaining the requisite governmental approval for an offering, or a rescission of such CSRC approval if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions imposed by the PRC regulatory authority, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our PRC counsel, has advised us that, based on its understanding of the current laws and regulations of mainland China, we will not be required to submit an application to the CSRC for the approval under the M&A Rules for an offering because (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether our offerings are subject to this regulation; and (ii) we did not acquire any equity interests or assets of a “domestic company” as such terms are defined under the M&A Rules.

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However, our PRC counsel has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering, and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that PRC governmental authorities, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as our PRC counsel, and hence, we may face regulatory actions or other sanctions from them. Furthermore, PRC governmental authorities promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities, which provide that the administration and supervision of overseas-listed mainland China-based companies will be strengthened, and the special provisions of the State Council on overseas issuance and listing of shares by such companies will be revised, clarifying the responsibilities of domestic industry competent authorities and regulatory authorities. However, the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities are still leaving uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of these opinions. It is possible that any new rules or regulations may impose additional requirements on us. Furthermore, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review require that, in addition to network products and services acquired by critical information infrastructure operators, online platform operators are also subject to cybersecurity review if they carry out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, and online platform operators listing in a foreign country with more than one million users’ personal information data must apply for a cybersecurity review with the Cybersecurity Review Office. According to the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer, any data processor who processes or exports personal information exceeding a certain volume threshold pursuant to the measures shall apply for a security assessment by the Cyberspace Administration of China before transferring any personal information abroad. The security assessment requirement also applies to any transfer of important data outside of mainland China. As uncertainties remain regarding to what extent we would be subject to such measures, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that may be deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. It is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator, an online platform operator, or a data processor transferring important data outbound, which is under the censorship of the Review Measure or the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer in the future. In the event that we become under investigation or review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, we may have to substantially change our current business and our operations may be materially and adversely affected. If it is determined in the future that CSRC approval or other procedural requirements are required to be met for and prior to an offering, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such procedures and any such approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures for an offering, or a rescission of any such approval, could subject us to sanctions by the PRC governmental authorities. The governmental authorities may impose restrictions and penalties on our operations in mainland China, such as the suspension of our apps and services, revocation of our licenses, or shutting down part or all of our operations, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from an offering into mainland China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. The PRC governmental authorities may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt an offering before settlement and delivery of the ADSs offered hereby. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the PRC governmental authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for filings, registrations or other kinds of authorizations for an offering, we cannot assure you that we can obtain the approval, authorizations, or complete required procedures or other requirements in a timely manner, or at all, or obtain a waiver of the requisite requirements if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC jointly with other governmental authorities, promulgated the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, which took effect on March 31, 2023. According to these provisions, domestic companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide by the applicable laws and regulations when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. If such documents or materials contain any state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority. Furthermore, these provisions provide that securities companies and securities service providers shall fulfill the applicable legal procedures when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest. Substantial uncertainties still exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of such provisions and how they will affect us.

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On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, which became effective on March 31, 2023. On the same date, the CSRC circulated the Supporting Guidance Rules No. 1 through No. 5, Notes on these measures, Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions. Under these measures, rules, notes and notices, domestic enterprises conducting overseas securities offering and listing, either directly or indirectly, shall complete filings with the CSRC pursuant to these measures’ requirements within three working days following the submission of an application for initial public offering or listing.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry or notice or any objection to this annual report from the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or any other PRC governmental authorities that have jurisdiction over our operations. However, given the current regulatory environment in mainland China, there remains uncertainty regarding the interpretation and enforcement of the laws of mainland China, which can change quickly with little notice in advance and subject to any future actions within the discretion of PRC authorities. If the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver.

Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer the ADSs, cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause the ADSs to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We have conducted our business in mainland China primarily through the former VIEs and their subsidiaries who have become our subsidiaries in 2022 as a result of the Restructuring. Our operations in mainland China are governed by the laws and regulations of mainland China. The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and may intervene or influence our operations as the government deems appropriate to advance regulatory and social goals and policy positions. The PRC government deems appropriate to advance regulatory and social goals and policy positions. The PRC government has published new policies that significantly affected certain industries and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies that directly or indirectly affect our industry or require us to seek additional permission to continue our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our previous auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in mainland China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of mainland China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Our current auditor is a Singapore-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB with the last inspection on September 27, 2024. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

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Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our previous auditor was subject to that determination. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 was signed into law, which amended the HFCAA (i) to reduce the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two, and (ii) so that any foreign jurisdiction could be the reason why the PCAOB does not have complete access to inspect or investigate a company’s auditors. As it was originally enacted, the HFCAA applied only if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate because of a position taken by an authority in the foreign jurisdiction where the relevant public accounting firm is located. As a result of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, the HFCAA now also applies if the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate the relevant accounting firm is due to a position taken by an authority in any foreign jurisdiction. The denying jurisdiction does not need to be where the accounting firm is located. Our current auditor is a Singapore-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB with the last inspection on September 27, 2024. For these reasons, we were not identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we filed our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in any jurisdiction and we use an accounting firm headquartered in such jurisdiction to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

There are uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes, and prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations and the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

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In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in mainland China. However, China is still in the process of perfecting its legal system, and enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in mainland China. In particular, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations may be determined on an ad hoc basis depending on the facts and circumstances. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have the right to exercise conclusive discretion and judgment in interpreting and implementing statutory provisions and contractual terms, depending on the facts and circumstances, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, and mainland China is geographically large and divided into various provinces and municipalities. As such, different regulations and policies may have different and varying applications and interpretations in different parts of mainland China, and it is possible that we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the occurrence of the violation. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in mainland China may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our mainland China subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and for services of any debt we may incur. Our subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current regulations of mainland China permit our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with mainland China’s accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entities in mainland China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. If our mainland China subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments to us. Any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to distribute dividends or other payments to their respective shareholders could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

The People’s Bank of China issued the Circular on Further Clarification of Relevant Matters Relating to Offshore RMB Loans Provided by Domestic Enterprises on November 22, 2016, which provides that offshore RMB loans provided by a domestic enterprise to offshore enterprises that it holds equity interests in shall not exceed 30% of the domestic enterprise’s ownership interest in the offshore enterprise. This circular may constrain our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to provide offshore loans to us. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our mainland China subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subjected to tighter scrutiny in the future. Any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

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Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and related regulations, dividends, interests, rent or royalties payable by a foreign invested enterprise, such as our mainland China subsidiaries, to any of its foreign non-resident enterprise investors, and proceeds from any such foreign enterprise investor’s disposition of assets (after deducting the net value of such assets) are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless the foreign enterprise investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with mainland China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax. The Cayman Islands, where UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., is incorporated, does not have such a tax treaty with mainland China. Hong Kong has a tax arrangement with mainland China that provides for a 5% withholding tax on dividends subject to certain conditions and requirements, such as the requirement that the Hong Kong resident enterprise own at least 25% of the mainland China enterprise distributing the dividend at all times within the 12-month period immediately preceding the distribution of dividends and be a “beneficial owner” of the dividends. For example, UCLOUDLINK (HK) LIMITED, which directly owns our mainland China subsidiaries, is incorporated in Hong Kong. However, if UCLOUDLINK (HK) LIMITED is not considered to be the beneficial owner of dividends paid to it by our mainland China subsidiaries under the tax circulars promulgated in February and October 2009, such dividends would be subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%. If our mainland China subsidiaries declare and distribute profits to us, such payments will be subject to withholding tax, which will increase our tax liability and reduce the amount of cash available to our company.

Mainland China’s regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs), which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to our mainland China subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration or filing with governmental authorities in mainland China. According to the regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, in mainland China, capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries are subject to filing with the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC in its foreign investment comprehensive management information system and registration with other governmental authorities in mainland China. In addition, any loans provided by us to our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs) are subject to mainland China’s regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. Such loans to any of our mainland China subsidiaries cannot exceed a statutory limit and must be filed with SAFE through the online filing system of SAFE pursuant to the applicable regulations of mainland China. Any loan to be provided by us to our mainland China subsidiaries with a term of one year or more must be recorded and registered with the NDRC. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange.”

In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a foreign invested enterprise shall not be used for the following purposes: (i) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by laws and regulations; (ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by laws and regulations; (iii) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

In light of the various requirements imposed by mainland China’s regulations on loans to and direct investment in entities in mainland China by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals or filings on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our mainland China subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from our securities offerings to capitalize or otherwise fund our operations in mainland China may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Our use of some leased properties could be challenged by third parties or governmental authorities, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

As of the date of this annual report, some of the lessors of our properties leased by us in mainland China have not provided us with their property ownership certificates or any other documentation proving their right to lease those properties to us. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the governmental authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or other parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. Although we may seek damages from such lessors, such leases may be void and we may be forced to relocate. We can provide no assurance that we will be able to find suitable replacement sites on terms acceptable to us on a timely basis, or at all, or that we will not be subject to material liability resulting from third parties’ challenges on our use of such properties. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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In addition, some of our leasehold interests in leased properties have not been registered with the PRC governmental authorities as required by laws of mainland China. Though the failure to register leasehold interests may not void the respective lease agreement, it may expose us to potential warnings and penalties up to RMB10,000 per unregistered leased property.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China. We receive a significant portion of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing foreign exchange regulations of mainland China, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our subsidiaries in mainland China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our mainland China subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside mainland China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside mainland China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In light of the recent flood of capital outflows of mainland China due to the weakening RMB, the PRC government has imposed more restrictive foreign exchange policies and stepped-up scrutiny of major outbound capital movement including overseas direct investment. More restrictions and substantial vetting process are put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the PRC authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigation or collect evidence within mainland China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of mainland China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under the Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China may increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to The ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

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If our preferential tax treatments are revoked or become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by the PRC tax authorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%, but certain “high and new technology enterprises” are qualified for a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% subject to certain qualification criteria. Currently, Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink enjoy a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% as they are recognized as high and new technology enterprises by PRC governmental authorities. Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink renewed the qualification as a high and new technology enterprise in October 2023. The qualification as a high and new technology enterprise is subject to annual evaluation and a three-year review by the PRC governmental authorities. In addition, Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink enjoy other tax preferences, including the tax preference as the small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises. If Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink fail to maintain their respective statuses, experiences any increase in the enterprise income tax rate, or faces any discontinuation, retroactive or future reduction or refund of any of the preferential tax treatments currently enjoyed, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The M&A Rules and certain other mainland China’s regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.

The M&A Rules and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a domestic enterprise of mainland China. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the anti-monopoly law enforcement authority shall be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. In addition, the security review rules issued by the State Council that became effective in March 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. We cannot assure that our merge or acquisition activities, including but not limited to the Restructuring, have been or will be satisfied with the M&A Rules in all respects. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

Mainland China’s regulations relating to offshore investment activities by domestic residents and enterprises of mainland China may increase our administrative burden and restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities. If our domestic residents and enterprise shareholders fail to make any applications and filings required under these regulations, we may be unable to distribute profits to such shareholders and may become subject to liability under the laws of mainland China.

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires domestic residents or entities of mainland China to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing with such domestic residents or entities’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. In addition, such domestic residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such domestic citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

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If our shareholders who are domestic residents or entities of mainland China do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches, our mainland China subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing their profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our mainland China subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under the laws of mainland China for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

We have notified all domestic residents or entities of mainland China who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being domestic residents of mainland China to complete the foreign exchange registrations, among which, some domestic residents are in the process of updating their registrations required in connection with our corporate restructuring, furthermore, the foreign exchange registrations of several domestic residents are yet to be completed, and there is no assurance that they will complete the registrations finally, or at all. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the domestic residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with the SAFE registration requirements. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are domestic residents or entities of mainland China have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. Failure by such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our mainland China subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

In August 2014, the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Overseas Investment, and in December 2014, the NDRC promulgated the Administrative Measures for the Approval and Filing of Overseas Investment Projects. In December 2017, the NDRC promulgated the Administrative Measures of Overseas Investment of Enterprises, which became effective in March 2018. Pursuant to these regulations, any outbound investment of domestic enterprises in the area and industry that is not sensitive is required to be filed with the Ministry of Commerce and the NDRC or their local branch. Upon filing of an enterprise’s overseas investment, where there is any change in the overseas investment matters stated in the original Certificate of Overseas Investments of Enterprises, such enterprise shall complete change formalities with the Ministry of Commerce or its local branches which processed the original filing. Regarding to the overseas reinvestments by the overseas enterprise, the entities registered in mainland China as the shareholder of such overseas enterprise, shall, upon completion of overseas legal formalities, report to the Ministry of Commerce. Certain of our enterprise shareholders that are entities registered in mainland China have completed the filing with the Ministry of Commerce, and have not yet completed filing with the NDRC and the report and change formalities with the Ministry of Commerce as of the date of this annual report and we cannot assure you that they will be able to complete such filing in time or at all. Moreover, we can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of the identities of all domestic residents and domestic enterprises holding direct or indirect interest in our company, and even if we are aware of such shareholders or beneficial owners who are domestic residents or enterprises of mainland China, we may not be able to compel them to comply with SAFE Circular 37 and outbound investment related regulations, and we may not even have any means to know whether they comply with these requirements. Any failure or inability by such individuals or enterprises to comply with SAFE and outbound investment related regulations may subject such individuals or the responsible officers of such enterprises to fines or legal sanctions, and may result in adverse impact on us, such as restrictions on our ability to distribute or pay dividends.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations are relatively new and their interpretation and implementation have been constantly evolving, it is uncertain how these regulations, and any future regulations concerning offshore or cross-border investments and transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Due to the complexity and constantly changing nature of the foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations as well as the uncertainties involved, we cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all applicable foreign exchange and outbound investment related regulations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a domestic company registered in mainland China, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

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Any failure to comply with mainland China’s regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Under the applicable regulations and the SAFE rules, domestic citizens of mainland China who participate in an employee stock ownership plan or a stock option plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE and complete certain other administrative procedures. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies. Pursuant to the notices, if a domestic resident participates in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly-listed company, a qualified domestic agent must, among other things, file on behalf of such participant an application with SAFE to conduct the SAFE registration with respect to such stock incentive plan and obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options or stock such participant holds. Such participating domestic residents’ foreign exchange income received from the sale of stock and dividends distributed by the overseas publicly listed company must be fully remitted into a domestic collective foreign currency account opened and managed by the domestic agent before distribution to such participants. We and our domestic resident employees who have been granted stock options or other share-based incentives of our Company are subject to the notices since our Company is an overseas listed company. If we or our domestic resident participants fail to comply with these regulations, we and/or our domestic resident participants may be subject to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our mainland China subsidiaries and limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under the laws of mainland China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans.”

The State Administration of Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in mainland China who exercise or transfer share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to mainland China’s individual income tax. Our mainland China subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange—Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans.”

If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland-China noteholders, shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of mainland China with its “de facto management body” within mainland China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as Mainland China Tax Resident Enterprises on the basis of de facto management bodies, issued by the State Administration of Taxation on April 22, 2009, and further amended on December 29, 2017, provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise groups, not those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to this circular, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a mainland China enterprise or a mainland China enterprise group will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

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We believe none of our entities outside of mainland China is a mainland China resident enterprise for tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from interest or dividends we pay to our noteholders and shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise noteholders and shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to mainland China’s tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of the notes. ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within mainland China. Furthermore, if PRC tax authorities determine that we are a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, interest or dividends paid to our non-mainland-China individual noteholders and shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of the notes. ADSs or ordinary shares by such holders may be subject to mainland China’s tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of interest or dividends, may be withheld at source by us), if such gains are deemed to be from sources of mainland China. These rates may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty, but it is unclear whether non-mainland-China shareholders of UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and mainland China in the event that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is treated as a mainland China resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in mainland China resident enterprises by their non-resident holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. In February 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-Resident Enterprises, or Circular 7. Pursuant to Circular 7, an “indirect transfer” of domestic assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-resident holding company of a mainland China resident enterprise, by non-resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying domestic assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of mainland China’s enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10%, for the transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise. Circular 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues of Tax Withholding regarding Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax, or Circular 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The Circular 37 also clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Circular 37 or previous rules under Circular 7. We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-resident enterprises. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxes if our company is the transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is the transferee in such transactions, under Circular 37 and Circular 7.

Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms and how it may impact our business operations.

In February 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms were promulgated by the Anti-monopoly Commission of the PRC State Council. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms is consistent with the Anti-Monopoly Law of the PRC and prohibits monopoly agreements, abuse of dominant position and concentration of undertakings that may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competitions in the field of platform economy. More specifically, the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms outlines certain practices that may, if without justifiable reasons, constitute abuse of dominant position, including without limitation, tailored pricing using big data and analytics, actions or arrangements seen as exclusivity arrangements, using technology means to block competitors’ interface, using bundled services to sell services or products, and compulsory collection of user data. Besides, Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms expressly states that concentration involving VIE will also be subject to antitrust filing requirements.

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In April 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation, together with certain other PRC government authorities convened an administrative guidance meeting, focusing on unfair competition acts in community group buying, self-inspection and rectification by major internet companies of possible violations of anti-monopoly, anti-unfair competition, tax and other related laws and regulations, and requesting such companies to comply with laws and regulations strictly and be subject to public supervision. In addition, many internet companies, including the over 30 companies which attended such administrative guidance meeting, are required to conduct a comprehensive self-inspection and make necessary rectification accordingly. The State Administration for Market Regulation has stated it will organize and conduct inspections on the companies’ rectification results. If the companies are found to conduct illegal activities, more severe penalties are expected to be imposed on them in accordance with the laws.

Since the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for Internet Platforms are relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation, although we do not believe we engage in any foregoing situations, we cannot assure you that our business operations will comply with such regulation in all respects, and any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such regulation may result in governmental investigations, fines and/or other sanctions on us.

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase. As a result, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related law and regulations including those relating to obligations to make social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. If we are deemed to have violated labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Some of our service stores in mainland China may have engaged in business activities without the necessary approvals from or registration with local authorities, which could subject us to fines or other penalties that may negatively impact our results of operations or interfere with our ability to operate our business.

As required by the laws of mainland China, a company that uses an office in a location outside its domicile to conduct business operation must register such office as a branch company with the competent local authority. As of February 28, 2026, we registered 16 branches in mainland China, of which 13 are registered for the purpose of picking-up and returning terminals, while some of our service stores established for the purpose of picking-up and returning terminals are not registered as branches. As we quickly expand our operations, we may need to register additional branch companies from time to time. However, whether a service store or a pick-up point will be deemed as having business nature or otherwise qualified for branch company registration is subject to the sole discretion of the government authorities. We cannot assure you that the governmental authorities will take the same view with us on whether a service store or picking up point is required or qualified to be registered as a branch company. If the government authorities find that we fail to complete branch company registrations for any of our service stores or pick-up points in a timely manner or otherwise violate regulations on branch companies, we may be subject to penalties, including fines, confiscation of income, or being ordered to cease business. We may be subject to these penalties as a result of our failure to meet the registration requirements, and these penalties may substantially inhibit our ability to operate our business. The maximum potential penalty we may be subject to is RMB100,000 for our failure to register a service store or pick-up point as a branch company if the government authorities determine that such branch company registrations are required.

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Risks Related to The ADSs

The trading price of the ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile since our ADSs started to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market in June 2020. The trading price of the ADSs may continue to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation in the market prices or the underperformance or deteriorating financial results of other listed companies based in China. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of the ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In addition, securities markets may from time to time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to our operating performance.

In addition to the above factors, the price and trading volume of the ADSs may be highly volatile due to multiple factors, including the following:

| ● | regulatory developments affecting us or our industry, users, suppliers or third-party sellers;

| ● | announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product and service offerings or those of our competitors;

| ● | changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other players in the industry;

| ● | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations and changes or revisions of our expected results;

| ● | changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

| ● | conditions in the mobile data connectivity service market;

| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of new product and service offerings, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures, capital raisings or capital commitments;

| ● | additions to or departures of our senior management;

| ● | fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar;

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| ● | litigation or other legal proceedings involving us;

| ● | detrimental negative publicity about us or our industry;

| ● | release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our issued and outstanding shares or ADSs; and

| ● | sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or other continued listing requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs.

Our ADSs are currently listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq. The Nasdaq Listing Rules have minimum requirements that a company must meet for continued listing on Nasdaq. These requirements include maintaining a minimum bid price of US$1.00 per ADS and a minimum market value of publicly held shares of US$5 million for a period of 30 consecutive trading days, among others. On September 12, 2022, we received a written notification from Nasdaq indicating that for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the ADSs was below the minimum bid price of US$1.00 per share requirement. We were granted a grace period of 180 calendar days, expiring on March 13, 2023, to regain compliance. We regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement on November 22, 2022. On September 22, 2022, we received a notice from Nasdaq indicating that we no longer meet the continued listing requirement of minimum market value of publicly held shares for the Nasdaq Global Market because our market value of publicly held shares for the last 30 consecutive business days was below the minimum market value of publicly held shares requirement of US$5 million. We were granted a grace period of 180 calendar days, expiring on March 21, 2023, to regain compliance. We regained compliance with the minimum market value of publicly held shares requirement om November 16, 2022. We also received a notification letter from Nasdaq indicating that we did not comply with the continued listing requirement of minimum stockholders’ equity for the Nasdaq Global Market. We regained compliance with the alternative on December 5, 2022.

As of the date of this annual report, we are in compliance with the requirements for continued listing on Nasdaq. However, there can be no assurance that we will stay compliant with the requirements for continued listing at all times going forward. The delisting of our ADSs or transfer of listing may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs, cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs, and make it more difficult for us to obtain adequate financing to support our continued operation.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of the ADSs.

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Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Our ordinary shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 15 votes per share based on our dual class share structure. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale of Class B ordinary shares by a holder thereof to any person other than an affiliate of our two founders, namely, Mr. Chaohui Chen and Mr. Zhiping Peng, their family members or any entity controlled by the founders or their family members, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class A ordinary shares.

Our two founders, Mr. Chaohui Chen and Mr. Zhiping Peng, beneficially own all of our issued Class B ordinary shares. As of February 28, 2026, these Class B ordinary shares constituted approximately 32.0% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 87.6% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. As a result of the dual class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Holders of Class B ordinary shares will continue to control the outcome of a shareholder vote (i) with respect to matters requiring an ordinary resolution which requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of shareholder votes, to the extent that the Class B ordinary shares represent more than 6.3% of our total issued and outstanding share capital; and (ii) with respect to matters requiring a special resolution which requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of shareholder votes, to the extent that the Class B ordinary shares represent at least 11.8% of our total issued and outstanding share capital. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of the ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Our directors, officers and principal shareholders collectively control a significant amount of our shares, and their interests may not align with the interests of our other shareholders.

Currently, our officers, directors and principal shareholders collectively hold a substantial majority of total voting power in our company. This significant concentration of share ownership and voting power may adversely affect or reduce the trading price of the ADSs because investors often perceive a disadvantage in owning shares in a company with one or several controlling shareholders. Furthermore, our directors and officers, as a group, have the ability to significantly influence or control the outcome of all matters requiring shareholders’ approvals, including electing directors and approving mergers or other business combination transactions. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. This concentration of share ownership and voting power may also discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades the ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

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Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your ordinary shares.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of the ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. As an ADS holder, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you cancel and withdraw the shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We have agreed to give the depositary notice of shareholder meetings sufficiently in advance of such meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

If we asked the depositary to solicit your instructions at least 30 days before the meeting date but the depositary does not receive voting instructions from you by the specified date and we confirm to the depositary that (i) we wish to receive a discretionary proxy; (ii) we reasonably do not know of any substantial shareholder opposition to the proxy item(s); and (iii) the proxy item(s) is not materially adverse to the interests of our shareholders, then the depositary will consider you to have authorized and directed it to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by us to vote the number of deposited securities represented by the ADSs as to the proxy item(s).

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The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

You may not receive cash dividends if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary will pay cash dividends on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to distribute dividends on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary of the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of distributing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you.

We and the depositary are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, and we may terminate the deposit agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We and the depositary are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. We and the depositary may agree to amend the deposit agreement in any way we decide is necessary or advantageous to us. Amendments may reflect, among other things, operational changes in the ADS program, legal developments affecting ADSs or changes in the terms of our business relationship with the depositary. In the event that the terms of an amendment prejudice a substantial existing right of ADS holders, ADS holders will only receive 30 days’ advance notice of the amendment, and no prior consent of the ADS holders is required under the deposit agreement. Furthermore, we may decide to terminate the ADS facility at any time for any reason. For example, terminations may occur when we decide to list our shares on a non-U.S. securities exchange and determine not to continue to sponsor an ADS facility or when we become the subject of a takeover or a going-private transaction. If the ADS facility terminates, ADS holders will receive at least 90 days’ prior notice, but no prior consent is required from them. Under the circumstances that we decide to make an amendment to the deposit agreement that prejudices a substantial existing right of ADS holders or terminate the deposit agreement, the ADS holders may choose to sell their ADSs or surrender their ADSs and become direct holders of the underlying Class A ordinary shares, but will have no right to any compensation whatsoever.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim that they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

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If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other owners and holders of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other owner and holder may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any owner and holder of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. If the jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. As a holder of our ADSs, you may incur additional cost and liabilities as a result of the jury trail.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties.

The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. A majority of our assets are located in mainland China and Hong Kong. Most of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

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You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, with respect to Cayman Islands companies, plaintiffs may face special obstacles, including but not limited to those relating to jurisdiction and standing, in attempting to assert derivative claims in state or federal courts of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect or to obtain copies of corporate records or register of members of these companies (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions passed by our shareholders). Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Differences in Corporate Law.”

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from our initial public offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of our initial public offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of our initial public offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that would improve our results of operations or increase our ADS price, nor that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

Since we are a Cayman Islands exempted company, the rights of our shareholders may be more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States.

Under the laws of some jurisdictions in the United States, majority and controlling shareholders generally have certain fiduciary responsibilities to the minority shareholders. Shareholder action must be taken in good faith, and actions by controlling shareholders which are obviously unreasonable may be declared null and void. Cayman Islands law protecting the interests of minority shareholders may not be as protective in all circumstances as the law protecting minority shareholders in some U.S. jurisdictions. In addition, the circumstances in which a shareholder of a Cayman Islands company may sue the company derivatively, and the procedures and defenses that may be available to the company, may result in the rights of shareholders of a Cayman Islands company being more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States.

Furthermore, our directors have the power to take certain actions without shareholder approval which would require shareholder approval under the laws of most U.S. jurisdictions. The directors of a Cayman Islands company, without shareholder approval, may implement a sale of any assets, property, part of the business, or securities of the company. Our ability to create and issue new classes or series of shares without shareholders’ approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control without any further action by our shareholders, including a tender offer to purchase our ordinary shares at a premium over then current market prices.

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Our memorandum and articles of association contains anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contains provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our dual class voting structure gives disproportionate voting power to the Class B ordinary shares. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

| ● | the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act;

| ● | the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and

| ● | the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Global Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq listing standards.

As a Cayman Islands company that are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we are subject to Nasdaq listing standards. However, the Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq listing standards and we follow some of these home country practices. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.” As we rely on home country practice with respect to our corporate governance, and our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under Nasdaq listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

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There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could subject United States holders of the ADSs or ordinary shares to significant adverse United States income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on the current and anticipated value of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, including goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2025.

While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or future taxable years, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition and classification of our income and assets. Furthermore, fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may cause us to be classified as a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of the ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In particular, recent fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs increased our risk of becoming a PFIC. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes or if it were determined that we do not own the stock of the consolidated affiliated entities for United States federal income tax purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase.

For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” and “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

| Item 4. | Information on the Company

| A. | History and Development of the Company

We commenced our operations by establishing Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. in August 2014 and Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. three months later. Our holding company, UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., was incorporated in August 2014 in the Cayman Islands to facilitate financing and offshore listing. In September 2014, our holding company established a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, UCLOUDLINK (HK) LIMITED, which is a subsidiary of HONG KONG UCLOUDLINK NETWORK TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, an entity through which we conduct our business operations in Hong Kong. In February 2021, we established a new subsidiary in the U.K. named UCLOUDLINK UK LIMITED to facilitate our expansion in the U.K. market and improve the efficiency of local management.

In January 2015, we established Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd., through which we gained control over Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. and Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. and their respective shareholders.

In addition, we conduct our business through the following entities:

primarily for marketing and sales:

| ● | UCLOUDLINK (UK) CO. LTD in the UK in October 2014;

| ● | Ucloudlink (America), Ltd. in the United States in August 2016;

| ● | UCLOUDLINK (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD. in Singapore in May 2017;

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| ● | UCLOUDLINK SDN. BHD. in Malaysia in August 2017;

| ● | uCloudlink Japan Co., Ltd. in Japan in March 2018;

| ● | UCLOUDLINK UK LIMITED in the UK in February 2021;

primarily for technology research and development:

| ● | Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited in mainland China in July 2015; and

primarily for hardware exportation:

| ● | Shenzhen uCloudlink Co., Ltd. in mainland China in June 2018;

| ● | UCLOUDLINK (VIETNAM) COMPANY LIMITED in Vietnam in March 2025;

| ● | UCLOUDLINK (IRELAND) LIMITED in Ireland in September 2025;

| ● | PetAIVerse Holding Inc. in the Cayman Islands in November 2025.

We refer to Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing uCloudlink, to Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. as Shenzhen uCloudlink, and to Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing Technology. We refer to Shenzhen uCloudlink and Beijing Technology collectively as the former VIEs in this annual report. Our previous contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and their shareholders allowed us to (i) exercise effective control over the former VIEs, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the former VIEs, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase or designate any third party to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and assets of the former VIEs when and to the extent permitted by the laws of mainland China. For more details, including risks associated with the former VIE structure, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

As a result of our direct ownership in Beijing uCloudlink and the historical VIE contractual arrangements, we were regarded as the primary beneficiary of the former VIEs, and we treated them and their subsidiaries as our consolidated affiliated entities under U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, we consolidated the financial results of the former VIEs and their respective subsidiaries with our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP prior to the Restructuring.

On June 9, 2020, the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares commenced trading on Nasdaq under the symbol “UCL.” We raised from our initial public offering US$27.6 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting commissions and discounts and the offering expenses payable by us.

In February 2022, we established Shenzhen Yulian Cloud Technology Co., Ltd. under Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. to facilitate our business development in mainland China.

As we continued to evaluate our business plan, we have decided to adjust our business model in mainland China. Therefore, we initiated the Restructuring to adjust our local business in mainland China and unwind the aforementioned contractual arrangements so that the former VIEs would become wholly-owned subsidiaries of Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited. In 2022, the equity of the former VIEs was transferred to Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited, and the original VIE agreements were terminated. After the Restructuring, we now carry out the PaaS and SaaS platform services in mainland China, which were the primary business operated by the former VIEs, in cooperation with local business partners, such as Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company, which have the required licenses to provide local data connectivity services in mainland China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders.”

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In March and September 2025, we established UCLOUDLINK (VIETNAM) COMPANY LIMITED in Vietnam and UCLOUDLINK (IRELAND) LIMITED in Ireland, both of which are under UCLOUDLINK (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD. to facilitate our business development in the relevant jurisdictions.

In October 2025, we approved a plan to operate our pet-tech business under a new operational structure. In November 2025, we established PetAIVerse Holding Inc. in the Cayman Islands as the new Cayman Islands-based holding company under UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. This holding company will be supported by local operating subsidiaries to create a global foundation for the pet-tech business.

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Our telephone number at this address is +852 2180-6111. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the office of Maples Corporate Services Limited at PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.

SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on www.sec.gov. You can also find information on our website https://ir.ucloudlink.com/. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

| B. | Business Overview

Overview

We are the pioneer of introducing the sharing economy business model into the telecommunications industry, creating a marketplace for mobile data traffic. Leveraging our innovative cloud SIM technology and architecture, we redefine the mobile data connectivity experience, allowing users to gain access to mobile data traffic allowance shared by network operators on our marketplace. We have aggregated mobile data traffic allowances from 398 MNOs in 167 countries and regions in our cloud SIM architecture as of December 31, 2025.

Our innovative cloud SIM technology sets the technological foundation of our marketplace, which is built upon our cloud SIM architecture. We have developed our proprietary cloud SIM technology based on remote SIM connection, which means that SIM cards are not embedded in the mobile terminals but remotely connected on the cloud. Our cloud SIM technology allows dynamic selection of network services based on signal coverage and cost, and intelligent distribution of data traffic in the SIM card pool to terminals that may support multiple end devices through our cloud SIM platform, to achieve better network quality, more reliable connection and lower cost.

Leveraging our cloud SIM technology and architecture, we provide mobile data connectivity services with reliable connection, high speed and competitive price, allowing users to enjoy a smooth mobile connectivity experience. We have transformed the traditional telecommunication business model, where users can only access the wireless network provided by their contracted MNOs and are not able to use the networks of other local MNOs. By giving users access to our distributed SIM card pool, we free users from this exclusivity, and give them the freedom to access the mobile networks of other MNOs without physically changing SIM cards wherever they are in the world as long as it is one of the 167 countries and regions we cover. In 2025, average daily active terminals connected to our platform exceeded 322,000 and each of our active terminals on average used over 1,600 megabytes of mobile data per day. In addition to mobile data users, we also create unique values to the other stakeholders in the telecommunications industry worldwide, including smartphone and smart-hardware companies, MVNOs, MNOs and more broadly to society. Our eSIM TRIO has been recognized as a transformative solution and our carrier co-issuance program has also made significant progress, solving critical pain points for operators – especially Tier 2/3 MNOs and MVNOs - by upgrading their network performance and global roaming capabilities without the need for infrastructure investments. Our business partners can also utilize our platform-as-a-service (PaaS) and software-as-a-service (SaaS) to manage their business operations such as connectivity management, terminal management, customer relationship management (CRM) system and big data analysis, thereby improving end-users’ experience with their services.

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We have developed proprietary algorithms to analyze historical data usage patterns and predict future data traffic demand. We use the insights gained from the data analytic results to efficiently procure data traffic allowances from MNOs and other sources globally, dynamically select network services based on signal coverage and cost, and intelligently allocate data traffic in the SIM card pool to terminals, then to end devices. As a result, we are able to achieve better network quality, more reliable connection and lower cost for users, as well as improve our cost efficiency. As the first entrance for users to access mobile internet, we may also leverage the data analytics to develop a number of value-added services, such as advertisement.

Average daily active terminals connected to our platform increased by 1.7% from 316,688 in 2024 to 322,169 (18,449 owned by us and 303,720 owned by our business partners) in 2025.

| ● | Average daily active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe IoT business was 13,281, representing an increase of 663.3% from 1,740 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe SIM business was 8,068, representing an increase of 240.9% from 2,367 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe Life business was 1,510, representing an increase of 496.8% from 253 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active terminals in 2025 from PetPhone business was 108, as compared with nil in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe MeowGo business, which was previously referred to as GlocalMe mobile/fixed broadband business, was 299,202, representing a decrease of 4.2% from 312,328 in 2024.

Average monthly active terminals connected to our platform increased by 8.0% from 631,137 in 2024 to 681,672 in 2025.

| ● | Average monthly active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe IoT business was 36,680, representing an increase of 360.7% from 7,962 in 2024.

| ● | Average monthly active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe SIM business was 53,681, representing an increase of 190.8% from 18,462 in 2024.

| ● | Average monthly active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe Life business was 3,753, representing an increase of 356.0% from 823 in 2024.

| ● | Average monthly active terminals in 2025 from PetPhone business was 265, as compared with nil in 2024.

| ● | Average monthly active terminals in 2025 from GlocalMe MeowGo business was 587,293, representing a decrease of 2.7% from 603,890 in 2024.

Average daily active users increased by 4.2% from 326,412 in 2024 to 340,036 in 2025.

| ● | Average daily active users in 2025 from GlocalMe IoT business was 20,339, representing an increase of 737.3% from 2,429 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active users in 2025 from GlocalMe SIM business was 12,329, representing an increase of 321.5% from 2,925 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active users in 2025 from GlocalMe Life business was 2,084, representing an increase of 349.1% from 464 in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active users in 2025 from PetPhone business was 337, as compared with nil in 2024.

| ● | Average daily active users in 2025 from GlocalMe MeowGo business was 304,947, representing a decrease of 4.9% from 320,594 in 2024.

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Average monthly active users increased by 8.9% from 664,815 in 2024 to 723,706 in 2025.

| ● | Average MAU in 2025 from GlocalMe IoT business was 35,907, representing an increase of 251.2% from 10,223 in 2024.

| ● | Average MAU in 2025 from GlocalMe SIM business was 61,669, representing an increase of 167.5% from 23,052 in 2024.

| ● | Average MAU in 2025 from GlocalMe Life business was 4,612, representing an increase of 413.0% from 899 in 2024.

| ● | Average MAU in 2025 from PetPhone business was 459, as compared with nil in 2024.

| ● | Average MAU in 2025 from GlocalMe MeowGo business was 621,059, representing a decrease of 1.5% from 630,641 in 2024.

Total data consumed through our platform were approximately 180,000, 172,900 and 184,000 terabytes in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, including data consumed by users who contributed to our revenues from data connectivity services, which we procured, and data consumed by users who did not contribute to our revenues from data connectivity services, which our business partners procured. In addition, the demand for our uCloudlink 2.0 business increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and the demand of local data connectivity services continued to be strong, primarily due to the development of our local GlocalMe MeowGo business in Japan and the expansion of GlocalMe brand in North America. We generate revenue primarily from our mobile data connectivity services and hardware terminals that incorporate the services.

Evolution of Our Business

Our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform is designed for shared mobile data connectivity services by allocating the SIM cards remotely and dynamically to users. All users can access and use the SIM card resources in our distributed SIM card pool supplied by different network operators via our platform. We operate our business under what we refer to as uCloudlink 1.0 and uCloudlink 2.0 models, and plan to launch uCloudlink 3.0 model in the future. We support various networks and technical systems in countries and regions around the globe. In the meantime, we focus on users’ experience and allow our business partners to enjoy reliable services with reasonable pricing. We believe our technology is compatible with various application scenarios where smooth connection is needed.

uCloudlink 1.0 model focuses on cross-border travelers that need mobile data connectivity services across different countries. We started to conduct our business under uCloudlink 1.0 model in 2014. When a terminal connects in a foreign country or region, a local SIM card in our distributed SIM card pool will be allocated dynamically based on the terminal’s location to avoid roaming fees. We operate Roamingman portable Wi-Fi services in China and Malaysia to provide global mobile data connectivity services. We also offer GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals and provide our cloud SIM architecture to business partners such as MVNOs, MNOs and portable Wi-Fi terminal rental companies to offer global mobile data connectivity services directly to their users. Our GlocalMe Inside implementation in smartphones and other smart terminals also supports cross-border mobile data connectivity within uCloudlink 1.0 model. Our uCloudlink 1.0 model, such as the rental of Roamingman portable Wi-Fi by our business partners, was also negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led us and our global business partners to focus more on local data connectivity services.

uCloudlink 2.0 model aims to provide mobile data connectivity services to local users across different MNOs in a single country or region. We started to offer this service in 2018. We allocate another SIM card to a terminal when its current MNO does not have coverage in a certain location, or allocate a SIM card with cheaper data charges or better network quality when multiple MNOs offer coverage in that location. We develop GlocalMe Inside implementation for smartphones and other smart hardware products, enabling them to obtain access to our cloud SIM architecture and use our distributed SIM card pool. Users with GlocalMe Inside embedded terminals can enjoy reliable and high-speed data connectivity experience at competitive cost. We have launched the GlocalMe World Phones series, cooperated with third-party smartphone companies to implement GlocalMe Inside, and developed cloud SIM modules for smart hardware products. An MNO or MVNO may also leverage our GlocalMe products under uCloudlink 2.0 model to provide local data connectivity in areas where it does not have strong network deployment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the lock-down measures in many countries and regions, many people chose to work from home, held video meetings and conferences, and needed to access remote education, leading to an increase in demand for better and reliable data connectivity. This has created great opportunities for our uCloudlink 2.0 model, which can scan for multiple mobile networks and provide better coverage, better speed and better connectivity service quality for users.

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We have expanded the business scope of our local data connectivity service. Apart from the GlocalMe MeowGo business opportunities such as sales of mobile Wi-Fi terminals and services through online sales and offline distribution and through our business partners, we also enhanced our local service brand as we expand our e-commerce exposure in key markets such as the United States and Europe, optimize our websites and streamline our sales team. We also invested in Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Co., Ltd., a licensed MVNO in China, and Maya System, Inc. in Japan as a component of our global investment strategy.

Our uCloudlink 3.0 model is currently in the trial phase for the GlocalMe Ecosystem and provides connectivity solutions that meet functional and security needs. Our uCloudlink 3.0 model builds on top of our uCloudlink 1.0 and 2.0 models and continues to contribute to our leading mobile data traffic sharing marketplace. We anticipate that our proposed uCloudlink 3.0 model has the potential to further improve the efficiency of data connectivity services through our innovative cloud SIM architecture, which is compatible with multiple technologies, including physical SIM, soft SIM and eSIM. We are establishing a data traffic marketplace that integrates cloud SIM technology, HyperConn®, positioning technologies and AI-driven PaaS/SaaS solutions to enable efficient mobile data transactions and sharing. We believe that the success of our uCloudlink 1.0 and uCloudlink 2.0 models will pave the path for the introduction of our uCloudlink 3.0 model.

To support our business evolution from the 1.0 model to the 3.0 model, we have strategized our cloud SIM business model in three key stages to fully capitalize the value of our cloud SIM technology and architecture:

| ● | Stage 1 - B2C Retail: We started our business primarily by selling or leasing GlocalMe hardware and data packages directly to retail consumers in order to gain market recognition and to prove our cloud SIM technology and architecture, as well as the scalability and profitability of our business model. We provide high quality data connectivity services to end-users backed up by our PaaS and SaaS.

| ● | Stage 2 - B2B2C Wholesale: Once we have proved the concept of cloud SIM, and gained tractions in the markets of our product and services, we are able to attract local business partners to collaborate with us and distribute our hardware and data packages in their countries and regions. Our business partners tailor their marketing strategies to resell or lease our hardware and data packages to their local audience, and these tailored operations have helped us expedite our global expansion. Our business partners can also manage their business via our PaaS and SaaS to provide better services to their end-users, including connectivity management, terminal management, terminal rental and sales, customer service systems (CRM), and big data analysis.

| ● | Stage 3 - PaaS/SaaS Platform based connectivity ecosystem: With extensive experience in serving our business partners across the globe, our core cloud SIM technology, hyper-connectivity technology and architecture became more mature and comprehensive, and we are able to open up our proprietary platform and software to our business partners to support their operations. Our business partners can rely on our PaaS and SaaS platform for SIM and connectivity management, and focus on sales and marketing, as well as procure customized ODM (Original Design Manufacture) hardware and data packages from their proprietary sources to fully exploit their edge in their local markets. Such specialization enables us and our business partners to operate more efficiently.

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We are gradually becoming more platform-centric and elevating our data connectivity services via upgrading our PaaS/SaaS Platform during stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 going forward. We continue to focus on developing and serving our customers and business partners with our core capabilities – cloud SIM technology, hyper-connectivity technology and architecture, and delegate other functions to our local business partners. This model will allow us to expedite our global expansion by forming a global partner ecosystem. Simultaneously, our business partners will also comprehend our mobile network offering by hosting their SIM cards on our platform locally.

