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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022
OR

☐ | Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File number 1-8777

VIRCO MFG. CORPORATION (Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware |  | 95-1613718
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2027 Harpers Way, Torrance, CA |  | 90501
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (310) 533-0474
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | VIRC |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ý |  |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☒
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ý
The number of shares outstanding for each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date:
Common Stock, $.01 par value — 16,210,985 shares as of December 4, 2022.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I. Financial Information | 3
| Item 1. Financial Statements | 3
| Unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets - October 31, 2022, January 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021 | 3
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income - Three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 5
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income - Nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 6
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income - Three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 7
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income - Nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 8
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows - Nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 9
| Unaudited condensed consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity - Three and nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 | 10
| Notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements - October 31, 2022 | 12
| Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 24
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 24
Part II. Other Information | 26
| Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 26
| Item 1A. Risk Factors | 26
| Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 26
| Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 26
| Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 26
| Item 5. Other Information | 26
| Item 6. Exhibits | 26
| EX-31.1 |
| EX-31.2 |
| EX-32.1 |
| EX-101 INSTANCE DOCUMENT |
| EX-101 SCHEMA DOCUMENT |
| EX-101 CALCULATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT |
| EX-101 LABELS LINKBASE DOCUMENT |
| EX-101 PRESENTATION LINKBASE DOCUMENT |

2

PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

| 10/31/2022 |  | 1/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
(In thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 2,175 |  |  | $ | 1,359 |  |  | $ | 1,742 |
Trade accounts receivables, net | 28,028 |  |  | 17,769 |  |  | 24,824 |
Other receivables | 102 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 60 |
Income tax receivable | 106 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 108 |
Inventories | 57,465 |  |  | 47,373 |  |  | 40,483 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,671 |  |  | 2,076 |  |  | 1,839 |
Total current assets | 89,547 |  |  | 68,847 |  |  | 69,056 |
Non-current assets |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  |
Land | 3,731 |  |  | 3,731 |  |  | 3,731 |
Land improvements | 686 |  |  | 653 |  |  | 734 |
Buildings and building improvements | 51,459 |  |  | 51,334 |  |  | 51,308 |
Machinery and equipment | 114,762 |  |  | 113,315 |  |  | 113,816 |
Leasehold improvements | 1,012 |  |  | 1,009 |  |  | 1,017 |
Total property, plant and equipment | 171,650 |  |  | 170,042 |  |  | 170,606 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | 136,998 |  |  | 134,715 |  |  | 134,659 |
Net property, plant and equipment | 34,652 |  |  | 35,327 |  |  | 35,947 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 11,116 |  |  | 13,870 |  |  | 14,685 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 160 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 10,364 |
Other assets, net | 8,245 |  |  | 8,002 |  |  | 8,034 |
Total assets | $ | 143,720 |  |  | $ | 126,445 |  |  | $ | 138,086 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

| 10/31/2022 |  | 1/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands, except share and par value data)
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 18,926 |  |  | $ | 19,785 |  |  | $ | 15,786 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits | 9,084 |  |  | 5,596 |  |  | 5,547 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 2,457 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 504 |
Current portion operating lease liability | 4,985 |  |  | 4,734 |  |  | 4,686 |
Other accrued liabilities | 7,767 |  |  | 5,829 |  |  | 6,983 |
Total current liabilities | 43,219 |  |  | 36,284 |  |  | 33,506 |
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accrued self-insurance retention | 1,454 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 1,121 |
Accrued pension expenses | 11,776 |  |  | 15,430 |  |  | 18,654 |
Income tax payable | 77 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 68 |
Long-term debt, less current portion | 14,444 |  |  | 14,173 |  |  | 12,547 |
Operating lease liability, less current portion | 8,028 |  |  | 11,437 |  |  | 12,402 |
Other long-term liabilities | 694 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 687 |
Total non-current liabilities | 36,473 |  |  | 42,715 |  |  | 45,479 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 6, 7 and 13) |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 3,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; none issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 25,000,000 shares, $0.01 par value; issued and outstanding 16,210,985 shares at 10/31/2022 and 16,102,023 at 1/31/2022 and 10/31/2021 | 162 |  |  | 161 |  |  | 161 |
Additional paid-in capital | 120,787 |  |  | 120,492 |  |  | 120,238 |
Accumulated deficit | (54,707) |  |  | (67,178) |  |  | (50,866) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (2,214) |  |  | (6,029) |  |  | (10,432) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 64,028 |  |  | 47,446 |  |  | 59,101 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 143,720 |  |  | $ | 126,445 |  |  | $ | 138,086 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