We constantly focus on elevating user experience and one way we are able to do it is via our “Navigation + Electronic Toll Pass” service over mobile network accomplished through our hyper-connectivity technology through PaaS and SaaS platform. We innovatively apply “Navigation + Electronic Toll Pass” concept to data connectivity services market. Like installing “Navigation + Electronic Toll Pass” for traffic, “Navigation” can automatically identify network congestion and actively choose the better network and “Electronic Toll Pass” allows users to avoid long queues in network when switching among mobile networks and intelligently elevate data connectivity user experience.

Our Cloud SIM Technology and Architecture

Relying on our cloud SIM technology and architecture, we provide users with mobile data connectivity services with reliable connectivity, high speed and competitive price. The cloud SIM technology enables compatible terminals to use local data network without changing SIM cards, whereas the cloud SIM architecture supports the operation of cloud SIM technology.

Cloud SIM Technology

We have developed our cloud SIM technology based on remote SIM connection, which means that SIM cards are not located inside the mobile terminals but remotely connected. Because SIM cards are not locally hosted on the terminals, we can easily switch the SIM card from one to another dynamically over the cloud. Cloud SIM technology requires two connections simultaneously, many chipsets in the market support our cloud SIM technology through firmware upgrade.

The key advantages of our cloud SIM technology include:

| ● | Availability. Users are no longer limited to one particular MNO. MNOs become suppliers of data traffic and can be easily replaced by their competitors.

| ● | Hyper-connectivity. Cloud SIM technology allows dynamic selection of network services based on signal coverage and cost to achieve better network quality and more reliable connection with flexible solution. The definition of hyper-connectivity includes level one which is the evaluation of connection quality of various wireless-access networks, level two which is network selection and optimization based on cloud SIM technology and level three which is optimizing and acceleration of application routing. Our platform supports various kind of SIM cards and enables users to smoothly switch between multiple types of networks. Our cloud SIM technology such as smart multi-network reselection technology reduces network crossing time to milliseconds and facilitates cloud application. We believe hyper-connectivity will bring higher efficiency and better experience to our business partners and users, respectively.

| ● | Security. The cloud SIM technology follows the existing telecoms technology and presents no additional security risk.

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Cloud SIM Architecture

The cloud SIM architecture mainly consists of (i) a distributed SIM card pool with data traffic purchased by us or provided by our business partners, hosted locally or remotely using SIM banks and other terminals; (ii) uCloudlink cloud SIM platform, including software and necessary infrastructures for users and business partners; and (iii) user-end terminals such as GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals and smartphones, and GlocalMe Inside implementations in third-party smartphones as well as smart-hardware products. Network data supplied from the distributed SIM card pool are delivered to end terminals through uCloudlink cloud SIM platform using cloud SIM technology. Our cloud SIM architecture is compatible with multiple technologies, including physical SIM, soft SIM and eSIM.

Our cloud SIM architecture allows a broad range of business partners, such as mobile terminal brands, MVNOs, MNOs, mobile Wi-Fi terminal rental companies and distribution channels, to participate in our fast-growing business. Our distributed SIM card pool includes distributed SIM banks operated by us and our business partners, contributing to a data supply network with global coverage. Our cloud SIM platform supports our business partners so that they can offer reliable services and generate revenues efficiently. The end terminals allow users to enjoy mobile data connectivity services with reliable connectivity and high speed.

Distributed SIM Card Pool—Supply for Mobile Data Connectivity Services

Our distributed SIM card pool includes SIM cards purchased and managed by us, and those hosted and managed by our business partners using primarily SIM banks. SIM banks can be hosted by us with SIM cards from us or business partners, and business partners can purchase SIM banks and manage relevant business via our PaaS and SaaS platform.

Our SIM Banks. We operate our own distributed SIM banks to host a large number of local data SIM cards, which altogether enable us to provide global mobile data connectivity services in 167 countries and regions, including those countries traditionally renowned for high roaming cost. With cloud SIM technology, we simply purchase and use local SIM cards locally, reducing our data cost and eliminating the need to negotiate complicated roaming terms with MNOs. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Mobile Data Procurement and Management.” Our cloud SIM technology can in theory support SIM cards from almost all suppliers and connect to networks of almost all MNOs. Moreover, the technology is compatible with eSIM and soft SIM technologies.

Business Partners’ SIM Banks. Local SIM banks can also host a large number of data SIM cards, which can be physical SIM cards or e-SIM, and may be managed by our business partners directly. For example, an MNO or MVNO from whom we procure data may operate a local SIM bank and manage the data plans and SIM cards more efficiently. A portable Wi-Fi rental service business partner may purchase data locally and host these SIM cards in local SIM banks to meet its data demand within its operating region. We charge our business partners by the number of SIM cards hosted and the data volume provided through our architecture.

SIM Box and Other SIM Terminals. GlocalMe SIM box is our cloud SIM technology solution for users who need to have multiple SIM cards standby. SIM box is designed to be placed at home instead of being carried around. Users of our SIM box can remotely connect via their smartphones to the SIM cards in the box for data connectivity, calls and text messages. We monetize GlocalMe SIM box by selling hardware products and providing services through SIM box.

uCloudlink Cloud SIM Platform—Dispatcher of Mobile Data Connectivity Services

Our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform is the core of our cloud SIM architecture. The cloud SIM platform manages terminal information and user accounts and intelligently allocates all the SIM cards hosted in our cloud SIM architecture. It computes detailed scores for network performance of various mobile data networks in a given location. Such integrated knowledge allows the cloud SIM platform to detect and select the better local network or cost-efficient network available in our distributed SIM card pool for each user, and automatically connect the associated SIM card to the terminal. The cloud SIM platform also includes portals and tools for users and business partners to track and manage the mobile data connectivity service and smart terminals. We also provide open Application Programming Interface (API) to allow easy integration into business partners’ and enterprise customers’ existing management software.

eSIM Management System. We have been developing our eSIM management system, which will feature Subscription Manager Data Preparation + (SM-DP+), an eSIM sourcing and dispatching module, and an eSIM distribution and management module, among others. Our eSIM management system will be capable of sourcing, producing, dispatching and distributing eSIM data resources and will be connected with our other platforms for efficient management.

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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)/Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). We offer our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform as PaaS/SaaS to our business partners and charge associated service fees. Our SIM card allocation algorithm increases the efficiency and utilization rate of the SIM cards, allowing business partners and us to generate attractive usage economics and minimize data wastage. In addition, as SIM cards purchased by us and those hosted by various business partners are incorporated in the architecture as an integrated SIM card pool, mobile data connectivity service providers such as MNO and MVNO business partners can not only offer their own data connectivity service on our platform, but also easily obtain access to data connectivity services from other service providers via our PaaS and SaaS platform powered by artificial intelligence (AI). Our business partners can also management their business via our PaaS and SaaS platform to provide better AI-driven PaaS/SaaS solutions to their end-users, including connectivity management, terminal management, terminal rental and sales, customer service systems (CRM), and big data analysis.

Big Data and Advanced Algorithms. As our platform represents our users’ first entry-point to the mobile internet, we are able to obtain timely and first-hand feedback from users of our mobile data connectivity services, and gain access to a large volume of network coverage and performance related information. We develop and leverage big data analytics to enhance the accuracy of our data usage demand predictions, optimize our operations, and deliver high-quality user experience. For example, insights into the network performance and user data traffic demand help us react to network spikes and interruptions quickly. We may provide such insights as business intelligence to our business partners in the future to optimize their network infrastructure deployment and improve the service experience of their customers and to provide more advanced value-added services, such as advertisement.

Cloud Infrastructure. We have built a robust technology infrastructure to support the delivery of mobile data connectivity solutions globally. We currently utilize third-party clouds to host our network infrastructure and cloud SIM platform servers. Cloud infrastructure allows elastic and distributed supply of computing power and bandwidths to accommodate traffic spikes, increasing the robustness of our system. When we experience elevated demand from our users, for example during summer holidays or other peak traveling seasons, we may expand our cloud SIM platform efficiently in various countries and regions to address the increased demand. In the unlikely event that our access to one of our platform servers is interrupted, cloud technology allows immediate service supplement from servers in other places to fill in and provide continuous services. We also back-up our servers and data on a daily basis using cloud technology to minimize the risk of data loss, which enables instant system restoration and reliable service.

Smart Terminals—Demand for Mobile Data Connectivity Services

Terminals that are compatible with our cloud SIM technology are a vital part of our business. Empowered by our cloud SIM technology, these terminals free users from physically changing SIM cards, ready to connect to global mobile networks with reliable connectivity, high speed and competitive prices. Our cloud SIM technology enables the terminals to communicate to our cloud SIM platform the basic information regarding network selection and cloud SIM card matching, and provides the terminals with high-speed mobile data connectivity services. Terminals report information of network performance at their locations back to the cloud SIM platform so that it can dynamically improve its network allocation efficiency. Users may purchase local data packages and international data packages and manage their terminals through our GlocalMe apps.

Supported by our broad network coverage and powerful cloud SIM platform, we have introduced a range of compatible terminals, including portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe Life products, PetPhone, GlocalMe Inside embedded smartphones and other smart-hardware products such as IoT terminals. Under uCloudlink 1.0 model, most of the smart terminals are portable Wi-Fi terminals for international roaming purposes. Under uCloudlink 2.0 model, most terminals are smartphones with GlocalMe Inside implementation, through which users can enjoy both local and international mobile data connectivity services. See “—Our Products and Services.”

GlocalMe IoT and Other Apps. The GlocalMe IoTapp enables seamless usage of our mobile data connectivity services on compatible third-party terminals. Users need to activate this app to enjoy our mobile data connectivity services. Users may easily check balance of their current data plans, renew their plans, purchase and top up other local and global data packages, maintain their accounts and obtain access to online customer support. For each country or region, users can choose from unlimited data pass in particular periods, normal data packages by data amounts, and packages for multiple countries in that region. Besides the GlocalMe IoT app, we also offer the GlocalMe app that can be downloaded from app stores to manage portable Wi-Fi terminals, the SIMBOX app to manage voice calls and text messages that are remotely hosted on SIM boxes, and GlocalMe eSIM app to manage eSIM solutions.

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Our Products and Services

Leveraging our integral cloud SIM technology and architecture, the core of our business is to provide reliable and high-speed mobile data connectivity services at competitive prices, which we deliver through a range of hardware products and service solutions to our business partners, retail and enterprise customers. The main hardware terminals we offer include portable Wi-Fi terminals, smartphones and smart-hardware products for international and local mobile data connectivity services. We also provide business solutions using multiple types of terminals to enterprise customers, as well as other value-added services to our business partners.

Our cloud SIM platform readily supports traffic from 5G networks. While MNOs globally are rolling out 5G networks and smartphone manufacturers are launching 5G-compatible models, smooth and reliable 5G experience outside of home country will not achieve in the near- to mid-term, as MNOs will probably require new 5G roaming agreements and tariff arrangements. Similarly, in local markets, 5G roaming agreements between MNOs are also required for wider 5G coverage by combining the 5G networks of multiple MNOs. Our cloud SIM platform offers 5G solutions that enable roaming-free inter-carrier 5G network access domestically and internationally. Currently, our competitive high-speed 5G roaming solutions can not only offer extensive 5G coverage that covers 90 countries and regions, but also enhance user experience, which further expands our user base and enhances our leading position in the roaming market.

GlocalMe MeowGo Solutions

We launched our GlocalMe MeowGo solutions, which was previously referred to as GlocalMe mobile/fixed broadband solutions, in 2014 as a signature solution under the uCloudlink 1.0 model, offering a range of hardware terminals, including portable Wi-Fi terminals and cloud network routers, to meet diverse connectivity needs. We launched MeowGo G40 Pro and MeowGo G50 Max. MeowGo G40 Pro is a milestone product, enabling users to stay connected through one single device or one account. The product also supports in-flight Wi-Fi and connect seamlessly across several usage scenarios such as homes, airports, offices, and cafes. With MeowGo G40 Pro, we are transforming portable connectivity from an international travel-only solution into a true multi-scenario companion. MeowGo G50 Max is launched with Sky-to-Ground 5G/satellite integration and AI-driven network switching. This device also enhances network quality through AI-powered real-time congestion detection, delivering a faster and more reliable user experience.

Empowered by our cloud SIM architecture, our portable Wi-Fi terminals provide high-speed network connections in 167 countries and regions without the need to physically change SIM cards, supporting simultaneous connections for up to 15 devices. By leveraging our cloud SIM technology to allocate local data SIM cards from our distributed SIM card pool, cross-border travelers using our portable Wi-Fi terminals are able to enjoy reliable, fast, and competitively priced local mobile data connections, just like local users. We have consistently upgraded our existing GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals to enhance performance and user experience.

While our portable Wi-Fi terminals primarily target users with international roaming needs, they are also highly effective for local use under the uCloudlink 2.0 model. These terminals automatically select the best-performing local mobile data network, enabling local users to enjoy broader coverage, more reliable connections, and lower prices without being tied to a specific MNO or MVNO. To further expand our uCloudlink 2.0 business, we introduced a dual-band customer premises equipment (CPE) router that supports local fixed networks and multiple mobile networks from major operators, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity even during fiber-optic line failures. Through the GlocalMe app, users can purchase global data on a pay-as-you-go basis or choose from various local and international data packages, offering flexibility and convenience.

Recently, we unveiled the upgraded 5G mobile Wi-Fi hotspot, integrating AI-driven Sky-to-Ground connectivity solutions with satellite communication capabilities. This solution integrates Wi-Fi networks across homes, airports, offices, cafes, and more, while also being able to support in-flight Wi-Fi connectivity.

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Services through our Roamingman Brand

Roamingman is our brand of the global portable Wi-Fi service business, primarily targeting Chinese users who are traveling abroad under uCloudlink 1.0 model. Besides China, we also operate Roamingman business in Malaysia. Empowered by our cloud SIM architecture, Roamingman provides global data connection through using our terminals. Users may obtain our portable Wi-Fi through multiple channels, including multiple Roamingman e-commerce platforms, online travel agencies such as Trip.com and Fliggy, airlines and other travel related companies. We offer flexible use periods, coverage regions and extension options to address the diverse needs from cross-border travelers. After reserving the terminals with deposits, users may pick up and return the terminals at airports, convenience stores, or via courier services.

We typically charge users a daily service fee that includes a specific amount of data in that day. The price of the daily service fee depends on the countries and regions the users plan to visit.

Direct Sales

We also directly sell our GlocalMe Wi-Fi terminals to enterprise and retail customers through online and offline channels in multiple countries and regions, such as China, Japan, Europe and the United States. Frequent cross-border travelers and enterprise customers may be better off by buying our terminals with data plans instead of short-term leasing. Our customers also include local users who seek to access more reliable and less expensive mobile data network locally following uCloudlink 2.0 model. We generate revenue by selling the solutions, including the hardware and data packages for future use. We also generate revenue when users purchase additional data package through our products. Users may purchase our terminals on online e-commerce platforms such as Amazon, Chewy, TikTok, JD and T-mall. In order to elevate our local service brand GlocalMe, we have enhanced our e-commerce exposure in key markets such as the United States, Europe and Southeast Asia, optimized our websites and streamlined our sales team.

Cooperation with Business Partners

We have collaborated with business partners to provide access to our portable Wi-Fi solutions in other countries. Our business partners for GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi solutions include MNOs, MVNOs and portable Wi-Fi rental companies. Typically, we generate revenue by selling the hardware terminals to our business partners and providing mobile data connectivity services through our cloud SIM architecture. Our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform offers customer management tools, back-end SIM card tracking and data billing system, and provides access to global mobile data networks. In addition to utilizing data traffic available on our cloud SIM platform, business partners may also procure SIM cards and host the SIM cards in our cloud SIM architecture to provide data connectivity services to their customers. In 2024, we made breakthroughs in developing retail channels, by signing cooperation agreements with North America’s largest airport retail channels to make our products widely available across airport retail locations in North America.

GlocalMe SIM Solutions

Our GlocalMe SIM solutions offer a comprehensive range of SIM cards that encompass physical SIM, soft SIM, eSIM and cloud SIM, among others. In 2023, we launched GlocalMe SIM, an OTA SIM card. GlocalMe SIM is backed by our patented cloud SIM technology and allows our users and customers to freely purchase and use multiple global data plans as needed without having to change SIM card. It currently covers more than 150 travel destinations, including Japan, the United States and Australia. In 2023, we piloted our eSIM solution to adapt to the growing trend of eSIM development. Our solution accommodates a wide range of mobile devices, including those that do not natively support eSIM. Positioned as the “ultimate second SIM solution,” our eSIM TRIO solution would enhance connectivity by offering strong domestic and international coverage, eliminating the need for multiple SIM cards at the same time. This single-SIM solution would not only provide consumers with seamless local and global connectivity but also empower Tier 2 and Tier 3 MNOs and MVNOs by addressing critical challenges such as poor network performance, cross-carrier restrictions, limited international roaming options and the inability to build independent networks. We generate revenue by selling the SIM card services, including the SIM card and data packages for future use. We also generate revenue when users purchase additional data package. Our business partners can also enjoy these services through our cloud SIM platform.

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IoT Modules

We offer IoT modules to meet the huge demand for mobile data from various terminals, and provide integrated network solutions to our customers. As 5G becomes more available, IoT providers will be more dependent on our cloud SIM architecture and hyper-connectivity technology. IoT modules are primarily targeting enterprise customers seeking for cost-effective and reliable data connectivity with low network latency in their products, to be used locally and internationally. For example, we provide data network solutions for several leading manufacturers in security camera, dashboard camera, in-car infotainment systems and related sectors. We expect to generate revenue from IoT modules by selling hardware and data packages.

Our cloud SIM technology and hyper-connectivity technology, including the smart multi-network reselection technology, is compatible with and brings unique advantages to various IoT applications scenarios such as Internet of Vehicles, augmented reality, virtual reality, autopilot, cargos, logistics and other car equipment. We are cooperating with business partners in various aspects of IoT applications.

We unveiled the CloudSIM Kit all-in-one IoT solution in 2025. Our CloudSIM Kit is a plug-and-play IoT solution designed to deliver instant global full-speed 4G and 5G connectivity for IoT and smart devices. This innovative solution can be integrated into existing devices with SIM card slots, such as smartphones, CPEs and other IoT-enabled hardware. By inserting the CloudSIM Kit, users would be able to access global connectivity without the need for additional hardware modifications. GlocalMe’s IoT offerings comprehensively address connectivity challenges across various IoT scenarios through our CloudSIM Kit, Soft cloud SIM technology and innovative SIM card solutions.

Our IoT solutions gained strong momentum across in-car infotainment, security cameras, and other high-growth verticals. Beyond core connectivity, we are developing new business models including third-party service facilitation and value-added offerings that generate platform commission income. While still in early stages, our expanding device base and proprietary cloud SIM technology position us to capture increasing value beyond connectivity, creating significant future monetization opportunities.

GlocalMe Life Solutions

GlocalMe Life solutions bring seamless connectivity into various frequent daily life application scenarios. We commercially launched three GlocalMe Life product series in 2024. The lineup of new solutions, consisting of KeyTracker, a smart tag and tracker powered by six positioning technologies, RoamPlug, a 4-in-1 universal adaptor with built-in cloud SIM hotspot, and UniCord, a 3-in-1 charger cable with built-in cloud SIM hotspot, has showcased our innovative capabilities and garnered widespread acclaim in the market. Additionally, we made breakthroughs in developing retail channels and made these three series available at airports across the United States. With our high-quality data connectivity solutions for a range of everyday scenarios, we engage with a broader end-user base and enable our users to enjoy a more intelligent and convenient life. We plan to launch a wide range of lifestyle accessories empowered by our cloud SIM technology, and also collaborate with third-party manufacturers to support their smart devices with our connectivity capabilities.

PetPhone Business

We unveiled PetPhone in 2025, an addition to our digital ecosystem. PetPhone, as a smartphone for pets, would offer AI pet interactions, 6-tech global positioning, AI health monitoring and engagement with a global pet community. In October 2025, we approved a plan to operate our pet-tech business under a new operational structure. We have incorporated PetAIVerse Holding Inc., a Cayman Islands-based holding company, or PetAIVerse, within our group, which will be supported by local operating subsidiaries of PetAIVerse, to create a global foundation for the pet-tech business. PetAIVerse and its subsidiaries will focus on building an AI-powered smart wearable ecosystem for pets and develop an online interactive platform that connects among pets, pets’ owners, pets’ fans and communities in real time across the globe. This platform will integrate voice, video, music, and pet health-related digital services, etc. We unveiled our visionary ecosystem at CES 2026 in Las Vegas. At the center of this launch are two devices: PetPhone, a wearable for two-way communication, and a camera for pet, offering an immersive perspective into a pet’s life. PetPhone enables real-time, Two-Way Call & Care, allowing owners to speak directly to their pets to soothe separation anxiety from anywhere in the world.

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In addition, given the capital-intensive nature of developing a new global pet online platform, PetAIVerse plans to raise additional capital and bring in additional investors to accelerate its global expansion and drive the growth of its user base.

GlocalMe Inside Implementations

We believe that reliable and high-quality connectivity is the crucial factor for smart devices no matter how many fancy add-on features they come with. Hence, we provide GlocalMe Inside implementation solutions for smartphones and other smart devices so that users can enjoy reliable network experience. Smartphones use smart chipsets and satisfy the requirements of cloud SIM technology. We provide the firmware upgrade to third parties without additional hardware cost to enable global mobile data connectivity services on these terminals, such as smartphones, GlocalMe World Phones, mobile Wi-Fi, and smart speakers.

Our GlocalMe Inside implementation for smartphones was done via a series of technological collaborations between us, mobile terminal brands and major chipset brands. We enable GlocalMe Inside services in existing mobile models with supporting chipsets by simply notifying the mobile terminal users to update their firmware. Alternatively, third-party mobile phone brands can also pre-install our GlocalMe Inside solutions on their new mobile terminals, which can also become a unique selling feature of their new products. We believe by having an embedded data solution, third-party mobile terminal brands will be able to diversify their product offerings and participate in telecommunication ecosystem.

We also provide GlocalMe Inside implementation solutions for third-party IoT modules and IoT devices to allow them to intelligently select and dynamically switch between multiple local carriers worldwide. We will also expand GlocalMe Life’s offerings through GlocalMe Inside implementation.

While GlocalMe Inside is capable of providing both local and international mobile data connectivity services, given the convenience that comes with an embedded data solution, GlocalMe Inside will promote our signature implementation of uCloudlink 2.0 model, targeting those seeking reliable and high-speed local data connectivity We partner with various smartphone manufacturers to provide GlocalMe Inside implementation in certain mobile phone models. We sell data packages to mobile terminal users through GlocalMe Inside implementation ourselves or through our mobile terminal brand business partners. We collect user payment when they purchase data packages through the pre-installed app and will pay the smartphone company a pre-determined percentage of such payments we received as commissions. The percentage depends on the nature of the collaborations and the countries where the mobile terminal users are using our mobile data connectivity services. For GlocalMe Inside implementation, we piggyback our business partners’ sales efforts to sell their mobile terminals with our data connectivity services embedded. Alternatively, we can become distribution channels of our business partners by selling their terminals and our mobile data connectivity services.

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) / Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Other Services

We offer uCloudlink cloud SIM platform as a service to our business partners with a service charge. Our uCloudlink cloud SIM platform, which supports physical SIM, soft SIM and eSIM, intelligently chooses better performing local network, supporting a massive number of terminals and users. Our PaaS and SaaS offering consists of modules such as customer relationship management, operations support system, business support system, and SIM card enterprise resource planning and management, which enable our PaaS and SaaS customers to become over-the-top operators. PaaS targets sophisticated business partners that have their own business operation software, such as MNOs and portable Wi-Fi rental companies, to improve their cooperation with us. The cloud SIM platform includes APIs to allow easy integration into business partners’ and enterprise customers’ existing business management software.

SaaS targets business partners that do not have their own business operation software. We support full business software solutions such as customer management and billing, sales and purchase of data packages, data package design, traffic supply and demand analysis, and multiple payment methods. Leveraging on the network data we collected through our operation, we are able to provide insights to our business partners to boost their operation efficiency through advanced algorithms. Business partners may access to a dashboard through ucloudlink.com.

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Our distributed SIM card pool includes distributed SIM banks that may be operated by our business partners locally to maintain and manage their SIM cards, which will be dispatched through our cloud SIM platform. Our business partners include MNOs, MVNOs, portable Wi-Fi rental companies, and smartphone and smart-hardware companies. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Cloud SIM Technology and Architecture—Cloud SIM Architecture.”

PaaS and SaaS related service fees typically include revenue derived from SIM card performance improvement, SIM card hosting fees and management fees, software license fees and data pool exchange service fees and other customer management services which are highly recurring monetization models. We typically charge our business partners for service fees for PaaS and SaaS provided and based on the number of active terminals or SIM cards hosted in our distributed SIM card pool. As business partners realize the commercial benefits from leveraging uCloudlink’s PaaS and SaaS services, we believe they will gradually migrate more of their SIM and data traffic management functions to uCloudlink. Our PaaS and SaaS services are complementary in nature and form a complete value cycle at serving our business partners’ needs.

As users surf on internet through the mobile data connectivity services we provide, we are the first entrance for users and their information. Based on this advantage, we provide a number of value-added services to our business partners, such as advertisement. We collaborate with our business partners and other third-party advertisement agencies to provide advertisements on our products based on our big data analysis results. These advertisements are displayed on the screens of our portable Wi-Fi terminals, our GlocalMe and other apps.

Mobile Data Procurement and Management

We provide mobile data connectivity services to our users, and collaborate with business partners by assisting them with servicing their users. Data allowance originally purchased by us, which was primarily used by users who contributed to our revenues from data connectivity services, increased from approximately 24,000 terabytes in 2023 to approximately 25,000 terabytes in 2024, and further increased to approximately 28,000 terabytes in 2025, while data originally purchased by our business partners, which was primarily used by users who did not contribute to our revenues from data connectivity services, decreased from approximately 156,500 terabytes in 2023 to approximately 148,000 terabytes in 2024, and increased to approximately 155,000 terabytes in 2025.

Data Procurement

Our data sources include MNOs and their sales channels, MVNOs, and other SIM-card trading companies. We have aggregated mobile data traffic allowances from 398 MNOs in 167 countries and regions in our cloud SIM architecture. When we start to offer uCloudlink 3.0 model in the future, users will also become our suppliers of mobile data. We have a dedicated team of data procurement personnel to purchase global mobile data from various sources. Our data purchasing team covers 167 countries and regions, divided by geographic regions and languages.

We ask for quotations from MNOs and resellers in a region and specify our technical requirements to support cloud SIM technology. Negotiation with MNOs and their sales channels often lasts for up to two months. We generally use framework agreements for data procurement. We notify MNOs of our request for cloud SIM technology support and sometimes include the requirement in the agreement. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We depend on network operators for their wireless networks, infrastructures and data traffic, and any disruptions of or limitations on our use of such networks, infrastructures and data traffic may adversely affect our business and financial results.”

As we have aggregated mobile data traffic allowances from 398 MNOs, we possess bargaining power during the negotiation due to competition among MNOs and sometimes offer bidding process to purchase data with better price and terms. As our user base grows, larger demand for data also drives up our bargaining power with data suppliers. We also increase our bargaining power from our algorithm on pricing and user demand prediction. We technically analyze data packages across MNOs and other data suppliers and choose the combination with lower price or better network coverage. As our AI-Powered service maximizes network utilization, simplifies the cooperation among MNOs, improves network coverage and service quality of MNOs and fully utilizes network capacity, especially 5G, MNOs are more willing to offer us data with low price.

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Our operation under uCloudlink 2.0 model involves the purchase and use of local data, and some local regulators require additional telecommunication licenses and permits. To meet these requirements, we either form joint ventures with local business partners who possess such licenses and permits or apply for the required licenses and permits ourselves. For example, in April 2019 and September 2020, we made an investment in a licensed MVNO primarily engaged in telecommunications related business, which was successfully listed on the China National Equities Exchange and Quotations on January 12, 2023.

The procured data, especially those from sources other than MNOs themselves, are subject to testing and validation before commercially loaded in our distributed SIM card pool. This ensures that the data included in the SIM card has the volume and network performance parameters as the agreement specified.

Data Demand Projection

To ensure reliable mobile data connectivity services to our users, we have a planning team to predict mobile data demand through modeling. The model looks at seasonality, regions and countries, network performance and other features to predict users’ data demand at a specific time in a geographic area.

In the rare event where mobile data demand spikes and our normally procured data cannot fulfill that one-off demand, we have set up procedures to ensure our service quality. When the data usage reaches a threshold percentage of our distributed SIM card pool, our system will alert us. We may activate backup SIM cards, which often provide more expensive data package and do not incur cost before activation. For example, in the event that the data demand in Hong Kong spikes, we may activate a backup SIM card in Hong Kong, and if no local backup SIM card is available, activate a Thailand SIM card using daily international roaming plan, to cover data demand in Hong Kong. Based on the prediction from modeling, if we find that our data traffic is not sufficient to cover the data demand, we may utilize data traffic made available by our business partners on our platform or purchase SIM cards from MNOs. If these measures are unable to satisfy the demand, we will temporarily suspend services for new users or suspend new data package orders. In extreme cases, we may suspend service for users with low data demand.

Data Pricing Strategy

We set the prices of our mobile data packages based on prevailing market price. We also use algorithms to create our data plans by a fresh combination of the data packages in our distributed SIM card pool. This significantly enhances the efficiency of our data SIM card management and increases the margin of our data operation.

Leveraging our Business Operations Support System (BOSS), we allow users to customize the data packages they wish to purchase, and we assign tailor-made pricing to the data packages created by the users, based on their own needs and some metrics, such as the length of the data plan, the data supplier, the geographic region covered and volume of data traffic needed. We are developing additional customization features so that users may personalize and purchase data plans based on their needs. Such flexibility will enable more reasonable cost for users and increase our network operation efficiency.

Manufacturing and Supply of Components

To produce our hardware terminals that incorporate our mobile data connectivity services, we rely on our manufacturing partners. A significant portion of this manufacturing is currently performed by a small number of outsourcing partners. We have master agreements with our manufacturing partners and issue purchase orders each time, with varying prices. Before engaging a manufacturing partner, we evaluate its manufacturing capabilities, including quality control system, managing mechanism and business performance. We request the manufacturing partner to produce a small batch as testing process. We work closely with our manufacturing partners on manufacturing schedules and components management to ensure that they are able to meet their production commitments. We have an on-site quality control team to randomly test the products and oversees the working flow from components to end products.

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We have a dedicated team that purchase required components to meet specified requirements of our customers. Most components essential to our business are generally available from multiple sources. However, a few components, such as chipsets, are at times subject to industry-wide shortage, significant pricing fluctuations and long supply cycles. We communicate with chipset manufacturers or their agents periodically regarding their production plans. We also apply our own monthly demand prediction for the following three months to purchase and store components.

We engage our manufacturing partners for component inventory storage as well. We also outsourced the logistics service to third-party courier companies.

Marketing and Business Development

We promote our products and services through a variety of online and offline marketing and promotional activities, as well as global exhibitions to enhance market exposure, such as CES 2024, Viva Tech 2024 and IFA Berlin. We primarily market our Roamingman portable Wi-Fi service through online travel agencies as well as through offline channels. We also promote our Roamingman brand with advertisement embedded in movies to reach broader consumer market. For GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals, we publish advertisement on in-flight magazines with support from airlines. For GlocalMe Inside and other services based on our cloud SIM architecture, we establish our brand recognition to reach more potential business partners by participating exhibitions in tourism, consumer electronics and telecommunications. To promote GlocalMe Inside, we provide promotional data traffic allowance from time to time to acquire new users. When holidays approach, we also promote data discount through WeChat accounts, email newsletters and short text messages. We have a dedicated business development team in charge of the marketing of our other products and services to potential business partners and enterprise customers. We believe that sales of our reliable and high-quality products and services are enhanced by knowledgeable salespersons who can convey the value of our cloud SIM technology and hyper-connectivity technology and demonstrate various use scenarios enabled by our products. We also believe maintaining direct contact with our business partners is an effective way to demonstrate the advantages of our products and providing a high-quality sales and after-sales support experience is critical to attracting new and retaining existing business partners. Most of our sales personnel previously work in notable technology companies and have years of sales experience and technological knowledge base to support their sales activities. We establish our brand recognition to reach more potential business partners by participating exhibitions in tourism, consumer electronics and telecommunications.

In the first quarter of 2025, one of our subsidiaries was among the first batch of 13 foreign-invested companies in China to receive approval from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for pilot operations of value-added telecommunications services. This approval grants us the ability to provide internet access and information services in China, allowing us to expand our global footprint and deliver stronger connectivity solutions.

PetPhone has been formally procured by a leading mobile service brand in Hong Kong, through its authorized distributor. Also, we expanded the global reach of PetPhone to the Middle East in partnership with a Saudi Arabian-based exclusive distributor of pet supplies and consumer electronics brands across Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

Customer Support

We maintain a dedicated customer service team in our ongoing efforts to maintain end-user satisfaction and improve our products and services. We offer customer support powered by AI-driven PaaS/SaaS solution for global users in Chinese, English, and Japanese. Users may contact customer support directly from GlocalMe Connect app anytime to report issues and voluntarily provide feedback on our products and services, which help us improve our current business or develop and launch new services. We currently provide all customer service by ourselves, but some of our customer service was outsourced in the past. Our business partners, such as MNOs, MVNOs, portable Wi-Fi terminal rental companies and smartphone companies and vendors, often employ their own customer service teams as the primary interface for users. We provide additional customer service and technical support for these teams.

Our customer support team typically solves the following issues: (i) consultation on data packages and their definitions, (ii) questions regarding payment methods, and (iii) network performance glitches. For portable Wi-Fi terminals, users may mail back the broken terminal for repair and we often plan for backup terminals to cover our Roamingman services. When we receive a user complaint, our customer support team will resolve such complaint according to our service policy. If the user is not satisfied, the issue will be escalated to our management team.

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Research and Development

We invest significant resources in research and development to improve our technology and develop solutions supporting our cloud SIM operations. We incurred US$6.5 million, US$6.2 million and US$4.9 million of research and development expenses in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

We have a team of experienced engineers who are primarily based in China. We recruit most of our engineers locally and have established various recruiting and training programs to keep them abreast of the most advanced technologies. As of December 31, 2025, our technology team had a total of approximately 160 engineers, primarily focusing on the development of cloud SIM technology and our architecture, firmware and software development, big data analysis and hardware development.

Data Privacy and Security

We are committed to protecting information security of all users and business partners within our cloud SIM architecture. We have established and implemented a strict company-wide policy on data collection, processing and usage. We collect network performance information and other data that is related to the services we provide and use the collected data for our operations, all with users’ consent.

We build our security protocols and processes for research and development, supply chain and other aspects of our business operations. We have a security team of engineers and technicians dedicated to protecting the security of our data and our system. The mechanism of our cloud SIM technology is secure as it does not authorize third parties to modify SIM card profiles. We anonymize and encrypt confidential personal information and take other technological measures to ensure the secure processing, transmission and usage of data. We have also established stringent internal protocols under which we grant classified access to confidential personal data only to limited employees with strictly defined and layered access authority. In addition, we use third-party security system provided by our cloud service providers. Our security system is capable of handling malicious attacks each day to safeguard the security of our architecture and to protect the privacy of our users.

We adopt security and data privacy practices in compliance with local cyber security law and data privacy regulations in the countries and regions that we operate, including cyber security law of mainland China.

We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations regarding data privacy and protection in the United States, including the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, among others. We also need to comply with EU and UK laws and regulations regarding data privacy and protection, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. The improper use or disclosure of data could have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, penalties, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, damages to our reputation and brand, or otherwise harm our business” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Personal Information Protection.”

Intellectual Property

We regard our patents, trademarks, copyrights, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property as critical to our success.

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As of December 31, 2025, we owned 181 patents relating to the cloud SIM technology in mainland China, Japan, United States and other jurisdictions, and had 25 pending patent applications. Our patents cover our key technologies, including cloud SIM architecture and supporting terminals, design patents, hardware antenna and hardware configuration. We also own 157 registered trademarks, including GlocalMe, Roamingman and uCloudlink, copyrights to 51 software programs developed by us relating to various aspects of our operations, and 77 registered domain names, including www.ucloudlink.com, www.GlocalMe.com and www.roamingman.com.

We seek to protect our technology and associated intellectual property rights through a combination of patent, copyright and trademark laws, as well as license agreements and other contractual protections. In addition, we enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements with our employees, our suppliers and manufacturers, our business partners and others to protect our proprietary rights. The agreements we enter into with our employees also provide that all patents, software, inventions, developments, works of authorship and trade secrets created by them during the course of their employment are our property.

We intend to protect our technology and proprietary rights vigorously. We have employed internal policies, confidentiality agreements, encryptions and data security measures to protect our proprietary rights. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, we may incur significant costs in defending our rights. From time to time, third parties may initiate litigation against us alleging infringement of their proprietary rights or declaring their non-infringement of our intellectual property rights. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services, and brand” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are, and may in the future be, subject to intellectual property claims, which are costly to defend, could result in significant damage awards, disrupt our business operation, and could limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future.”

Competition

The mobile data connectivity services industry is rapidly evolving and increasingly competitive. We create unique values to and collaborate with MNOs and MVNOs, who are important participants on our mobile data traffic sharing marketplace. Our cloud SIM technology backed by our PaaS and SaaS platform is our core competitiveness in data connectivity market, which will support physical SIM, eSIM, soft SIM technologies and six advanced positioning technologies, including Global Positioning System (GPS), Assisted Global Positioning System (AGPS), Location Based Services (LBS), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Active Radar. We also face potential competition from other companies with such technologies in data connectivity and location services. We believe that we are strategically positioned in global mobile data connectivity services industry and we compete with others based on the following factors: (1) strong relationships with business partners around the globe to expand our product penetration; (2) advanced cloud SIM technology, hyper-connectivity technology, pioneer positioning technologies and architecture that deliver high quality mobile data connectivity experience to end users; (3) innovative GlocalMe Inside solutions that bring new opportunities to the hardware terminal value chain; and (4) experience and track record of success in the telecommunications business.

Insurance

We maintain various insurance policies to safeguard against risks and unexpected events. We have contracted with leading insurance companies and providers to obtain insurance coverage for product liability and freight transportation. In addition to providing social insurance for our employees as required by the laws of mainland China, we also provide supplemental commercial medical insurance for our employees. We have maintained product liability insurance for our terminals.

Regulation

This section sets forth a summary of the principal laws and regulations of mainland China and Hong Kong which are relevant to our business and operations.

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Mainland China

Regulations Related to Foreign Investment

Company Law of the PRC

On December 29, 2023, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the amended PRC Company Law, which came into effect on July 1, 2024. The amended PRC Company Law has made material amendments on corporate governance and shareholders rights of the PRC companies, including, among others, the statutory period for payment of registered capital, the setting of the board of directors and the board of supervisors, and transfer of equity interests in a company.

With respect to the period for payment of the registered capital, pursuant to the amended PRC Company Law, all shareholders of a PRC limited liability company shall fully pay up the registered capital subscribed for by such shareholders within five years since the date of establishment of such PRC limited liability company, unless otherwise provided by laws and regulations. With respect to any company established before the effective date of the amended PRC Company Law, the period of capital contribution provided in its articles of association shall be amended to meet the time limit provided in the amended PRC Company Law if such period of capital contribution in its articles of association exceeds that as required by the amended PRC Company Law; with respect to any company whose period of capital contribution or amount of the registered capital are obviously abnormal, the competent governmental authority may require such company to adjust its period of capital contribution or amount of the registered capital in a timely manner. The amended PRC Company Law provides that the detailed implementation measures for the aforesaid provisions will be formulated by the State Council of the PRC. If any shareholder fails to make capital contributions on schedule and in full as provided in the articles of association, the company shall send a written notice requesting such shareholder to pay up all overdue registered capital within a grace period no less than sixty days from the issuance date of such notice. If, upon the expiration of the foregoing grace period, such shareholder still hasn’t fulfilled the obligation of capital contribution with respect to such overdue registered capital, the company may, upon adoption of the resolution of the board of directors, send a notice of forfeiture to such shareholder in writing. Since the issuance date of the foregoing notice, such shareholder shall forfeit the equity interests for which the capital contribution has not been paid up. The forfeited equity interests shall be transferred or cancelled in accordance with the applicable laws. On July 1, 2024, the State Administration for Market Regulation issued the Provisions of the State Council on Implementing the Registered Capital Registration and Management System under the PRC Company Law, which further specify the detailed requirements and measures of the registration and management of registered capital under the amended PRC Company Law. Pursuant to such provisions, there shall be a three-year interim period from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2027 for the existing companies to adjust their periods of capital contribution. If the period of capital contribution of a company established before the effective date of the amended PRC Company Law exceeds the period prescribed under the amended PRC Company Law, such company shall make an adjustment within the foregoing interim period to meet the requirements under the amended PRC Company Law. The adjusted period of capital contribution shall be recorded in such company’s articles of association and publicized through the national enterprise credit information publicity system in accordance with laws. If a limited liability company established before the effective date of the amended PRC Company Law fails to adjust its period of capital contribution during the interim period, the competent registration authority may order it to make adjustment. In case of failure to make corrections, the company registration authority shall make special notes in the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System and make public the same.

With respect to the board of directors and the board of supervisors, the amended PRC Company Law eliminates the upper limit on the number of the directors of a limited liability company, and stipulates that the board of directors of a limited liability company without a board of supervisors including an employee representative among its members, but with more than 300 employees shall have an employee representative acting as a director, who shall be democratically elected by the company’s employees through a general assembly of employees or other democratic forms. In addition, after the effective date of the amended PRC Company Law, limited liability companies, joint stock limited companies with small scale or a small number of shareholders and wholly state-owned companies may set up an audit committee to replace the functions and powers of the board of supervisors, and such companies may not set the board of supervisors or any supervisor.

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With respect to the transfer of equity interest of a limited liability company, the amended PRC Company law stipulates that the shareholders of a limited liability company may transfer the equity interest without the consent of other shareholders, provided that such shareholder shall notify other shareholders in writing with respect to transfer of such equity interest. Other shareholders will be regarded as giving up the right of first refusal if they fail to reply within 30 days after receiving the written notice. If a shareholder transfers the equity interest held by it, it shall notify the company in writing to request the company (i) to change the register of shareholders and (ii) to register the change with the competent enterprise registration authority. If the company refuses or fails to respond, the transferee and transferor may file a lawsuit with the competent court.

Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment

Investment activities in mainland China by foreign investors are principally governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC and the NDRC on June 28, 2017 and became effective on July 28, 2017, and the Provisions on Guiding Foreign Investment Direction, promulgated by the State Council on February 11, 2002 and effective on April 1, 2002. All foreign investment projects are classified into four categories: (1) encouraged projects, (2) permitted projects, (3) restricted projects, and (4) prohibited projects.

On September 6, 2024, the NDRC, and the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, promulgated the 2024 Negative List, which came into effect on November 1, 2024. In addition, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Encouraged Industry Catalogue for Foreign Investment (2025 version), which came into effect on February 1, 2026. Industries not listed in the 2024 Negative List and industries listed in the catalogue are generally open for foreign investments unless specifically restricted by other laws of mainland China. The establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises is generally allowed in encouraged and permitted industries. Some restricted industries are limited to equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases Chinese partners are required to hold the majority equity interests in such joint ventures. In addition, foreign investment in projects in a restricted category is subject to government approvals. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category.

The Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly approved the Foreign Investment Information Report Measures on December 30, 2019, which went into effect on January 1, 2020. According to these measures, foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report their investment-related information to the competent local counterparts of the Ministry of Commerce through the National Enterprise Registration System and National Enterprise Credit Information Notification System.