| Three months ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Net sales | $ | 77,395 |  |  | $ | 57,331 |
Costs of goods sold | 46,618 |  |  | 37,032 |
Gross profit | 30,777 |  |  | 20,299 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 21,977 |  |  | 17,782 |
Operating income | 8,800 |  |  | 2,517 |
Unrealized gain on investment in trust account | (220) |  |  | — |
Pension expense | 259 |  |  | 570 |
Interest expense | 567 |  |  | 327 |
Income before income taxes | 8,194 |  |  | 1,620 |
Income tax expense | 319 |  |  | 295 |
Net income | $ | 7,875 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |
Diluted | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 16,211 |  |  | 16,033 |
Diluted | 16,249 |  |  | 16,082 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

| Nine months ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Net sales | $ | 192,276 |  |  | $ | 144,720 |
Costs of goods sold | 119,947 |  |  | 94,414 |
Gross profit | 72,329 |  |  | 50,306 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses | 57,099 |  |  | 46,016 |
Operating income | 15,230 |  |  | 4,290 |
Unrealized loss on investment in trust account | 85 |  |  | — |
Pension expense | 650 |  |  | 1,800 |
Interest expense | 1,692 |  |  | 979 |
Income before income taxes | 12,803 |  |  | 1,511 |
Income tax expense | 332 |  |  | 335 |
Net income | $ | 12,471 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Diluted | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 16,118 |  |  | 15,927 |
Diluted | 16,136 |  |  | 15,963 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Three months ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 7,875 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |
Pension adjustments (net of tax expense of $0 and $186 at October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | 3,545 |  |  | 566 |
Net comprehensive income | $ | 11,420 |  |  | $ | 1,891 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Nine months ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 12,471 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |
Pension adjustments (net of tax expense of $0 and $1,105 at October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | 3,815 |  |  | 3,153 |
Net comprehensive income | $ | 16,286 |  |  | $ | 4,329 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Nine months ended
10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands)
Operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 12,471 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,390 |  |  | 3,431 |
Non-cash lease benefits | (404) |  |  | (294) |
Provision for doubtful accounts | 60 |  |  | 70 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 96 |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 239 |  |  | 247 |
Stock-based compensation | 509 |  |  | 759 |
Defined pension plan settlement | 64 |  |  | 285 |
Amortization of net actuarial loss for pension plans | 405 |  |  | 1,192 |
Non-cash unrealized loss on investment | 85 |  |  | — |
Surrender of life insurance policies | — |  |  | (584) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable | (10,319) |  |  | (15,134) |
Other receivables | 16 |  |  | (34) |
Inventories | (10,092) |  |  | (2,213) |
Income taxes | 51 |  |  | 94 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 306 |  |  | 591 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | 4,578 |  |  | 11,234 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,455 |  |  | 820 |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (2,614) |  |  | (2,280) |
Purchases of marketable securities in trust accounts | (7,280) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of marketable securities in trust accounts | 4,536 |  |  | — |
Proceeds for surrendering life insurance policies | 2,744 |  |  | 483 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (2,614) |  |  | (1,797) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Borrowing from long-term debt | 32,947 |  |  | 20,554 |
Repayment of long-term debt | (30,559) |  |  | (17,943) |
Payment on deferred financing costs | (200) |  |  | (118) |
Tax withholding payments on share-based compensation | (213) |  |  | (176) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,975 |  |  | 2,317 |
Net increase in cash | 816 |  |  | 1,340 |
Cash at beginning of period | 1,359 |  |  | 402 |
Cash at end of period | $ | 2,175 |  |  | $ | 1,742 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
9