The 2022 Encouraged Industry Catalog, along with the 2024 Negative List, governs investment activities in mainland China by foreign investors. Industries not listed in the 2024 Negative List and industries listed in the 2022 Encouraged Industry Catalogue are generally deemed as falling into the “permitted” or “encouraged” category, unless specifically restricted by other laws and regulations of mainland China. For some restricted industries, foreign investors can only conduct investment activities through equity or contractual joint ventures, while in some cases mainland China shareholders are required to hold the majority interests in such joint ventures. In addition, some projects in the restricted category are subject to higher-level governmental approvals. Foreign investors are not allowed to invest in industries in the prohibited category. The value-added telecommunications services carried on by us in mainland China falls in the restricted category, and foreign investors cannot hold over 50% of equity interests in entities providing such services.

On December 19, 2020, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC jointly promulgated the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, which became effective on January 18, 2021. Pursuant to the Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment, the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce has established a working mechanism office in charge of the routine security review work of foreign investment, and any foreign investment which has or would possibly have an impact on the national security shall be subject to security review by such working mechanism office. The Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investment also require that a foreign investor or its domestic affiliate shall apply for clearance of national security review with the working mechanism office before they conduct any investment into any of the following fields: (i) investment in the military industry or military-related industry, and investment in areas in proximity of defense facilities or military establishment; and (ii) investment in any important agricultural product, important energy and resources, critical equipment manufacturing, important infrastructure, important transportation services, important cultural products and services, important information technologies and internet products and services, important financial services, critical technologies and other important fields which concern the national security where actual control over the invested enterprise is obtained.

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Foreign Investment Law of the PRC

The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC was formally adopted by the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress on March 15, 2019, effective on January 1, 2020. The organization form and activities of foreign-invested enterprises shall be governed, among others, by the laws of the Company Law of the PRC and the Partnership Enterprise Law of the PRC. Foreign-invested enterprises established before the implementation of this Law may retain the original business organization and so on within five years after the implementation of this Law.

The Foreign Investment Law of the PRC is formulated to also expand opening-up, vigorously promote foreign investment and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. According to the Foreign Investment Law, foreign investments are entitled to pre-entry national treatment and are subject to negative list management system. The pre-entry national treatment means that the treatment given to foreign investors and their investments at the stage of investment access shall not be less favorable than that of domestic investors and their investments. The negative list management system means that the state implements special administrative measures for access of foreign investment in specific fields. Foreign investors shall not invest in any forbidden fields stipulated in the 2024 Negative List, effective on November 1, 2024, and must meet the conditions stipulated in the 2024 Negative List before investing in any restricted fields. The Foreign Investment Law does not mention the concept and regulatory regime of the former VIE structures.

Foreign investors’ investment, earnings and other rights and interests within the territory of mainland China shall be protected in accordance with the law, and all national policies on supporting the development of enterprises shall equally apply to foreign-invested enterprises. Among others, foreign invested enterprises can participate in the formulation of standards in an equal manner and can participate in government procurement activities through fair competition in accordance with the law. Further, the state shall not expropriate any foreign investment except under special circumstances. In carrying out business activities, foreign invested enterprises shall comply with provisions on labor protection, social insurance, tax, accounting, foreign exchange and other matters stipulated in laws and regulations.

Regulations Related to Telecommunications Service

Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC (2016 Revision)

The Telecommunications Regulations of the PRC (2016 Revision), which were promulgated on September 25, 2000 by the State Council and most recently amended on February 6, 2016, provide a regulatory framework for telecommunications services providers in mainland China. As required by the Telecom Regulations, a commercial telecommunications service provider in mainland China shall obtain an operating license from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or its counterparts at provincial level prior to its commencement of operations. The Telecom Regulations categorize all telecommunication businesses in mainland China as either basic telecommunication services or value-added telecommunications services.

Catalog of Telecommunications Business

The Catalog of Telecommunications Business, which was issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations of the PRC and updated on February 21, 2003, December 28, 2015 and June 6, 2019, categorizes value-added telecommunication services into two classes: class I value-added telecommunication services and class II value-added telecommunication services. Internet access services falls within class I value-added telecommunications services. Information services provided via cable networks, mobile networks, or internet fall within class II value-added telecommunications services.

Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses (2017 Revision)

The Administrative Measures on Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses (2017 Revision), which were promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on March 1, 2009 and last amended on July 3, 2017, require that any approved telecommunications services provider shall conduct its business in accordance with the specifications in its license for value-added telecommunications services. These administrative measures also prescribe types of requisite licenses for these licenses together with qualifications and procedures for obtaining such licenses. Where telecommunications services providers need to continue telecommunications business upon the expiry of their licenses, they shall file an application for renewal of their licenses to the original issuing authority 90 days in advance. Apart from the approval of the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other PRC government authorities that may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, we and our mainland China subsidiaries are not required to obtain other permissions from Chinese authorities for our material operations in mainland China and issuance of securities to foreign investors.

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Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services (2024 Revision)

The Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services (2024 Revision), which were promulgated on December 6, 2024, came into effect on January 20, 2025 and requires commercial internet information services providers, which mean providers of information or services to internet users with charge, to obtain a license for value-added telecommunications services with the business scope of internet information services, namely the Internet Content Provider License or the ICP License, from competent government authorities before providing any commercial internet content services within mainland China.

Restrictions on Foreign Direct Investment in Value-Added Telecommunications Services

Foreign direct investment in telecommunications companies in mainland China is governed by the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises, which were promulgated on December 11, 2001 and amended on September 10, 2008 and February 6, 2016 by the State Council. The regulations require that foreign-invested VATEs in mainland China to be established as Sino-foreign equity joint ventures and the foreign investors may acquire up to 50% of the equity interests in such joint ventures. In addition, the major foreign investor, as defined therein, is required to demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses. Moreover, foreign investors that meet these requirements must obtain approvals from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or their authorized local counterparts, which retain considerable discretion in granting approvals. On March 29, 2022, the Decision of the State Council on Revising and Repealing Certain Administrative Regulations, which took effect on May 1, 2022, was promulgated to amend certain provisions of regulations including the Provisions on the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (2016 Revision), the requirement for major foreign investor to demonstrate a good track record and experience in operating value-added telecommunications businesses is deleted.

On July 13, 2006, the predecessor of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Information Industry, released the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in the Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business. This circular prohibits domestic telecommunications enterprises from leasing, transferring or selling telecommunications business operation licenses to foreign investors in any form, or providing any resources, sites or facilities to any foreign investor for their illegal operation of a telecommunication business in mainland China. Furthermore, under this circular, the internet domain names and registered trademarks used by a foreign-invested value-added telecommunications services operator shall be legally owned by that operator (or its shareholders). If a license holder fails to comply with the requirements in this circular and cure such non-compliance, the Ministry of Information Industry or its local counterparts have the discretion to take measures against such license holders, including revoking their licenses for value-added telecommunications services.

Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co. Ltd. obtained the license for value-added telecommunications services issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2017 for conducting business of information technology services and sales of terminals and data related products. As we continued to evaluate our business plan, we have decided to adjust our business model in mainland China, and we believe this license is no longer required. The license previously held by Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co. Ltd. was terminated during the Restructuring.

The Notice on the Pilot Program of Expanding the Opening-up in Value-added Telecommunications Services

The Notice on the Pilot Program of Expanding the Opening-up in Value-added Telecommunications Services, which were promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on April 8, 2024, removes foreign equity ratio restrictions for specific value-added telecommunications services in the approved pilot areas, including the Comprehensive Demonstration Zone for Expanding Opening-up in the Services Sector in Beijing, the Lingang Special Area of China (Shanghai) Free Trade Zone for Leading Socialist Modernization, the Hainan Free Trade Port, and the Pilot Demonstration Area of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in Shenzhen. The liberalized sectors cover Internet data centers (IDC), content distribution networks (CDN), Internet access services (ISP), online data processing and transaction processing, information release platforms and delivery services (excluding Internet news information, online publishing, online audio-visual services, and Internet-based cultural businesses) within information services, and information protection and processing services.

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Regulations Related to Mobile Data Traffic Service

Mobile Telecommunication Business Resale

Measures on Further Encouraging and Channeling Private Capital into Telecommunications Industry, promulgated and effective on June 27, 2012, lay down the legal landscape for the MVNOs. These measures prompt private capital owners to conduct businesses in eight areas of the telecommunications sector, including a mobile communication business resale pilot program. As required by the Notice on Launching the Mobile Telecommunication Business Resale Pilot Program and the its appendix Mobile Telecommunication Resale Service Pilot Scheme, promulgated and effective on May 17, 2013, qualified enterprises can apply to purchase mobile telecommunication services from MNOs who own mobile network, and then re-organize these services and sell them to end-users with the approval granted by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

Pursuant to the circular on Formal Commercialization for Resale of Mobile Communications, promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on April 28, 2018 and effective on May 1, 2018, private-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises which are incorporated within mainland China are able to apply for the operation of mobile telecommunications resale business. Enterprises which operate the mobile telecommunications resale business shall obtain corresponding telecommunications business operating licenses. For those enterprises which hold the approval granted by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in relation to the pilot scheme, they shall renew their business contracts with MNOs and apply to change such approval for a new telecommunications business operating license.

Regulations Related to Real-name Authentication

In June 2017, the PRC Cybersecurity Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress took effect, which was most recently amended on October 28, 2025 and became effective on January 1, 2026. It stipulates that before providing network access, domain registration services, network access formalities for fixed-line or mobile phone, or information publication services, instant messaging services and other services to users, network operators shall require users to provide their real identity information at the time of signing agreements with users or confirming the provision of services. Where users fail to provide their real identity information, the network operators shall not provide them with services.

According to the Circular on the Implementation of the Provisions of the Anti-terrorism Law and other Legal Provisions to Further Implementing Real Identity Information Registration of Users, telecommunication enterprises (including MNOs and MVNOs) shall solidify and standardize procedures and operations, when conducting formalities for new users to enter the network. When selling M2M Data SIM Cards, telecommunication enterprises should strictly examine and verify the purchaser, register the real name information of end users, if it is difficult to match the M2M Data SIM Cards with the end users, the telecommunication enterprises shall register the information of the responsible entities and persons, and prohibit a second sale in the agreement.

Regulations Related to Manufacture and Sell of Portable Wi-Fi terminals

Administrative Regulations for Compulsory Product Certification

According to the Administrative Regulations for Compulsory Product Certification, which were promulgated by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the PRC, which has merged into the State Administration for Market Regulation, on July 3, 2009, and last amended on September 29, 2022, products specified by the state shall not be delivered, sold, imported or used in other business activities until they are certified, or the Compulsory Product Certification, and labeled with China Compulsory Certification mark. For products that are subject to Compulsory Product Certification, the state implements unified product catalogs, unified compulsory requirements, standards and compliance assessment procedures in technical specification.

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Radio Transmission Equipment

The seller of radio component products in mainland China is required to obtain the Radio Transmission Equipment Type Approval Certificate in accordance with the Radio Regulation of the PRC, which was promulgated by the State Council, Central Military Commission on September 11, 1993, and amended on November 11, 2016, and the Administrative Regulations on Manufacturing of Radio Transmission Equipment, promulgated by the State Radio Regulation Committee and the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on October 7, 1997. To apply for the Radio Transmission Equipment Type Approval Certificate, major technical materials illustrating its functions, and the approval test report issued by a designated test agency with regard to the equipment type within the latest six months, must be submitted. According to the Circular of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Issuing the Implementing Measures for the Record-filing of Sale of Radio Transmission Equipment (for Temporary Implementation), promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on December 26, 2018 and effective on March 1, 2019, sellers shall, within 10 business days from the date of selling the transmission equipment, file their identity information and information of their products with the radio management institutions at provincial level through the information platform.

Administrative Measures for the Network Access of Telecommunications Equipment

The Administrative Measures for the Network Access of Telecommunications Equipment, which were promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on May 10, 2001 and most recently revised on January 18, 2024, provide that the state applies the network access permit system to the telecommunications terminal equipment, radiocommunications equipment, and equipment relating to network interconnection that is connected to public telecommunications networks. The telecommunications equipment subject to the network access permit system shall obtain the Telecommunications Equipment Network Access Permit issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Without the permit, no telecommunications equipment is allowed to be connected to the public telecommunications networks for use nor sold on the domestic market. When applying for the permit, a production enterprise shall submit a testing report issued by a telecommunications equipment testing institution or a Compulsory Product Certification. For the application for the permit for radio transmission equipment, a Radio Transmission Equipment Type Approval Certificate issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology shall also be submitted.

According to the First Batch Catalog of the Telecommunications Equipment subject to the License System, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Information Industry and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the PRC, which has merged into the State Administration for Market Regulation, on January 9, 2001, network access equipment and routers are subject to the network access permit system.

We have obtained the Compulsory Product Certifications, the Radio Transmission Equipment Type Approval Certificates and the Telecommunications Equipment Network Access Permits for our portable Wi-Fi terminals.

Regulations Related to Internet Information Security and Personal Information Protection

Regulations related to Internet Information Security

| (i) | Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security

Internet content in mainland China is regulated and restricted from a state security standpoint. The Decisions on Maintaining Internet Security, which was introduced and enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 28, 2000 and amended on August 27, 2009, may subject violators to criminal punishment in mainland China for any effort to: (1) use the internet to market fake and substandard products or carry out false publicity for any commodity or service; (2) use the internet for the purpose of damaging the commercial goodwill and product reputation of any other person; (3) use the internet for the purpose of infringing on the intellectual property of any person; (4) use the internet for the purpose of fabricating and spreading false information that affects the trading of securities and futures or otherwise jeopardizes the financial order; or (5) create any pornographic website or webpage on the internet, providing links to pornographic websites, or disseminating pornographic books and magazines, movies, audiovisual products or images. The Ministry of Public Security has promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways which, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content and require internet service providers to take proper measures, including anti-virus, data backup and other related measures, and keep records of certain information about the users (including user registration information, log-in and log-out time, IP address, content and time of posts by users) for at least 60 days, and detect illegal information, stop transmission of such information and keep records. If an internet information service provider violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

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| (ii) | Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection

PRC government authorities have enacted laws and regulations on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. In December 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. In July 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication services and internet information services in mainland China. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are required to establish their own rules for collecting and use of users’ information and cannot collect or use users’ information without their consent. Telecommunication business operators and internet service providers are prohibited from disclosing, tampering with, damaging, selling or illegally providing others with, collected personal information.

Regulations Related to Personal Information Protection

| (i) | Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law aims at protecting the personal information rights and interests, regulating the processing of personal information, ensuring the orderly and free flow of personal information in accordance with the law, and promoting the reasonable use of personal information. Personal information, as defined in the Personal Information Protection Law, refers to information related to identified or identifiable natural persons and recorded by electronic or other means, but excluding the anonymized information. The Personal Information Protection Law provides the circumstances under which a personal information processor could process personal information, which include but not limited to, where the consent of the individual concerned is obtained and where it is necessary for the conclusion or performance of a contract to which the individual is a contractual party. It also stipulates certain specific rules with respect to the obligations of a personal information processor, such as to inform the purpose and method of processing to the individuals, and the obligation of the third party who has access to the personal information by way of co-processing or delegation.

| (ii) | Data Security Law of the PRC

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law of the PRC, which became effective from September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the materiality of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of persons or entities when such data is tampered with, destroyed, divulged, or illegally acquired or used. It also provides for a security review procedure for the data activities which may affect national security.

On December 8, 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Notice on Promulgation of the Administrative Measures on Data Security in the Field of Industry and Information Technology (for Trial Implementation), which became effective on January 1, 2023. According to this Notice, data in the field of industry and information technology include industrial data, telecommunication data and radio data. Data handlers in the field of industry and information technology include software and information technology service providers and other entities in the field of industry and information technology that independently determine handling purposes and handling methods in the data handling activities and data handling activities include, but are not limited to, data collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and publication. According to such measures, data handlers in the field of industry and information technology shall file their catalogues of important data and core data with the local industrial regulatory authorities for the record. Data handlers in the field of industry and information technology shall follow the principles of legality and legitimacy in collecting data and shall not steal or collect data by other illegal means. To provide data handling services which involve operation of telecommunications business, data handlers in the field of industry and information technology shall obtain a telecommunications business permit in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.

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On September 24, 2024, the State Council published the Regulations on Network Data Security Administration, which became effective on January 1, 2025. It provides that data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant cyberspace administration of the PRC. Network data processing activities refer to the collection, retention, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, deletion, and other activities of network data.

| (iii) | Cybersecurity Law of the PRC

On November 7, 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress published Cybersecurity Law of the PRC, which most recently amended on October 28, 2025 and became effective on January 1, 2026. It requires network operators to perform certain functions related to cyber security protection and the strengthening of network information management. For instance, under the Cybersecurity Law, network operators of key information infrastructures shall store within the territory of mainland China all the personal information and important data collected and produced within the territory of mainland China, and their purchase of network products and services that may affect national securities shall be subject to national cyber security review. The PRC Cyber Security Law also requires that network operators shall take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations.

On July 22, 2020, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Guiding Opinions on Implementing the Cyber Security Protection System and Critical Information Infrastructure Security Protection System to improve the national cyber security prevention and control system. In addition, on September 12, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China released the Decision on Amending the Cybersecurity Law of the PRC (Draft for Comments) to solicit public opinions by September 29, 2022, aiming to protect cybersecurity and effectively ensure the alignment between the Cybersecurity Law and other newly promulgated laws and regulations.

| (iv) | Measures for Cybersecurity Review and Information Security Technology Personal Information Security Specification

After the release of the Cybersecurity Law, on December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, together with another twelve regulatory authorities jointly issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review establish the basic framework and principle for national cybersecurity reviews of network products and services, and provide that a critical information infrastructure operator purchasing network products and services and platform operators carrying out data processing activities which affect or may affect national security must apply for cybersecurity review. The Measures for Cybersecurity Review also provide that a platform operator with more than one million users’ personal information aiming to list abroad must apply for cybersecurity review. However, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review have not provided further explanation or interpretation for “listed abroad” and the scope of “listed abroad.”

The recommended national standard, Information Security Technology Personal Information Security Specification, puts forward specific refinement requirements on the collection, preservation, use and commission processing, sharing, transfer, and public disclosure. Although it is not mandatory, in the absence of clear implementation rules and standards for the law on cybersecurity and other personal information protection, it will be used as the basis for judging and making determinations. On November 28, 2019, the Notice of Identification Method of Application Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information was issued, which provides a reference for the identification of App illegal collection and use of personal information, and provides guidance for App operators’ self-inspection and self-correction and netizens’ social supervision.

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Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law

On July 6, 2021, the PRC governmental authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasize the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by mainland China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by mainland China-based overseas-listed companies.

Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer

On July 7, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China promulgated the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer which became effective on September 1, 2022. The data export measures require that any data processor who processes or exports personal information exceeding a certain volume threshold pursuant to the measures shall apply for a security assessment by the Cyberspace Administration of China before transferring any personal information abroad, including the following circumstances: (i) important data will be provided overseas by any data processor; (ii) personal information will be provided overseas by any operator of critical information infrastructure or any data processor who processes the personal information of more than 1,000,000 individuals; (iii) personal information will be provided overseas by any data processor who has provided the personal information of more than 100,000 individuals in aggregate or has provided the sensitive personal information of more than 10,000 individuals in aggregate since January 1 of last year; and (iv) other circumstances where the security assessment is required as prescribed by the Cyberspace Administration of China. A data processor shall, before applying for the security assessment of an outbound data transfer, conduct a self-assessment of the risks involved in the outbound data transfer. The security assessment of a cross-border data transfer shall focus on assessing the risks that may be brought about by the cross-border data transfer concerning national security, public interests, or the lawful rights and interests of individuals or organizations.

Regulation on the Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Organs

Pursuant to the Regulation on the Internet Security Supervision and Inspection by Public Security Organs, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security on September 15, 2018 and became effective on November 1, 2018, the public security departments are authorized to carry out internet security supervision and inspection of the internet service providers from the following aspects, among others: (i) whether the internet service providers have completed the recordation formalities for online entities, and filed the basic information on and the changes of the accessing entities and users; (ii) whether they have established and implemented the cybersecurity management system and protocols, and appointed the persons responsible for cybersecurity; (iii) whether the technical measures for recording and retaining users’ registration information and weblog data are in place according to the law; (iv) whether they have taken technical measures to prevent computer viruses, network attacks and network intrusion; (v) whether they have adopted preventive measures to tackle the information that is prohibited to be issued or transmitted by the laws and administrative regulations in the public information services; (vi) whether they provide technical support and assistance as required by laws to public security departments to safeguard national security and prevent and investigate on terrorist activities and criminal activities; and (vii) whether they have fulfilled the obligations of the grade-based cybersecurity protection and other obligations prescribed by the laws and administrative regulations.

Regulations Related to Privacy Protection

The PRC Constitution states that PRC law protects the freedom and privacy of communications of citizens and prohibits infringement of these rights. PRC government authorities have enacted legislation on internet use to protect personal information from any unauthorized disclosure. On May 28, 2020, the National People’s Congress adopted the Civil Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. The Civil Code provides in a stand-alone chapter of right of personality and reiterate that the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual shall legitimately obtain such person information of others in due course on a need-to-know basis and ensure the safety and privacy of such information, and refrain from excessively handling or using such information.

On December 29, 2011, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, which became effective on March 15, 2012 and provide that an internet information service provider may not collect any user’s personal information or provide any such information to third parties without such user’s consent. Pursuant to The Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services, internet information service providers are required to, among others, (i) expressly inform the users of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such users’ personal information and may only collect such information necessary for the provision of its services; and (ii) properly maintain the users’ personal information, and in case of any leak or possible leak of a user’s personal information, internet information service providers must take immediate remedial measures and, in severe circumstances, make an immediate report to the telecommunications regulatory authority.

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In addition, on December 28, 2012, the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress which requires internet service providers to establish and publish policies regarding the collection and use of electronic personal information and to take necessary measures to ensure the security of the information and to prevent leakage, damage or loss. On July 16, 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology promulgated the Regulations on Protection of the Personal Information of Telecommunications and Internet Users, which enhance the legal protection over user information security and privacy on the internet. These regulations require that telecommunications business operators and internet information service providers shall, in the course of providing services, collect and use the personal information of users in a lawful and proper manner by following the principle that information collection or use is necessary and responsible for the security of the personal information of users collected and used in the course of providing services.

With respect to the security of information collected and used by mobile apps, pursuant to the Announcement of Conducting Special Supervision against the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps, which was issued on January 23, 2019, app operators should collect and use personal information in compliance with the Cybersecurity Law and should be responsible for the security of personal information obtained from users and take effective measures to strengthen the personal information protection. Furthermore, app operators must not force their users to make authorization by means of bundling, suspending installation or in other default forms and should not collect personal information in violation of laws, regulations or breach of user agreements. Such regulatory requirements were emphasized by the Notice on the Special Rectification of Apps Infringing upon User’s Personal Rights and Interests, which was issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on October 31, 2019. On November 28, 2019, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the Methods of Identifying Illegal Acts of Apps to Collect and Use Personal Information. This regulation also illustrates certain commonly-seen illegal practices of apps operators in terms of personal information protection, including “failure to publicize rules for collecting and using personal information,” “failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of collecting and using personal information,” “collection and use of personal information without consent of users of such App,” “collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided by such app in violation of the principle of necessity,” “provision of personal information to others without users’ consent,” “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by laws” and “failure to publish information such as methods for complaints and reporting.” Among others, any of the following acts of an app operator will constitute “collection and use of personal information without consent of users”: (i) collecting an user’s personal information or activating the permission for collecting any user’s personal information without obtaining such user’s consent; (ii) collecting personal information or activating the permission for collecting the personal information of any user who explicitly refuses such collection, or repeatedly seeking for user’s consent such that the user’s normal use of such app is disturbed; (iii) any user’s personal information which has been actually collected by the app operator or the permission for collecting any user’s personal information activated by the app operator is beyond the scope of personal information which such user authorizes such app operator to collect; (iv) seeking for any user’s consent in a non-explicit manner; (v) modifying any user’s settings for activating the permission for collecting any personal information without such user’s consent; (vi) using users’ personal information and any algorithms to directionally push any information, without providing the option of non-directed pushing such information; (vii) misleading users to permit collecting their personal information or activating the permission for collecting such users’ personal information by improper methods such as fraud and deception; (viii) failing to provide users with the means and methods to withdraw their permission of collecting personal information; and (ix) collecting and using personal information in violation of the rules for collecting and using personal information promulgated by such app operator.

As an internet service provider, we are subject to these laws and regulations relating to protection of internet security and protection of privacy. To comply with the above law and regulations, we have established and maintained a comprehensive data security program. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Data Privacy and Security.”

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Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law of the PRC

Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 29, 2015, effective on November 1, 2015, any network service provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security as required by applicable laws and refuses to take corrective measures, will be subject to criminal liability for (1) any large-scale dissemination of illegal information; (2) any severe effect due to the leakage of users’ personal information; (3) any serious loss of evidence of criminal activities; or (4) other severe situations, and any individual or entity that (1) sells or provides personal information to others unlawfully or (2) illegally obtains any personal information will be subject to criminal liability in severe situations. The Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law amended the standards of crime in relation to the infringement of citizens’ personal information and reinforced the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information.

The laws and regulations of mainland China do not prohibit network operators from collecting and analyzing personal information from their users, however, such laws and regulations can impose stringent requirements. As the date hereof, to the best of our knowledge, we are not aware any material non-compliance as a result of collecting and analyzing users’ personal information in our operation.

Regulations Related to Product Quality and Product Liability

Product Quality Law of the PRC

The Product Quality Law of the PRC, which was promulgated on February 22, 1993, implemented with effect from September 1, 1993, and most recently amended in 2018, aims to regulate the behaviors of producers and sellers and strengthen the control of product quality and the protection of consumers’ rights. Under the law, sellers shall establish and implement a system for inspection and acceptance of received products, verify the product quality certificates and other certificates, and take measures to maintain the quality of products on sale.

Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law of the PRC

The Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law of the PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 31, 1993, effective on January 1, 1994, and amended in 2009 and 2013, effective from March 15, 2014, stipulates that sellers offering the following products shall be responsible for repair, replacement and return of their products, and compensate their consumers for the loss caused to them in the following circumstances, including but not limited to: (1) the products do not have the functions which are supposed to have and such facts are not made aware to consumers when making sales to them; (2) the products fail to meet the specifications shown on them or their packaging; and (3) the products are not up to the quality level indicated by product descriptions, physical samples or other ways. After sellers repair, replace products, accept returned products or compensate consumers for the losses caused to them in accordance with the foregoing provisions, they are entitled to claim for compensation against the producer or other seller providing such products when they are held liable.

According to the Consumer Rights and Interests Protection Law, unless otherwise provided by this law, a business that provides products or services shall, in any of the following circumstances, bear civil liability in accordance with the Product Quality Law and other laws and regulations: (i) where a defect exists in a product; (ii) where a commodity does not possess functions it is supposed to possess, and it is not declared when the product is sold; (iii) where the product standards indicated on a product or on the package of such product are not met; (iv) where the quality condition indicated by way of product description or physical sample, etc. is not met; (v) where products pronounced obsolete by formal State decrees are produced or have expired, or deteriorated commodities are sold; (vi) where a sold product is not adequate in quantity; (vii) where the service items and charges are in violation of an agreement; (viii) where demands by a consumer for repair, redoing, replacement, return, making up the quantity of a product, refund of a product purchase price or service fee or claims for compensation have been delayed deliberately or rejected without reason; or (ix) in other circumstances whereby the rights and interests of consumers, as provided by the laws and regulations of mainland China, are harmed.

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The PRC Civil Code was promulgated on May 28, 2020 and came into force on January 1, 2021 to clarify tort liability, and to prevent and punish tortious conduct. Under this law, in the event of damage arising from a defective product, the victim may seek compensation from either the manufacturer or seller of such a product. If the defect is caused by the seller, the manufacturer shall be entitled to seek reimbursement from the seller upon compensation of the victim.

Regulations on Tort Liability

On May 28, 2020, the National People’s Congress adopted the Civil Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. In accordance with the Civil Code, in the event of any damage arising from a defective product, the infringed person may seek compensation from either the manufacturer or the seller of such product. If the manufacturer has compensated the infringed person but the defect is caused by the fault of the seller, the manufacturer is entitled to seek reimbursement from the seller. If the seller has compensated the infringed person but the defect is caused by the manufacturer, the seller is entitled to seek reimbursement from the manufacturer.

Regulations Related to Online Sales

Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Commerce on Online Transactions (Provisional)

The Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Commerce on Online Transactions (Provisional), which were promulgated and implemented on March 6, 2007, aim to regulate online transactions, assist and encourage participants to carry out online transactions, alert and prevent transaction risks, and provide guiding requirements on the basic principles for online transactions, the entering into of contracts by participants of online transactions, and the use of electronic signatures, online payments and advertising.

Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions

On March 15, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation promulgated the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, which took into effect on May 1, 2021. The measures make provisions with regard to emerging models of online trading (such as online social networking and online live streaming), consumer rights protection, personal information protection, etc. The measures also impose obligations on the e-commerce platform operators, such as verifying and registering the identity of trading parties on the platform either that are required to registered with the State Administration for Market Regulation or that are exempted from such registration, regular reporting of prescribed information of trading parties on the platform to a branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation, establishing a system of inspection and monitoring of information on the goods sold or services provided on the platform.

E-commerce Law of the PRC

Pursuant to the E-Commerce Law of the PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 31, 2018 and effective on January 1, 2019, an e-commerce operator shall register itself as a market entity, fulfill its tax obligations pursuant to the laws and obtain the administrative approvals necessary for its business operation, shall also display the information about its business license and the administrative approvals obtained for its business operation, or the links to the webpages with such information in the prominent position on its homepage, and shall expressly indicate the methods and procedures for querying, correcting and deleting its users’ information or deregistering their accounts and shall not set irrational conditions for such purposes.

In the area of online sales, we are subject to the above-mentioned regulations, because Shenzhen uCloudlink Co., Ltd and Shenzhen uCloudlink act as e-commerce operators in online platform for online transactions in relation to our portable Wi-Fi terminals.

Regulations Related to Intellectual Property Right

Patents

Patents in mainland China are principally protected under the Patent Law of the PRC. According to the Patent Law of the PRC (Revised in 2020) promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, there are three types of patents, “invention,” “utility model” and “design.” Invention patents, design patents and utility model patents are valid respectively for twenty years, fifteen years, and ten years, from the date of application. The mainland China’s patent system adopts a “first come, first grant” principle, which means that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who files the application first. To be patentable, invention or utility models must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability. A third party must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the use constitutes an infringement of the patent rights. The mainland China’s patent system adopts a first-to-file principle. To be patentable, an invention or a utility model must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability.

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Copyright and Software Products

The PRC Copyright Law, last amended in November 2020 and effective in June 2021, and its implementation rules extend copyright protection to products disseminated over the internet and computer software. There is a voluntary registration system administered by the China Copyright Protection Center. Creators of protected works enjoy personal and property rights, including, among others, the right of disseminating the works through information networks.

The Computer Software Copyright Registration Measures, promulgated by the National Copyright Administration on April 6, 1992 and amended in 2000 and 2002, regulate registrations of software copyright, exclusive licensing contracts for software copyright and assignment agreements. The National Copyright Administration administers software copyright registration and the Copyright Protection Center of China is designated as the software registration authority. The Copyright Protection Center of China shall grant registration certificates to the Computer Software Copyright applicants which meet the requirements of both the Computer Software Copyright Registration Measures and the Computer Software Protection Regulations (Revised in 2013).

Trademarks

Trademarks are protected by the PRC Trademark Law adopted in 1982 and latest amended on April 23, 2019 as well as the Implementation Regulation of the PRC Trademark Law adopted by the State Council in 2002 and amended on April 29, 2014. The Trademark Office under the State Administration for Market Regulation handles trademark registrations and grants a term of 10 years to registered trademarks and another 10 years if requested upon expiry of the first or any renewed 10-year term. The PRC Trademark Law has adopted a “first-to-file” principle with respect to trademark registrations. Where a trademark for which a registration has been made is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or been subject to a preliminary examination and approval for use on the same kind of or similar commodities or services, the application for registration of such trademark may be rejected. Any person applying for the registration of a trademark may not prejudice the existing right first obtained by others nor may any person register in advance a trademark that has already been used by another party and has already gained a “sufficient degree of reputation” through such party’s use. Trademark license agreements should be filed with the Trademark Office or its regional offices.

Domain Names

Internet domain name registration and related matters are primarily regulated by the Measures on Administration of Internet Domain Names issued by the National Population and Family Planning Commission as of November 1, 2017, and the Implementing Rules on Registration of China Country Code Top-level Domain Names issued by China Internet Network Information Center on June 18, 2019, which became effective on the same date. Domain name registrations are handled through domain name service agencies established under the regulations, and the applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration.

Regulations Related to Employment and Social Welfare

Labor Law of the PRC

The Labor Law of the PRC, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on July 5, 1994, effective on January 1, 1995 and amended on August 27, 2009 and December 29, 2018 respectively, provides that an employer must develop and improve its internal policies and protocols to protect the rights of its workers, such as by developing and improving its labor safety and health system, stringently implementing national protocols and standards on labor safety and health, conducting labor safety and health education for workers, guarding against labor accidents and reducing occupational hazards. Labor safety and health facilities must comply with national standards.

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Labor Contract Law of the PRC and its implementation regulations

The Labor Contract Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 29, 2007, effective on January 1, 2008, and amended on December 28, 2012, and the Implementation Regulations on Labor Contract Law, promulgated by the State Council and effective on September 18, 2008, regulate the relation between employers and employees and contain specific provisions involving the terms of the labor contract. Labor contracts must be made in writing and may, after reaching an agreement upon due negotiations, be for a fixed-term, an un-fixed term, or conclude upon the completion of certain work assignments. An employer may legally terminate a labor contract and dismiss its employees after reaching an agreement upon due negotiations with the employee or by fulfilling the statutory conditions.

Social Insurance and Housing Fund

Enterprises in mainland China are required by the Social Insurance Law of the PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in October 2010, which became effective in July 2011 and was amended on December 29, 2018, the Regulations on Management of Housing Provident Fund released by the State Council in April 1999, and amended in March 2002 and March 2019, and other related rules and regulations, to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefit plans may be subject employers to fines and other administrative sanctions.

Regulations Related to Tax

Enterprise Income Tax

PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on taxable income, which is determined under (1) the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, promulgated by the National People’s Congress and implemented in January 2008 and amended in February 2017 and December 2018 respectively, and (2) the implementation rules to the Enterprise Income Tax Law promulgated by the State Council, implemented in January 2008 and last amended on December 6, 2024. The Enterprise Income Tax Law imposes a uniform enterprise income tax rate of 25% on all resident enterprises in mainland China, including foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, unless they are qualified for certain exceptions.

In addition, according to the Enterprise Income Tax Law, enterprises registered in countries or regions outside mainland China but have their “de facto management bodies” located within mainland China may be considered as mainland China resident enterprises and are therefore subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. Though the implementation rules of the Enterprise Income Tax Law define “de facto management bodies” as “establishments that carry out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., of an enterprise,” the only detailed guidance currently available for the definition of “de facto management body” as well as the determination and administration of tax residency status of offshore incorporated enterprises are set forth in the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as Mainland China Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation in April 2009 and amended on December 29, 2017, and the Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Trial Version) issued by the State Administration of Taxation in July 2011 and was last amended on June 15, 2018, or Circular 45, which provide guidance on the administration as well as the determination of the tax residency status of a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the law of a foreign country or territory and that has a mainland China company or mainland China corporate group as its primary controlling shareholder.

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According to Circular 82, a mainland China-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a mainland China resident enterprise by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China and will be subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met:

| ● | the primary location of the day-to-day operational management and the places where they perform their duties are in mainland China;

| ● | decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval of organizations or personnel in mainland China;

| ● | the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in mainland China; and

| ● | 50% or more of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

Circular 45 also clarifies certain issues related to the determination of tax resident status and competent tax authorities. It also specifies that when provided with a copy of Recognition of Residential Status from a resident Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, a payer does not need to withhold income tax when paying certain mainland China-sourced income such as dividends, interest and royalties to such Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise.

Pursuant to the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises which was promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation on October 17, 2017 and became effective on December 1, 2017 and amended on June 15, 2018, with regard to dividends, bonuses and other equity investment proceeds and interest therefrom, rentals, royalties, property transfer income and other kinds of income earned by non-resident enterprises from inside mainland China, on which enterprise income tax shall be levied, withholding tax at source shall be applicable thereto. Entities or individuals that have direct obligations to make payments to non-resident enterprises in accordance with legal provisions or contracts shall be the withholding agents. The withholding agent shall, within seven days from occurrence of the withholding obligation, declare and turn over the withholding tax to the tax authorities in charge at the withholding agent’s location.

Value-Added Tax

The PRC Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax were promulgated by the State Council on December 13, 1993, which took effect on January 1, 1994 and were subsequently amended from time to time. The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the PRC Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax (2011 Revision) was promulgated by the Ministry of Finance on December 25, 1993 and subsequently amended on December 15, 2008 and October 28, 2011. On November 19, 2017, the State Council promulgated the Decisions on Abolishing the PRC Provisional Regulations on Business Tax and Amending the PRC Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax. Pursuant to these regulations, rules and decisions, all enterprises and individuals engaged in sale of goods, provision of processing, repair, and replacement services, sales of services, intangible assets, real property, and the importation of goods within the PRC territory are VAT taxpayers. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the Announcement on Relevant Policies on Deepen the Reform of Value-Added Tax.

On December 25, 2024, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Value-Added Tax Law of the PRC, which became effective on January 1, 2026 and replace the Provisional Regulations of the PRC on Value-Added Tax.

Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

The principal laws and regulations regulating the dividend distribution of dividends by foreign invested enterprises in mainland China include the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Under the current regulatory regime of mainland China, foreign-invested enterprises in mainland China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profit, if any, determined in accordance with mainland China’s accounting standards and regulations. A company registered in mainland China is required to set aside as general reserves at least 10% of its after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital unless the provisions of laws regarding foreign investment otherwise provided. A company registered in mainland China shall not distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year. Wholly foreign-owned companies may, at their discretion, allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on mainland China’s accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

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Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by Mainland China Residents

On October 21, 2005, SAFE promulgated the Circular Concerning Relevant Issues on the Foreign Exchange Administration of Raising Funds through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicle and Investing Back in China by Domestic Residents, which became effective on November 1, 2005, or SAFE Circular 75. The notice requires mainland China domestic resident natural persons to register or file with the local SAFE branch in the following circumstances: (1) before establishing or controlling any company outside the mainland China for the purpose of capital financing, (2) after contributing their assets or shares of a domestic enterprise into overseas special purpose vehicles, or raising funds overseas after such contributions, and (3) after any major change in the share capital of the special purpose vehicle without any round-trip investment being made. On July 4, 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular Concerning Relevant Issues on the Foreign Exchange Administration of Offshore Investing and Financing and Round-Trip Investing by Domestic Residents through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, for the purpose of simplifying the approval process, and for the promotion of the cross-border investment. SAFE Circular 37 supersedes SAFE Circular 75 and revises and regulates the matters involving foreign exchange registration for round-trip investment. Under SAFE Circular 37, in the event of the change of basic information of the registered offshore special purpose vehicle such as the individual shareholder, name, operation term, etc., or if there is a capital increase, decrease, equity transfer or swap, merge, spin-off or other amendment of the material items, the domestic resident shall complete the change of foreign exchange registration formality for offshore investment. In addition, according the procedural guideline as attached to SAFE Circular 37, the principle of review has been changed to “the domestic individual resident is only required to register the SPV directly established or controlled (first level).” At the same time, SAFE has issued the Operation Guidance for the Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration over Round-trip Investment with respect to the procedures for SAFE registration under SAFE Circular 37, which became effective on July 4, 2014 as an attachment to SAFE Circular 37.

On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Currency Management Policy on Direct Investment effective from June 1, 2015, which eliminates the administrative approval requirement of foreign exchange registration of direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment. In addition, it simplifies the procedure of registration of foreign exchange so that investors can register with banks rather than with SAFE or its local branches to have the registration of foreign exchange under the condition of direct domestic investment and direct overseas investment. However, remedial registration applications made by mainland China residents that previously failed to comply with SAFE Circular 37 continue to fall under the jurisdiction of the local branch of SAFE. In the event that a mainland China shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the mainland China subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from distributing profits to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its mainland China subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under the laws of mainland China for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans

On February 15, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies. Under this notice and other rules and regulations, domestic residents who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are domestic residents must retain a qualified domestic agent, which could be a mainland China subsidiary of the overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by the mainland China subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. The participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the domestic agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the domestic agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The domestic agents must, on behalf of the domestic residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the domestic residents’ exercise of the employee share. Under the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning Individual Income Tax in Relation to Equity Incentives promulgated by the State Administration of Taxation and effective from August 24, 2009, overseas listed companies and their mainland China subsidiaries shall, according to the individual income tax calculation methods for “wage and salary income” and stock option income, lawfully withhold and pay individual income tax on such income.

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In addition, the State Administration of Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee stock options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, employees working in mainland China who exercise stock options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to mainland China’s individual income tax. The mainland China subsidiaries of an overseas listed company are required to file documents related to employee stock options and restricted shares with tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of employees who exercise their stock option or purchase restricted shares. If the employees fail to pay or the mainland China subsidiaries fail to withhold income tax in accordance with laws and regulations, the mainland China subsidiaries may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC governmental authorities.

Loans by the Foreign Companies to their Mainland China Subsidiaries

A loan made by foreign investors as shareholders in a foreign invested enterprise is considered to be foreign debt in mainland China and is regulated by various laws and regulations, including the Regulation of the PRC on Foreign Exchange Administration, the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts, the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions, the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt, and the Administrative Measures for Registration of Foreign Debts. Under these rules and regulations, a shareholder loan in the form of foreign debt made to a mainland China entity does not require the prior approval of SAFE. However, such foreign debt must be registered with and recorded by SAFE or its local branches within 15 business days after the foreign debt contract is entered into. Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the balance of the foreign debts of a foreign invested enterprise shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign invested enterprise.

Pursuant to the Interim Provisions of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on the Ratio of the Registered Capital to the Total Investment of a Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise, issued by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on March 1, 1987, with respect to a Sino-foreign equity join venture, the registered capital shall be (i) no less than 7/10 of its total investment, if the total investment is US$3 million or under US$3 million; (ii) no less than 1/2 of its total investment, if the total investment is ranging from US$3 million to US$10 million (including US$10 million), provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$2.1 million if the total investment is less than US$4.2 million; (iii) no less than 2/5 of its total investment, if the total investment is ranging from US$10 million to US$30 million (including US$30 million), provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$5 million if the total investment is less than US$12.5 million; and (iv) no less than 1/3 of its total investment, if the total investment exceeds US$30 million, provided that the registered capital shall not be less than US$12 million if the total investment is less than US$36 million. Additionally, pursuant to this provision, the proportion of registered capital to the total amount of investment of sino-foreign cooperative joint venture enterprise or foreign-invested enterprises shall be implemented in accordance with these limitations set forth therein.

On January 12, 2017, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Notice of the People’s Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or Notice No. 9. Pursuant to Notice No. 9, foreign-invested enterprises might adopt the currently valid foreign debt management mechanism, or the mechanism as provided in the notice at their own discretions. Notice No. 9 provides that enterprises may conduct independent cross-border financing in RMB or foreign currencies as required. Pursuant to Notice No. 9, the outstanding cross-border financing of an enterprise (the outstanding balance drawn, here and below) shall be calculated using a risk-weighted approach and shall not exceed the specified upper limit. Notice No. 9 also provides that the upper limit of risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing for enterprises shall be 200% of its net assets. Enterprises shall file with SAFE in its capital item information system after entering into the cross-border financing contracts and prior to three business day before drawing any money from the foreign debts.

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Based on the foregoing, if we provide funding to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries through shareholder loans, the balance of such loans shall not exceed the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign invested enterprise and we will need to register such loans with SAFE or its local branches in the event that the currently valid foreign debt management mechanism applies, or the balance of such loans shall be subject to the risk-weighted approach and the upper limit of risk-weighted outstanding cross-border financing for enterprises and we will need to file the loans with SAFE in its information system in the event that the Notice No. 9 foreign debt mechanism applies. According to Notice No. 9, after a transition period of one year from January 11, 2017, the People’s Bank of China and SAFE would determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the foreign-invested enterprises after evaluating the overall implementation of Notice No. 9. However, as of the date of this annual report, apart from the technical adjustments made to the macro-prudential adjustment parameters, neither the People’s Bank of China nor the SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices or circulars modifying the fundamental framework regarding the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the foreign-invested enterprises. It is uncertain which mechanism will be adopted by the People’s Bank of China and SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on us when providing loans to our mainland China subsidiaries.

Regulations Related to M&A

In 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the CSRC, jointly adopted the Rules on the Merger or Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or M&A Rules, which was amended in 2009. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require an offshore special purpose vehicles controlled by domestic companies or individuals of mainland China and formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of domestic interest held by such domestic companies or individuals, to obtain the approval from the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange. In 2006, the CSRC published a notice on its official website specifying documents and materials required to be submitted to it by the offshore special purpose vehicle seeking CSRC approval of its overseas listing.

The M&A Rules also establish procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of domestic companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a domestic enterprise. In addition, the Rules on Implementation of Security Review System for the Merger and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors issued by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC in 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and prohibit any activities attempting to bypass such security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The M&A Rules and certain other mainland China’s regulations establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in mainland China.”

Regulations on Anti-Monopoly

The Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 30, 2007, which was last amended on June 24, 2022 and became effective on August 1, 2022, and the Provisions on the Review of Concentrations of Undertakings promulgated by the State Administration for Market Regulation on March 10, 2023, which became effective on April 15, 2023, require that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the State Administration for Market Regulation before they can be completed. Where the participation in concentration of undertakings by way of foreign-funded merger and acquisition of domestic enterprises or any other method which involves national security, the examination of concentration of undertakings shall be carried out pursuant to the provisions of this Law and examination of national security shall be carried out pursuant to the provisions of the State. The Anti-Monopoly Law provides, among others, that business operators shall not abuse data, algorithms, technology, capital advantages and platform rules to conduct monopoly activities. The Anti-Monopoly Law also requires government authorities to strengthen the examination of undertaking concentration in important areas and establish the hierarchical review system of undertaking concentration, and enhances penalties for the violation of the regulations regarding undertaking concentration and other monopoly activities.

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On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council issued the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector hat specifies some of activities of internet platforms may be identified as monopolistic and concentrations of undertakings involving the former variable interest entities are subject to anti-monopoly scrutiny as well.

On January 22 2024, the State Council released the Provisions of the State Council on the Threshold for the Filing of Concentration of Undertaking (2024 Revision). These provisions significantly adjust the revenue threshold of merger control filing to either one of the following two conditions: (i) the worldwide revenue of all business operators involved in the concentration exceeds RMB12 billion (increased from the previous threshold of RMB10 billion) collectively in the last fiscal year, and the revenue in mainland China of at least two business operators among them each exceeds RMB800 million (increased from the previous threshold of RMB400 million) in the last fiscal year; or (ii) the revenue in mainland China of all the business operators involved in the concentration exceeds RMB4 billion (increased from the current threshold of RMB2 billion) collectively in the last fiscal year, and the revenue in mainland China of at least two business operators among them each exceeds RMB800 million (increased from the previous threshold of RMB400 million) in the last fiscal year. Furthermore, if there is evidence indicating that the concentration of business operator has or may have an effect of excluding or limiting competition, the anti-monopoly authority may order the operators to file for clearance, regardless of the threshold standard.

On December 20, 2024, the State Administration for Market Regulation issued the Guidelines for the Review of Horizontal Concentrations of Undertakings, which clarifies the quantitative standards for the review of business operator concentrations. According to these guidelines, the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency will pay special attention to a horizontal concentration of undertakings in which the total market share of the parties to the concentration is between 25% and 50%. To be specific, for a horizontal concentration of undertakings in which the total market share of the parties to the concentration is between 35% and 50%, the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency is inclined to deem that the concentration has or may have the effect of excluding or restricting competition in the relevant market.

Hong Kong

Laws and Regulations Related to Telecommunication Services and Import and Export of Telecommunication Devices

Under the Telecommunications Ordinance (Chapter 106 of the Laws of Hong Kong), a Radio Dealers license (Unrestricted) is required for possessing and dealing in the course of trade or business in apparatus or material for radiocommunications or in any component part of any such apparatus or in apparatus of any kind that generates and emits radio waves whether or not the apparatus is intended, or capable of being used, for radiocommunications. However, the above requirement does not apply to licensed exempted radiocommunications apparatus (e.g. mobile phones, short-range walkie-talkies, cordless phones) meeting prescribed specifications. Further, under the Telecommunications Ordinance, save under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Communications Authority in Hong Kong, a Radio Dealers license is required for importing into Hong Kong or exporting therefrom radiocommunications transmitting apparatus. A Radio Dealers license is generally valid for a period of 12 months, and is renewable for a period of one year at a time on payment of the prescribed fee, at the discretion of the Communications Authority.

Generally, under the Telecommunications Ordinance, an appropriate license from the Communications Authority in Hong Kong is required for a person to operate any public telecommunications networks or services in Hong Kong. Services-based operators are licensed under Services-Based Operator license. There are several classes of Services-Based Operator services.

| ● | A “Class 1 service” is an internal telecommunications service (a) for carrying real-time voice communications which may be integrated with other types of communications; (b) which is capable of allowing customers to make and receive calls to and from parties assigned with numbers from the numbering plan of Hong Kong; (c) to which customers are assigned with numbers from the numbering plan of Hong Kong; and (d) which is not a “Class 2 service.”

| ● | A “Class 2 service” is an internal telecommunications service:-

| (a) | for carrying real-time voice communications which may be integrated with other types of communications;

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| (b) | which is capable of allowing customers to make and receive calls to and from parties assigned with numbers from the numbering plan of Hong Kong; and

| (c) | where the customers are assigned with numbers from the numbering plan of Hong Kong, in the provision of service –

| (i) | the licensee (and where appropriate its agents, contractors and resellers) in all promotion, marketing or advertising materials concerning such service declares the service as a “Class 2 service”; or

| (ii) | the licensee, in lieu of (i), complies with such conditions as may be specified by the Communications Authority in a direction that may be issued by the Communications Authority.

| ● | A “Class 3 service” is a non-facility based public telecommunications service. The following are types of Class 3 service (a) external telecommunications services; (b) international value-added network services; (c) mobile virtual network operator services; (d) private payphone services; (e) public radiocommunications relay services; (f) security and fire alarm signals transmission services; (g) teleconferencing services; (h) mobile communications services on board an aircraft; and (i) any other services designated by the Communications Authority as a “Class 3 service.”

If a Services-Based Operator licensee intends to expand the scope of service under its existing license, it should apply to the Communications Authority in Hong Kong.

Prior to August 1, 2020, a Services-Based Operator is generally valid for one year and may, at the discretion of the Communications Authority in Hong Kong, be renewed on an annual basis. In order to enhance the administrative efficiency and provide greater business certainty to Services-Based Operators, commencing from August 1, 2020, Services-Based Operator license will be effective for a period of 2 years and may, at the discretion of the Communications Authority, be renewed for a two-year term.

HONG KONG UCLOUDLINK NETWORK TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, our subsidiary established in Hong Kong, had obtained a Radio Dealers license. The previous Radio Dealers license had been issued by Communications Authority in Hong Kong on May 29, 2018 and expired on May 31, 2025. Currently, we are preparing an application to the Communications Authority to renew such Radio Dealers license and at the same time are preparing an application for a Services-Based Operator license. In addition to the licensing regime under the Telecommunications Ordinance, telecommunications service providers in Hong Kong may also be subject to the Protection of Critical Infrastructures (Computer Systems) Ordinance (Chapter 653 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (“PCICSO”), which came into force on 1 January 2026. The PCICSO establishes Hong Kong’s first comprehensive statutory cybersecurity regime for designated Critical Infrastructure Operators (“CI Operators”). The telecommunications and broadcasting services sector is one of the essential services sectors expressly covered by the PCICSO. The Communications Authority is the designated sectoral authority responsible for designating CI Operators in the telecommunications and broadcasting sector and for monitoring their compliance with the PCICSO. CI Operators designated under the PCICSO are subject to Category 1 organizational measures, Category 2 preventive measures and Category 3 incident reporting and response obligations. Penalties for non-compliance with the PCICSO range from HK$300,000 to HK$5,000,000, with additional daily penalties for continuing offences.

Laws and Regulations Related to Product Quality and Product Liability

Trade Descriptions Ordinance (Chapter 362 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

Products sold in Hong Kong (including products sold online to customers in Hong Kong) are subject to the Trade Descriptions Ordinance. The Trade Descriptions Ordinance was amended in July 2013 to expand certain existing provisions, including the prohibition of false trade descriptions in respect of goods and services in the course of trade, prohibition on certain unfair trade practices and the introduction of a civil, compliance-based enforcement mechanism. The Customs and Excise Department in Hong Kong is the principal enforcement agency for the Trade Descriptions Ordinance.

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The Trade Descriptions Ordinance provides that a trade description (including the indication of fitness for purpose, performance and method of manufacture, etc.) which is false to a material degree; misleading, or likely to be taken for a trade description of a kind that would be false to a material degree, would be regarded as false trade description (section 2 of the Trade Descriptions Ordinance).

The Trade Descriptions Ordinance provides that it is an offense for any person, in the course of his/her/its trade or business, to apply a false trade description to any goods; or supply or offer to supply any goods to which a false trade description is applied. It is also an offense for any person to have in his/her/its possession for sale or for any purpose of trade or manufacture any goods to which a false trade description is applied (section 7 of the Trade Descriptions Ordinance).

To amount to a false trade description, the falsity of the trade descriptions has to be to a material degree. Trivial errors or discrepancies in trade descriptions would not constitute an offense. What constitutes a material degree will vary with the facts.

Contravention of the prohibitions in the Trade Descriptions Ordinance is an offense, with a maximum penalty of HK$0.5 million and imprisonment for five years.

Sale of Goods Ordinance (Chapter 26 of the Laws of Hong Kong), Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance (Chapter 457 of the Laws of Hong Kong) and Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance (Chapter 71 of the Laws of Hong Kong)

The contracts that we enter into with our customers and are governed by the laws of Hong Kong may be subject to the Sale of Goods Ordinance, Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance and Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance.

The Sale of Goods Ordinance provides for circumstances where certain terms will be implied in contracts of sale of goods in Hong Kong, which include, among others, implied conditions that the seller has or will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass and that goods supplied are of merchantable quality subject to certain exceptions as stipulated in the Sale of Goods Ordinance, reasonably fit for the buyer’s purpose for which the goods are being bought, and correspond with the descriptions provided by the seller and/or the samples. The Sale of Goods Ordinance also provides for circumstances where buyers may be deemed to have accepted goods and the actions that a buyer may take for a breach of contract by a seller.

The Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance implies certain terms into contracts for the supply of services in Hong Kong, which include implied conditions that, (i) the supplier will carry out the services with reasonable care and skill (which generally means the services must meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory); (ii) the supplier will carry out the services within a reasonable time if the time of performance has not been fixed by the contract; and (iii) the party contracting with the supplier will pay a reasonable charge if the consideration for the service has not been fixed by the contract. The Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance provides that as against a party to a contract for the supply of a service who deals as a consumer, the other party cannot, by reference to any contract term, exclude or restrict any liability of his/her/its arising under the contract by virtue of the Supply of Services (Implied Terms) Ordinance.

The Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance aims to limit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract, or for negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by means of contract terms and otherwise. Under the Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance, a person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice given to persons generally or to particular persons to exclude or restrict his/her/its liability for death or personal injury resulting from negligence. Further, in the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so exclude or restrict his/her/its liability for negligence except in so far as the term or notice satisfies the requirement of reasonableness with regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably to have been, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the contract was made.

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Laws and Regulations Related to Privacy Protection

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance (Chapter 486 of the Laws of Hong Kong), covers any data that relates directly or indirectly to a living individual, from which it is practicable for the identity of the individual to be directly or indirectly ascertained, and exists in a form in which access or processing of the data is practicable. It applies to a data user who, either alone or jointly or in common with other persons, controls the collection, holding, processing or use of the data. The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance imposes a statutory duty on data users to comply with the requirements of the six data protection principles contained in Schedule 1 to the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance. The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance provides that a data user shall not do an act, or engage in a practice, that contravenes such data protection principles unless the act or practice, as the case may be, is required or permitted under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance.

Non-compliance with a data protection principle may lead to a complaint to the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data in Hong Kong. The commissioner may serve an enforcement notice to direct the data user to remedy the contravention and, if appropriate, prevent any recurrence of the contravention. A data user who contravenes an enforcement notice commits an offense which may lead to a fine and/or imprisonment. Any person contravening an enforcement notice shall be liable to a fine of HK$50,000 and imprisonment for two years with a daily penalty of HK$1,000 on a first conviction. Subsequent convictions can result in a maximum fine of HK$100,000 and imprisonment for two years, with a daily penalty of HK$2,000.

The Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance also criminalizes, among others, misuse or inappropriate use of personal data in direct marketing activities; non-compliance with data access request and unauthorized disclosure of personal data obtained without data user’s consent. The maximum penalty for breach under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance is a fine of HK$1.0 million and imprisonment for five years.

Proposals for legislative amendment of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance were made in January 2020 seeking to introduce mandatory data breach notification mechanisms, requirements on data retention policies, increase of sanction powers of the commissioner, direct regulation of the data processors, clarification of the definition of personal data and regulation of disclosure of third-party personal data. On October 8, 2021, new provisions are introduced into the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance to create doxing and its related offenses, criminalize doxing acts and provide the commissioner with statutory powers to conduct criminal investigations and enforce the law. These include the powers to serve cessation notices to demand actions to cease or restrict disclosure of doxing contents. In July 2025, the Legislative Council convened to debate the adequacy of the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and considered a motion on “developing a personal data protection regime framework to address the challenges in the age of artificial intelligence.”

The rest of the proposals from January 2020 are not yet enacted. If and when enacted, further costs may cause us to be subject to regulatory and compliance obligations and may require additional expenditures on resources to ensure compliance and may also result in a change of our practices.

Laws and Regulations Related to Business Registration

The Business Registration Ordinance (Chapter 310 of the Laws of Hong Kong) requires every person, whether a company, a limited partnership fund or an individual, who carries on a business in Hong Kong to apply to the Commissioner of Inland Revenue in Hong Kong for business registration within one month from the date of commencement of the business, and to display the valid business registration certificate at the place of business. Any person who fails to apply for business registration or display a valid business registration certificate at the place of business shall be guilty of an offense, and shall be liable to a fine of HK$5,000 and to imprisonment for one year.

Laws and Regulations Related to Tax

The Inland Revenue Ordinance (Chapter 112 of the Laws of Hong Kong) imposes taxes on properties, earnings and profits in Hong Kong. The Inland Revenue Ordinance provides, among others, that persons, which include corporations, carrying on any trade, profession or business in Hong Kong are chargeable to tax all profits (excluding profits arising from the sale of capital assets) arising in or derived from Hong Kong from such trade, profession or business.

Our profits arising in or derived from Hong Kong are subject to the profits tax regime under the Inland Revenue Ordinance. Under the current tax regime, starting from the year of assessment 2018/2019 onwards the following two-tiered rates of profits tax shall apply: 8.25% on assessable profits up to HK$2.0 million; and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HK$2.0 million.

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| C. | Organizational Structure

The chart below summarizes our corporate structure and identifies our principal subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report:

Note:

| (1) | Through contractual arrangements, one of our employees holds the equity interest in the entity on behalf of us, and we have consolidated its financial results in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

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Contractual Arrangements with the Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders

We, through Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd., had entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the former VIEs and the nominee shareholders of the former VIEs from January 2015 to March 2022. These contractual arrangements had previously enabled us to: (i) receive the economic benefits that could potentially be significant to the former VIEs in consideration for the services provided by our subsidiaries; (ii) exercise effective control over the former VIEs; and (iii) hold an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and assets of the former VIEs when and to the extent permitted by the laws of mainland China.

These contractual agreements included exclusive technology consulting and services agreements, business operation agreements, powers of attorney, equity interest pledge agreements, option agreements and/or spousal consent letters, as the case may be. We refer to Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing uCloudlink, to Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd as Shenzhen uCloudlink, and to Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. as Beijing Technology. Pursuant to the option agreement, Beijing Technology and its shareholders had irrevocably granted Beijing uCloudlink or any person designated by it an exclusive option to purchase all or part of its equity interests in Shenzhen uCloudlink. Pursuant to the business operation agreement, Shenzhen uCloudlink and Beijing Technology and its shareholders agreed that to the extent permitted by law, they accepted and unconditionally executed instructions from Beijing uCloudlink on business operations. Beijing Technology and its shareholders also executed a power of attorney to irrevocably authorize Beijing uCloudlink, or any person designated by Beijing uCloudlink, to act as its attorney-in-fact to exercise all of its rights as a shareholder of Shenzhen uCloudlink. Pursuant to the exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, Beijing uCloudlink had the exclusive right to provide Shenzhen uCloudlink with operational supports as well as consulting and technical services required by Shenzhen uCloudlink’s business. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, Beijing Technology’ shareholders had pledged 100% equity interests in Beijing Technology to Beijing uCloudlink, and Beijing Technology had pledged 100% equity interests in Shenzhen uCloudlink to Beijing uCloudlink, to guarantee performance by Shenzhen uCloudlink and Beijing Technology of their obligations under the option agreement, the exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, the business operation agreement and power of attorney they entered into. The spouses of the shareholders of Beijing Technology, if applicable, had each signed a spousal consent letter agreeing that the equity interests in Beijing Technology held by and registered under the name of the respective shareholders will be disposed pursuant to the contractual agreements with Beijing uCloudlink. We evaluated the guidance in FASB ASC 810 and concluded that we were the primary beneficiary of the former VIEs for accounting purposes because of these contractual arrangements for the effective period of these contractual agreements. Accordingly, under U.S. GAAP, the financial statements of the former VIEs were consolidated as part of our financial statements prior to the Restructuring.

As we continued to evaluate our business plan, we have decided to adjust our business model in mainland China. Therefore, we initiated the Restructuring to adjust our local business in mainland China and unwind the aforementioned contractual arrangements so that the former VIEs would become wholly-owned subsidiaries of Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited. In 2022, the equity of the former VIEs was transferred to Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited, and the original VIE agreements were terminated.

Confirmation Letter. Pursuant to the confirmation letter signed by Beijing uCloudlink on March 9, 2022, Beijing uCloudlink designated Shenzhen Technology to execute the exclusive option right to purchase all equity interests of Beijing Technology from its shareholders according to the option agreement dated January 27, 2015.

Equity Interest Transfer Agreement. On March 17, 2022, Shenzhen Technology entered into an equity interest transfer agreement with the shareholders of Beijing Technology, the shareholders of Beijing Technology agreed to transfer all their equity interests in Beijing Technology to Shenzhen Technology at nil price, and Shenzhen Technology agreed to purchase such equity interests.

Termination Agreements. On March 17, 2022, Beijing uCloudlink, Beijing Technology and its shareholders and their spouses entered into a termination agreement. All parties agreed to terminate the business operation agreement, equity interest pledge agreement, exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, option agreement, and spousal consent letters that are dated on January 27, 2015, once the termination agreement comes into effect.

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On March 17, 2022, Beijing uCloudlink, Shenzhen uCloudlink, and Beijing Technology entered into a termination agreement. All parties agreed to terminate the business operation agreement, equity interest pledge agreement, exclusive technology consulting and services agreement, and option agreement that are dated on July 10, 2019, once the termination agreement comes into effect.

We believe that the Restructuring did not affect our uCloudlink 1.0 international data connectivity services in mainland China. After the Restructuring, we now carry out the PaaS and SaaS platform services in mainland China, which were the primary business operated by the former VIEs, in cooperation with local business partners, such as Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company, which have the required licenses to provide local data connectivity services in mainland China.

| D. | Property, Plant and Equipment

We are headquartered in Hong Kong and have offices in mainland China and a few other countries and regions. As of the date of this annual report, we have leased office space, warehouses, server rooms and data centers in our key markets as summarized below. We lease our premises under operating lease agreements from independent third parties. We believe that our existing facilities are generally adequate to meet our current needs, but we expect to seek additional space as needed to accommodate future growth.

Location |  | Space |  |  | Use |  | Lease Term
|  | (m2) |  |  |  |  |
Hong Kong |  |  | 130 |  |  | Office and other premises |  | 1 year
Mainland China |  |  | 5,232 |  |  | Office, sales counter and warehouse |  | 1 year to 4 years
Overseas |  |  | 540 |  |  | Office, sales counter and warehouse |  | 0.5 year to 4 years

| Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

| Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about our business and operations. Our actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those we describe under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

| A. | Operating Results

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by the general factors driving global mobile data connectivity service industry, including, among others, any global epidemics, overall economic growth of major economies, the increase in per capita disposable income, the expansion of urbanization, the growth in consumer spending and consumption upgrades, the penetration of mobile internet and increasing population of mobile internet users, the growth of cross-border travels, as well as competition and telecommunications regulations. Unfavorable changes in any of these general industry conditions could negatively affect demand for our products and services and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

While our business is influenced by these general factors, our results of operations are more directly affected by company specific factors, including the following major factors:

| ● | innovative monetization models offering mobile data connectivity services;

| ● | our ability to increase our user base and usage of our mobile data connectivity services;

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| ● | efficient data allowance procurement;

| ● | the mix of our product and service offerings;

| ● | our ability to improve operational efficiency; and

| ● | penetration into international markets.

Innovative monetization models offering mobile data connectivity services

We create and develop various monetization models as our company evolves. We started to conduct our business under our uCloudlink 1.0 model in 2014, which focuses on cross-border travelers that need mobile data connectivity services across different countries. We offer Roamingman portable Wi-Fi services and directly sell smart terminals to provide global mobile data connectivity services. We also offer smart terminals and provide our cloud SIM architecture to business partners such as MVNOs and MNOs for them to offer global mobile data connectivity services directly to their users.

We subsequently developed our uCloudlink 2.0 model, which aims to provide mobile data connectivity services to local users across different MNOs in a single country. We expanded our sales of products to provide GlocalMe Wi-Fi terminals, SIM cards and various GlocalMe Inside terminals to retail and enterprise customers. We also collect revenue from data usage of our terminals and third-party terminals that use our cloud SIM technology. At the same time, we provide our business partners with cloud SIM platform PaaS/SaaS and other services and generate revenue through a profit-sharing model.

Our ability to increase our user base and usage of our mobile data connectivity services

The size of our user base, as measured by the number of terminals with our mobile data connectivity services activated, and the usage of our mobile data connectivity services are key factors affecting our results of operations. We plan to continue to increase the number of terminals and data usage by entering into new markets through cooperating with successful local business partners, and by penetrating into current markets by expanding service offerings, offering more bundling and promotional data packages, and conducting more active branding and marketing activities. The growth of our user base and data usage will lead to the increased revenues from data connectivity services.

Efficient data allowance procurement

Efficient data procurement is a key factor for managing our cost of revenues. Our gross margin relating to data connectivity services increased from 51.0% in 2023 to 52.9% in 2024, attributable to the gradual recovery of international travels, but decreased to 48.7% in 2025 due to the mix of services we rendered. Our costs incurred from data procurement accounted for 47.9%, 42.7% and 55.8% of our total cost of revenues in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our data sources include MNOs and their sales channels, MVNOs, and other SIM-card trading companies, covering mobile data markets in 167 countries and regions. We use a mobile data demand prediction model to plan for data procurement, which looks at seasonality, regions and countries, network performance and other features to predict users’ data demand at a specific time in a geographic area. The prediction from modeling guides us on purchasing data SIM cards to cover the dynamic data demand, optimizing the data procurement efficiency. As we have accumulated a larger number of data allowance providers as our data sources, we possess increasingly stronger bargaining power during the negotiation due to competition among data allowance providers. Data allowance providers are more willing to offer us data with lower price, attracted by our unique value propositions to them. The efficiency of data procurement will continually impact our cost of revenues and overall business performance.

The mix of our product and service offerings

Our gross margin is mainly affected by the mix of services and products. Our gross margin decreased from 49.0% in 2023 to 48.4% in 2024, and increased to 52.4% in 2025. Our services had a gross margin of 58.5%, 60.8% and 58.0% in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, while our sales of products had a gross margin of 28.6%, 24.9% and 35.6% in the same periods, respectively. Our ability to increase our gross margin depends on our ability to expand services by developing innovative monetization models. Our gross margin is also affected by the mix of international and local mobile data connectivity services and PaaS and SaaS services that we provide to our business partners and users. In 2025, we strengthened our offerings of cloud SIM technology, hyper-connectivity solutions and additional value-added services that improve user experience, including the launch of GlocalMe Life solutions, PetPhone and the growing commercial application of our GlocalMe IoT solutions. We continue to grow our GlocalMe Life solutions business and integrate cloud SIM technology and hyper-connectivity solutions into our IoT business. Our expanding products, including our proprietary terminals and third-party devices integrated with GlocalMe Inside, enable a growing number of our customers to enjoy our services anytime and anywhere.

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Our ability to improve operational efficiency

Our ability to achieve and maintain profitability is dependent on our ability to improve our operational efficiency and reduce the total operating expenses as a percentage of our revenues. We will continue to enhance our research and development efforts to enhance our cloud SIM technology and architecture, develop and upgrade our products and services, optimize our data traffic usage, and improve data procurement and operational efficiency. Our research and development expenses accounted for 16.4%, 15.5% and 14.0% of our total operating expenses in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The decrease in research and development expenses was mainly due to the decrease in staff costs. Our cloud SIM architecture and platform have been designed and built to power our growth as we scale to meet demands from our expanding customer base. In addition, our ability to improve operational efficiency depends on our ability to optimize sales and marketing efforts. Currently, we expand our customer base and increase the spending by existing customers through establishing our own brand recognition and exploring more business partners around the globe. We will also utilize the insights we gain from data analytics to guide our operational activities to improve efficiency.

Further penetration into international markets

Leveraging on the local operation knowledge and established brand names of our business partners, we are able to penetrate into different markets and regions effectively, accelerating the adoption of our products and services on a global scale. We promote our products and services through a variety of online and offline marketing and promotional activities, as well as global exhibitions to enhance market exposure. Additionally, we have signed cooperation agreements with North America’s largest airport retail channels to make our products widely available across airport retail locations in North America. We believe our global opportunity is significant, and we will continue to expand our data connectivity services in selected local markets by collaborating with local business partners under uCloudlink 2.0 model.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We generate revenues from services and sales of products. The following table sets forth the components of our revenues by amounts and percentages of our total revenues for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Data connectivity services |  |  | 46,745 |  |  |  | 54.6 |  |  |  | 47,639 |  |  |  | 52.0 |  |  |  | 47,810 |  |  |  | 58.7 |
International data connectivity services |  |  | 37,928 |  |  |  | 44.3 |  |  |  | 39,513 |  |  |  | 43.1 |  |  |  | 41,113 |  |  |  | 50.5 |
Local data connectivity services |  |  | 8,817 |  |  |  | 10.3 |  |  |  | 8,126 |  |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 6,697 |  |  |  | 8.2 |
—PaaS and SaaS services |  |  | 10,425 |  |  |  | 12.2 |  |  |  | 11,293 |  |  |  | 12.3 |  |  |  | 11,112 |  |  |  | 13.6 |
—Others |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 2,138 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
Revenues from services |  |  | 58,570 |  |  |  | 68.4 |  |  |  | 60,002 |  |  |  | 65.5 |  |  |  | 61,060 |  |  |  | 75.0 |
Sales of products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Sales of terminals |  |  | 24,369 |  |  |  | 28.5 |  |  |  | 22,246 |  |  |  | 24.3 |  |  |  | 19,526 |  |  |  | 24.0 |
—Sales of data related products |  |  | 2,150 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 8,417 |  |  |  | 9.2 |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
—Others |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  |  | 729 |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Sales of products |  |  | 27,006 |  |  |  | 31.6 |  |  |  | 31,633 |  |  |  | 34.5 |  |  |  | 20,389 |  |  |  | 25.0 |
Total revenues |  |  | 85,576 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 91,635 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 81,449 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

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Revenues from services

Our revenues from services mainly consist of data connectivity services, including international data connectivity services and local data connectivity services, and PaaS and SaaS services.

Data connectivity services. Our data connectivity services revenues include revenues from international data connectivity services and local data connectivity services.

We generate international data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees from providing portable Wi-Fi to users under our service model with our Roamingman brand, (ii) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to business partners, and (iii) certain retail sales of data connectivity services. We charge users service fee for data connectivity services for our Roamingman brand, typically on a daily basis. We sell our data connectivity services as part of the portable Wi-Fi and smart terminals to our business partners and charge the business partners data service fees.

We generate local data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to business partners, and (ii) retail sales of data connectivity services that can be used with our GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe Inside and GlocalMe World Phones through online platforms.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we generated most of our data connectivity services revenues from our international data connectivity services under uCloudlink 1.0 model.

PaaS and SaaS services. Revenues from PaaS and SaaS services mainly consist of fees generated from providing cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners and other ancillary platform services. We provide our cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners, enabling them to manage their data resources, and charge them service fees for the use of the cloud SIM platform services.

Sales of Products

Our sales of products mainly consist of sales of terminals and sales of data related products.

Sales of terminals. We generate revenues from selling hardware terminals, including GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe Life products, PetPhone products, IoT modules, and other smart devices with GlocalMe Inside installed to enterprise and retail users and business partners, which is part of our strategy to drive revenues from services, including data connectivity services, PaaS and SaaS services and other services.

Sales of data related products. We generate revenues from selling SIM cards with prepaid data packages that can be used outside of mainland China, which may effectively help us grow our user base and data usage among travelers and cross-sell our other products and services.

Geographic Distribution

In terms of revenue contribution, mainland China, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, North America, Southeast Asia and Europe are the top geographies according to the location of customers, which contributed 13.0%, 43.4%, 1.9%, 1.0%, 28.1%, 5.4% and 4.9% of our total revenues in 2023, respectively, contributed 24.0%, 47.4%, 2.2%, 1.7%, 13.8%, 4.9% and 4.5% in 2024, respectively, and contributed 31.5%, 37.8%, 5.4%, 0.9%, 13.6%, 5.2% and 4.6% in 2025, respectively.

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Cost of revenues

The following table sets forth the components of our cost of revenues by amounts and percentages of cost of revenues for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except percentages) |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services |  |  | (24,318 | ) |  |  | 55.8 |  |  |  | (23,503 | ) |  |  | 49.7 |  |  |  | (25,639 | ) |  |  | 66.1 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | (19,293 | ) |  |  | 44.2 |  |  |  | (23,771 | ) |  |  | 50.3 |  |  |  | (13,127 | ) |  |  | 33.9 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | (43,611 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | (47,274 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | (38,766 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |

Cost of revenue consists primarily of data connectivity service costs, cost of inventory, logistics costs, depreciation and maintenance costs for equipment, product replacement costs, payment processing fees and other related incidental expenses that are directly attributable to our principal operations.

Cost of services. Cost of services consists primarily of (i) expenditure on data procurement to support uCloudlink 1.0 and 2.0 models, which includes procurement of data consumed by users who contributed to our revenues from data connectivity services, but not that consumed by users who did not contribute to such revenues, and (ii) depreciations of our GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals mainly under our Roamingman brand.

Cost of products sold. Cost of products sold consists primarily of (i) hardware procurement cost, outsourcing processing fees and shipping costs related to our terminals, and (ii) procurement costs related to overseas SIM cards.

Gross profit and gross margin

Our overall gross profits were US$42.0 million, US$44.4 million and US$42.7 million, representing overall gross margins of 49.0%, 48.4% and 52.4% in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Specifically, our gross profits on services were US$34.3 million, US$36.5 million and US$35.4 million, corresponding to 58.5%, 60.8% and 58.0% gross margins relating to services, in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our gross profits on sales of products were US$7.7 million, US$7.9 million and US$7.3 million, corresponding to 28.6%, 24.9% and 35.6% gross margins relating to sales of products, in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Our gross profit margin is mainly affected by the mix of data connectivity services, PaaS and SaaS services, sales of terminals, and sales of data related products. Data services tend to have higher gross profit margin than sales of terminals.

Operating expenses

The following table sets forth the principal components of our operating expenses by amounts and percentages of our total operating expenses for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses |  |  | (6,456 | ) |  |  | 16.4 |  |  |  | (6,198 | ) |  |  | 15.5 |  |  |  | (4,868 | ) |  |  | 14.0 |
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  | (14,304 | ) |  |  | 36.3 |  |  |  | (19,926 | ) |  |  | 49.8 |  |  |  | (23,986 | ) |  |  | 69.1 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | (17,118 | ) |  |  | 43.5 |  |  |  | (15,947 | ) |  |  | 39.9 |  |  |  | (12,577 | ) |  |  | 36.2 |
Other (expense)/income, net |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | (5.2 | ) |  |  | 6,714 |  |  |  | (19.3 | )
Total operating expenses |  |  | (39,378 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | (39,976 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | (34,717 | ) |  |  | 100.0 |

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Research and Development expenses. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits for research and development personnel and share-based compensation, materials, mobile terminals testing and certification expenses, general expenses and depreciation expenses associated with research and development activities.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of online and offline advertising expenses, promotion expenses, staff costs and share-based compensation, sales commissions and other related incidental expenses that are incurred in connection with sales and marketing activities.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses and benefits for employees and share-based compensation, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, legal and other professional services fees, rental and other general corporate related expenses.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.

Hong Kong

Under the current Inland Revenue Ordinance (Chapter 112 of the Laws of Hong Kong), starting from the year of assessment 2018/2019 onwards, our subsidiaries in Hong Kong are subject to profits tax at the rate of 8.25% on assessable profits up to HK$2.0 million; and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HK$2.0 million. For the years of assessment 2023/2024 and 2024/2025, our subsidiaries in Hong Kong were subject to 16.5% Hong Kong profits tax on their taxable income (on any part of assessable profits over HK$2.0 million) generated from operations in Hong Kong. Additionally, payments of dividends by our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong to the Company is not subject to any withholding tax in Hong Kong. Under the 2026-2027 Budget announced by the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong on 25 February 2026, further tax measures were proposed. These measures include, without limitation: a one-off reduction of profits tax, salaries tax and tax under personal assessment for the year of assessment 2025/2026 by 100%, subject to a ceiling of HK$3,000 per case.

With effect from 1 January 2025, Hong Kong has implemented the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) 2.0 Pillar Two global minimum tax framework pursuant to the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Minimum Tax for Multinational Enterprise Groups) Ordinance 2025 (“Ordinance”), gazetted on 6 June 2025. The Ordinance introduces a Hong Kong Minimum Top-up Tax (“HKMTT”) and an Income Inclusion Rule (“IIR”), both effective retroactively from 1 January 2025. The Undertaxed Profits Rule (“UTPR”) has been deferred pending further study. The HKMTT and IIR apply to multinational enterprise (“MNE”) groups with consolidated annual revenues of EUR 750 million or more in at least two of the four preceding fiscal years, subject to certain exclusions. All OECD-approved safe harbours are available to reduce the compliance burden. Compliance obligations include the filing of an annual top-up tax notification and an annual top-up tax return. The Inland Revenue Department launched the first phase of its Pillar Two Portal on 19 January 2026 to facilitate compliance. If we are or become part of an in-scope MNE group, the HKMTT and IIR may materially affect our tax provisioning and compliance obligations.

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Mainland China

Generally, our mainland China subsidiaries, former VIEs and their subsidiaries are subject to enterprise income tax on their taxable income in mainland China at a statutory rate of 25%. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under mainland China’s tax laws and accounting standards.

Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink qualified as national high and new technology enterprises in 2017, which are entitled to preferential tax rate to 15%. Their high and new technology enterprises status is renewed and set to expire on October 16, 2026. In addition, Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink enjoy other tax preferences.

Dividends paid by our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in mainland China to our intermediary holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless the Hong Kong entity satisfies all the requirements under the Arrangement between mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and receives approval from the tax authority. If our Hong Kong subsidiary satisfies all the requirements under the tax arrangement and receives approval from the tax authority, then the dividends paid to the Hong Kong subsidiary would be subject to withholding tax at the standard rate of 5%. According to the Announcement of State Taxation Administration on the Promulgation of the Administrative Measures on Non-resident Taxpayers Enjoying Treaty Benefits, which came into effect on 1 January 2020, non-resident taxpayers claiming treaty benefits shall be handled in accordance with the principles of “self-assessment, claiming benefits, retention of the relevant materials for future inspection”. Where a non-resident taxpayer self-assesses and concludes that it satisfies the criteria for claiming treaty benefits, it may enjoy treaty benefits at the time of tax declaration or at the time of withholding through the withholding agent, simultaneously gather and retain the relevant materials pursuant to the provisions of these Measures for future inspection, and accept follow-up administration by the tax authorities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to make payments to us and any tax we are required to pay could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of mainland China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a mainland China resident enterprise for income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland-China noteholders, shareholders or ADS holders.”

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the years presented, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of our revenues for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |  |  | US$ |  |  | % |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues from services |  |  | 58,570 |  |  |  | 68.4 |  |  |  | 60,002 |  |  |  | 65.5 |  |  |  | 61,060 |  |  |  | 75.0 |
Sales of products |  |  | 27,006 |  |  |  | 31.6 |  |  |  | 31,633 |  |  |  | 34.5 |  |  |  | 20,389 |  |  |  | 25.0 |
Total revenues |  |  | 85,576 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 91,635 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 81,449 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services |  |  | (24,318 | ) |  |  | (28.4 | ) |  |  | (23,503 | ) |  |  | (25.7 | ) |  |  | (25,639 | ) |  |  | (31.5 | )
Cost of products sold |  |  | (19,293 | ) |  |  | (22.6 | ) |  |  | (23,771 | ) |  |  | (25.9 | ) |  |  | (13,127 | ) |  |  | (16.1 | )
Total cost of revenues |  |  | (43,611 | ) |  |  | (51.0 | ) |  |  | (47,274 | ) |  |  | (51.6 | ) |  |  | (38,766 | ) |  |  | (47.6 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 41,965 |  |  |  | 49.0 |  |  |  | 44,361 |  |  |  | 48.4 |  |  |  | 42,683 |  |  |  | 52.4 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development expenses(1) |  |  | (6,456 | ) |  |  | (7.5 | ) |  |  | (6,198 | ) |  |  | (6.8 | ) |  |  | (4,868 | ) |  |  | (6.0 | )
Sales and marketing expenses(1) |  |  | (14,304 | ) |  |  | (16.7 | ) |  |  | (19,926 | ) |  |  | (21.7 | ) |  |  | (23,986 | ) |  |  | (29.4 | )
General and administrative expenses(1) |  |  | (17,118 | ) |  |  | (20.0 | ) |  |  | (15,947 | ) |  |  | (17.4 | ) |  |  | (12,577 | ) |  |  | (15.4 | )
Other (expense)/income, net |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | (1.8 | ) |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 6,714 |  |  |  | 8.2 |
Income from operations |  |  | 2,587 |  |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 4,385 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 7,966 |  |  |  | 9.8 |
Interest income |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | )
Income before income tax |  |  | 2,524 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 4,416 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 7,838 |  |  |  | 9.6 |
Income tax expenses |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | ) |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  |  | (1.9 | )
Share of profit/(loss) in equity method investment, net of tax |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | )
Net income |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 6,301 |  |  |  | 7.7 |

Note:

| (1) | Share-based compensation was US$3.3 million, US$1.2 million and US$1.0 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Share-based compensation in 2023, 2024 and 2025 mainly includes restricted share units and share options granted to our employees, directors, and other consultants. As of December 31, 2025, there was US$0.6 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to granted restricted share units and share options.

Year ended December 31, 2025 compared to year ended December 31, 2024

Revenues

Our revenues decreased by 11.1% from US$91.6 million in 2024 to US$81.4 million in 2025.

Revenues from Services. Our revenues from services increased by 1.8% from US$60.0 million in 2024 to US$61.0 million in 2025, which was primarily attributable to an increase of US$1.1 million in other revenues from services, which encompasses items such as SIM card resale service fees and advertising revenue.

| ● | Our revenues from data connectivity services increased by 0.4% from US$47.6 million in 2024 to US$47.8 million in 2025. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in revenues from international data connectivity services from US$39.5 million in 2024 to US$41.1 million in 2025, as the recovery of international travel continues, which was partially offset by a decrease in revenues from local data connectivity services from US$8.1 million in 2024 to US$6.7 million in 2025, due to business adjustments made by certain customers.

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| ● | Our revenues from PaaS and SaaS services decreased by 1.6% from US$11.3 million in 2024 to US$11.1 million in 2025.

Sales of Products. Our revenues from sales of products decreased by 35.5% from US$31.6 million in 2024 to US$20.4 million in 2025, which was primarily due to decreases in the sales of data related products and sales of terminals.

| ● | Our revenues from sales of terminals decreased by 12.2% from US$22.2 million in 2024 to US$19.5 million in 2025.

| ● | Our revenues from sales of data related products decreased by 98.4% from US$8.4 million in 2024 to US$0.1 million in 2025 due to the decreasing demand from certain customers.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues decreased by 18.0% from US$47.2 million in 2024 to US$ 38.7 million in 2025. The decrease was due to a decrease in cost of products sold, which was partially offset by an increase in cost of services.

| ● | Our cost of products sold decreased by 44.8% from US$23.7 million in 2024 to US$13.1 million in 2025, which was in line with the decrease in revenues from sales of products.

| ● | Our cost of services increased by 9.1% from US$23.5 million in 2024 to US$25.6 million in 2025.

Gross profit and margin

As a result of the foregoing, our total gross profit decreased from US$44.4 million in 2024 to US$42.7 million in 2025. Our gross margin increased from 48.4% in 2024 to 52.4% in 2025.

Operating expenses

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased by 21.5% from US$6.2 million in 2024 to US$4.9 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of US$1.3 million in staff costs.

Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 20.4% from US$19.9 million in 2024 to US$24.0 million in 2025. The increase was primarily due to increases of US$1.8 million in promotion fees, US$1.3 million in service fees, US$0.4 million in operating lease payments and US$0.4 million in exhibition expenses.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 21.1% from US$15.9 million in 2024 to US$12.5 million in 2025. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of US$2.3 million in professional service fees and US$1.3 million in staff costs.

Income from operations

As a result of the foregoing, we had income from operations of US$8.0 million in 2025, compared to US$4.4 million in 2024.

Interest expenses

Our interest expenses remained at US$0.2 million in 2025 compared to 2024.

Net income

As a result of the foregoing, we had net income of US$6.3 million in 2025, compared to US$4.6 million in 2024.

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Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023

Revenues

Our revenues increased by 7.1% from US$85.6 million in 2023 to US$91.6 million in 2024.

Revenues from Services. Our revenues from services increased by 2.4% from US$58.6 million in 2023 to US$60.0 million in 2024, which was primarily attributable to increases in revenues from data connectivity services and PaaS and SaaS services.

| ● | Our revenues from data connectivity services increased by 1.9% from US$46.7 million in 2023 to US$47.6 million in 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in revenues from international data connectivity services from US$37.9 million in 2023 to US$39.5 million in 2024, as the recovery of international travel continues, which was partially offset by a decrease in revenues from local data connectivity services from US$8.8 million in 2023 to US$8.1 million in 2024.

| ● | Our revenues from PaaS and SaaS services increased by 8.3% from US$10.4 million in 2023 to US$11.3 million in 2024. This increase was primarily due to business partners increasingly utilizing PaaS and SaaS services to enhance operational efficiency.

Sales of Products. Our revenues from sales of products increased by 17.1% from US$27.0 million in 2023 to US$31.6 million in 2024, which was primarily due to an increase in sales of data related products, which was partially offset by a decrease in sales of terminals.

| ● | Our revenues from sales of terminals decreased by 8.7% from US$24.4 million in 2023 to US$22.2 million in 2024.

| ● | Our revenues from sales of data related products increased by 291.5% from US$2.2 million in 2023 to US$8.4 million in 2024 due to the increasing demand from customers.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues increased by 8.4% from US$43.6 million in 2023 to US$47.2 million in 2024. The increase was due to an increase in cost of products sold, which was partially offset by a decrease in cost of services.

| ● | Our cost of products sold increased by 23.2% from US$19.3 million in 2023 to US$23.7 million in 2024, which was in line with the growth in sales of products.

| ● | Our cost of services decreased by 3.4% from US$24.3 million in 2023 to US$23.5 million in 2024.

Gross profit and margin

As a result of the foregoing, our total gross profit increased from US$42.0 million in 2023 to US$44.4 million in 2024. Our gross margin decreased from 49.0% in 2023 to 48.4% in 2024.

Operating expenses

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased by 4.0% from US$6.5 million in 2023 to US$6.2 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease of US$0.5 million in staff costs, which was partially offset by an increase of US$0.3 million in professional service fees.

Sales and marketing expenses. Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 39.3% from US$14.3 million in 2023 to US$19.9 million in 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases of US$3.2 million in promotion fees, US$0.9 million in staff costs, US$0.8 million in operating lease payments and US$0.7 million in service fees.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 6.8% from US$17.1 million in 2023 to US$15.9 million in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to decreases of US$1.6 million in share-based compensation expenses and US$0.8 million in staff costs, which was partially offset by increases of US$0.9 million in professional service fees and US$0.6 million in provision for bad debts.

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Income from operations

As a result of the foregoing, we had income from operations of US$4.4 million in 2024, compared to US$2.6 million in 2023.

Interest expenses

We had interest expenses of US$0.2 million in 2024, compared to US$0.1 million in 2023.

Net income

As a result of the foregoing, we had net income of US$4.6 million in 2024, compared to US$2.8 million in 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and other disclosures included in this annual report. The selection of critical accounting policies, the judgments and other uncertainties affecting application of those policies and the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions are factors that should be considered when reviewing our financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies involve the most significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Basis of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of us and our subsidiaries. All transactions and balances among us and our subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of are recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income/(loss) from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.

A subsidiary is an entity in which (i) we directly or indirectly control more than 50% of the voting power; or (ii) we have the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors or to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee pursuant to a statute or under an agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is principally generated by the provision of data connectivity services, and the sales of terminals and sales of data related products. Revenue represents the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sales of goods and the provision of services in the ordinary course of our business activities and is recorded net of value-added tax. We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” for all years presented with full retrospective method.

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We conduct our business through various contracts with customers, including:

Data connectivity services

We generate international data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals (under our Roamingman brand), (ii) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to business partners, and (iii) retail sales of data connectivity services.

We also generate local data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to enterprise customers and (ii) retail sales of data connectivity services.

For data connectivity services from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals, we determine that the arrangement involves the leasing of portable Wi-Fi terminals with data connectivity services embedded. We determine that we are the lessor in the arrangement which contains an equipment lease component and a service non-lease component. We also determine that lease component is an operating lease under ASC 840, and that the operating lease component and service component are delivered over the same time and pattern. Therefore, the lease income and service income are recognized as data connectivity services revenue evenly over the service period.

We evaluate and determine that we are the principal. For data connectivity services from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals and retail sales of data connectivity services, we view users as our customers. For data connectivity services generated from sales of data connectivity services to enterprises customers, we view enterprise customers as our customers. We report data connectivity services revenues on gross basis. Accordingly, the amounts paid for data connectivity services by customers are recorded as revenues and the related commission fees paid to our agents (mainly travel agents and other online distributors) are recorded as cost of revenues. Where we are the principal, we control the data before the data connectivity service is provided to customers. Such control is evidenced by the inventory risk borne by us and our ability to direct the use of data, and is also supported by our responsibility to customers and discretion in establishing pricing.

Data connectivity services offered to customers typically provide unlimited data usage during a fixed period of time, or the contract period, where revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the contract period.

We do not have further performance obligations to the customers after the contract period. We also offer data connectivity services where users are charged service fee based on actual data usage, where revenue is recognized as the services are provided to customers.

In providing data connectivity services to our customers, we procure SIM cards and data plans from various suppliers. Those SIM cards are activated and hosted on our cloud SIM platform. Our cloud SIM platform manages terminal information and customer accounts and intelligently allocates the SIM cards and data plans and makes them available to customers who purchase our data connectivity services. Accordingly, we take inventory risk and obtains control of the SIM cards and data plans procured and direct the use of the data on its cloud SIM platform depending on customers’ demand. We account for the SIM cards and data plans procured as costs of revenue as data is being made available and consumed on its cloud SIM platform.

As our data connectivity services are provided without right of return and we do not provide any other credit and incentive to our customers, therefore, the provision of data connectivity services does not involve variable consideration.

Sales of terminals and data related products

We generate revenues from selling tangible products, including GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe World Phone series and smartphones with GlocalMe Inside implemented, IoT models, as well as SIM cards, to enterprise and retail customers and business partners. Sales of terminals and data related products are recognized when control of promised goods is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs upon the acceptance of the goods by the customers.

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For sales of Wi-Fi terminals, one gigabyte of free data connectivity service is normally included as a bundle package for the first-time purchase of the terminals. There are two separate performance obligations in such bundle sales as the Wi-Fi terminal is a distinct good while the data connectivity service is a distinct service. We allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices. We then recognize revenue for each of the distinct performance obligations identified in accordance with the applicable revenue recognition method relevant for that obligation. For revenue related to the Wi-Fi terminals, revenue is recognized when the control of the Wi-Fi terminals is transferred. For revenue related to the data connectivity service, revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over relevant contract period.

PaaS or SaaS services

PaaS or SaaS mainly consist of fees generated from providing cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners and other ancillary platform services. We provide our cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners enabling them to manage their data resources. Business partners using the platform are charged service fees for the use of the cloud SIM platform services. We have continuous obligation to ensure the performance of the platform over the service period. Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period as business partners simultaneously consume and receive benefits from the service. We do not provide any other credit and incentive related to the cloud SIM platform services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement.

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities represent the cash collected upfront from the customers for purchase of data connectivity services or purchase of Wi-Fi terminals, while the underlying data connectivity services have not yet been rendered or the Wi-Fi terminals have not been delivered to the customers by us, which is included in the presentation of contract liabilities.

Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, all performance obligations are satisfied within one year. Where transaction prices for data connectivity services and Wi-Fi terminals are received upfront from the customers, such receipts are recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenues over the contract period.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes using the liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realizable in the foreseeable future.

Deferred taxes are also recognized on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries, which are presumed to be transferred to the parent company and are subject to withholding taxes, unless there is sufficient evidence to show that the subsidiary has invested or will invest the undistributed earnings indefinitely or that the earnings will be remitted in a tax-free manner.

We adopt ASC 740 “Income Taxes” which prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. It also provides guidance on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods and income tax disclosures.

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Share-based compensation and fair value of ordinary shares

Share-based compensation expenses arise from share-based awards, mainly including Restricted Shares held by certain senior management (namely, Mr. Chaohui Chen, Mr. Zhiping Peng and Mr. Wen Gao), share options and restricted share units awarded to employees, directors and other consultants in accordance with ASC 718 Stock Compensation. We follow ASC 718 to determine whether share option, or restricted share units should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees, directors and other consultants classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. We classify the share-based awards granted to employees, certain senior management, directors and other consultants as equity award, and have elected to recognize compensation expense on share-based awards with service condition on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

We entered into a share restriction agreement with certain senior management and their respective wholly owned companies, which directly hold our equity interest. Pursuant to the share restriction agreement, all of our ordinary shares, or restricted shares, held by certain senior management shall be subject to vesting conditions until the Restricted Shares become vested. The Restricted Shares were classified as equity awards under ASC 718 and are accounted for as share-based compensation based on the grant date fair value over the vesting period using graded vesting method.

For share options awarded to employees, directors and other consultants, we apply the Binominal option pricing model in determining the fair value of options granted under ASC 718. We have elected to account for forfeitures when they occur.

On each measurement date, we review internal and external sources of information to assist in the estimation of various attributes to determine the fair value of the share-based awards we granted, including the fair value of the underlying shares, expected life and expected volatility. We are required to consider many factors and makes certain assumptions during this assessment. If any of the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the share-based awards change significantly in the future, share-based compensation expense may differ materially.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A list of recently issued accounting pronouncements that are relevant to us is included in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

| B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
|  | US$ |  |  | US$ |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Net cash generated from operating activities |  |  | 6,507 |  |  |  | 9,186 |  |  |  | 3,208 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (240 | ) |  |  | (3,758 | ) |  |  | (1,028 | )
Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  | 2,509 |  |  |  | 1,732 |  |  |  | 122 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 8,776 |  |  |  | 7,160 |  |  |  | 2,302 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (474 | ) |  |  | 472 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 14,921 |  |  |  | 23,371 |  |  |  | 30,057 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  |  | 23,371 |  |  |  | 30,057 |  |  |  | 32,831 |

To date, we have financed our operating and investing activities through cash generated by equity and equity-linked financing activities, including proceeds from our initial public offering, and borrowings from financial institutions.

We have the following borrowings:

| ● | In January 2023, we obtained an eleven-month short-term bank borrowing of RMB6.0 million (US$0.9 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.85% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of this loan was nil. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In January 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB6.0 million (US$0.9 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.85% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of this loan was nil. We have fully repaid the loan.

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| ● | In February 2023, we obtained a three-month short-term bank borrowing of RMB5.6 million (US$0.8 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 5.55% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding balance of this loan was nil. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In April 2023, we obtained an eleven-month short-term bank borrowing of RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 4.12% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In September 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.55% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In October 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB4.0 million (US$0.6 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.2% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB3.8 million (US$0.5 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In October 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB6.0 million (US$0.8 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.2% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB5.8 million (US$0.8 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In December 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a third-party financial institute, with patents pledged by us, bearing interest at a rate of 4.9% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In December 2023, we obtained a one-year short-term borrowing of RMB8.0 million (US$1.1 million) from a third-party financial institute, with a patent pledged by us, bearing interest at a rate of 4.96% per annum. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB8.0 million (US$1.1 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In January 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.1% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In September 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB8.0 million (US$1.1 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.1% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB8.0 million (US$1.1 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In November 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB12.7 million (US$1.8 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.17% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB12.7 million (US$1.8 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In November 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.1% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

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| ● | In December 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.0% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In December 2024, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB7.3 million (US$1.0 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.17% per annum. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB7.3 million (US$1.0 million) and nil, respectively. We have fully repaid the loan.

| ● | In February 2025, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB9.0 million (US$1.3 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 2.9% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB9.0 million (US$1.3 million).

| ● | In November 2025, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 2.7% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million).

| ● | In December 2025, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 2.6% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million).

| ● | In December 2025, we obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 2.4% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10.0 million (US$1.4 million).

| ● | In September 2025, we obtained a two-year bank borrowing of RMB6.0 million (US$8.5 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.2% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB5.9 million (US$8.4 million).

| ● | In December 2025, we obtained a twenty-one-month bank borrowing of RMB6.0 million (US$8.5 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.1% per annum. As of December 31, 2025, the outstanding balance of this loan was RMB6.0 million (US$8.5 million).

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our cash and cash equivalents were US$23.4 million, US$30.1 million and US$32.8 million, respectively. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand, cash held at bank, and time deposits placed with banks which have original maturities of three months or less.

As of December 31, 2025, US$10.4 million of our cash and cash equivalents was held in U.S. dollars, US$17.7 million was held in Renminbi, US$1.2 million was held in Hong Kong dollars, US$1.4 million was held in Japanese yen, and US$2.1 million was held in other currencies. As of December 31, 2025, 46.5% of our cash and cash equivalents were held in mainland China.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents, together with anticipated cash flows, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. We had net cash generated from operating activities of US$6.5 million, US$9.2 million and US$3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of US$32.8 million and short-term investments of US$13.3 million. We may decide to enhance our liquidity position or increase our cash reserve for future investments through additional capital and finance funding. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may need additional capital, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.”

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As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had US$7.6 million, US$8.7 million and US$13.3 million other investments, respectively. Other investments mainly included the followings:

| ● | In June 2020, we made an investment in an investment fund representing ownership interest in an entity, for which the underlying assets were comprised of debt and equity securities for a cash consideration of US$15 million. We classify this current investment as an equity security, measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis based on the quoted transaction price by the investment fund. The fair value of this investment was US$7.6 million, US$8.7 million and US$13.3 million as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

| ● | In June 2020, we made an investment in an investment product for which the underlying assets were mainly comprised of unlisted bonds and subordinated debentures for a cash consideration of US$17 million with a period of three years. We classify this non-current investment as a debt security, measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis based on the quoted transaction price by the asset management company. The fair value of this investment was US$12.0 million and US$4.6 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, respectively. In December 2023, we fully redeemed this investment and received US$1.3 million.

Our accounts receivable represent primarily accounts receivable from customers and business partners to whom we rendered services or sold products. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, were US$6.5 million, US$7.9 million and US$4.4 million, respectively. The increase from 2023 to 2024 was primarily attributable to the increase in services we provided and products we sold, and the decrease from 2024 to 2025 was mainly due to the decrease in sales of products. Our accounts receivable turnover days remained relatively stable, at 26.6 days in 2023, 28.6 days in 2024, and 27.6 days in 2025. Accounts receivable turnover days for a given period are equal to average balances of accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, at the beginning and the end of the period divided by revenues during the period and multiplied by the number of days during the period.

Our accounts payable represent primarily accounts payable to hardware suppliers and mobile data allowance providers. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our accounts payable were US$5.3 million, US$7.4 million and US$7.2 million, respectively. The increase from 2023 to 2025 was primarily due to our payment arrangements with suppliers. Our accounts payable turnover days decreased slightly from 50.8 days in 2023 to 49.3 days in 2024, but increased to 68.9 days in 2025, primarily due to our payment arrangements with suppliers. Accounts payable turnover days for a given period are equal to average accounts payable balances at the beginning and the end of the period divided by total cost of revenues during the period and multiplied by the number of days during the period.

In utilizing the proceeds we received from our initial public offering, we may make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, establish new subsidiaries in mainland China and make capital contributions to these new mainland China subsidiaries, make loans to our mainland China subsidiaries, or acquire offshore entities with operations in mainland China in offshore transactions. However, most of these uses are subject to mainland China’s regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Mainland China’s regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to make loans to or make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs), which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Operating Activities

Net cash generated from operating activities in 2025 was US$3.2 million. The difference between net cash generated from operating activities and net income of US$6.3 million in the same period was primarily due to (i) the decrease of US$6.3 million in accrued expenses, accounts payable and other liabilities, (ii) US$4.6 million of gains of fair value on other investments, and (iii) the increase of US$3.0 million in inventories, partially offset by (i) the decrease of US$3.5 in accounts receivable, (ii) US$2.7 million of depreciation of property and equipment, (iii) the decrease of US$2.7 in contract liabilities, (iv) US$1.0 million of share-based compensation expenses, and (v) US$0.8 million of provision for bad debts.

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Net cash generated from operating activities in 2024 was US$9.2 million. The difference between net cash generated from operating activities and net income of US$4.6 million in the same period was primarily due to (i) the increase of US$2.2 million in accrued expenses, accounts payable and other liabilities, (ii) US$2.2 million of depreciation of property and equipment, (iii) US$1.2 million of share-based compensation expenses, (iv) the decrease of US$1.0 million in amounts due from related parties, and (v) the decrease of US$0.8 million in inventories, partially offset by (i) the increase of US$1.8 in accounts receivable, (ii) the decrease of US$1.2 in amounts due to related parties, and (iii) US$1.1 million of gains of fair value on other investments.

Net cash generated from operating activities in 2023 was US$6.5 million. The difference between net cash generated from operating activities and net income of US$2.8 million in the same period was primarily due to (i) US$3.3 million of share-based compensation expenses, (ii) US$2.7 million of losses of fair value on other investments, (iii) US$1.0 million of depreciation of property and equipment, (iv) the decrease of US$0.8 million of inventories, and (v) US$0.7 million of impairment for inventory obsolescence, partially offset by (i) the increase of US$2.2 million of amounts due from related parties, (ii) the increase of US$1.7 million of prepayments and other assets, and (iii) the decrease of US$0.7 million of accrued expenses, accounts payable and other liabilities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities in 2025 was US$1.0 million, primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment of US$0.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 was US$3.7 million, primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment of US$4.0 million, which was partially offset by proceeds from disposal of property and equipment of US$0.2 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2023 was US$0.2 million, primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment of US$2.1 million, which was partially offset by the redeemed investment amount of US$1.3 million, proceeds from disposal of property and equipment of US$0.2 million, decrease in short-term deposit of US$0.2 million, and dividends received from long-term investment of US$0.1 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2025 was US$0.1 million, primarily due to proceeds from bank borrowings of US$7.2 million, which was partially offset by repayment of bank borrowings of US$7.1 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2024 was US$1.7 million, primarily due to proceeds from bank borrowings of US$7.0 million, which was partially offset by repayment of bank borrowings and other borrowings of US$5.3 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2023 was US$2.5 million, primarily due to the proceeds from bank borrowings and other borrowings of US$7.9 million, which was partially offset by repayment of bank borrowings and other borrowings of US$5.4 million.

Cash Requirements

Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2025 and any subsequent interim period primarily include our capital expenditures, contractual obligations and commitments. We intend to fund our existing and future material cash requirements with our existing cash balance, cash from operating activities, financing from investors and borrowing from external sources. We will continue to make cash commitments, including capital expenditures, to support the growth of our business.

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025:

|  | Payment due by December 31, |
|  | Total |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 2027 |  |  | 2028 |  |  | 2029 and thereafter |
|  | (US$ in thousands) |
Operating lease obligations(1) |  |  | 2,134 |  |  |  | 1,507 |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | 38 |
Purchase obligations for purchase of data |  |  | 9,071 |  |  |  | 5,109 |  |  |  | 2,368 |  |  |  | 1,594 |  |  |  | - |
Short term borrowings |  |  | 5,549 |  |  |  | 5,549 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Long term borrowings |  |  | 1,690 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Interest on borrowings |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 18,640 |  |  |  | 12,393 |  |  |  | 4,465 |  |  |  | 1,744 |  |  |  | 38 |

Note:

| (1) | Operating lease obligations consist of the obligations under non-cancellable operating lease agreements covering various facilities.

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Capital expenditures

Our capital expenditures are primarily incurred for purchases of intangible assets, property and equipment. Our capital expenditures were US$2.1 million, US$4.0 million and US$1.0 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The increase in capital expenditure from 2023 to 2024 is primarily due to the increase of Roamingman terminals to support efficient business operation, and the decrease in capital expenditure from 2024 to 2025 reflects the sustained benefits of prior-year capital expenditures, which reduced the need for additional investments in 2025. We intend to fund our future capital expenditures with our existing cash balance, cash from operating activities, financing from investors and borrowing from external sources. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of any third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or product development services with us.

Holding Company Structure

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We have conducted our operations in mainland China primarily through our mainland China subsidiaries (including the former VIEs and their subsidiaries). As a result, UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by our mainland China subsidiaries. If our existing mainland China subsidiaries or any newly formed ones incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with mainland China’s accounting standards and regulations. Under the laws of mainland China, each of our subsidiaries in mainland China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds until such reserve funds reach 50% of its registered capital. In addition, our subsidiaries may allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on mainland China’s accounting standards to discretionary surplus funds at their discretion. The statutory reserve funds and the discretionary funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of mainland China is subject to examination by the banks designated by SAFE. Some of our mainland China subsidiaries will not be able to pay dividends until they generate accumulated profits and meet the requirements for statutory reserve funds or general risk reserves.

| C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Research and Development” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”

| D. | Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since January 1, 2026 that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

| E. | Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. Significant accounting estimates reflected in our consolidated financial statements include legal contingencies, share-based compensation and realization of deferred tax assets. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.

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Legal contingencies

In the course of our business, we are subject to contingencies of legal proceedings and claims arising out of our business. Liabilities for the contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated.

Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to us, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. We assess these contingent liabilities, which inherently involves judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against us or unasserted claims that may result in legal proceedings, we, in consultation with its legal counsel, evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein. If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, the estimated liability would be accrued in the consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, or is probable but cannot be estimated, the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible loss, if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation expenses arise from share-based awards, mainly including Restricted Shares held by certain senior management, and share options and Restricted Shares awarded to employees, directors and other consultants in accordance with ASC 718 Stock Compensation. All grants of share-based awards to employees, certain senior management and directors classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model.

The Restricted Shares were classified as equity awards under ASC 718 and are accounted for as share-based compensation based on the grant date fair value over the vesting period using graded vesting method.

For share options awarded to employees, directors and other consultants, we apply the Binominal option pricing model in determining the fair value of options granted under ASC 718. We have elected to account for forfeitures when they occur.

On each measurement date, we review internal and external sources of information to assist in the estimation of various attributes to determine the fair value of the share-based awards granted by us, including the fair value of the underlying shares, expected life and expected volatility. We are required to consider many factors and makes certain assumptions during this assessment. If any of the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the share-based awards change significantly in the future, share-based compensation expense may differ materially.

In determining the grant date fair value of our ordinary shares for purposes of (i) assessing whether there is a beneficial conversion feature in connection with our convertible bond issued in April 2017 and (ii) determining share-based compensation expenses in connection with share options granted under the 2018 Stock Option Scheme, we, with the assistance of an independent external valuer, evaluated the use of income approach / discounted cash flow.

The discounted cash flow method of the income approach involves applying appropriate weighted average cost of capital to discount the future cash flows forecast, based on our best estimates as of the valuation date, to present value. The weighted average cost of capital was determined based on a consideration of the factors including risk-free rate, comparative industry risk, equity risk premium, company size and non-systematic risk factors.

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In deriving the equity value of each class of shares, we applied the option pricing method, which treats different classes of shares as call options on the total equity value, with exercise prices based on the liquidation preference or redemption amount of the relevant classes of shares. Under this method, the ordinary share has value only if the fund available for distribution to shareholders exceeds the value of liquidation preference or redemption amounts at the time of a liquidity event, assuming the enterprise has funds available to pay for liquidation preference or redemption. Given the nature of the different classes of shares, the modelling of different classes of capital as call options on company’s enterprise value is analyzed and the values of different classes of shares were derived accordingly.

We also applied a discount for lack of marketability, which assumed that the put option is struck at the average price of the stock before the privately held shares can be sold, the cost of the put option was considered as a basis to determine such discount for lack of marketability.

The determination of the equity value requires complex and subjective judgments to be made regarding prospects of the industry and the products at the valuation date, our projected financial and operating results, our unique business risks and the liquidity of our shares.

Realization of deferred tax assets

Deferred income tax expense reflects the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. We consider positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be more-likely-than-not realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses and forecasts of future profitability. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistent with the plans and estimates we are using to manage the underlying businesses. Valuation allowances are established for deferred tax assets based on a more likely than not threshold. Our ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carry forward periods provided for in the tax law. We have provided a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, as management is not able to conclude that the future realization of those net operating loss carry forwards and other deferred tax assets are more likely than not. The statutory rate of 15% to 25%, depending on which entity, was applied when calculating deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately US$129.7 million, US$130.5 million and US$132.4 million, respectively, which arose from the subsidiaries established in Hong Kong and mainland China. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we do not believe that sufficient positive evidence exists to conclude that the recoverability of deferred tax assets is more likely than not to be realized. Consequently, we have provided full valuation allowance on the related deferred tax assets.

According to the Circular on Extending the Loss Carry-over Period of High-tech Enterprises and High-tech SMEs (Cai Shui [2018] No. 76), from January 1, 2018, the enterprises that have the qualifications of high-tech enterprises or high-tech SMEs will be able to make up for the losses that have not been completed in the previous five years before the qualification year. The longest carry-over period is extended from 5 years to 10 years. As of December 31, 2025, the net operating loss carry forwards arose from Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink will expire during the period from 2026 to 2035, if unused.

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| Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees

| A. | Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Directors and Executive Officers |  | Age |  | Position/Title
Chaohui Chen |  | 58 |  | Director and Chief Executive Officer
Zhiping Peng |  | 58 |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors
Hope Ni |  | 53 |  | Independent Director
Ying Kong |  | 66 |  | Independent Director
Yimeng Shi |  | 53 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Wen Gao |  | 56 |  | Chief Strategy Officer
Zhihui Gong |  | 56 |  | Chief Technology Officer

Mr. Chaohui Chen is our founder and has served as our director and chief executive officer since 2015. Prior to co-founding our company, Mr. Chen worked at Huawei from 1994 to 2013 where he served as SVP of Huawei, President of Huawei Device Company, CEO of Huawei UK & Ireland, and President of Wireless Product Line. Prior to that, Mr. Chen served as an R&D engineer in Guangdong Province Computer Co., Ltd from 1992 to 1994. Mr. Chen also serves as a director of Maya System, Inc., in which we made an equity investment. Mr. Chen received his bachelor’s degree in applied physics from National University of Defense Technology in China and master’s degree in nuclear electronics from China Institute of Atomic Energy.

Mr. Zhiping Peng is our founder and has served as chairman of our board of directors since 2015. Prior to co-founding our company, Mr. Peng worked at Huawei from 1996 to 2014, where he served as SVP of Huawei, chief procurement and supply chain officer, president of Optical Product Line, and president of Huawei Device Company. Prior to that, Mr. Peng served as a project manager at China Kejian Co., Ltd. from 1993 to 1996. Mr. Peng also serves as the chairman of the board of directors of Shenzhen Leafoo Bio-technology Co., Ltd, a company that manufactures and sells healthcare products. Mr. Peng received his bachelor’s degree in radio and automatic control and master’s degree of automatic control from Fudan University in China.

Ms. Hope Ni has served as our independent director since June 2020. Ms. Ni currently serves as an independent director of Acotec Scientific Holdings Limited (HKEX: 6669), Visen Pharmaceuticals (HKEX 02561), and Zhihu Inc. (NYSE: ZH). From June 2020 to June 2022, she served as a non-executive director of Ingdan, Inc. (HKEX: 0400), previously known as Cogobuy Group, and prior to that, she served as an executive director of Ingdan, Inc. from 2015 to 2020. Previously, Ms. Ni worked as a practicing attorney at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP in New York and Hong Kong. Earlier in her career, Ms. Ni worked at Merrill Lynch’s investment banking division in New York. Ms. Ni received a J.D. degree from University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1998 and a bachelor’s degree in applied economics and business management from Cornell University in 1994.

Prof. Ying Kong has served as our independent director since June 2021. Prof. Kong has been a professor and the dean of international business school of Zhuhai campus of Beijing Normal University since 2021. He has also been a tenured associate professor in department of economics at York University, Canada since 2004. In addition, Prof. Kong has held various positions at Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School since 2014, including the dean of faculty of social science and management, the director of enterprise innovation and growth research institute, and the director of public private partnership research center. Since 2015, he has served as the director of low carbon economy and financial risk analysis lab and the director of faculty of entrepreneur education center at Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute. From 2009 to 2015, he was a professor and the associate dean of HSBC School of Business at Peking University. Prof. Kong is also the chairman of the World Alliance for Low Carbon Cities. Prof. Kong received his bachelor’s degree in physics from Peking University in 1982. He received a master’s degree in public administration from the Carleton University, Canada in 1994, where he also obtained a doctorate degree in economics in 2000.

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Mr. Yimeng Shi has served as our chief financial officer since 2014. Previously, Mr. Shi worked at Huawei from 2005 to 2014, where he performed finance management in Huawei UK & Ireland, Huawei North Latin America. From 2004 to 2005, Mr. Shi served as Accountant at Nortel Communication Equipment Co., Ltd. in Guangdong. Mr. Shi also serves as a director of Maya System, Inc., in which we made an equity investment. Mr. Shi received his master’s degree of law from Jinan University in Guangzhou, China. He also received his bachelor’s degree of Business Study in Accountancy from University of Massey in New Zealand. Mr. Shi is a licensed Certified Public Accountant in the State of Michigan of the United States.

Mr. Wen Gao has served as our chief strategy officer since September 2020 and served as our chief sales officer from 2014 to September 2020. Prior to joining us, Mr. Gao worked at Huawei from 2007 to 2011, where he served as the Director of Software Platform Department in Huawei Device Company. Prior to that, Mr. Gao worked as software R&D engineer and manager in several technology companies in Shenzhen, China from 1995 to 2007. Mr. Gao received his bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in computer application from Wuhan Surveying and Mapping University of Science and Technology in China, which was later merged into Wuhan University.

Mr. Zhihui Gong has served as our chief technology officer since 2015 and our cybersecurity officer since 2023. Prior to joining us, Mr. Gong worked at Shenzhen Liming Network Co., Ltd. from 1997 to 2015, performing IT planning, architecture, top design of enterprise system and cloud service platform, software development management, company’s technology management and planning. Mr. Gong received his doctor’s degree from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. Mr. Gong is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional and a member of the International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium.

| B. | Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2025, we paid an aggregate of US$2.3 million in cash to our executive officers, and paid US$110 thousand in cash to our non-executive directors. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and executive officers except US$514 thousand of education benefit in cash for the children of our non-independent directors and executive officers. Our mainland China subsidiaries are required by law to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance and other statutory benefits and a housing provident fund.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate employment for cause, if the officer is informed by us of the cause and such cause remains uncured at the end of a period of 10 business days to cure, for certain acts of the executive officer, such as continued failure to satisfactorily perform, willful misconduct or gross negligence in the performance of agreed duties, conviction or entry of a guilty or nolo contendere plea of any felony or any misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, or dishonest act that results in material to our detriment or material breach of the employment agreement. We may also terminate an executive officer’s employment without cause upon 60-day advance written notice. In such case of termination by us, we will provide severance payments to the executive officer as may be agreed between the executive officer and us. The executive officer may resign at any time with a 60-day advance written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the termination or expiry of his or her employment agreement, in strict confidence and not to use, except as required in the performance of his or her duties in connection with the employment or pursuant to applicable law, any of our confidential information or trade secrets, any confidential information or trade secrets of our clients or prospective clients, or the confidential or proprietary information of any third party received by us and for which we have confidential obligations. The executive officers have also agreed to disclose in confidence to us all inventions, designs and trade secrets which they conceive, develop or reduce to practice during the executive officer’s employment with us and to assign all right, title and interest in them to us, and assist us in obtaining and enforcing patents, copyrights and other legal rights for these inventions, designs and trade secrets.

In addition, each executive officer has agreed to be bound by non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions during the term of his or her employment and typically for one year following the last date of employment. Specifically, each executive officer has agreed not to (i) solicit from any customer doing business with us during the effective term of the employment agreement business of the same or of a similar nature to our business; (ii) solicit from any of our known potential customer business of the same or of a similar nature to that which has been the subject of our known written or oral bid, offer or proposal, or of substantial preparation with a view to making such a bid, proposal or offer; (iii) solicit the employment or services of, or hire or engage, any person who is known to be employed or engaged by us; or (iv) otherwise interfere with our business or accounts, including, but not limited to, with respect to any relationship or agreement between any vendor or supplier and us.

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We have also entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Under these agreements, we agree to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of their being a director or officer of our company.

Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme

In December 2018, our shareholders and board of directors approved the 2018 Stock Option Scheme to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees and directors, and promote the success of our business. In July 2019, our shareholders and board of directors further restated and amended the 2018 Stock Option Scheme and adopted the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme, or the 2018 Plan, pursuant to which we may grant awards to our directors, officers and employees. The 2018 Plan was amended from time to time. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued under 2018 Plan is 40,147,720 ordinary shares. As of February 28, 2026, options to purchase a total of 16,729,060 ordinary shares are outstanding under the 2018 Plan.

The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of the 2018 Plan.

Type of Awards. The 2018 Plan permits the awards of options.

Plan Administration. Our board of directors or a committee appointed by the board of directors will administer the 2018 Plan. The plan administrator will determine the participants to receive awards, the number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each grant.

Award Agreement. Awards granted under the 2018 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth the terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event that the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our directors, officers and employees.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Exercise of Options. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for each award, which is stated in the relevant award agreement. Options that are vested and exercisable will terminate if they are not exercised prior to the time as the plan administrator determines at the time of grant. In general, the maximum exercisable term is six years from the date that the granted options are exercisable.

Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the participant other than certain entities or persons related to the participant without the prior written approval of the plan administrator at its sole and absolute discretion.

Termination and Amendment of the 2018 Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the 2018 Plan has a term of 15 years from the date of effectiveness of the 2018 Plan. Our board of directors has the authority to terminate, amend, suspend or modify the 2018 Plan in accordance with the 2018 Plan and our articles of association.

Amended and Restated 2019 Share Incentive Plan

In July 2019, our shareholders and board of directors approved the 2019 Share Incentive Plan, as amended in 2021, or the 2019 Plan, to attract and retain the best available personnel, provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants. The 2019 Share Plan was amended from time to time. Under the 2019 Plan, the maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards will initially be 23,532,640 shares, which will be increased by a number equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, if determined and approved by the board of directors for the relevant fiscal year. As of February 28, 2026, the maximum number of issuable shares under the 2019 Plan was 40,436,574, while 140,000 options had been granted and outstanding under the 2019 Plan, and 8,251,340 restricted share units had been granted and outstanding under the 2019 Plan.

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The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the 2019 Plan.

Type of Awards. The 2019 Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units, or any other type of awards that the committee approves.

Plan Administration. Our board of directors or a committee designated by the board of directors will act as the plan administrator. The plan administrator will determine the participants who are to receive awards, the type or types of awards to be granted, the number of awards to be granted, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.

Award Agreement. Awards granted under the 2019 Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event that the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.

Eligibility. We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants of our company.

Vesting Schedule. In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Transfer Restrictions. Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the recipient other than in accordance with the exceptions provided in the 2019 Plan, such as transfers by will or the laws of descent and distribution.

Termination and Amendment of the 2019 Plan. Unless terminated earlier, the 2019 Plan has a term of 20 years. Our board of directors has the authority to amend or terminate the 2019 Plan. However, no such action may adversely affect in any material way any awards previously granted unless agreed by the relevant grantee.

The following table summarizes, as of February 28, 2026, the number of ordinary shares underlying outstanding options that we have granted to our directors and executive officers.

Name |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Options |  |  | Exercise Price (US$/Share) |  |  | Date of Grant |  | Date of Expiration
Chaohui Chen |  |  | 950,000 |  |  |  | 0.5000 |  |  | April 27, 2020 |  | April 27, 2027 – April 27, 2031
Zhiping Peng |  |  | 950,000 |  |  |  | 0.5000 |  |  | April 27, 2020 |  | April 27, 2027 – April 27, 2031
Hope Ni |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | —
Ying Kong |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | —
Yimeng Shi |  |  | 2,700,000 |  |  |  | 0.5000 |  |  | December 31, 2018 – April 27, 2020 |  | April 27, 2027 – December 31, 2031
Wen Gao |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | —
Zhihui Gong |  |  | 1,100,000 |  |  |  | 0.5000 |  |  | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2030
All directors and executive officers as a group |  |  | 5,700,000 |  |  |  | 0.5000 |  |  | December 31, 2018 – April 27, 2020 |  | April 27, 2027 – December 31, 2031

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The following table summarizes, as of February 28, 2025, the number of outstanding restricted share units that we have granted to our directors and executive officers.

Name |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Restricted Share Unites |  |  | Date of Grant |
Chaohui Chen |  |  | 2,545,880 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |
Zhiping Peng |  |  | 2,268,200 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |
Hope Ni |  |  | 85,000 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – May 31, 2025 |
Ying Kong |  |  | 85,000 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – May 31, 2025 |
Yimeng Shi |  |  | 1,337,720 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |
Wen Gao |  |  | 832,890 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |
Zhihui Gong |  |  | 492,170 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |
All directors and executive officers as a group |  |  | 7,646,860 |  |  |  | August 30, 2022 – January 31, 2026 |

As of February 28, 2026, our employees and consultants other than our directors and executive officers as a group held outstanding options to purchase 11,169,060 ordinary shares, with exercise prices ranging from US$0.5 to US$0.8 per share. As of February 28, 2026, our employees and consultants other than our directors and executive officers as a group held outstanding restricted share units equivalent to 604,480 ordinary shares.

| C. | Board Practices

Board of Directors

Our board of directors consists of four directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in our company by way of qualification. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction with our company is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors. Subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market rules and disqualification by the chairman of the relevant board meeting, a director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction notwithstanding that he may be interested therein, and if he does so his vote shall be counted and he shall be counted in the quorum at any meeting of our directors at which any such contract or transaction or proposed contract or transaction is considered. Our directors may exercise all the powers of our company to raise or borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and assets (present and future) and uncalled capital or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock, bonds and other securities, whether outright or as collateral security for any debt, liability or obligation of our company or of any third party.

Board Diversity Matrix

Subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, the below table sets forth our board diversity matrix as of the date of this annual report.

Board Diversity Matrix (As of February 28, 2026)

Country of Principal Executive Offices |  | People’s Republic of China
Foreign Private Issuer |  | Yes
Disclosure Prohibited Under Home Country Law |  | No
Total Number of Directors |  | 4

|  | Female |  | Male |  | Non-Binary |  | Did Not Disclose Gender
Part I: Gender Identity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Directors |  | 1 |  | 3 |  | 0 |  | 0
Part II: Demographic Background |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  |
LGBTQ+ |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  |
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |  |

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Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Ms. Hope Ni and Prof. Ying Kong. Ms. Hope Ni is the chairperson of our audit committee. We have determined that Ms. Hope Ni and Prof. Ying Kong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605 of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. We have determined that Ms. Hope Ni qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert.” The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

| ● | reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

| ● | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Prof. Ying Kong and Ms. Hope Ni. Prof. Ying Kong is the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined that Prof. Ying Kong and Ms. Hope Ni satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605 of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | reviewing and approving, or recommending to the board for its approval, the compensation for our chief executive officer and other executive officers;

| ● | reviewing and recommending to the board for determination with respect to the compensation of our non-employee directors;

| ● | reviewing periodically and approving any incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements; and

| ● | selecting compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser only after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Ms. Hope Ni and Prof. Ying Kong. Ms. Hope Ni is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Ms. Hope Ni and Prof. Ying Kong satisfy the “independence” requirements of Rule 5605 of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | selecting and recommending to the board nominees for election by the shareholders or appointment by the board;

| ● | reviewing annually with the board the current composition of the board with regards to characteristics such as independence, knowledge, skills, experience and diversity;

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| ● | making recommendations on the frequency and structure of board meetings and monitoring the functioning of the committees of the board; and

| ● | advising the board periodically with regards to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to the board on all matters of corporate governance and on any remedial action to be taken.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors owe fiduciary duties to our company, including a duty of loyalty, a duty to act honestly and a duty to act in what they consider in good faith to be in our best interests. Our directors must also exercise their powers only for a proper purpose. Our directors also owe to our company a duty to exercise skills they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstance. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth Courts have moved toward an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the class rights vested thereunder in the holders of the shares. Our company has the right to seek damages if a duty owed by our directors is breached. In certain limited exceptional circumstances, a shareholder may have the right to seek damages in our name if a duty owed by our directors is breached.

Our board of directors has all the powers necessary for managing, and for directing and supervising, our business affairs. The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

| ● | convening shareholders’ annual and extraordinary general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

| ● | declaring dividends and distributions;

| ● | appointing officers and determining the term of office of the officers;

| ● | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

| ● | approving the transfer of shares in our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Terms of Directors and Officers

Our directors may be elected by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Alternatively, our board of directors may, by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the directors present and voting at a board meeting, appoint any person as a director to fill a casual vacancy on our board or as an addition to the existing board. Our directors are not automatically subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they are removed from office by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. In addition, a director will cease to be a director if he (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from meetings of our board for three consecutive meetings and our board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our articles of association.

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors, and may be removed by our board of directors.

| D. | Employees

We had a total of 393, 404 and 429 employees as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The following table sets forth the numbers of our employees categorized by function as of December 31, 2025.

Function |  | Number of Employees |
Research and Development |  |  | 162 |
Business Development, Sales and Marketing |  |  | 180 |
Administration and Management |  |  | 87 |
Total |  |  | 429 |

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Our success depends on our ability to attract, motivate, train and retain qualified personnel. The average age of our employees is around 36 and 73.7% of our employees have obtained bachelor’s degrees. We believe we offer our employees competitive compensation packages and an environment that encourages self-development and, as a result, have generally been able to attract and retain qualified personnel and maintain a stable core management team.

We enter into standard labor contracts and confidentiality agreements with our employees. As required by regulations in mainland China, we participate in various employee social insurance plans that are organized by municipal and provincial governments, including pension, unemployment insurance, childbirth insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing fund. We are required under the laws of mainland China to make contributions to employee social insurance plans at specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses and certain allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time. Bonuses are generally discretionary and based in part on employee performance and in part on the overall performance of our business. We have granted, and plan to continue to grant, share-based incentive awards to our employees in the future to incentivize their contributions to our growth and development.

| E. | Share Ownership

Except as specifically noted, the following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares on an as-converted basis as of February 28, 2026 by:

| ● | each of our directors and executive officers; and

| ● | each of our principal shareholders who beneficially own more than 5% of our total outstanding shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 258,849,520 Class A ordinary shares and 122,072,980 Class B ordinary shares outstanding as of February 28, 2026.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

|  | Class A Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class B Ordinary Shares |  |  | Total Ordinary Shares |  |  | % of Beneficial Ownership |  |  | % of Aggregate Voting Power*** |
|  | Number |  |  | Number |  |  | Number |  |  | % |  |  | % |
Directors and Executive Officers*: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chaohui Chen(1) |  |  | 15,583,430 |  |  |  | 61,346,560 |  |  |  | 76,929,990 |  |  |  | 20.1 |  |  |  | 44.8 |
Zhiping Peng(2) |  |  | 13,525,490 |  |  |  | 60,726,420 |  |  |  | 74,251,910 |  |  |  | 19.4 |  |  |  | 44.2 |
Hope Ni(3) |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | 0.04 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Ying Kong(4) |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 145,000 |  |  |  | 0.04 |  |  |  | 0.01 |
Yimeng Shi(5) |  |  | 5,118,210 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,118,210 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Wen Gao(6) |  |  | 13,032,420 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,032,420 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Zhihui Gong(7) |  |  | 1,755,320 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,755,320 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
All Directors and Executive Officers as a Group |  |  | 49,304,870 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 171,377,850 |  |  |  | 44.3 |  |  |  | 89.7 |
Principal Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MediaPlay Limited(1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,346,560 |  |  |  | 61,346,560 |  |  |  | 16.1 |  |  |  | 44.0 |
AlphaGo Robot Limited(2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 60,726,420 |  |  |  | 60,726,420 |  |  |  | 15.9 |  |  |  | 43.6 |
Entities affiliated with Cash Capital(8) |  |  | 37,405,580 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,405,580 |  |  |  | 9.8 |  |  |  | 1.8 |
Entities affiliated with China International Capital Corporation Limited(9) |  |  | 19,662,570 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,662,570 |  |  |  | 5.2 |  |  |  | 0.9 |

Notes:

| * | Except as indicated otherwise, the business address of our directors and executive officers is Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

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| ** | For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Each holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote per share and each holder of our Class B ordinary shares is entitled to 15 votes per share on all matters submitted to them for a vote. Our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder thereof into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

| (1) | Represents (i) 61,346,560 Class B ordinary shares held by MediaPlay Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, (ii) 2,994,710 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Chaohui Chen, (iii) 950,000 Class A ordinary shares Mr. Chaohui Chen has the right to acquire upon exercise of options within 60 days after February 28, 2026, (iv) 371,005 ADSs, representing 3,710,050 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Chaohui Chen, and (v) 7,928,670 Class A ordinary shares (including those in the form of ADSs) beneficially owned by certain of our current and former employees and consultants who have granted an irrevocable voting proxy for all or certain shares beneficially owned by them to Mr. Chaohui Chen. MediaPlay Limited is wholly owned by Brilliant Topaz Holding Limited, a British Virgin Islands company. Brilliant Topaz Holding Limited is wholly owned by Chen Family Evergreen Trust, a trust established for the benefit of Mr. Chaohui Chen and his family. Mr. Chaohui Chen is the settlor and investment advisor of Chen Family Evergreen Trust, and has the power to direct the disposition and voting of the shares held by Chen Family Evergreen Trust. The registered address of MediaPlay Limited is Ritter House, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Certain current and former employees have granted an irrevocable voting proxy for all shares beneficially owned by them to Mr. Chaohui Chen. In addition, certain employees and consultants and an officer who hold share incentive awards under our share incentive plans have granted an irrevocable voting proxy for the shares issuable to them pursuant to the awards to Mr. Chaohui Chen.

| (2) | Represents (i) 60,726,420 Class B ordinary shares held by AlphaGo Robot Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, (ii) 2,686,630 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Zhiping Peng, (iii) 950,000 Class A ordinary shares Mr. Zhiping Peng has the right to acquire upon exercise of options within 60 days after February 28, 2026, (iv) 495,736 ADSs, representing 4,957,360 Class A ordinary shares directly held by Mr. Zhiping Peng, and (vi) 4,931,500 Class A ordinary shares held by one of our beneficial owners, who have granted an irrevocable voting proxy for 4,931,500 Class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by them to Mr. Zhiping Peng, and appointed Mr. Zhiping Peng as lawful attorney-in-fact. AlphaGo Robot Limited is wholly owned by Bright Topaz Holding Limited, a British Virgin Islands company. Bright Topaz Holding Limited is wholly owned by Harmony Peng Trust, a trust established for the benefit of Mr. Zhiping Peng and his family. Mr. Zhiping Peng is the settlor and investment advisor of Harmony Peng Trust, and has the power to direct the disposition and voting of the shares held by Harmony Peng Trust. The registered address of AlphaGo Robot Limited is Ritter House, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

| (3) | Represents 145,000 Class A ordinary shares held by Ms. Hope Ni. The address of Ms. Hope Ni is Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

| (4) | Represents 145,000 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Ying Kong. The address of Mr. Ying Kong is Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

| (5) | Represents (i) 2,418,210 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Yimeng Shi, and (ii) 2,700,000 Class A ordinary shares Mr. Yimeng Shi has the right to acquire upon exercise of options within 60 days after February 28, 2026. The address of Mr. Yimeng Shi is Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

| (6) | Represents (i) 11,889,820 Class A ordinary shares held by Talent Wits Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, and (ii) 1,142,600 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Wen Gao. Talent Wits Limited is wholly owned by Mr. Wen Gao. The registered address of Talent Wits Limited is Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town Tortola, VG 1110, British Virgin Islands.

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| (7) | Represents (i) 655,320 Class A ordinary shares held by Mr. Zhihui Gong, and (ii) 1,100,000 Class A ordinary shares Mr. Zhihui Gong has the right to acquire upon exercise of options within 60 days after February 28, 2026. The address of Mr. Zhihui Gong is Unit 2214-Rm1, 22/F, Mira Place Tower A, 132 Nathan Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

| (8) | Represents (i) 26,309,700 Class A ordinary shares held by Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners, a PRC limited liability partnership, and (ii) 11,095,880 Class A ordinary shares held by Xizang Guoke Dingyi Investment Center (Limited Partnership), a PRC limited partnership, based on the Schedule 13G filed on February 11, 2021. The general partner of Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners is CASH Capital (Beijing) Investment Management Co, Ltd. Xizang Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Partners (Limited Partnership), a PRC limited partnership, is the general partner and fund administrator of Xizang Guoke Dingyi Investment Center (Limited Partnership). Lasa Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Co., Ltd., a PRC limited liability company, is the general partner of Xizang Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Partners (Limited Partnership). Lasa Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Co., Ltd. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CASH Capital (Beijing) Investment Management Co, Ltd. Ge Wang is the legal representative of CASH Capital (Beijing) Investment Management Co, Ltd and a member of the investment committee of Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners and, in such capacity, Ge Wang may be deemed to have shared voting control and investment discretion with respect to the shares held by Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners. Ge Wang is also a member of the investment committee of Xizang Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Partners (Limited Partnership) and, in such capacity, Ge Wang may be deemed to have shared voting control and investment discretion with respect to shares held by Xizang Guoke Dingyi Investment Center (Limited Partnership). Hongwu Chen is the general manager of CASH Capital (Beijing) Investment Management Co, Ltd and a member of the investment committee of Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners and, in such capacity, Hongwu Chen may be deemed to have shared voting control and investment discretion with respect to shares held by Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners. Hongwu Chen is also a member of the investment committee of Xizang Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Partners (Limited Partnership) and, in such capacity, Hongwu Chen may be deemed to have shared voting control and investment discretion with respect to the shares held by Xizang Guoke Dingyi Investment Center (Limited Partnership). The registered address of Beijing Cash Capital Venture Partners is No. 710-84, Floor 6, No. 8 Haidian North Two Street, Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. The registered address of Xizang Guoke Dingyi Investment Center (Limited Partnership) is Room 6-1, Unit 2, Building 6, Zone B, YGXC Community, No.158 Jinzhu West Road, Chengguan District, Lhasa, People’s Republic of China.

| (9) | Represents 19,662,570 Class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by China International Capital Corporation Limited, a PRC company, over which China International Capital Corporation Limited has shared dispositive power as of April 15, 2024, in the form of 1,966,257 ADSs held by CICC Financial Trading Limited, a Hong Kong company. CICC Financial Trading Limited is wholly owned by CICC Financial Holdings Limited, a British Virgin Islands company, which is wholly owned by China International Capital Corporation (International) Limited, a Hong Kong company. China International Capital Corporation (International) Limited is, in turn, wholly owned by China International Capital Corporation Limited. The principal business address of China International Capital Corporation Limited is 9th Floor China World Tower 2, No.1 Jian Guo Men Wai Avenue, Beijing 100004, People’s Republic of China. The principal business address of each of China International Capital Corporation (International) Limited, CICC Financial Holdings Limited and CICC Financial Trading Limited is 29/F, One International Finance Centre, 1. Harbour View Street, Central, Hong Kong. The calculation of China International Capital Corporation Limited’s voting power is based on 19,662,570 Class A ordinary shares, over which China International Capital Corporation Limited has shared voting power, as of April 15, 2024. The above information is based on the Schedule 13G filed by China International Capital Corporation Limited on April 25, 2024. The percentage of beneficial ownership and the percentage of aggregate voting power for China International Capital Corporation Limited are calculated based on the number of our company’s total outstanding shares as of February 28, 2026 and assuming China International Capital Corporation Limited’s shareholding has not change since April 15, 2024.

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In July 2019, our founders and certain other members of management and beneficial owners of our company, including Chaohui Chen, Zhiping Peng, Wen Gao, Zhu Tan, Zhigang Du, Zhongqi Kuang, Shubao Pei, Xuesong Ren and Yimeng Shi, entered into a voting agreement, which provided that they should reach a consensus before exercising their voting rights with respect to our shares. The voting agreement was terminated on December 30, 2025.

To our knowledge, as of February 28, 2026, a total of 209,338,610 Class A ordinary shares (including the 72,940.00 Class A ordinary shares issued to the depositary bank for bulk issuance of ADSs reserved for future issuances upon the exercise or vesting of awards granted under our share incentive plans) were held by one record holder in the United States, representing approximately 55.0% of our total outstanding shares. The holder is The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of our ADS program. None of our outstanding Class B ordinary shares are held by record holders in the United States. The number of beneficial owners of our ADSs in the United States is likely to be much larger than the number of record holders of our ordinary shares in the United States.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

| F. | Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not applicable.

| Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

| A. | Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

| B. | Related Party Transactions

Contractual Arrangements with The Former VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

Transactions with our Founders and Related Entities

Transactions with Maya. In October 2018, we made an equity investment in a privately-held company, Maya System, Inc., which provides cloud SIM related services in Japan, including sale of products and maintenance. We have significant influence over this company. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recognized US$10.8 million, US$5.9 million and US$8.0 million of revenue from provision of data connectivity services, sales of terminals, sales of data related products and other services and products to this company, respectively. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we purchased US$2 thousand, nil and nil, respectively, of data connectivity service from this company. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we owed US$1.2 million, US$49 thousand and nil, respectively, to this company, consisting of accounts payable, deposits and advances. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had US$2.9 million, US$2.0 million and US$1.7 million due from this company, respectively.

Transactions with Huaxiang. In April 2019 and September 2020, we made an equity investment in a privately-held company, Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company, which is an MVNO in mainland China. We have significant influence over this company. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recognized US$36 thousand, US$16 thousand and US$43 thousand, respectively, of revenue from provision of sales of terminals, PaaS and SaaS services, and other services to this company. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we purchased nil, nil and nil, respectively, of data connectivity service from this company. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we owed US$20 thousand, nil and nil to this company. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we had US$2 thousand, US$2 thousand and US$0.4 thousand due from this company.

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Shareholders Agreement

We entered into our third amended and restated shareholders agreement on April 21, 2017 with our shareholders, which consist of holders of ordinary shares and preferred shares. The shareholders agreement provides for certain shareholders’ rights, including information and inspection rights, right of participation, right of first refusal and co-sale rights, and contains provisions governing our board of directors and other corporate governance matters. The special rights, as well as the corporate governance provisions, were terminated.

Registration Rights. We have granted certain registration rights to holders of registrable securities, which include our ordinary shares issued or issuable pursuant to conversion of our preferred shares. These registration rights was automatically terminated on June 13, 2025.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”

Share Incentive Plans

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation.”

| C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

| Item 8. | Financial Information

| A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

We were previously involved in a series of intellectual property lawsuits against SIMO Holdings Inc. and its affiliates.

In June 2018, Hong Kong uCloudlink Network Technology Limited and uCloudlink (America), Ltd., two of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, were named as defendants in a complaint filed by SIMO Holdings Inc. in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging patent infringements. In May 2019, the jury delivered a verdict which awarded SIMO Holdings Inc. compensatory damages in the amount of approximately US$2.2 million for a four-month period from August 2018 to December 2018. The court also granted plaintiff’s motion for permanent injunction, effective on September 1, 2019, to enjoin us from selling, offering to sell, importing, or enabling the use of three models of portable Wi-Fi terminals and one model of GlocalMe World Phone that were found to be infringing SIMO Holdings Inc.’s patent in the United States. On January 5, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed the decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and held that we are entitled to summary judgment of noninfringement. The permanent injunction issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against our products was dissolved on April 8, 2021.

In January 2020, SIMO Holdings Inc. and its affiliated entity filed a lawsuit for patent infringement and trade secret misappropriation against Hong Kong uCloudlink Network Tech. Ltd. and Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited in the Eastern District of Texas. Following our success in the above-mentioned patent infringement case in New York, the plaintiffs dropped their patent infringement claim in the Eastern District of Texas on April 6, 2021. On August 30, 2021, we entered into a settlement agreement with SIMO Holdings Inc. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, the parties filed joint motions to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas for the dismissal of the trade secret case initiated by SIMO Holdings Inc. The case was dismissed in September 2021.

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From 2019 to 2020, we and SIMO Holdings Inc. also filed a series of lawsuits in mainland China. For example, in 2020, Shenzhen Skyroam Technology Co., Ltd. filed invalidation petitions against patents No. 366.4, No. 352.6 and No. 323.5 owned by us in Patent Reexamination Board of National Intellectual Property Administration in mainland China, respectively. The National Intellectual Property Administration issued orders which invalidated patent No. 366.4, patent No. 352.6 and patent No. 323.5 in September 2020, November 2020 and April 2021, respectively. Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and HONG KONG UCLOUDLINK NETWORK TECHNOLOGY LIMITED as patent holders filed lawsuits at the Beijing Intellectual Property Court to challenge the invalidation decisions. With respect to patent No. 352.6, Beijing Intellectual Property Court issued the first instance judgment upholding the invalidation decision in September 2022, and we have appealed to the Supreme People’s Court against the first instance judgment in October 2022. And the Supreme People’s Court made a final judgment on September 26, 2023, upholding the invalidation decision. With respect to patent No. 366.4, we received a judgment from the Beijing Intellectual Property Court on May 11, 2023, to uphold the invalidation decision of the patent. For patent No. 323.5, Beijing Intellectual Property Court made a judgment on June 15, 2023, upholding the invalidation decision. In summary, up to the end of September 2023, all the above cases have been closed and do not involve any issue of compensation for damages.

We reached a global settlement with SIMO Holdings Inc. for the series of cases held in both the United States and mainland China. According to the settlement, we and SIMO Holdings Inc. have applied to withdraw all lawsuits initiated by either party. In light of the aforementioned intellectual property litigation experience, our management has permitted us to use our intellectual property rights in key market areas to proactively send warning letters or file intellectual property infringement lawsuits. There were no significant amounts of damages, legal fees or costs occurred in such cases against us in 2025.

Any of the material lawsuits against us, or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, is likely to result in substantial cost and diversion of our resources, including our management’s time and attention. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business from time to time. If the outcomes of these proceedings are adverse to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.”

Dividend Policy

Our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. In either case, all dividends are subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that our company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if we decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.

We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may rely on dividends from our subsidiaries and consolidated entities in Hong Kong or mainland China for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. The regulations of mainland China may restrict the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations on Dividend Distribution.”

If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—D. American Depositary Shares.” Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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| B. | Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

| Item 9. | The Offer and Listing

| A. | Offering and Listing Details

Our ADSs, each representing ten of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on Nasdaq since June 9, 2020. Our ADSs trade under the symbol “UCL.”

| B. | Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

| C. | Markets

Our ADSs have been listed on Nasdaq since June 9, 2020 under the symbol “UCL.”

| D. | Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

| E. | Dilution

Not applicable.

| F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

| Item 10. | Additional Information

| A. | Share Capital

Not applicable.

| B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

Our shareholders have adopted the sixth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. The following are summaries of material provisions of the memorandum and articles of association and of the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act, insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

Objects of Our Company. Under our memorandum and articles of association, the objects of our company are unrestricted and we have the full power and authority to carry out any object not prohibited by the laws of the Cayman Islands.

Ordinary Shares. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form. We may not issue shares to bearer. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their shares. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares will have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. Each Class A ordinary share shall, on a poll, entitle the holder thereof to one vote on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings, and each Class B ordinary share shall, on a poll, entitle the holder thereof to 15 votes on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings. Our ordinary shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members.

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Conversion. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof. Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Upon (i) any direct or indirect sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of such number of Class B ordinary shares by the holder thereof or the direct or indirect transfer or assignment of the voting power attached to such number of Class B ordinary shares through voting proxy or otherwise to any person that is not an affiliate of our two founders, namely, Mr. Chaohui Chen and Mr. Zhiping Peng, their family members or any entity controlled by the founders or their family members, or (ii) the direct or indirect sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of a majority of the issued and outstanding voting securities of, or the direct or indirect transfer or assignment of the voting power attached to such voting securities through voting proxy or otherwise, or the direct or indirect sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of, a holder of Class B ordinary shares that is an entity to any person other than an affiliate of our two founders, namely, Mr. Chaohui Chen and Mr. Zhiping Peng, their family members or any entity controlled by the founders or their family members, such Class B ordinary shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into an equal number of Class A ordinary shares.

Dividends. Our memorandum and articles of association provides that our directors may from time to time declare dividends (including interim dividends) and other distributions on our shares in issue and authorize payment of the same out of the funds of our company lawfully available therefor. In addition, our shareholders may declare dividends by ordinary resolution, but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, our company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account; provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Voting Rights. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any one shareholder holding not less than 10% of the votes attaching to the shares present in person or by proxy.

An ordinary resolution to be passed at a meeting by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast at a meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes cast attaching to the issued and outstanding ordinary shares at a meeting, or with a written resolution signed by all members entitled to vote. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our memorandum and articles of association.

General Meetings of Shareholders. As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting in which case we shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it, and the annual general meeting shall be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors.

Shareholders’ general meetings may be convened by the chairman of our board of directors, the chief executive officer or by our directors (acting by a resolution of our board). Advance notice of at least seven calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting (if any) and any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for any general meeting of shareholders consists of, at the time when the meeting proceeds to business, one or more of our shareholders holding shares which carry in aggregate (or representing by proxy) more than 50% of all votes attaching to all of our shares in issue and entitled to vote at such general meeting, present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative.

The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that upon the requisition of shareholders holding shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company entitled to vote at general meetings as at the date of the deposit, our board will convene an extraordinary general meeting and put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. However, our memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any right to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.

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Transfer of Ordinary Shares. Subject to the restrictions set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in writing and in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

| ● | the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

| ● | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares;

| ● | the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

| ● | in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

| ● | a fee of such maximum sum as the Nasdaq Global Market may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within three calendar months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, on ten calendar days’ notice being given by advertisement in such one or more newspapers, by electronic means or by any other means in accordance with the rules of the Nasdaq Global Market be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine; provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 calendar days in any year as our board may determine.

Liquidation. On the winding up of our company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the share capital at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, such the assets will be distributed so that, as nearly as may be, the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the par value of the shares held by them.

Calls on Shares and Forfeiture of Shares. Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 calendar days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Shares. We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined, before the issue of such shares, by our board of directors or by our shareholders by special resolution. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our Company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a new issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital (including share premium account and capital redemption reserve) if our company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

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Variations of Rights of Shares. Whenever the capital of our company is divided into different classes the rights attached to any such class may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class, only be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of all of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of an ordinary resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation, allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to them or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class by our company. In addition, the rights of the holders of shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Issuance of Additional Shares. Our memorandum of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional shares (including series of preferred shares) from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent of available authorized but unissued shares.

Our memorandum of association also authorizes our board of directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preference shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preference shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:

| ● | the designation of the series;

| ● | the number of shares of the series;

| ● | the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

| ● | the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Our board of directors may issue preference shares without action by our shareholders to the extent authorized but unissued. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of ordinary shares.

Inspection of Books and Records. Holders of our ordinary shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our register of members or our corporate records (save for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions passed by our shareholders). However, we intend to provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies.

Anti-Takeover Provisions. Some provisions of our memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

| ● | authorize our board of directors to issue preference shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preference shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

| ● | limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our memorandum and articles of association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of our company.

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Exempted Company. We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

| ● | does not have to file an annual return of its shareholders with the Registrar of Companies;

| ● | is not required to open its register of members for inspection;

| ● | does not have to hold an annual general meeting;

| ● | may issue shares with no par value;

| ● | may obtain an undertaking against the imposition of any future taxation (such undertakings are given for a period of up to 30 years);

| ● | may register by way of continuation in another jurisdiction and be deregistered in the Cayman Islands;

| ● | may register as a limited duration company; and

| ● | may register as a segregated portfolio company.

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shares of the company (except in exceptional circumstances, such as involving fraud, the establishment of an agency relationship or an illegal or improper purpose or other circumstances in which a court may be prepared to pierce or lift the corporate veil).

Differences in Corporate Law

The Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act, is derived, to a large extent, from the older Companies Acts of England but does not follow recent English statutory enactments and accordingly there are significant differences between the Companies Act and the current Companies Act of England. In addition, the Companies Act differs from laws applicable to U.S. corporations and their shareholders. Set forth below is a summary of certain significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders.

Mergers and Similar Arrangements. The Companies Act permits mergers and consolidations between Cayman Islands companies and between Cayman Islands companies and non-Cayman Islands companies. For these purposes, (i) “merger” means the merging of two or more constituent companies and the vesting of their undertaking, property and liabilities in one of such companies as the surviving company, and (ii) a “consolidation” means the combination of two or more constituent companies into a consolidated company and the vesting of the undertaking, property and liabilities of such companies to the consolidated company. In order to effect such a merger or consolidation, the directors of each constituent company must approve a written plan of merger or consolidation, which must then be authorized by (a) a special resolution of the shareholders of each constituent company, and (b) such other authorization, if any, as may be specified in such constituent company’s articles of association. The plan must be filed with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands together with a declaration as to the solvency of the consolidated or surviving company, a list of the assets and liabilities of each constituent company and an undertaking that a copy of the certificate of merger or consolidation will be given to the members and creditors of each constituent company and that notification of the merger or consolidation will be published in the Cayman Islands Gazette. Court approval is not required for a merger or consolidation which is effected in compliance with these statutory procedures.

A merger between a Cayman parent company and its Cayman subsidiary or subsidiaries does not require authorization by a resolution of shareholders of that Cayman subsidiary if a copy of the plan of merger is given to every member of that Cayman subsidiary to be merged unless that member agrees otherwise. For this purpose a company is a “parent” of a subsidiary if it holds issued shares that together represent at least ninety percent (90%) of the votes at a general meeting of the subsidiary.

The consent of each holder of a fixed or floating security interest over a constituent company is required unless this requirement is waived by a court in the Cayman Islands.

Save in certain limited circumstances, a shareholder of a Cayman constituent company who dissents from the merger or consolidation is entitled to payment of the fair value of his shares (which, if not agreed between the parties, will be determined by the Cayman Islands court) upon dissenting to the merger or consolidation, provide the dissenting shareholder complies strictly with the procedures set out in the Companies Act. The exercise of dissenter rights will preclude the exercise by the dissenting shareholder of any other rights to which he or she might otherwise be entitled by virtue of holding shares, save for the right to seek relief on the grounds that the merger or consolidation is void or unlawful.

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Separate from the statutory provisions relating to mergers and consolidations, the Companies Act also contains statutory provisions that facilitate the reconstruction and amalgamation of companies by way of schemes of arrangement, provided that the arrangement is approved by (a) 75% in value of the shareholders or class of shareholders, as the case may be, or (b) a majority in number representing 75% in value of the creditors or each class of creditors, as the case may be, with whom the arrangement is to be made, that are, in each case, present and voting either in person or by proxy at a meeting, or meetings, convened for that purpose. The convening of the meetings and subsequently the arrangement must be sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. While a dissenting shareholder has the right to express to the court the view that the transaction ought not to be approved, the court can be expected to approve the arrangement if it determines that:

| ● | the statutory provisions as to the required majority vote have been met;

| ● | the shareholders have been fairly represented at the meeting in question and the statutory majority are acting bona fide without coercion of the minority to promote interests adverse to those of the class;

| ● | the arrangement is such that may be reasonably approved by an intelligent and honest man of that class acting in respect of his interest; and

| ● | the arrangement is not one that would more properly be sanctioned under some other provision of the Companies Act.

The Companies Act also contains a statutory power of compulsory acquisition which may facilitate the “squeeze out” of dissentient minority shareholder upon a tender offer. When a tender offer is made and accepted by holders of 90% of the shares affected within four months, the offeror may, within a two-month period commencing on the expiration of such four months period, require the holders of the remaining shares to transfer such shares to the offeror on the terms of the offer. An objection can be made to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands but this is unlikely to succeed in the case of an offer which has been so approved unless there is evidence of fraud, bad faith or collusion.

If an arrangement and reconstruction by way of scheme of arrangement is thus approved and sanctioned, or if a tender offer is made and accepted in accordance with the foregoing statutory procedures, a dissenting shareholder would have no rights comparable to appraisal rights, which would otherwise ordinarily be available to dissenting shareholders of Delaware corporations, providing rights to receive payment in cash for the judicially determined value of the shares.

Shareholders’ Suits. In principle, we will normally be the proper plaintiff to sue for a wrong done to us as a company, and as a general rule a derivative action may not be brought by a minority shareholder. However, based on English authorities, which would in all likelihood be of persuasive authority in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands court can be expected to follow and apply the common law principles (namely the rule in Foss v. Harbottle and the exceptions thereto) so that a non-controlling shareholder may be permitted to commence a class action against or derivative actions in the name of the company to challenge:

| ● | an act which is illegal or ultra vires and is therefore incapable of ratification by the shareholders;

| ● | an act which requires a resolution with a qualified (or special) majority (i.e. more than a simple majority) which has not been obtained; and

| ● | an act which constitutes a fraud on the minority where the wrongdoer are themselves in control of the company.

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Indemnification of Directors and Executive Officers and Limitation of Liability. Cayman Islands law does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors, except to the extent any such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be contrary to public policy, such as to provide indemnification against civil fraud or the consequences of committing a crime. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that that we shall indemnify our officers and directors against all actions, proceedings, costs, charges, expenses, losses, damages or liabilities incurred or sustained by such director or officer, other than by reason of such person’s own dishonesty, willful default or fraud, in or about the conduct of our company’s business or affairs (including as a result of any mistake of judgment) or in the execution or discharge of his duties, powers, authorities or discretions, including, without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, any costs, expenses, losses or liabilities incurred by such director or officer in defending (whether successfully or otherwise) any civil proceedings concerning our company or its affairs in any court whether in the Cayman Islands or elsewhere. This standard of conduct is generally the same as permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law for a Delaware corporation.

In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers that provide such persons with additional indemnification beyond that provided in our memorandum and articles of association.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling us under the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Directors’ Fiduciary Duties. Under Delaware corporate law, a director of a Delaware corporation has a fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders. This duty has two components: the duty of care and the duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires that a director act in good faith, with the care that an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. Under this duty, a director must inform himself of, and disclose to shareholders, all material information reasonably available regarding a significant transaction. The duty of loyalty requires that a director acts in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation. He must not use his corporate position for personal gain or advantage. This duty prohibits self-dealing by a director and mandates that the best interest of the corporation and its shareholders take precedence over any interest possessed by a director, officer or controlling shareholder and not shared by the shareholders generally. In general, actions of a director are presumed to have been made on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the corporation. However, this presumption may be rebutted by evidence of a breach of one of the fiduciary duties. Should such evidence be presented concerning a transaction by a director, the director must prove the procedural fairness of the transaction, and that the transaction was of fair value to the corporation.

As a matter of Cayman Islands law, a director of a Cayman Islands company is in the position of a fiduciary with respect to the company and therefore it is considered that he owes the following duties to the company—a duty to act bona fide in the best interests of the company, a duty not to make a personal profit based on his position as director (unless the company permits him to do so), a duty not to put himself in a position where the interests of the company conflict with his personal interest or his duty to a third party, and a duty to exercise powers for the purpose for which such powers were intended. A director of a Cayman Islands company owes to the company a duty to act with skill and care. It was previously considered that a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience. However, English and Commonwealth courts have moved towards an objective standard with regard to the required skill and care and these authorities are likely to be followed in the Cayman Islands.

Shareholder Action by Written Consent. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may eliminate the right of shareholders to act by written consent by amendment to its certificate of incorporation. Cayman Islands law and our memorandum and articles of association provide that our shareholders may approve corporate matters by way of a unanimous written resolution signed by or on behalf of each shareholder who would have been entitled to vote on such matter at a general meeting without a meeting being held.

Shareholder Proposals. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a shareholder has the right to put any proposal before the annual meeting of shareholders; provided it complies with the notice provisions in the governing documents. A special meeting may be called by the board of directors or any other person authorized to do so in the governing documents, but shareholders may be precluded from calling special meetings.

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The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting, and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our memorandum and articles of association allow any one or more of our shareholders holding shares which carry in aggregate not less than one-third of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of our company as at the date of the deposit entitled to vote at general meetings to requisition an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our board is obliged to convene an extraordinary general meeting and to put the resolutions so requisitioned to a vote at such meeting. Other than this right to requisition a shareholders’ meeting, our memorandum and articles of association do not provide our shareholders with any other right to put proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings. As an exempted Cayman Islands company, we are not obliged by law to call shareholders’ annual general meetings.

Cumulative Voting. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, cumulative voting for elections of directors is not permitted unless the corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically provides for it. Cumulative voting potentially facilitates the representation of minority shareholders on a board of directors since it permits the minority shareholder to cast all the votes to which the shareholder is entitled on a single director, which increases the shareholder’s voting power with respect to electing such director. There are no prohibitions in relation to cumulative voting under the laws of the Cayman Islands but our memorandum and articles of association do not provide for cumulative voting. As a result, our shareholders are not afforded any less protections or rights on this issue than shareholders of a Delaware corporation.

Removal of Directors. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a director of a corporation with a classified board may be removed only for cause with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our memorandum and articles of association, directors may be removed by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders. A director’s office shall be vacated if he (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors; (ii) dies or is found to be or becomes of unsound mind; (iii) resigns his office by notice in writing; (iv) without special leave of absence from our board, is absent from meetings of our board for three consecutive meetings and our board resolves that his office be vacated; or (v) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our articles of association.

Transactions with Interested Shareholders. The Delaware General Corporation Law contains a business combination statute applicable to Delaware corporations whereby, unless the corporation has specifically elected not to be governed by such statute by amendment to its certificate of incorporation, it is prohibited from engaging in certain business combinations with an “interested shareholder” for three years following the date that such person becomes an interested shareholder. An interested shareholder generally is a person or a group who or which owns or owned 15% or more of the target’s outstanding voting share within the past three years. This has the effect of limiting the ability of a potential acquirer to make a two-tiered bid for the target in which all shareholders would not be treated equally. The statute does not apply if, among other things, prior to the date on which such shareholder becomes an interested shareholder, the board of directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the person becoming an interested shareholder. This encourages any potential acquirer of a Delaware corporation to negotiate the terms of any acquisition transaction with the target’s board of directors.

Cayman Islands law has no comparable statute. As a result, we cannot avail ourselves of the types of protections afforded by the Delaware business combination statute. However, although Cayman Islands law does not regulate transactions between a company and its significant shareholders, it does provide that such transactions must be entered into bona fide in the best interests of the company and not with the effect of constituting a fraud on the minority shareholders.

Restructuring. A company may present a petition to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for the appointment of a restructuring officer on the grounds that the company:

| (a) | is or is likely to become unable to pay its debts; and

| (b) | intends to present a compromise or arrangement to its creditors (or classes thereof) either pursuant to the Companies Act, the law of a foreign country or by way of a consensual restructuring.

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The Grand Court may, among other things, make an order appointing a restructuring officer upon hearing of such petition, with such powers and to carry out such functions as the court may order. At any time (i) after the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer but before an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer has been made, and (ii) when an order for the appointment of a restructuring officer is made, until such order has been discharged, no suit, action or other proceedings (other than criminal proceedings) shall be proceeded with or commenced against the company, no resolution to wind up the company shall be passed, and no winding up petition may be presented against the company, except with the leave of the court. However, notwithstanding the presentation of a petition for the appointment of a restructuring officer or the appointment of a restructuring officer, a creditor who has security over the whole or part of the assets of the company is entitled to enforce the security without the leave of the court and without reference to the restructuring officer appointed.

Dissolution; Winding up. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, unless the board of directors approves the proposal to dissolve, dissolution must be approved by shareholders holding 100% of the total voting power of the corporation. Only if the dissolution is initiated by the board of directors may it be approved by a simple majority of the corporation’s outstanding shares. Delaware law allows a Delaware corporation to include in its certificate of incorporation a supermajority voting requirement in connection with dissolutions initiated by the board.

Under Cayman Islands law, a company may be wound up by either an order of the courts of the Cayman Islands or by a special resolution of its members or, if the company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due, by an ordinary resolution of its members. The court has authority to order winding up in a number of specified circumstances including where it is, in the opinion of the court, just and equitable to do so.

Variation of Rights of Shares. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation may vary the rights of a class of shares with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of such class, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under our memorandum and articles of association, if our share capital is divided into more than one class of shares, the rights attached to any such class may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class, only be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of all the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of an ordinary resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation, allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to them or the redemption or purchase of any shares of any class by our company. The rights of the holders of shares shall not be deemed to be materially adversely varied by the creation or issue of shares with preferred or other rights including, without limitation, the creation of shares with enhanced or weighted voting rights.

Amendment of Governing Documents. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s governing documents may be amended with the approval of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, unless the certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Under the Companies Act and our memorandum and articles of association, our memorandum and articles of association may only be amended by a special resolution of our shareholders.

Rights of Non-resident or Foreign Shareholders. There are no limitations imposed by our memorandum and articles of association on the rights of non-resident or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on our shares. In addition, there are no provisions in our memorandum and articles of association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

See “Exhibit 2.6—Description of Securities” attached to this Form 20-F for more descriptions of our securities.

| C. | Material Contracts

Other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions” or elsewhere in this annual report, we have not entered into any material contract during the two years immediately preceding the date of this annual report.

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| D. | Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Mainland China—Regulations Related to Foreign Exchange.”

| E. | Taxation

The following summary of the material Cayman Islands, mainland China and U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares is based upon laws and interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares, such as the tax consequences under U.S. state and local tax laws or under the tax laws of jurisdictions other than the Cayman Islands, mainland China and the United States.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our ordinary shares and ADSs will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our ordinary shares or the ADSs, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our ordinary shares or the ADSs be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporate tax. There are no other taxes likely to be material to holders of the ADSs or our ordinary shares levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or, after execution, brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Mainland China Taxation

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of mainland China with a “de facto management body” within mainland China is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, production, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular, known as the Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a mainland China-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in mainland China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise groups, not those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to the Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a mainland China enterprise or a mainland China enterprise group will be regarded as a mainland China tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in mainland China only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in mainland China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in mainland China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in mainland China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in mainland China.

We believe that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is not a mainland China resident enterprise for tax purposes. UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is not controlled by a mainland China enterprise or mainland China enterprise group and we do not believe that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. meets all of the conditions above. UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is a company incorporated outside mainland China. As a holding company, its key assets are its ownership interests in its subsidiaries, and its key assets are located, and its records (including the resolutions of its board of directors and the resolutions of its shareholders) are maintained, outside mainland China. For the same reasons, we believe our other entities outside of mainland China are not mainland China resident enterprises either. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” There can be no assurance that the PRC government will ultimately take a view that is consistent with us.

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If the PRC tax authorities determine that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is a mainland China resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including the ADS holders) may be subject to a 10% mainland China tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced within mainland China. It is unclear whether our non-mainland-China individual shareholders (including the ADS holders) would be subject to any mainland China tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-mainland-China individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a mainland China resident enterprise. If any mainland China tax were to apply to such dividends or gains, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. It is also unclear whether non-mainland-China shareholders of UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and mainland China in the event that UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. is treated as a mainland China resident enterprise.

Provided that our Cayman Islands holding company, UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., is not deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise, holders of the ADSs and ordinary shares who are not mainland China residents will not be subject to mainland China’s income tax on dividends distributed by us or gains realized from the sale or other disposition of our shares or ADSs. However, under the Circular 7 and Circular 37, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring domestic taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise, indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee or the mainland China resident enterprise which directly owns such domestic taxable assets may report to the tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company and re-characterize the transaction as a direct transfer of underlying domestic assets if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring mainland China’s tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to mainland China’s enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise. We and our non-resident investors may be at risk of being required to file a return and being taxed under the Circular 7 and Circular 37, and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with the Circular 7 and Circular 37, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these circulars. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in mainland China resident enterprises by their non-resident holding companies.”

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following discussion is a summary of U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares by a U.S. Holder (as defined below) that acquires the ADSs or ordinary shares and holds the ADSs or ordinary shares as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder. This discussion is based upon existing U.S. federal income tax law, which is subject to differing interpretations or change, possibly with retroactive effect. There can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service, or a court will not take a contrary position. This discussion, moreover, does not address the U.S. federal estate, gift, Medicare, or any state, local and non-U.S. tax considerations, relating to the ownership or disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. The following summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be important to particular investors in light of their individual circumstances or to persons in special tax situations such as:

| ● | banks and other financial institutions;

| ● | insurance companies;

| ● | pension plans;

| ● | cooperatives;

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| ● | regulated investment companies;

| ● | real estate investment trusts;

| ● | broker-dealers;

| ● | traders that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting;

| ● | certain former U.S. citizens or long-term residents;

| ● | tax-exempt entities (including private foundations);

| ● | persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

| ● | persons who acquire their ADSs or ordinary shares pursuant to any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

| ● | investors that will hold their ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion, constructive sale or other integrated transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

| ● | investors that have a functional currency other than the U.S. dollar;

| ● | persons that actually or constructively own ADSs or ordinary shares representing 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value); or

| ● | partnerships or other entities taxable as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or persons holding ADSs or ordinary shares through such entities;

all of whom may be subject to tax rules that differ significantly from those discussed below.

Each U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the application of U.S. federal income taxation to its particular circumstances, and the state, local, non-U.S. and other tax considerations of the ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares.

General

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or ordinary shares that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

| ● | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created in, or organized under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| ● | an estate the income of which is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

| ● | a trust (A) the administration of which is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and which has one or more U.S. persons who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (B) that has otherwise validly elected to be treated as a U.S. person under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of the ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding the ADSs or ordinary shares and their partners are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

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For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. Holder of ADSs will generally be treated as the beneficial owner of the underlying shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion assumes that a U.S. Holder of the ADSs will be treated in this manner. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles not reflected on its balance sheet are taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

Based on the current and anticipated value of our assets and the composition of our income and assets, including goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, we do not believe we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2025. While we do not expect to be or become a PFIC in the current or foreseeable taxable years, no assurance can be given in this regard because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the composition and classification of our income and assets. Furthermore, fluctuations in the market price of the ADSs may cause us to be classified as a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of the ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In particular, recent fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs increased our risk of becoming a PFIC. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. The composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. Under circumstances where our revenue from activities that produce passive income significantly increases relative to our revenue from activities that produce non-passive income, or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase.

If we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless we were to cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares.

Dividends

Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” below, the gross amount of any distributions paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including the amount of any tax withheld) out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will generally be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as dividend income on the day actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Because we do not intend to determine our earnings and profits on the basis of U.S. federal income tax principles, any distribution we pay will generally be treated as a “dividend” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received on the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from U.S. corporations.

Individuals and other non-corporate U.S. Holders will be subject to tax on any such dividends at the lower capital gain tax rate applicable to “qualified dividend income,” provided that certain conditions are satisfied, including that (1) the ADSs or ordinary shares on which the dividends are paid are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or, in the event that we are deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, we are eligible for the benefit of the U.S.-mainland China income tax treaty, or the Treaty, (2) we are neither a PFIC nor treated as such with respect to a U.S. Holder (as discussed below) for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid and the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. For this purpose, ADSs listed on the Nasdaq Global Market will generally be considered to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. In the event that we are deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Mainland China Taxation”), we may be eligible for the benefits of the Treaty. If we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by the ADSs, and regardless of whether the ADSs are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation described in the preceding paragraph.

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For U.S. foreign tax credit purposes, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares generally will be treated as income from foreign sources and generally will constitute passive category income. In the event that we are deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to mainland China’s withholding taxes on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares (see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Mainland China Taxation”). Depending on the U.S. Holder’s particular facts and circumstances and subject to a number of complex conditions and limitations, PRC withholding taxes on dividends that are non-refundable under the Treaty may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign tax withheld may instead claim a deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex and U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under their particular circumstances.

Sale or Other Disposition

Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” below, a U.S. Holder will generally recognize gain or loss upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the disposition and the holder’s adjusted tax basis in such ADSs or ordinary shares. The gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Any capital gain or loss will be long term if the ADSs or ordinary shares have been held for more than one year. The deductibility of a capital loss may be subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that the U.S. Holder recognizes will generally be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes, which will generally limit the availability of foreign tax credits.

As described in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Mainland China Taxation,” if we are deemed to be a mainland China resident enterprise under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, gains from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares may be subject to mainland China’s income tax and will generally be U.S.-source, which may limit the ability to receive a foreign tax credit. If a U.S. Holder is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty, such holder may be able to elect to treat such gain as mainland China-source income under the Treaty. Pursuant to U.S. Treasury Regulations (the applicability of which has been postponed until further guidance is issued), however, if a U.S. Holder is not eligible for the benefits of the Treaty or does not elect to apply the Treaty, then such holder may not be able to claim a foreign tax credit arising from any mainland China’s tax imposed on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. The rules regarding foreign tax credits and deduction of foreign taxes are complex. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of a foreign tax credit or deduction in light of their particular circumstances, including their eligibility for benefits under the Treaty, and the potential impact of the U.S. Treasury Regulations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

If we are classified as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, and unless the U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election (as described below), the U.S. Holder will generally be subject to special tax rules on (i) any excess distribution that we make to the U.S. Holder (which generally means any distribution paid during a taxable year to a U.S. Holder that is greater than 125 percent of the average annual distributions paid to the U.S. Holder in the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares), and (ii) any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition (including, under certain circumstances, a pledge) of ADSs or ordinary shares. Under the PFIC rules:

| ● | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

| ● | the amount allocated to the taxable year of the distribution or gain and any taxable years in the U.S. Holder’s holding period prior to the first taxable year in which we are classified as a PFIC (each, a “pre-PFIC year”), will be taxable as ordinary income; and

| ● | the amount allocated to each prior taxable year, other than a pre-PFIC year, will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, for that year, increased by an additional tax equal to the interest on the resulting tax deemed deferred with respect to each such taxable year.

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If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our subsidiaries are also PFICs (each a “lower-tier PFIC”), such U.S. Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of such lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

As an alternative to the foregoing rules, a U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such stock. If a U.S. Holder makes this election with respect to the ADSs, the holder will generally (i) include as ordinary income for each taxable year that we are a PFIC the excess, if any, of the fair market value of ADSs held at the end of the taxable year over the adjusted tax basis of such ADSs and (ii) deduct as an ordinary loss the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over the fair market value of such ADSs held at the end of the taxable year, but such deduction will only be allowed to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the ADSs would be adjusted to reflect any income or loss resulting from the mark-to-market election. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of the ADSs and we cease to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss described above during any period that we are not classified as a PFIC. If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of the ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but such loss will only be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations. For these purposes, our ADSs, are traded on the Nasdaq Global Market which is a qualified exchange. We anticipate that the ADSs should qualify as being regularly traded, but no assurances may be given in this regard.

Because a mark-to-market election cannot technically be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules with respect to such U.S. Holder’s indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We do not intend to provide information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections which, if available, would result in tax treatment different from (and generally less adverse than) the general tax treatment for PFICs described above.

If a U.S. Holder owns the ADSs or ordinary shares during any taxable year that we are a PFIC, the holder must generally file an annual Internal Revenue Service Form 8621. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the reporting requirements that may apply and the U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become a PFIC, including the possibility of making a mark-to-market election.

| F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

| G. | Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

| H. | Documents on Display

We are subject to periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act as applicable to foreign private issuers, and are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually an annual report on Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year, which is December 31. All information filed with the SEC can be obtained over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the short-swing profit recovery provisions, and also from the reporting provisions in the case of principal shareholders, contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

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We will furnish The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary of the ADSs, with our annual reports, which will include a review of operations and annual audited consolidated financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, and all notices of shareholders’ meetings and other reports and communications that are made generally available to our shareholders. The depositary will make such notices, reports and communications available to holders of ADSs and, upon our request, will mail to all record holders of ADSs the information contained in any notice of a shareholders’ meeting received by the depositary from us.

In accordance with Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5250(d), we will post this annual report on Form 20-F on our website at ir.ucloudlink.com. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders and ADS holders upon request.

| I. | Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

| J. | Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

| Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign exchange risk

We transact business globally in multiple currencies. Our international revenue, as well as costs and expenses denominated in foreign currencies, expose us to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates against the U.S. dollar. We have foreign currency risks related to our revenue and operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, including Renminbi, the Hong Kong dollar, and Japanese yen. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates in the future may negatively affect our future revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars. Our foreign currency risk is partially mitigated as our revenue recognized in currencies other than the U.S. dollar is diversified across geographic regions and we incur expenses in the same currencies in these regions. We have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk.

The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged against the U.S. dollar since 1983 and the exchange rate between them only fluctuates within a very narrow range. We do not view this as a significant source of foreign exchange risk.

The value of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi may fluctuate and is affected by changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policy adopted by the PRC government. The Renminbi is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. Remittances of foreign currencies into mainland China or remittances of Renminbi out of mainland China as well as exchange between Renminbi and foreign currencies require approval by foreign exchange administrative authorities and certain supporting documentation. SAFE, under the authority of the People’s Bank of China, controls the conversion of Renminbi into other currencies. To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would reduce the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs, servicing our outstanding debt, or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amounts available to us.

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of US$32.8 million. We had U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents of US$10.4 million, RMB-denominated cash and cash equivalents of US$17.7 million, Hong Kong dollar denominated cash and cash equivalents of US$1.2 million, Japanese yen denominated cash and cash equivalents of US$1.4 million, and cash and cash equivalents denominated in other currencies of US$2.1 million. If the U.S. dollar had strengthened or weakened by one percent against RMB, our cash and cash equivalents would have decreased or increased by US$176.6 thousand. If the U.S. dollar had strengthened or weakened by one percent against the Hong Kong dollar, our cash and cash equivalents would have decreased or increased by US$12.1 thousand. If the U.S. dollar had strengthened or weakened by one percent against the Japanese yen, our cash and cash equivalents would have decreased or increased by US$14.4 thousand. If the U.S. dollar had strengthened or weakened by one percent against each of the other currencies in which we held cash and cash equivalents, our cash and cash equivalents would have decreased or increased by US$20.9 thousand.

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Interest rate risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates, or we may suffer losses in principal if we have to sell securities which have declined in market value due to changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2025, we do not have investments or borrowings that apply a floating interest rate. We have not been, and do not expect to be, exposed to material interest rate risks, and therefore have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage such interest risk exposure.

| Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

| A. | Debt Securities

Not applicable.

| B. | Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

| C. | Other Securities

Not applicable.

| D. | American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Our ADS holders May Have to Pay

An ADS holder will be required to pay the following service fees to the depositary bank and certain taxes and governmental charges (in addition to any applicable fees, expenses, taxes and other governmental charges payable on the deposited securities represented by any of the ADSs):

Persons depositing or withdrawing shares or ADS holders must pay: |  | For:
$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs) |  | Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of shares or rights or other property. Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates
$.05 (or less) per ADS |  | Any cash distribution to ADS holders.*A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to you had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs. Distribution of securities distributed to holders of deposited securities (including rights) that are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders
$.05 (or less) per ADS per calendar year |  | Depositary services
Registration or transfer fees |  | Transfer and registration of shares on our share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when you deposit or withdraw shares
Expenses of the depositary |  | Cable and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided in the deposit agreement). Converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars
Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian has to pay on any ADSs or shares underlying ADSs, such as stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes |  | As necessary
Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities |  | As necessary

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The depositary collects its fees for delivery and surrender of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions or by directly billing investors or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may collect any of its fees by deduction from any cash distribution payable (or by selling a portion of securities or other property distributable) to ADS holders that are obligated to pay those fees. The depositary may generally refuse to provide fee-attracting services until its fees for those services are paid.

The depositary may convert currency itself or through any of its affiliates and, in those cases, acts as principal for its own account and not as agent, advisor, broker or fiduciary on behalf of any other person and earns revenue, including, without limitation, transaction spreads, that it will retain for its own account. The revenue is based on, among other things, the difference between the exchange rate assigned to the currency conversion made under the deposit agreement and the rate that the depositary or its affiliate receives when buying or selling foreign currency for its own account. The depositary makes no representation that the exchange rate used or obtained in any currency conversion under the deposit agreement will be the most favorable rate that could be obtained at the time or that the method by which that rate will be determined will be the most favorable to ADS holders, subject to the depositary’s obligations under the deposit agreement. The methodology used to determine exchange rates used in currency conversions is available upon request.

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

From time to time, the depositary may make payments to us to reimburse us for costs and expenses generally arising out of establishment and maintenance of the ADS program, waive fees and expenses for services provided to us by the depositary or share revenue from the fees collected from ADS holders. In performing its duties under the deposit agreement, the depositary may use brokers, dealers, foreign currency dealers or other service providers that are owned by or affiliated with the depositary and that may earn or share fees, spreads or commissions. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we received reimbursement in the amount of US$0.2 million from the depositary for our expenses incurred in connection with the establishment and maintenance of the ADS program.

Payment of Taxes

You will be responsible for any taxes or other governmental charges payable on your ADSs or on the deposited securities represented by any of your ADSs. The depositary may refuse to register any transfer of your ADSs or allow you to withdraw the deposited securities represented by your ADSs until those taxes or other charges are paid. It may apply payments owed to you or sell deposited securities represented by your ADSs to pay any taxes owed and you will remain liable for any deficiency. If the depositary sells deposited securities, it will, if appropriate, reduce the number of ADSs to reflect the sale and pay to ADS holders any proceeds, or send to ADS holders any property, remaining after it has paid the taxes.

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Part II

| Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

| Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

| Item 15. | Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2025. Disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rule and forms and that such information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Based upon that evaluation, our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report and as of the date that the evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures was completed, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2025 in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file and furnish under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined under Rule 13(a)-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

154

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 using the criteria set forth in the report “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee on Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) and the material weaknesses described below, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective.

As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to our (i) lack of sufficient resources regarding financial reporting and accounting personnel in the application of U.S. GAAP and the reporting requirements set forth by the SEC, and (ii) lack of comprehensive U.S. GAAP accounting policies and financial reporting procedures. The material weaknesses, if not timely remedied, may lead to significant misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in the future.

We have implemented a series of measures to address the material weaknesses, including that (i) we have been conducting regular U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for accounting and financial reporting personnel; and (ii) Mr. Yimeng Shi, our chief financial officer, has qualified as a licensed Certified Public Accountant in the State of Michigan of the United States. We have been implementing and will continue to implement the following measures to remedy the identified material weaknesses, including: (i) hiring additional competent and qualified accounting and reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge and experience of U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements to strengthen our U.S. GAAP reporting and internal control teams; (ii) further implementing an ongoing program to provide sufficient and appropriate training for financial reporting and accounting personnel, especially trainings related to U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; (iii) developing a full set of U.S. GAAP accounting policies and financial reporting procedures as well as related internal control policies, including a systematic accounting manual for U.S. GAAP and financial closing process, and (iv) establishing a dedicated financial automation development team to systematically integrate business processes with financial accounting systems, involving embedding U.S. GAAP policies into automated workflows, significantly reducing manual accounting interventions and enabling standardized, error-resistant transaction processing.

However, we cannot assure you that all these measures will be sufficient to remediate our material weaknesses in a timely manner, or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.”

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. As a non-accelerated filer, as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not subject to the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (and the SEC rules and regulations thereunder). When these requirements begin to apply, we expect to incur additional expenses and devote increased management effort toward ensuring compliance with them.

155

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

| Item 16. | [Reserved]

| Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our board of directors has determined that Ms. Hope Ni, an independent director (under the standards set forth in Nasdaq Stock Market Rule 5605(a)(2) and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act) and member of our audit committee, is an audit committee financial expert.

| Item 16B. | Code of Ethics

Our board of directors adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees in July 2019. We have posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at https://ir.ucloudlink.com/.

| Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firms for the periods indicated.

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Audit Fees(1) |  |  |  |  |  |
Audit Alliance LLP(2) |  | US$ | 250,000 |  |  | US$ | 250,000 |
Other Fees(3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

| (1) | “Audit Fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit or review of our annual or quarterly financial statements.

| (2) | Since May 23, 2022, we engaged Audit Alliance LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm.

| (3) | “Other Fees” means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors associated with certain permitted tax services and other advisory services.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firms, including audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services as described above, other than those for de minimis services which are approved by the audit committee prior to the completion of the audit.

| Item 16D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

| Item 16E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

| Item 16F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

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| Item 16G. | Corporate Governance

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards.

The Nasdaq Stock Market Rules require each issuer to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the issuer’s fiscal year-end. Our Cayman Islands counsel has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market dated June 8, 2021 certifying that, under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to hold annual shareholder meetings. We follow home country practice with respect to annual meetings and did not hold an annual meeting of shareholders in 2025. We will hold shareholder meetings when there are significant issues that require shareholder approval.

In addition, Rule 5605(b)(1) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Marketplace Rules requires that a majority of a company’s board of directors must be comprised of “Independent Directors,” as defined in Rule 5605(a)(2), and Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) requires that an audit committee must be comprised of at least three members. Our Cayman Islands legal counsel has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market dated July 3, 2023 certifying that we are not required to have a majority independent board or an audit committee comprised of three members in the Cayman Islands, our home country, and non-compliance with the rules will not breach any law, public rule or regulation applicable to us currently in force in the Cayman Islands. We have elected to follow our home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Rule 5605(b)(1) and Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) of the Nasdaq Stock Market Marketplace Rules.

See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to The ADSs—As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq listing standards.”

| Item 16H. | Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

| Item 16I. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

| Item 16J. | Insider Trading Policies

Our board of directors has established insider trading policies and procedures to provide guidance on the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers, employees, consultants and other relevant persons to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards of Nasdaq.

The Amended and Restated Statement of Policies Governing Material Non-Public Information and The Prevention of Insider Trading is filed as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report on Form 20-F.

| Item 16K. | Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have implemented robust processes for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats and monitoring the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of material cybersecurity incident. We adopt security and data privacy practices in compliance with local cyber security law and data privacy regulations in the countries and regions that we operate, including cyber security law of mainland China and GDPR. We have also integrated cybersecurity risk management into our overall enterprise risk management system.

We have developed a comprehensive cybersecurity threat defense system to address both internal and external threats. This system encompasses various levels, including network, host and application security and incorporates systematic security capabilities for threat defense, monitoring, analysis, response, deception and countermeasures. We are committed to protecting information security of all users and business partners within our cloud SIM architecture, and strive to manage cybersecurity risks and protect sensitive information through various means, such as technical safeguards, procedural requirements, an intensive program of monitoring on our corporate network, continuous testing of aspects of our security posture, a robust incident response program and regular cybersecurity awareness training for employees.

157

We have a security team of engineers and technicians dedicated to protecting the security of our data and our system. The mechanism of our cloud SIM technology is secure as it does not authorize third parties to modify SIM card profiles. We anonymize and encrypt confidential personal information and take other technological measures to ensure the secure processing, transmission and usage of data. We have also established stringent internal protocols under which we grant classified access to confidential personal data only to limited employees with strictly defined and layered access authority. In addition, we use third-party security system provided by our cloud service providers. We have processes in place to oversee and identify risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our use of third-party service providers. Our security system is capable of handling malicious attacks each day to safeguard the security of our architecture and to protect the privacy of our users. Furthermore, our IT department regularly monitors the performance of our app, platform and infrastructure to enable us to respond quickly to potential problems, including potential cybersecurity threats.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents or identified any material cybersecurity threats that have affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

Governance

Our board of directors is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management. Our board of directors shall (i) maintain oversight of the disclosure related to cybersecurity matters in current reports or periodic reports of our company, (ii) review updates to the status of any material cybersecurity incidents or material risks from cybersecurity threats to our company, and the relevant disclosure issues, if any, presented by our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and cybersecurity officer on a quarterly basis, and (iii) review disclosure concerning cybersecurity matters in our annual report on Form 20-F presented by our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and cybersecurity officer.

At management level, our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and cybersecurity officer, which are collectively referred to as our Cybersecurity Risk Management Officers, are responsible for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats to our company and monitoring the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of material cybersecurity incident. Our Cybersecurity Risk Management Officers report to our board of directors (i) on a quarterly basis on updates to the status of any material cybersecurity incidents or material risks from cybersecurity threats to our company, and the relevant disclosure issues, if any, and (ii) on disclosure concerning cybersecurity matters in our annual report on Form 20-F.

If a cybersecurity incident occurs, our Cybersecurity Risk Management Officers will promptly organize relevant personnel for internal assessment and if it is determined that the incident could potentially be a material cybersecurity event, our Cybersecurity Risk Management Officers will promptly report the incident and assessment results to our disclosure committee, our board of directors, and other members of senior management and external legal counsel, to the extent appropriate. Our Cybersecurity Risk Management Officers shall prepare disclosure material on the cybersecurity incident for review and approval by the disclosure committee and board of directors, and other members of senior management (if necessary), before it is disseminated to the public.

158

Part III

| Item 17. | Financial Statements

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

| Item 18. | Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC., its subsidiaries and the former VIEs are included at the end of this annual report.

| Item 19. | Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Document
1.1 |  | Sixth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
2.1 |  | Registrant’s Specimen American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3)
2.2 |  | Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the registration statement on Form F-1/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 29, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
2.3 |  | Deposit Agreement dated June 10, 2020, among the Registrant, the depositary and the holders and beneficial owners of American Depositary Shares issued thereunder (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the registration statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 18, 2020 (File No. 333-250156))
2.4 |  | Third Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement between the Registrant and other parties thereto dated April 21, 2017 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
2.5 |  | Voting Agreement between the Registrant and other parties thereto dated July 10, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
2.6* |  | Termination Agreement between the Registrant and other parties thereto dated December 30, 2025
2.7 |  | Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.6 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2023)
4.1 |  | Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
4.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from the Post-Effective Amendment No.1 to registration statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2025 (File No. 333-250156))
4.3 |  | Amended and Restated 2019 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 27, 2022)
4.4 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Amended and Restated 2019 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from the Post-Effective Amendment No.1 to the registration statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 23, 2025 (File No. 333-250156))

159

4.5 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and its directors and executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
4.6 |  | Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and its executive officer (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
8.1* |  | List of Principal Subsidiaries and Affiliated Entities of The Registrant
11.1 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the registration statement on Form F-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 4, 2020 (File No. 333-237990))
11.2 |  | Amended and Restated Statement of Policies Governing Material Non-Public Information and the Prevention of Insider Trading (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 11.2 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2025)
12.1* |  | Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2* |  | Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1** |  | Certification by Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2** |  | Certification by Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1* |  | Consent of Audit Alliance LLP, an independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
15.2* |  | Consent of Han Kun Law Offices
97.1 |  | Clawback Policy of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2024)
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document — the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File — the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL document set

* | Filed with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

| ** | Furnished with this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

160

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
| By: | /s/ Chaohui Chen
|  | Name: | Chaohui Chen
|  | Title: | Director and Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 27, 2026

161

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

Index to CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Contents |  | Pages
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Audit Alliance LLP (PCAOB ID:3487) |  | F-2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 |  | F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 |  | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 |  | F-6
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 |  | F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | F-8

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Group as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Group’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Group’ s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Group is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Group’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Audit Alliance LLP

Singapore

March 27, 2026

We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2022.

F-2

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$, except for number of shares and per share data)

|  |  |  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | Note |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Revenues |  | 5 |  |  | 85,576 |  |  |  | 91,635 |  |  |  | 81,449 |
Revenues from services |  |  |  |  | 58,570 |  |  |  | 60,002 |  |  |  | 61,060 |
Sales of products |  |  |  |  | 27,006 |  |  |  | 31,633 |  |  |  | 20,389 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  | (43,611 | ) |  |  | (47,274 | ) |  |  | (38,766 | )
Cost of services |  |  |  |  | (24,318 | ) |  |  | (23,503 | ) |  |  | (25,639 | )
Cost of products sold |  |  |  |  | (19,293 | ) |  |  | (23,771 | ) |  |  | (13,127 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  |  | 41,965 |  |  |  | 44,361 |  |  |  | 42,683 |
Research and development expenses |  |  |  |  | (6,456 | ) |  |  | (6,198 | ) |  |  | (4,868 | )
Sales and marketing expenses |  |  |  |  | (14,304 | ) |  |  | (19,926 | ) |  |  | (23,986 | )
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  | (17,118 | ) |  |  | (15,947 | ) |  |  | (12,577 | )
Other (expense)/income, net |  | 6 |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | 6,714 |
Income from operations |  |  |  |  | 2,587 |  |  |  | 4,385 |  |  |  | 7,966 |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 68 |
Interest expenses |  |  |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | (196 | )
Income before income tax |  |  |  |  | 2,524 |  |  |  | 4,416 |  |  |  | 7,838 |
Income tax expenses |  | 7 |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | (1,525 | )
Share of profit/(loss) in equity method investments, net of tax |  |  |  |  | 357 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | (12 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company |  |  |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Net income |  |  |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | (159 | )
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 3,398 |  |  |  | 4,329 |  |  |  | 6,142 |
Net earnings per share attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | 10 |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing net earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | 10 |  |  | 371,726,318 |  |  |  | 376,344,425 |  |  |  | 378,546,843 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-3

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$, except for number of shares and per share data)

|  |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | Note |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 11 |  |  | 30,057 |  |  |  | 32,831 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 12 |  |  | 7,880 |  |  |  | 4,436 |
Inventories, net |  | 13 |  |  | 1,312 |  |  |  | 4,378 |
Prepayments and other assets |  | 14 |  |  | 5,637 |  |  |  | 4,574 |
Amounts due from related parties |  | 22 |  |  | 1,971 |  |  |  | 1,697 |
Other investments |  | 19 |  |  | 8,703 |  |  |  | 13,346 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  | 55,560 |  |  |  | 61,262 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term investments |  | 15 |  |  | 2,011 |  |  |  | 2,044 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 16 |  |  | 4,025 |  |  |  | 2,224 |
Right-of-use asset, net |  | 17 |  |  | 2,876 |  |  |  | 1,745 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 18 |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 511 |
Prepayment |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43 |
Total non-current assets |  |  |  |  | 9,419 |  |  |  | 6,567 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  | 64,979 |  |  |  | 67,829 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short term borrowings |  | 21 |  |  | 6,956 |  |  |  | 5,549 |
Current portion of long-term bank borrowings |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 68 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 20 |  |  | 25,169 |  |  |  | 19,343 |
Accounts payable |  | 20 |  |  | 7,445 |  |  |  | 7,193 |
Amounts due to related parties |  | 22 |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |
Contract liabilities |  |  |  |  | 709 |  |  |  | 3,425 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 17 |  |  | 1,853 |  |  |  | 1,189 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 42,181 |  |  |  | 36,767 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long term borrowings |  | 21 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,622 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 17 |  |  | 1,088 |  |  |  | 574 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 58 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  | 1,175 |  |  |  | 2,254 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  | 43,356 |  |  |  | 39,021 |
Commitments and contingencies |  | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

F-4

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued)

(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$, except for number of shares and per share data)

|  |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | Note |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A ordinary shares (US$0.00005 par value; 1,700,000,000 shares authorized; 255,898,610 shares issued and outstanding and 258,499,680 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 8, 9 |  | 13 |  |  | 13 |
Class B ordinary shares (US$0.00005 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 122,072,980 shares issued and outstanding and 122,072,980 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively) |  | 8, 9 |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  | 241,378 |  |  |  | 242,421 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | 2,075 |
Accumulated losses |  |  |  |  | (222,008 | ) |  |  | (215,707 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  | 21,623 |  |  |  | 28,808 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  | 64,979 |  |  |  | 67,829 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-5

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$, except for number of shares and per share data)

|  | Class A ordinary shares |  |  | Class B ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in |  |  | Cumulative translation |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Total Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | adjustments |  |  | losses |  |  | equity |
Balance as of January 1, 2023 |  |  | 246,686,120 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 236,774 |  |  |  | 1,876 |  |  |  | (229,377 | ) |  |  | 9,291 |
Foreign currency translation Adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 587 |
Net income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 2,811 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,314 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,314 |
Shares issued upon exercise of employee share options |  |  | 97,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49 |
Issuance of shares upon vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | 5,629,400 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 252,412,720 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 240,137 |  |  |  | 2,463 |  |  |  | (226,566 | ) |  |  | 16,053 |

|  | Class A ordinary shares |  |  | Class B ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in |  |  | Cumulative translation |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Total Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | adjustments |  |  | losses |  |  | equity |
Balance as of January 1, 2024 |  |  | 252,412,720 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 240,137 |  |  |  | 2,463 |  |  |  | (226,566 | ) |  |  | 16,053 |
Foreign currency translation Adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (229 | )
Net income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 4,558 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,241 |
Issuance of shares upon vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | 3,485,890 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 255,898,610 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 241,378 |  |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | (222,008 | ) |  |  | 21,623 |

|  | Class A ordinary shares |  |  | Class B ordinary shares |  |  | Additional paid-in |  |  | Cumulative translation |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Total Shareholders’ |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | capital |  |  | adjustments |  |  | losses |  |  | equity |
Balance as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 255,898,610 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 241,378 |  |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | (222,008 | ) |  |  | 21,623 |
Foreign currency translation Adjustment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (159 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (159 | )
Net income for the year |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,301 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,043 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,043 |
Cancellation of vested Restricted Shares |  |  | (2,000,000 | ) |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance upon subsequent vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | 2,000,000 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of shares upon vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | 2,601,070 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2025 |  |  | 258,499,680 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 122,072,980 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 242,421 |  |  |  | 2,075 |  |  |  | (215,707 | ) |  |  | 28,808 |

| * | Less than one thousand.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$, except for number of shares and per share data)

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash generated from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Reversal)/provision for bad debts |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | 452 |  |  |  | 790 |
Impairment/(reversal) for inventory obsolescence |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | (103 | )
Depreciation of property and equipment |  |  | 985 |  |  |  | 2,191 |  |  |  | 2,680 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 129 |
Gains on disposals of property and equipment |  |  | (203 | ) |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (104 | )
Interest expenses |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 196 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 3,314 |  |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | 1,043 |
Fair value losses/(gains) on other investments |  |  | 2,748 |  |  |  | (1,091 | ) |  |  | (4,643 | )
Share of (profit)/loss in equity method investments |  |  | (357 | ) |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | 12 |
Foreign currency exchange losses/(gains), net |  |  | 514 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  | (518 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (390 | ) |  |  | (1,812 | ) |  |  | 3,471 |
Prepayments and other assets |  |  | (1,713 | ) |  |  | 1,009 |  |  |  | 379 |
Inventories |  |  | 784 |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | (2,986 | )
Accrued expenses, accounts payable and other liabilities |  |  | (691 | ) |  |  | 2,238 |  |  |  | (6,304 | )
Amounts due to related parties |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | (1,202 | ) |  |  | (49 | )
Amounts due from related parties |  |  | (2,247 | ) |  |  | 974 |  |  |  | 274 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | (717 | ) |  |  | 2,716 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (29 | )
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | (2,115 | ) |  |  | (555 | ) |  |  | 1,131 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 2,184 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | (1,178 | )
Net cash generated from operating activities |  |  | 6,507 |  |  |  | 9,186 |  |  |  | 3,208 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment |  |  | (2,065 | ) |  |  | (3,998 | ) |  |  | (924 | )
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (122 | )
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | 225 |
Dividends received from long-term investment |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Decrease in short-term deposit |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from redemption of other investment |  |  | 1,329 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Payments for loans to third parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (500 | )
Proceeds from collection of loans to third parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 293 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (240 | ) |  |  | (3,758 | ) |  |  | (1,028 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from other borrowings |  |  | 2,541 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repayments of other borrowings |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | (2,504 | ) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from bank borrowings |  |  | 5,369 |  |  |  | 6,988 |  |  |  | 7,211 |
Repayments of bank borrowings |  |  | (5,416 | ) |  |  | (2,752 | ) |  |  | (7,089 | )
Proceeds from exercise of share options |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  | 2,509 |  |  |  | 1,732 |  |  |  | 122 |
Increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 8,776 |  |  |  | 7,160 |  |  |  | 2,302 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 14,921 |  |  |  | 23,371 |  |  |  | 30,057 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (474 | ) |  |  | 472 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  |  | 23,371 |  |  |  | 30,057 |  |  |  | 32,831 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | (133 | ) |  | (196 | ) |  | (196 | )
Cash paid for amounts included in operating lease liabilities |  | — |  |  | (573 | ) |  | (2,029 | )
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations |  |  | 2,806 |  |  |  | 2,335 |  |  |  | 724 |
Cancellation of vested Restricted Shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |
Issuance upon subsequent vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |
Issuance of shares upon vesting of Restricted Shares |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |

* | Less than one thousand.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 1. | Organization and principal activities

| (a) | History and organization

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on 25 August 2014 as an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Law, Cap. 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands.

| (b) | Principal subsidiaries

As of December 31, 2025, the details of the Company’s principal subsidiaries were as follows:

Entity |  | Place of incorporation |  | Date of incorporation |  | Relationship |  | % of direct or indirect economic ownership |  |  | Principal activities
UCLOUDLINK (HK) LIMITED |  | Hong Kong |  | 2 September 2014 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Holding company
HONG KONG UCLOUDLINK NETWORK TECHNOLOGY LIMITED |  | Hong Kong |  | 25 October 2010 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Holding company, information technology services and sales of terminals and data related products
Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited |  | PRC |  | 9 July 2015 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Technology research and development
Shenzhen uCloudlink Co., Ltd. |  | PRC |  | 7 June 2018 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Hardware exportation
Beijing uCloudlink Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing uCloudlink”) |  | PRC |  | 29 January 2015 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Holding company
UCLOUDLINK (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD |  | Singapore |  | 15 May 2017 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
UCLOUDLINK (UK) CO. LTD |  | UK |  | 13 October 2014 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
Ucloudlink (America), Ltd. |  | USA |  | 1 August 2016 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
UCLOUDLINK SDN. BHD |  | Malaysia |  | 24 August 2017 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
uCloudlink Japan Co., Ltd. |  | Japan |  | 7 March 2018 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
Shenzhen uCloudlink Network Technology Co., Ltd. (“Shenzhen uCloudlink”) |  | PRC |  | 14 August 2014 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Holder of value-added telecommunications services license, information technology services and sales of terminals and data related products
Beijing uCloudlink New Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Technology”) |  | PRC |  | 15 November 2014 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Information technology services and sales of terminals and data related products
PT UCLOUDLINK TECHNOLOGIES PMA |  | Indonesia |  | 27 September 2018 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
UCLOUDLINK UK LIMITED |  | UK |  | 24 February 2021 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
Shenzhen Yulian Cloud Technology Co., Ltd. |  | PRC |  | 22 February 2022 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
UCLOUDLINK (VIETNAM) COMPANY LIMITED |  | Vietnam |  | 7 March 2025 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
UCLOUDLINK (IRELAND) LIMITED |  | Ireland |  | 15 September 2025 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Sales and marketing
PetAIVerse Holding Inc. |  | Cayman Islands |  | 19 November 2025 |  | Subsidiary |  |  | 100 | % |  | Holding company

F-8

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies

| 2.1 | Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Significant accounting policies followed by the Group in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

| 2.2 | Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Group to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. Changes in facts and circumstances may cause the Group to revise its estimates. In accordance with ASC 250, the changes in estimates will be recognized in the same period of changes in facts and circumstances. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include legal contingencies, share-based compensation, realization of deferred tax assets, allowance of credit loss, inventories, long term investment, other investment and long live assets. The Group bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.

| 2.3 | Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All transactions and balances among the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of are recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income/loss from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.

A subsidiary is an entity in which (i) the Company directly or indirectly controls more than 50% of the voting power; or (ii) the Company has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors or to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee pursuant to a statute or under an agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

| 2.4 | Segment reporting

An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses and is identified on the basis of the internal financial reports that are provided to and regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in order to allocate resources and assess performance of the segment.

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s revenue segments have similar economic characteristics and they are managed as a single business unit. The Group uses the “management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the CODM, which is comprised of the executive directors of the Company, for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Group’s reportable segments. The Group has determined that there is only one reportable operating segment.

| 2.5 | Foreign currency translation

The functional currency of the Company is US$. The Company’s subsidiaries with operations in the PRC, Hong Kong and other jurisdictions generally use their respective local currencies as their functional currencies. The reporting currency of the Company is US$. The financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries, other than the subsidiaries with the functional currency of US$, are translated into US$ using the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date for assets and liabilities and the average daily exchange rate for each month for income and expense items. Translation gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss as a component of shareholders’ equity.

In the financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries, transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are measured and recorded in the functional currency using the exchange rate in effect at the date of the transaction. At the balance sheet date, monetary assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date. All gains and losses arising from foreign currency transactions are recorded in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income/loss during the period in which they occur.

F-9

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.6 | Revenue recognition

Revenue is principally generated by the provision of data connectivity services and the sales of terminals and sales of data related products. Revenue represents the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sales of goods and the provision of services in the ordinary course of the Group’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). The Group recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” for all years presented with full retrospective method.

The Group conducts its business through various contracts with customers, including:

| (i) | Data connectivity services

The Group generates international data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals (under its brand of “Roamingman”), (ii) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to enterprise customers, and (iii) retail sales of data connectivity services.

The Group also generates local data connectivity services revenues from (i) data service fees generated from sales of data connectivity services to enterprise customers, and (ii) retail sales of data connectivity services.

For data connectivity services from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals, the Group determines that the arrangement involves the leasing of portable Wi-Fi terminals with data connectivity services embedded. The customer can benefit from this service arrangement on its own, and the service is separately identifiable from other terms in the contract. The transaction price is fixed at contract inception, based on data connectivity service usage under the leasing arrangement. The Group determines that it is the lessor in the arrangement which contains an equipment lease component and a service non-lease component. The Group further determines that lease component is an operating lease under ASC 842, and that the operating lease component and service component are delivered over the same time and pattern. Therefore, the lease income and service income are recognized as data connectivity services revenue evenly over the service period.

The Group evaluates and determines that it is the principal. For data connectivity services from the use of portable Wi-Fi terminals and retail sales of data connectivity services, the Group views users as its customers. For data connectivity services generated from sales of data connectivity services to enterprise customers, the Group views enterprise customers as its customers. The Group reports data connectivity services revenues on gross basis. Accordingly, the amounts paid for data connectivity services by customers are recorded as revenues and the related commission fees paid to its agents (mainly travel agents and other online distributors) are recorded as cost of revenues. Where the Group is the principal, it controls the data before the data connectivity service is provided to customers. Its control is evidenced by the inventory risk borne by the Group and the Group’s ability to direct the use of the data, and is further supported by the Group being primarily responsible to customers and having the discretion in establishing pricing.

Data connectivity services offered to customers typically provide unlimited data usage during a fixed period of time (“contract period”), where revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the contract period. The Group does not have further performance obligations to the customers after the contract period. The Group also offers data connectivity services where customers are charged service fee based on actual data usage, where revenue is recognized at a point in time as the services are provided to customers.

F-10

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.6 | Revenue recognition (Continued)

| (i) | Data connectivity services (Continued)

In providing data connectivity services to its customers, the Group procures SIM cards and data plans from various suppliers. Those SIM cards are activated and hosted on the Group’s cloud SIM platform. The Group’s cloud SIM platform manages terminal information and customer accounts and intelligently allocates the SIM cards and data plans and makes them available to customers who purchase the Group’s data connectivity services. Accordingly, the Group takes inventory risk and obtains control of the SIM cards and data plans procured and direct the use of the data on its cloud SIM platform depending on customers’ demand. The Group accounts for the SIM cards and data plans procured as costs of revenue as data is being made available and consumed on its cloud SIM platform.

As the Group’s data connectivity services are provided without right of return and the Group does not provide any other credit and incentive to its customers, therefore, the Group’s provision of data connectivity services does not involve variable consideration.

| (ii) | Sales of terminals and data related products

The Group generates revenues from selling tangible products, including GlocalMe portable Wi-Fi terminals, GlocalMe life products, PetPhone products and smart devices with GlocalMe Inside (“GMI”) implemented, as well as SIM cards, to enterprise and retail customers and business partners. The transaction price is fixed at contract inception, based on pricing of tangible products, and is not subject to rebates, returns or other variable consideration. The customer can benefit from the good on its own, and the good is separately identifiable from other terms in the contract. Sales of terminals and data related products are recognized at a point in time when control of promised goods is transferred to the customers, which generally occurs upon the acceptance of the goods by the customers.

For sales of Wi-Fi terminals, one gigabyte of free data connectivity service is normally included as a bundle package for the first time purchase of the terminals. There are two separate performance obligations in such bundle sales: the Wi-Fi terminal is a distinct good while the data connectivity service is a distinct service, as it is separately identifiable from other terms in the contract and provides benefit on its own. The Group allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices. The Group then recognizes revenue for each of the distinct performance obligations identified in accordance with the applicable revenue recognition method relevant for that obligation. For revenue related to the Wi-Fi terminals, revenue is recognized at a point in time when the control of the Wi-Fi terminals is transferred. For revenue related to the data connectivity service with unlimited usage, it is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the relevant contract period. For revenue related to the data connectivity service with limited usage, it is recognized at a point in time, based on the data connectivity service usage according to the term of the contract.

| (iii) | Provision of PaaS or SaaS services

Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) or Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) mainly consist of fees generated from providing cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners. The Group provides its cloud SIM platform as a service to business partners enabling them to manage their data resources. Business partners using the platform are charged service fees for the use of the cloud SIM platform services. The Group has continuous obligation to ensure the performance of the platform over the service period. The transaction price is fixed at contract inception, based on the pricing of PaaS or SaaS offering, and is not subject to rebates, returns or other variable consideration. The customer can benefit from the good on its own, and the good is separately identifiable from other terms in the contract. Revenue is recognized over time on a straight-line basis over the contract period as business partners simultaneously consume and receive benefits from the service. The Group does not provide any other credit and incentive related to the cloud SIM platform services, therefore there is no variable consideration in the arrangement.

| (iv) | Contract balance

Contract liabilities represent the cash collected upfront from the customers for purchase of data connectivity services or purchase of Wi-Fi terminals, while the underlying data connectivity services have not yet been rendered or the Wi-Fi terminals have not been delivered to the customers by the Group, which is included in the presentation of contract liabilities.

Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, all performance obligations are satisfied within one year. Where transaction prices for data connectivity services and Wi-Fi terminals are received upfront from the customers, such receipts are recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenues over the contract period. The opening balance of contract liabilities from several customers as of January 1, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were US$1,052 thousand, US$1,425 thousand and US$709 thousand. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, revenue amounting to US$1,052 thousand, US$1,425 thousand and US$709 thousand were included in the contract liabilities balance at the beginning of the respective year. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the balance on contract liabilities of the Group were US$709 thousand and US$3,425 thousand, respectively.

F-11

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.7 | Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of data connectivity service costs, cost of inventory, logistics costs, depreciation and maintenance costs for equipment, payment processing fees and other related incidental expenses that are directly attributable to the Group’s principal operations.

| 2.8 | Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries and benefits for research and development personnel, share-based compensation, materials, general expenses and depreciation expenses associated with research and development activities.

| 2.9 | Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of online and offline advertising expenses, promotion expenses, share-based compensation, staff costs, sales commissions and other related incidental expenses that are incurred to conduct the Group’s sales and marketing activities.

Advertising and promotional expenses were US$3,923 thousand, US$7,137 thousand and US$8,927 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

| 2.10 | General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, bonuses, share-based compensation and those not specifically dedicated to research and development or sales and marketing activities, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, legal and professional services fees, rental and other general corporate related expenses.

| 2.11 | Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation expenses arise from share-based awards, mainly including share options and Restricted Shares awarded to employees, directors and other consultants in accordance with ASC 718 Stock Compensation. The Group follows ASC 718 to determine whether share option or Restricted Shares should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees, directors and other consultants classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. The Group classifies the share-based awards granted to employees, directors and other consultants as equity award, and has elected to recognize compensation expense on share-based awards with service condition on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period.

For Restricted Shares awarded to employees, directors and other consultants, all ordinary shares (“Restricted Shares”) of the Group shall be subject to vesting conditions until the Restricted Shares become vested. The Restricted Shares were classified as equity awards under ASC 718 and are accounted for as share-based compensation based on the grant date fair value over the vesting period using graded vesting method.

For share options awarded to employees, directors and other consultants, the Group applies the Binominal option pricing model in determining the fair value of options granted under ASC 718. The Group has elected to account for forfeitures when they occur.

On each measurement date, the Group reviews internal and external sources of information to assist in the estimation of various attributes to determine the fair value of the share-based awards granted by the Group, including the fair value of the underlying shares, expected life and expected volatility. The Group is required to consider many factors and makes certain assumptions during this assessment. If any of the assumptions used to determine the fair value of the share-based awards change significantly in the future, share-based compensation expense may differ materially.

F-12

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.12 | Other employee benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC participate in a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain retirement, medical and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. The relevant labor regulations require the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC to pay the local labor and social welfare authorities monthly contributions based on the applicable benchmarks and rates stipulated by the local government. The relevant local labor and social welfare authorities are responsible for meeting all retirement benefits obligations and the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC have no further commitments beyond their monthly contributions. The contributions to the plan are expensed as incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, contributions to such plan amounting to US$708 thousand, US$917 thousand and US$1,120 thousand respectively, were charged to the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

The Group also makes payments to other defined contribution plans for the benefit of employees employed by subsidiaries outside of the PRC.

| 2.13 | Income taxes

The Group accounts for income taxes using the liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets to the extent that it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realizable in the foreseeable future.

Deferred taxes are also recognized on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries, which are presumed to be transferred to the parent company and are subject to withholding taxes, unless there is sufficient evidence to show that the subsidiary has invested or will invest the undistributed earnings indefinitely or that the earnings will be remitted in a tax-free manner.

The Group adopts ASC 740 “Income Taxes” which prescribes a more likely than not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. It also provides guidance on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, accounting for income taxes in interim periods and income tax disclosures.

The Group did not have significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions or any unrecognized liabilities, interest or penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefit as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

| 2.14 | Government grants

For government grants that are non-operating in nature and with no further conditions to be met, the amounts are recognized as income in other income/(expense), net. For government grants that contain certain operating conditions, the amounts are recorded as deferred government grant, and are recognized as income in other income/(expense), net when the conditions are met.

| 2.15 | Comprehensive income/(loss)

Comprehensive income/(loss) is defined to include all changes in equity of the Group during a period arising from transactions and other event and circumstances except those resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. For the years presented, the Group’s comprehensive income/(loss) includes net income/(loss) and other comprehensive income/(loss), which mainly consists of the foreign currency translation adjustment that have been excluded from the determination of net income/(loss).

F-13

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.16 | Leases

From January 1, 2022, the Group adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Lease (FASB ASC Topic 842). The adoption of Topic 842 resulted in the presentation of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Group has elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Group not to reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts as of the adoption date are or contain a lease, (2) lease classification for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date and (3) initial direct costs for any expired or existing leases as of the adoption date. Lastly, the Group elected the short-term lease exemption for all contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less.

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange of a consideration. To assess whether a contract is or contains a lease, the Group assess whether the contract involves the use of an identified asset, whether it has the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the asset and whether it has the right to control the use of the asset.

The right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date. The Group recognizes operating lease expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Right-of-use of assets

The Group recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e. the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets. All right-of-use assets are reviewed for impairment annually. There was no impairment for right-of-use lease assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Lease liabilities

Lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the outstanding lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the Group’s incremental borrowing rate. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise fixed lease payments, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee and any exercise price under a purchase option that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise. Lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. It is re-measured when there is a change in future lease payments, if there is a change in the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if there is any change in the Group assessment of option purchases, contract extensions or termination options.

| 2.17 | Earnings per share

The Group computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share” (“ASC 260”). ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income attributable to ordinary shareholders divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS but presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common shares (e.g., convertible securities, earn out shares, warrants and stock options) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS. There is no anti-dilutive effect for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

| 2.18 | Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand, cash held at banks or online payment platforms, which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use, and which have original maturities of three months or less.

Cash and cash equivalents as reported in the consolidated statement of cash flows are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as follows:

|  | As of December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 30,057 |  |  |  | 32,831 |

F-14

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.19 | Inventories

Inventories primarily consist of raw materials work in progress, and finished goods. Inventory costs include the purchase price and other expenditures that are directly attributable to bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Cost of inventories are computed using the monthly weighted average cost method. Inventories are written down to estimated net realizable value, which considers historical usage, expected demand, anticipated sales price, and other factors. The Company periodically reviews its inventories for excess or slow-moving items and makes provisions as necessary to properly reflect inventory value. Write downs of US$657 thousand, US$106 thousand and Reversal of inventory obsolescence of US$103 thousand were recorded in cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 respectively.

| 2.20 | Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable are recorded at the gross billing amount less an allowance for any uncollectible accounts due from the customers. Accounts receivable do not bear interest.

Since January 1, 2024, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), using the modified retrospective transition method. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption, the Company changed the impairment model to utilize a forward-looking current expected credit losses (CECL) model in place of the incurred loss methodology for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and receivables resulting from the application of ASC 606, including contract assets.

The Group maintains an allowance for credit losses and records the allowance for credit losses as an offset to accounts receivable and the estimated credit losses charged to the allowance is classified as “General and administrative expenses” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income. The Group assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on aging schedules because the accounts receivable were primarily consisted of receivables arising from provision of Data connectivity services, Sales of terminals and data related products and PaaS or SaaS services. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Group considers historical collectability based on past due status, the age of the balances, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect the Group’s ability to collect from customers. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for expected cred

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group reversal provision of expected credit losses of $126. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group provided expected credit losses against accounts receivable of US$452 thousand and US$790 thousand, respectively.

| 2.21 | Investment in equity method investees

The equity investment represents the Group’s investment in three entities. The Group accounts for its equity investment over which it has significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control using the equity method. The Group adjusts the carrying amount of the investment and recognizes investment income or loss for share of the earnings or loss of the investee after the date of investment. When the Group’s share of loss in the equity investee equals or exceeds its interest in the equity investee, the Group does not recognize further losses, unless the Group has incurred obligations or made payments or guarantees on behalf of the equity investee. The Group assesses its equity investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, operating performance of the entities, including current earnings trends and undiscounted cash flows, and other entity-specific information. The fair value determination, particularly for investment in privately-held entities, requires judgment to determine appropriate estimates and assumptions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could affect the calculation of the fair value of the investment and determination of whether any identified impairment is other-than-temporary.

F-15

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.22 | Property and equipment

Property and equipment, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any, and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Cost represents the purchase price of the asset and other costs incurred to bring the asset into its intended use. Depreciation expenses are included in cost of services, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses. Estimated useful lives are as follows:

Categories |  | Estimated useful lives
Computers, server & switch and office equipment |  | 5 years
Wi-Fi terminals for data connectivity services |  | 2 years
Leasehold improvement |  | Over the shorter of lease term or 3 years

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not materially extend the useful lives of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of and comprehensive income.

| 2.23 | Intangible assets

An intangible asset is recognized when it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets are initially recognized at cost, less any accumulated amortization and any impairment losses. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for by changing the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates.

Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

Categories |  | Estimated useful lives
Trademarks |  | 10 years
Software |  | 10 years
Licensed copyrights |  | 10 years

| 2.24 | Equity securities without readily determinable fair values

The Group measures the long-term investment over which the Group does not have significant influence or that do not have readily determinable fair value at cost less impairment prior to January 1, 2018. Effective from January 1, 2018 with the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Group has elected to use the measurement alternative to account for the equity investment, and therefore carries this investment at cost adjusted for changes from observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same investee, less impairment.

| 2.25 | Impairment of long-lived assets

For long-lived assets the Group evaluates for impairment whenever events or changes indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may no longer be recoverable. The Group assesses the recoverability of the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the long-lived assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to receive from use of the assets and their eventual disposition. Such assets are considered to be impaired if the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets. The impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. The Group tests impairment of long-lived assets at the reporting unit level when impairment indicator appeared and recognizes impairment in the event at the carrying value exceeds the fair value of each reporting unit.

No impairment charge of long-lived assets was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025.

F-16

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 2. | Summary of significant accounting policies (Continued)

| 2.26 | Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

The established fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value include:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Observable, market-based inputs, other than quoted prices, in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Accounting guidance also describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

The Group does not have any non-financial assets or liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis.

The Group’s financial instruments consist principally of other investments, cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposit, accounts receivable, accounts payable, contract liabilities and other liabilities.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, amount due from/to related parties, other investments, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities approximated their fair values reported in the consolidated balance sheets due to the short-term nature of these instruments.

For short term borrowing and long-term bank loans, the fair value approximates their carrying value at the year-end as the fair value is estimated by used discounted cash flow, in which interest rates used to discount the bank loans approximate market rates.

| 2.27 | Other investments

The Group’s other investments consist of investment funds of which underlying assets are debt securities and equity securities. These investment funds are measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value, whether realized or unrealized, recorded through the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

F-17

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 3. | Recent accounting pronouncements

In April 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-04 – Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Clarifications to Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer, which revises the definition of performance condition for share-based consideration payable to a customer, eliminates the forfeiture policy election for awards granted to customers (unless granted in exchange for a distinct good or service), and clarifies applicability of the variable consideration constraint. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods (including interim periods within annual reporting periods) beginning after December 15, 2026, for all entities. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance. We believe the future adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on its financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05 - Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). The amendments in this Update provide (1) all entities with a practical expedient and (2) entities other than public business entities with an accounting policy election when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. An entity that elects the practical expedient and the accounting policy election, if applicable, should apply the amendments in this Update prospectively. The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of this guidance. We believe the future adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on its financial statements.

On September 18, 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. ASU 2025-06 modernizes the accounting for internal-use software (the existing internal-use software guidance does not contemplate more current methods of software development). The amendments in ASU 2025-06 are limited and focused on the key challenge that entities face in applying FASB Accounting Standards Codification (FASB ASC) 350-40—applying that guidance to software that is developed using modern, iterative approaches such as Agile, DevOps, and continuous-deployment models that do not fit neatly into the legacy “preliminary-project / application-development / post-implementation” stages described in today’s Subtopic 350-40.The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The Company expects the adoption on this ASU will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. The ASU establishes authoritative guidance on the accounting for government grants received by business entities. This update is effective beginning with annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2029, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this standard will have on its combined financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, which is intended to improve the navigability of the guidance in ASC 270 and clarify when it applies. Under the amendments, an entity is subject to ASC 270 if it provides interim financial statements and notes in accordance with GAAP. The ASU also addresses the form and content of such financial statements, adds lists to ASC 270 of the interim disclosures required by all other Codification topics, and establishes a principle under which an entity must disclose events since the end of the last annual reporting period that have a material impact on the entity. As the Board stated in the proposed guidance and reiterates in the ASU, the amendments are not intended to change the fundamental nature of interim reporting or expand or reduce current interim disclosure requirements. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2025-11 are effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. For entities other than public business entities, for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

F-18

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 3. | Recent accounting pronouncements (Continued)

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12, which is to correct, clarify, and otherwise improve U.S. GAAP. ASU 2025-12 includes 33 improvements that span a wide range of topics, including Clarifying diluted earnings per share (EPS) calculation when a loss from continuing operations exists, Clarifying disclosure requirements for lease receivables from sales-type or direct financing leases, Revising the calculation of the reference amount for beneficial interests to prevent double counting credit losses, Clarifying the permissible methods to account for treasury stock retirements, and Clarifying the guidance for transfers of receivables from contracts with customers. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted in both interim and annual reporting periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. If an entity adopts the amendments in this Update in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes that interim reporting period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments on an issue-by-issue basis. For example, an entity may decide to early adopt certain amendments and adopt the remaining amendments at the effective date. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update (except for the amendments to Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, related to Issue 4) using one of the following transition methods: (i) Prospectively to all transactions recognized on or after the date that the entity first applies the amendments, or (ii) Retrospectively to the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. An entity should adjust the opening balance of retained earnings (or other appropriate components of equity or net assets in the statement of financial position) as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-13, *Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contracts Effective for fiscal years beginning after December15, 2026. Early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating these new disclosure requirements and does not expect the adoption to have a material impact.

| 4. | Concentration and Risks

| (a) | Foreign exchange risk

The revenues and expenses of the Group’s entities in the PRC are generally denominated in RMB and their assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) or other authorized financial institutions at exchange rates quoted by PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices and signed contracts. The value of RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and to international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the China Foreign Exchange Trading System market. These restrictions and fluctuations could affect the Company’s ability to access foreign currencies and remit funds outside of the PRC.

| (b) | Credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amount as at the balance sheet dates. As of December 31, 2025, cash and cash equivalents of US$15,265 thousand were deposited in financial institutions in the PRC, and each bank accounts is insured by the PRC government with the maximum limit of RMB500,000 (equivalent US$68,500). To limit exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily places cash and cash equivalent with large financial institutions in China which management believes are of high credit quality and the Company also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

The Company’s operations are carried out in China. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic and legal environments in the PRC as well as by the general state of the PRC’s economy. In addition, the Group’s business may be influenced by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, rates and methods of taxation among other factors.

F-19

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 5. | Revenues

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Revenues from services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Data connectivity services |  |  | 46,745 |  |  |  | 47,639 |  |  |  | 47,810 |
International data connectivity services |  |  | 37,928 |  |  |  | 39,513 |  |  |  | 41,113 |
Local data connectivity services |  |  | 8,817 |  |  |  | 8,126 |  |  |  | 6,697 |
—PaaS and SaaS services |  |  | 10,425 |  |  |  | 11,293 |  |  |  | 11,112 |
—Others |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  | 2,138 |
|  |  | 58,570 |  |  |  | 60,002 |  |  |  | 61,060 |
Sales of products |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
—Sales of terminals |  |  | 24,369 |  |  |  | 22,246 |  |  |  | 19,526 |
—Sales of data related products |  |  | 2,150 |  |  |  | 8,417 |  |  |  | 134 |
—Others |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 729 |
|  |  | 27,006 |  |  |  | 31,633 |  |  |  | 20,389 |
Total |  |  | 85,576 |  |  |  | 91,635 |  |  |  | 81,449 |

In the following table, revenue is geographically disaggregated according to the locations of the customers.

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Japan |  |  | 37,122 |  |  |  | 43,409 |  |  |  | 30,782 |
Mainland China |  |  | 11,156 |  |  |  | 22,023 |  |  |  | 25,656 |
North America |  |  | 24,074 |  |  |  | 12,673 |  |  |  | 11,114 |
Southeast Asia |  |  | 4,605 |  |  |  | 4,461 |  |  |  | 4,249 |
Europe |  |  | 4,207 |  |  |  | 4,146 |  |  |  | 3,735 |
Hong Kong SAR |  |  | 1,660 |  |  |  | 2,052 |  |  |  | 4,363 |
Taiwan |  |  | 868 |  |  |  | 1,582 |  |  |  | 759 |
Others |  |  | 1,884 |  |  |  | 1,289 |  |  |  | 791 |
Total |  |  | 85,576 |  |  |  | 91,635 |  |  |  | 81,449 |

| 6. | Other (expense)/income, net

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Foreign exchange (losses)/gains, net |  |  | (514 | ) |  |  | (470 | ) |  |  | 518 |
Government grants (note) |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 948 |  |  |  | 694 |
Gains on disposal of property and equipment, net |  |  | 203 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | 104 |
Fair value (losses)/gains on other investments |  |  | (2,748 | ) |  |  | 1,091 |  |  |  | 4,643 |
Others |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 446 |  |  |  | 755 |
Total |  |  | (1,500 | ) |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | 6,714 |

Note:

Government grants mainly represent amounts received from central and local governments in connection with the Group’s investments in local business districts and contributions to technology development.

F-20

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 7. | Taxation

| (a) | Income taxes

| (i) | Cayman Islands

The Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conducts most of its business through its subsidiaries located in the PRC and Hong Kong. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on either income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends to the shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

| (ii) | PRC

The PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on the taxable income determined under the PRC laws and accounting standards. Under the Corporate Income Tax (“CIT”) Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, foreign invested enterprises and domestic enterprises are subject to a unified CIT rate of 25%. In accordance with the implementation rules of the CIT Law, a qualified “High and New Technology Enterprise” (“HNTE”) is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 15% with valid period of three years.

Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink have retained HNTE status through triennial renewals (2017-2019, 2020-2022, 2023-2025), entitling them to a preferential tax rate of 15% as long as they fulfill the HNTE criteria.

The Group’s income before income taxes consisted of:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Non-PRC |  |  | (2,149 | ) |  |  | (1,211 | ) |  |  | 2,269 |
PRC |  |  | 4,673 |  |  |  | 5,627 |  |  |  | 5,569 |
Total |  |  | 2,524 |  |  |  | 4,416 |  |  |  | 7,838 |

| (iii) | Hong Kong

The Company’s subsidiaries incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to profits tax rate of 16.5% on taxable income.

The reconciliations of the income tax expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Income before income tax |  |  | 2,524 |  |  |  | 4,416 |  |  |  | 7,838 |
Income tax computed at statutory PRC income tax rate (25%)(i) |  |  | 631 |  |  |  | 1,104 |  |  |  | 1,960 |
Differential income tax rates applicable to certain entities comprising the Group |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 207 |  |  |  | (40 | )
Effect of tax holiday |  |  | (448 | ) |  |  | (542 | ) |  |  | (549 | )
Permanent differences(ii) |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | (206 | ) |  |  | (558 | )
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 96 |
Accelerated deductions on research and development expenses(iii) |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | (973 | ) |  |  | (796 | )
Adjustments in respect of current tax of previous periods(iv) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,412 |
Income tax expenses |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 1,525 |

| (i) | The PRC statutory income tax rate was used because the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC.

| (ii) | Permanent differences primarily represent non-deductible expenses.

| (iii) | This amount represents tax incentives relating to the research and development expenses of certain major operating subsidiaries in the PRC.

| (iv) | In 2025 and February 2026, the Inland Revenue Department (the “IRD”) in Hong Kong had issued protective profits tax assessments in an aggregate amount of HK$11.0 million (approximately equivalent to US$1.4 million) for the years of assessment from 2018/2019 to 2019/2020. The Group has lodged objections against these protective profits tax assessments and the IRD has agreed to hold over the tax demanded for these years of assessment on the condition that the Group purchased tax reserve certificates in an aggregate amount of HK$9.4 million (approximately equivalent to US$1.2 million), which has been recorded under “Prepayments and other assets” to the financial statement in 2025.

F-21

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 7. | Taxation (Continued)

| (a) | Income taxes (Continued)

The per share effect of the tax holidays are as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Effect of tax holiday |  |  | (448 | ) |  |  | (542 | ) |  |  | (549 | )
Per share effect – basic and diluted |  |  | (0.00 | ) |  |  | (0.00 | ) |  |  | (0.00 | )

| (b) | Deferred tax assets

Deferred income tax expense reflects the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The components of the deferred tax assets are as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 19,187 |  |  |  | 18,924 |  |  |  | 18,953 |
Accrued expenses and others |  |  | (2,250 | ) |  |  | (1,509 | ) |  |  | (1,442 | )
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (16,937 | ) |  |  | (17,415 | ) |  |  | (17,511 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

Movement of valuation allowance

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Balance at beginning of the year |  |  | 16,804 |  |  |  | 16,937 |  |  |  | 17,415 |
Change of valuation allowance |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 96 |
Balance at end of the year |  |  | 16,937 |  |  |  | 17,415 |  |  |  | 17,511 |

Valuation allowance is provided against deferred tax assets when the Group determines that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the future. The Group considers positive and negative evidence to determine whether some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be more-likely-than-not realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of recent losses and forecasts of future profitability. These assumptions require significant judgment and the forecasts of future taxable income are consistent with the plans and estimates the Group is using to manage the underlying businesses. Valuation allowances are established for deferred tax assets based on a more likely than not threshold. The Group’s ability to realize deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carry forward periods provided for in the tax law. The Group has provided a full valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, as management is not able to conclude that the future realization of those net operating loss carries forwards and other deferred tax assets are more likely than not. The statutory rate of 15% to 25%, depending on which entity, was applied when calculating deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately US$129,654 thousand and US$130,504 thousand and US$132,351 thousand respectively, which arose from the subsidiaries established in Hong Kong and PRC. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group does not believe that sufficient positive evidence exists to conclude that the recoverability of deferred tax assets is more likely than not to be realized. Consequently, the Group has provided full valuation allowance on the related deferred tax assets.

According to the Circular of relevant governmental regulatory authorities of Taxation on Extending the Loss Carry-over Period of High-tech Enterprises and High-tech SMEs (Cai Shui [2018] No. 76), from January 1, 2018, the enterprises that have the qualifications of high-tech enterprises or high-tech SMEs will be able to make up for the losses that have not been completed in the previous five years before the qualification year. The longest carry-over period is extended from 5 years to 10 years. As of December 31, 2025, the net operating loss carry forwards arose from Shenzhen Ucloudlink Technology Limited and Shenzhen uCloudlink will expire during the period from 2026 to 2035, if unused.

F-22

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 7. | Taxation (Continued)

| (c) | Uncertain tax position

The Group evaluates the level of authority for each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measures the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Group does not anticipate any significant increase to our liability for unrecognized tax benefit within the next 12 months. Interest and penalties related to income tax matters, if any, is included in income tax expense.

| 8. | Ordinary shares

| (i) | Prior to May 19, 2019, the authorized share of the Company was US$50,000 divided into 50,000,000 shares of par value US$0.001.

On May 19, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company passed the resolution that all of the Company’s ordinary shares and preferred shares were subdivided into 20 shares with a par value of US$0.00005 each. The par value of ordinary shares and preferred shares and related disclosure have been recast to reflect the US$0.00005 par value for all periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2019, the Company has 232,451,900 ordinary shares (including 162,897,778 vested restricted shares) outstanding (2020: nil; 2021: nil).

| (ii) | On January 28, 2015, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (“Series A SPA”) with certain investors under which the Company issued 8,400,000 ordinary shares at a total consideration of US$4,056,206 and 25,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares to certain investors at a total consideration of US$9,788,652. Also as a closing condition to the Series A SPA, the Company entered into a share restriction agreement with certain senior management and their respective wholly owned subsidiaries, which directly hold the equity interest on the Company. Pursuant to the share restriction agreement, all ordinary shares (“Restricted Shares”) of the Company held by certain senior management shall be subject to vesting conditions until the Restricted Shares become vested. The Restricted Shares shall vest over a period of 5 years from the closing of the Series A SPA (which was shortened to 4 years on September 22, 2016). Vesting of all Restricted Shares will be accelerated upon the completion of a qualified IPO or trade sale. In the event that certain senior management voluntarily and unilaterally terminates his employment/service contract with the Group or his employment or service relationship is terminated by any applicable Group entities for cause as stated in the Series A SPA, the related senior management shall sell to the Company, and the Company shall repurchase from certain senior management, all of the unvested shares at a price of US$0.00005 per share. Such restricted shares were treated as deemed contribution by those senior management to the Company and the fair value of which were recognized as share-based compensation expense over the vesting period. Ordinary shares of 44,426,667 and 44,426,667 were vested and presented as an increase of the numbers of issued ordinary shares during the year ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively. At any time prior to a qualified IPO, the shares held by certain senior management shall not be transferred directly or indirectly without the prior written consent of the Series A Preferred Shares holders, except for those to be transferred to the employees of the Company pursuant to an Stock Option Plan approved by the board.

| (iii) | On November 25, 2015, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (“A-1 SPA”) with certain investors under which the Company issued 26,575,220 ordinary shares at a total consideration of US$21,555,470. There were liquidation preference and a redemption right attached to certain of these ordinary shares with 10% annual compounded interest based on original purchase price which expired on December 31, 2016.

| (iv) | On January 1, 2016, 4,000,000 ordinary shares of certain senior management were transferred to Series A Preferred Shares at the then fair value of US$0.88 per share.

| (v) | On September 22, 2016, the Company entered into a share purchase agreement (“A-2 SPA”) with certain investors under which the Company issued 8,502,600 ordinary shares at a total consideration of US$10,000,000. There is a redemption right attached to the ordinary shares with 12% annual compounded interest based on original purchase price. Such redemption right expired on December 31, 2017.

| (vi) | On June 19, 2017, the Company repurchased 8,630,140 of its ordinary shares from an investor at a price of US$0.96 per share amounting to US$8,297,880. The repurchased ordinary shares were cancelled immediately and the additional paid in capital of the Company was reduced by US$8,298,236.

F-23

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 8. | Ordinary shares (Continued)

| (vii) | On August 28, 2018, upon the occurrence of the event of automatic conversion of convertible bonds, in which that the Group attained cumulative revenue over RMB500 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, all the convertible bonds were converted into 35,004,220 ordinary shares of the Company.

| (viii) | On November 25, 2015, June 19, 2017 and March 22, 2018, the Company issued 20,000,000, 4,315,080 and 31,665,280 ordinary shares, respectively, and had them held by a limited liability company owned by one of certain senior management. These ordinary shares were held on behalf of the Company and are to be awarded to employees under future equity incentive plan based on the discretion of the board of directors of the Company. The ordinary shares issued above were accounted for as treasury shares of the Group. None of these shares has been exercised nor issued from treasury shares as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018, respectively. On December 31, 2018, all of the treasury shares were cancelled under the decision of the board of directors of the Company.

| (ix) | On December 31, 2018, the board of directors of the Company adopted the 2018 Stock Option Scheme under which the Company may grant options to purchase its ordinary shares to selected employees of the Group. The board of directors of the Company reserved 55,980,360 shares on December 31, 2018 of the Company’s ordinary shares for future issuance under the plan.

| (x) | In July 2019, two written resolutions were passed and approved by the board of directors of the Company and its shareholders:

(a) The Group will adopt a dual-class share structure, consisting of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of the Company’s IPO.

Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, (i) the conversion and re-designation of all of the then currently issued and outstanding preferred shares into ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis; (ii) 122,072,980 of ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Chaohui Chen and Mr. Zhiping Peng will be redesignated into Class B ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis (iii) all of the remaining ordinary shares (including ordinary shares resulting from the conversion and re-designation of preferred shares) will be re-designated into Class A ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, holders of Class A ordinary shares will be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares will be entitled to fifteen votes per share.

(b) Immediately prior to the completion of the IPO, the authorized share capital will be increased from US$50,000 divided into 1,000,000,000 shares of par value of US$0.00005 each, to US$100,000 divided into 2,000,000,000 shares of par value of US$0.00005 each.

| (xi) | On June 10, 2020, the Company completed its IPO on the Nasdaq Global Market. The outstanding shares consist of 159,478,920 Class A ordinary shares and 122,072,980 Class B ordinary shares, of which (i) 61,346,560 Class B ordinary shares ultimately held by the Company’s founder, director and chief executive officer Chaohui Chen; (ii) 60,726,420 Class B ordinary shares ultimately held by the Company’s founder and chairman of board of directors Zhiping Peng and (iii) 110,378,920 ordinary shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares. In the offering, 2,010,000 ADSs, representing 20,100,000 Class A ordinary shares, were issued and sold to the public at a price of US$18 per ADS. Upon the completion of the IPO, all 29,000,000 issued and outstanding preferred shares were converted into Class A ordinary shares immediately as of the same date.

| (xii) | During the year ended December 31, 2020, 576,720 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options under the Group’s share-based incentive plans.

| (xiii) | During the year ended December 31, 2021, 1,919,760 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options and 3,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon vesting of restricted share units under the Group’s share-based incentive plans.

| (xiv) | During the year ended December 31, 2022, 1,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued for issuance of convertible debenture, an aggregate of 76,943,540 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued for conversion of convertible debenture, and 3,767,180 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon vesting of restricted share units under the Group’s share-based incentive plans.

| (xv) | During year ended December 31, 2023, 97,200 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options and 5,629,400 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon vesting of restricted share units under the Group’s share-based incentive plans (Note 9).

F-24

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 8. | Ordinary shares (Continued)

| (xvi) | During year ended December 31, 2024, 3,485,890 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon vesting of restricted share units under the Group’s share-based incentive plans (Note 9).

| (xvii) | During year ended December 31, 2025, a total of 4,601,070 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were issued upon vesting of restricted share units under the Group’s share-based incentive plans (Note 9). This amount includes 2,000,000 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares that were previously issued, canceled and returned to the Group’s share-based incentive plan reserve, and subsequently re-issued to other participants upon vesting during the same period.

| 9. | Share-based awards

Compensation expense recognized for share-based awards was as follow:

Share-based compensation expenses |  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
—Restricted Shares (a) |  |  | 1,998 |  |  |  | 932 |  |  |  | 913 |
—Share options(b) |  |  | 1,316 |  |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 130 |
Total |  |  | 3,314 |  |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | 1,043 |

| (a) | Restricted Shares

As described in note 9(b), in July 2019, the shareholders and board of directors of the Company approved the 2019 Share Incentive Plan (“the 2019 Plan”).

On January 1, 2023 and May 31, 2023, the Company granted 1,125,170 and 5,530,000 restricted share units respectively to its employees, directors, and other consultants, pursuant to the 2019 Plan.

On May 31, 2024, the Company granted 2,950,000 restricted share units to its employees and directors, pursuant to the 2019 Plan.

On January 31, 2025, and May 31, 2025, the Company granted 807,460 and 3,950,000 restricted share units respectively to its employees, directors, and other consultants, pursuant to the 2019 Plan.

The fair value of each restricted share granted with service conditions is estimated based on the fair market value of the underlying ordinary shares of the Company on the date of grant.

F-25

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 9. | Share-based awards (Continued)

| (a) | Restricted Shares (Continued)

A summary of the Restricted Shares activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 is presented below:

(Number of shares) |  | Number of Restricted Shares |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023 |  |  | 7,970,930 |
Granted |  |  | 6,655,170 |
Forfeited |  |  | (1,000,000 | )
Vested |  |  | (5,629,400 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 7,996,700 |
Granted |  |  | 2,950,000 |
Forfeited |  |  | (2,250 | )
Vested |  |  | (3,485,890 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 7,458,560 |
Granted |  |  | 4,757,460 |
Forfeited |  |  | (2,000,000 | )
Vested |  |  | (2,601,070 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025 |  |  | 7,614,950 |

| (b) | Share options

In December 2018, the Company adopted a share incentive plan, which is referred to as the 2018 Stock Option Scheme (“the 2018 Plan”). The purpose of the plan is to attract and retain the best available personnel by linking the personal interests of the members of the board, employees, and consultants to the success of the Company’s business and by providing such individuals with an incentive to reward their performance. Under the 2018 Plan, the maximum number of shares in respect of which options, restricted shares, or restricted share units may be granted is 55,980,360 shares.

In July 2019, the Group adopted the Amended and Restated 2018 Stock Option Scheme (“Revised 2018 Plan”), which amends the previously adopted 2018 Stock Option Scheme, pursuant to which the Group may grant awards to directors, officers and employees. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued under Revised 2018 Plan was 40,147,720 ordinary shares.

In July 2019, the shareholders and board of directors of the Company also approved the 2019 Plan. Under the 2019 Plan, which will be increased by a number equal to 1.0% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing with the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, if determined and approved by the board of directors for the relevant fiscal year.

In January 2025, the Company proposed to extend the option period of all options that were vested but unexercised and expired as of December 31, 2025, granted under the 2018 Plan held by employees of the Company for another six years.

F-26

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 9. | Share-based awards (Continued)

| (b) | Share options (Continued)

These options were granted with exercise prices denominated in US$. The grantees can exercise vested options after the commencement date of exercise and before the end of its contractual term (i.e., 6 years after the commencement date of exercise).

All share-based payments to employees are measured based on their grant-date fair values. Compensation expense is recognized by graded vesting method.

A summary of the changes in the share options granted by the Company during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 is as follows:

|  | Number of share options |  |  | Weighted average exercise price |  |  | Aggregate intrinsic value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023 |  |  | 18,004,940 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 45,040,329 |
Forfeited |  |  | (885,560 | ) |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | (2,409,012 | )
Exercised |  |  | (97,200 | ) |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | (302,604 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 17,022,180 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 42,328,713 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 14,301,480 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 38,503,322 |
Forfeited |  |  | (168,120 | ) |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | (526,049 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 16,854,060 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 41,802,664 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 16,373,570 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 41,679,308 |
Forfeited |  |  | (197,500 | ) |  | $ | 0.50 |  |  | $ | (296,173 | )
Outstanding as of December 31, 2025 |  |  | 16,656,560 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 41,506,491 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2025 |  |  | 16,516,560 |  |  | $ | 0.53 |  |  | $ | 41,475,803 |

As of December 31, 2025, the unrecognized share-based compensation expenses related to share options and restricted share units granted by Company were US$6 thousand and US$599 thousand respectively.

| 10. | Earnings per share

Basic and diluted net earnings per share for each of the year presented were calculated as follows:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands of US$ except share data and per share data) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Net income attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company for computing basic and diluted net loss/earnings per share |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in calculating basic and diluted net loss/earnings per share |  |  | 371,726,318 |  |  |  | 376,344,425 |  |  |  | 378,546,843 |
Basic and diluted net earnings per ordinary share |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  | 0.02 |

F-27

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 10. | Earnings per share (Continued)

Diluted earnings per share do not include the following instruments as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Restricted Shares |  |  | 7,996,700 |  |  |  | 7,458,560 |  |  |  | 7,614,950 |
Share options awards |  |  | 17,022,180 |  |  |  | 16,854,060 |  |  |  | 16,656,560 |
Total |  |  | 25,018,880 |  |  |  | 24,312,620 |  |  |  | 24,271,510 |

| 11. | Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents represent cash on hand, cash held at banks or online payment platforms, which have original maturities of three months or less.

Cash on hand and cash held at banks or online payment platforms as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 primarily consist of the following currencies:

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) |  | Original currency |  |  | US$ equivalent |  |  | Original currency |  |  | US$ Equivalent |
US$ |  |  | 11,351 |  |  |  | 11,351 |  |  |  | 10,437 |  |  |  | 10,437 |
RMB |  |  | 107,405 |  |  |  | 14,941 |  |  |  | 124,125 |  |  |  | 17,659 |
JPY |  |  | 212,945 |  |  |  | 1,369 |  |  |  | 226,354 |  |  |  | 1,442 |
HKD |  |  | 4,450 |  |  |  | 573 |  |  |  | 9,391 |  |  |  | 1,207 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,823 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,086 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,057 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,831 |

| 12. | Accounts receivable, net

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 12,502 |  |  |  | 9,032 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (4,622 | ) |  |  | (4,596 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 7,880 |  |  |  | 4,436 |

The following table presents movement in the allowance for credit losses:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Balance at beginning of the year |  |  | 4,519 |  |  |  | 4,201 |  |  |  | 4,622 |
Additions |  |  | 668 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | 613 |
Reversal |  |  | (806 | ) |  |  | (534 | ) |  |  | (394 | )
Written off |  |  | (142 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (278 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (38 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 33 |
Balance at end of the year |  |  | 4,201 |  |  |  | 4,622 |  |  |  | 4,596 |

F-28

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 13. | Inventories, net

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Raw materials |  |  | 1,117 |  |  |  | 2,236 |
Finished goods |  |  | 1,681 |  |  |  | 3,548 |
Less: write-down of obsolete inventories |  |  | (1,486 | ) |  |  | (1,406 | )
Total inventories |  |  | 1,312 |  |  |  | 4,378 |

The following table presents movement in write-down of obsolete inventories:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Balance at beginning of the year |  |  | 1,381 |  |  |  | 1,486 |
Additions |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 605 |
Written off |  |  | (396 | ) |  |  | (708 | )
Exchange difference |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 23 |
Balance at end of the year |  |  | 1,486 |  |  |  | 1,406 |

| 14. | Prepayments and other assets

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Prepayments |  |  | 2,321 |  |  |  | 1,528 |
Deposits |  |  | 1,609 |  |  |  | 1,498 |
VAT recoverable |  |  | 1,346 |  |  |  | 1,359 |
Others |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | 232 |
Total of prepayments and other assets |  |  | 5,637 |  |  |  | 4,617 |

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Current |  |  | 5,637 |  |  |  | 4,574 |
Non-current |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43 |
Total of prepayments and other assets |  |  | 5,637 |  |  |  | 4,617 |

F-29

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 15. | Long-term investments

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Original Cost |  |  | Cumulative net gains/ (losses) |  |  | Cumulative dividend received |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Exchange Difference |  |  | Carrying value |
Maya |  |  | 442 |  |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Huaxiang |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | 2,011 |
iQsim |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | (156 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 1,938 |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (122 | ) |  |  | 2,011 |

|  |  |  |  | Cumulative |  |  | As of December 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) |  | Original Cost |  |  | net gains/ (losses) |  |  | Dividend received |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Exchange Difference |  |  | Carrying value |
Maya |  |  | 442 |  |  |  | (442 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Huaxiang |  |  | 1,251 |  |  |  | 1,070 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 2,044 |
iQsim |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | (156 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 1,938 |  |  |  | 472 |  |  |  | (209 | ) |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (77 | ) |  |  | 2,044 |

In October 2018, the Group made an equity investment in a privately-held company, Maya System, Inc. (the “Maya”), which provides cloud SIM related services in Japan, including sale of products and maintenance. The Group acquired 49.00% equity interest of Maya with total consideration of JPY49,000 thousand. In October 2022, the other shareholder of Maya increased its investment and the Group’s equity interest in Maya was diluted to 19.6%. The Group classified Maya as an equity method investment as it has significant influence over Maya. The consideration was mainly attributed to trademark, customer relationship and goodwill. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the share of loss from Maya exceeded the total investment cost. As the Group is not required to fund losses, the balance was written down to zero.

In April 2019 and September 2020, the Group made an equity investment in a privately-held company, Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company(the “Huaxiang”), with total consideration of RMB 8,521 thousand. Huaxiang was listed on the China National Equities Exchange and Quotations (“NEEQ”) in 2023. As of December 31, 2025, the Group held approximately 9.08% equity interest in Huaxiang. The Group exercises significant influence in Huaxiang and therefore accounts for this as a long-term investment using equity method. The Group recognized the share of profit of USD210 thousand and share of loss of USD12 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

In January 2021, the Group acquired 31.25% of the equity interests of iQsim S.A.(the “iQsim”), which is a provider of open virtual SIM (“VSIM”) platform and VSIM-enabled mobile devices based in France, with total consideration of EUR200 thousand. The Group exercises significant influence in iQsim and therefore accounts for this as a long-term investment using equity method. As iQsim applied for bankruptcy, the Group wrote off the left amount of the investments of USD80 thousand in 2022. Subsequently, iQsim’s core assets were sold to new parties through the liquidation process. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group no longer holds any equity interest in iQsim.

F-30

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 16. | Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment consist of the following:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Computers |  |  | 535 |  |  |  | 571 |
Server & switch |  |  | 1,256 |  |  |  | 1,351 |
Office equipment |  |  | 1,722 |  |  |  | 1,807 |
Wi-Fi terminals for data connectivity services |  |  | 8,722 |  |  |  | 8,273 |
Leasehold improvement |  |  | 529 |  |  |  | 552 |
Total original costs |  |  | 12,764 |  |  |  | 12,554 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (8,739 | ) |  |  | (10,330 | )
Carrying amount |  |  | 4,025 |  |  |  | 2,224 |

Depreciation expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were US$985 thousand, US$2,191 thousand and US$2,680 thousand, respectively.

| 17. | Lease

The Group has leased office premises and buildings under non-cancellable operating lease agreements. These leases have different terms and renewal rights.

The following table presents balances reported in the consolidated balance sheets related to the Group’s leases:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 2,876 |  |  |  | 1,745 |
Current operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,853 |  |  |  | 1,189 |
Non-current operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,088 |  |  |  | 574 |

The following table presents operating lease cost reported in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income related to the Group’s leases:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 2,077 |  |  |  | 1,981 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | 799 |
Total |  |  | 2,609 |  |  |  | 2,780 |

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group incurred rental expenses under operating leases US$2,609 thousand and US$2,780 thousand.

F-31

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 17. | Lease (Continued)

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the Group’s leases as of December 31, 2025 to the present value of its operating lease payments:

For the year ending December 31 |  | (In thousands) |
2026 |  |  | 1,239 |
2027 |  |  | 417 |
2028 |  |  | 143 |
2029 |  |  | 35 |
2030 |  |  | 3 |
Total undiscounted operating lease payments |  |  | 1,837 |
Less: imputed interest |  |  | (74 | )
Present value of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 1,763 |

The following summarizes other supplemental information about the Group’s lease as of December 31, 2025.

|  | As of December 31, 2025 |
Weighted average discount rate |  |  | 4.75 | %
Weighted average remaining lease term |  |  | 1.65 years |

| 18. | Intangible assets, net

(In thousands) |  | Carrying amount |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying amount |
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchased software |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  | (607 | ) |  |  | 475 |
Trademarks |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | (101 | ) |  |  | 10 |
Licensed copyrights |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | (146 | ) |  |  | 22 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 1,361 |  |  |  | (854 | ) |  |  | 507 |

(In thousands) |  | Carrying amount |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying amount |
December 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchased software |  |  | 1,230 |  |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | 498 |
Trademarks |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | 4 |
Licensed copyrights |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | (161 | ) |  |  | 9 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 1,513 |  |  |  | (1,002 | ) |  |  | 511 |

Amortization expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were US$136 thousand, US$137 thousand and US$129 thousand, respectively.

F-32

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 18. | Intangible assets, net (Continued)

The estimated aggregate amortization expenses for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter are as follows:

Year |  | (In thousands) |
2026 |  |  | 122 |
2027 |  |  | 116 |
2028 |  |  | 82 |
2029 |  |  | 69 |
2030 |  |  | 59 |
Thereafter |  |  | 63 |
Total |  |  | 511 |

| 19. | Other investments

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Current(i) (ii) (iii) |  |  | 8,703 |  |  |  | 13,346 |

Note:

| (i) | In June 2020, the Group made an investment in an investment fund, which was classified as an equity security, for a cash consideration of US$15,000 thousand, for which the underlying assets were mainly comprised of debt securities and equity securities. It is redeemable at the option of the Group with one-month notice. The equity security was measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis based on the quoted price by the investment fund which was the executable transaction prices and the amounts that redemption and new purchases can be made and classified as level 2 inputs. There was a fair value gain of US$1,091 thousand and US$4,643 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the investment was US$13,344 thousand.

| (ii) | In June 2020, the Group made an investment in an investment fund, which was classified as a debt security carried at fair value, for a cash consideration of US$17,100 thousand, for which the underlying assets were mainly comprised of unlisted bonds and subordinated debentures, for a period of 3 years. The debt security was measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis based on the quoted price by the asset management company, which was the executable transaction prices and the amounts that redemption and new purchases can be made and classified as level 2 inputs. There was a fair value loss of US$7,415 thousand for the year ended December 31,2022 and a fair value loss of US$3,314 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023. In December, 2023, the Group fully redeemed the investment with amount of US$1.3 million.

| (iii) | In October 2022, the Group purchased a publicly traded stock of 100 shares for a cash consideration of JPY364,148 on the Japanese stock market. As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the investment was US$2 thousand (JPY359,500).

| 20. | Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Accounts payable to suppliers |  |  | 7,445 |  |  |  | 7,193 |
Accrued bonus and staff costs |  |  | 20,286 |  |  |  | 13,857 |
Other deposits |  |  | 861 |  |  |  | 1,408 |
Other taxes payable (note) |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 553 |
Accrued professional fees |  |  | 963 |  |  |  | 1,480 |
Accrued marketing expenses |  |  | 1,124 |  |  |  | 619 |
Others |  |  | 1,563 |  |  |  | 1,426 |
Total |  |  | 32,614 |  |  |  | 26,536 |

Note:

Other taxes payable represents business tax, VAT and related surcharges and PRC individual income tax of employees withheld by the Group.

F-33

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 21. | Bank borrowings

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Bank borrowings |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings(i) |  |  | 6,956 |  |  |  | 5,549 |
Current portion of long-term bank borrowings(ii) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 68 |
Long-term borrowings(ii) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,622 |
Total |  |  | 6,956 |  |  |  | 7,239 |

Note:

| (i) | The Group’s short-term bank borrowings are primarily used for working capital and business development purposes and bear interest rate of 2.4% ~ 2.9% (2024: 3.00% ~ 3.17%) per annum, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.64% (2024: 3.11%) per annum.

Certain bank borrowings are guaranteed by certain of our directors and certain subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

| (ii) | In September and December 2025, the Group entered into a two-year and a twenty-one-month financing agreement, respectively, with a bank, totaling US$1,707 thousand and guaranteed by certain director. The interest rate ranged from 3.1% to 3.2% per annum.

| 22. | Related party transactions

| (a) | Related parties

As of December 31, 2025, the name and relationship with material related parties are as follows:

Related Party |  | Relationship with the Company
Maya |  | Equity method investee of the Company
Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company |  | Equity method investee of the Company

| (b) | During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, other than disclosed elsewhere, the Company had the following material related party transactions:

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Revenue from provision of data connectivity services, PaaS and SaaS services and sales of terminals and data related products: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maya |  |  | 10,770 |  |  |  | 5,863 |  |  |  | 7,966 |
Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 43 |
Purchase of data connectivity service: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maya |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

F-34

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 22. | Related party transactions (Continued)

| (c) | The Company had the following related parties balances as December 31, 2024 and 2025:

(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2025 |
Deposits received from related parties: |  |  |  |  |  |
Maya |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |
Amounts receivable from related parties: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maya |  |  | 1,969 |  |  |  | 1,697 |
Beijing Huaxianglianxin Technology Company |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 0.4 |

| 23. | Commitments and contingencies

| (a) | Purchase commitment for purchase of data

The Group has future minimum purchase commitment related to the purchase of data. As of December 31, 2025, the purchase commitment contracted for are analyzed as follows:

Year |  | (In thousands) |
Less than one year |  |  | 5,109 |
Two to five years |  |  | 3,962 |
Total |  |  | 9,071 |

| (b) | Other commitments

The Group also has commitments including commitments for lease ancillary services fees. As of December 31, 2025, these commitments are analyzed as follows:

Year |  | (In thousands) |
Less than one year |  |  | 268 |
Two to five years |  |  | 29 |
Total |  |  | 297 |

| (c) | Contingencies

In the ordinary course of business, the Group may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Group records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. There were no material pending or threatened claims and litigation as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 and through the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements.

| 24. | Restricted net assets

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Company’s PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries.

In accordance with the PRC Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and the articles of association of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, a foreign-invested enterprise established in the PRC is required to provide certain statutory reserves, namely general reserve fund, the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund which are appropriated from net profit as reported in the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A foreign-invested enterprise is required to allocate at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the general reserve fund until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund are at the discretion of the board of directors for all foreign-invested enterprises. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. The WFOE was established as a foreign-invested enterprise and, therefore, is subject to the above mandated restrictions on distributable profits. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, WFOE did not have after-tax accumulated profit and therefore no statutory reserves have been allocated.

F-35

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 24. | Restricted net assets (Continued)

Amounts restricted include paid-in capital, additional paid-in capital, and the statutory reserves of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, affiliates. As of December 31, 2025, total restricted net assets were US$161,416 thousand.

The Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of subsidiaries in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Rule 4-08 (e) (3), “General Notes to Financial Statements” and concluded that the restricted net assets exceeded 25% of the consolidated net assets of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and the condensed financial information of the Company are required to be presented (See Note 26).

| 25. | Subsequent Events

In January 2026, the Group obtained a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB10.0 million (equivalent to US$1.4 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 2.7% per annum. In February 2026, the Group fully repaid a one-year short-term bank borrowing of RMB9.0 million (equivalent to US$1.3 million) from a commercial bank, bearing interest at a rate of 3.0% per annum. In March 2026, the Group obtained a seven-month short-term bank borrowing of RMB24.4 million (equivalent to US$3.5 million) from a commercial bank, which was guaranteed by certain of our directors, bearing interest at a rate of 2.9% per annum.

The Group has evaluated events subsequent to the balance sheet date of December 31, 2025 through the date of this annual report, and did not identify any other subsequent events with material financial impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements other than that disclosed in above.

| 26. | Additional information: condensed financial statements of the Company

Regulation S-X require condensed financial information as to financial position, statement of cash flows and results of operations of a parent company as of the same dates and for the same periods for which audited consolidated financial statements have been presented when the restricted net assets of consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries together exceed 25 percent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year.

The Company records its investment in its subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting.

Such investments are presented on the separate condensed balance sheets of the Company as “Long-term investments”.

The subsidiaries did not pay any dividends to the Company for the periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures generally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed and omitted. The footnote disclosures represent supplemental information relating to the operations of the Company, as such, these statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

The Company did not have significant other commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of December 31, 2025.

F-36

UCLOUDLINK GROUP INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(AMOUNTS IN US$ UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED)

| 26. | Additional information: condensed financial statements of the Company (Continued)

Condensed statements of comprehensive income/(loss) of the parent company

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$ except for number of shares and per share data) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Operating expenses |  |  | (3,919 | ) |  |  | (1,910 | ) |  |  | (1,754 | )
Loss before income tax |  |  | (3,284 | ) |  |  | (2,002 | ) |  |  | (1,422 | )
Income from subsidiaries |  |  | 6,095 |  |  |  | 6,560 |  |  |  | 7,723 |
Net income |  |  | 2,811 |  |  |  | 4,558 |  |  |  | 6,301 |

Condensed balance sheets of the parent company

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$ except for number of shares and per share data) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,072 |  |  |  | 942 |
Amounts due from subsidiaries |  |  | 126,329 |  |  |  | 125,556 |
Others |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 22 |
Total assets |  |  | 127,420 |  |  |  | 126,520 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 374 |
Deficit in subsidiaries |  |  | 101,966 |  |  |  | 101,125 |
Others |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 29 |
Amounts due to subsidiaries |  |  | 4,232 |  |  |  | 3,690 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 106,580 |  |  |  | 105,218 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 20,840 |  |  |  | 21,302 |

Condensed statement of cash flows of the parent company

|  | Years ended December 31, |
(Amounts expressed in thousands of US$ except for number of shares and per share data) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | (435 | ) |  |  | (530 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intercompany fund transfers |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 400 |
Net cash generated from investing activities |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 400 |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from exercise of share options |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
(Decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (356 | ) |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | (130 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 463 |  |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 1,072 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 1,072 |  |  |  | 942 |

F-37

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