Virco Mfg. Corporation
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

|  | Three-Month Period Ended October 31, 2022
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands, except share data |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at August 1, 2022 |  | 16,210,985 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 120,684 |  |  | $ | (62,582) |  |  | $ | (5,759) |  |  | $ | 52,505 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,875 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,875 |
Cash dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension adjustments, net of tax effect of $0 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,545 |  |  | 3,545 |
Shares vested and others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Balance at October 31, 2022 |  | 16,210,985 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 120,787 |  |  | $ | (54,707) |  |  | $ | (2,214) |  |  | $ | 64,028 |

|  | Three-Month Period Ended October 31, 2021
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands, except share data |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at August 1, 2021 |  | 16,102,023 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 119,985 |  |  | $ | (52,191) |  |  | $ | (10,998) |  |  | $ | 56,957 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,325 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,325 |
Cash dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension adjustments, net of tax effect of $186 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 566 |  |  | 566 |
Shares vested and others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 253 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 253 |
Balance at October 31, 2021 |  | 16,102,023 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 120,238 |  |  | $ | (50,866) |  |  | $ | (10,432) |  |  | $ | 59,101 |

|  | Nine-Month Period Ended October 31, 2022
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands, except share data |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at February 1, 2022 |  | 16,102,023 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 120,492 |  |  | $ | (67,178) |  |  | $ | (6,029) |  |  | $ | 47,446 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,471 |
Cash dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension adjustments, net of tax effect of $0 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,815 |  |  | 3,815 |
Shares vested and others |  | 108,962 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (214) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (213) |
Stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 509 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 509 |
Balance at October 31, 2022 |  | 16,210,985 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 120,787 |  |  | $ | (54,707) |  |  | $ | (2,214) |  |  | $ | 64,028 |

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|  | Nine-Month Period Ended October 31, 2021
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In thousands, except share data |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Total Stockholder's Equity
Balance at February 1, 2021 |  | 15,918,642 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 119,655 |  |  | $ | (52,042) |  |  | $ | (13,585) |  |  | $ | 54,187 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,176 |
Cash dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Pension adjustments, net of tax effect of $1,105 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,153 |  |  | 3,153 |
Shares vested and others |  | 183,381 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (176) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (174) |
Stock compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 759 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 759 |
Balance at October 31, 2021 |  | 16,102,023 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 120,238 |  |  | $ | (50,866) |  |  | $ | (10,432) |  |  | $ | 59,101 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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VIRCO MFG. CORPORATION
Notes to unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
October 31, 2022
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP) for interim financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements and are presented in accordance with the requirements of Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 (“Form 10-K”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months and nine months ended October 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2023. The balance sheet at January 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and notes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States for complete financial statements. All references to the “Company” refer to Virco Mfg. Corporation and its subsidiaries.
Liquidity
The Company expects the impact of supply chain constraints and COVID-19 to continue to be a challenge for the foreseeable future and believes the economy will be adversely impacted for an indeterminate period, including the demand for its products and supply of materials and labor required to manufacture products. The extent of the impact will depend on numerous factors that are unknown, uncertain and cannot be reasonably predicted.
Note 2. Seasonality and Management Use of Estimates
The market for educational furniture is marked by extreme seasonality, with approximately 50% of the Company’s total sales typically occurring from June to August each year, the Company’s peak season. Hence, the Company typically builds and carries significant amounts of inventory during and in anticipation of this peak summer season to facilitate the rapid delivery requirements of customers in the educational market. This requires a large up-front investment in inventory, labor, storage and related costs as inventory is built in anticipation of peak sales during the summer months. As the capital required for this build-up generally exceeds cash available from operations, the Company has generally relied on third-party bank financing to meet cash flow requirements during the build-up period immediately preceding the peak season. In addition, the Company typically is faced with an overall higher accounts receivable balance during the peak season. This occurs for two primary reasons. First, accounts receivable balances typically increase during the peak season as shipments of products increase. Second, many customers during this period are educational institutions and government entities, which tend to pay accounts receivable slower than commercial customers. For the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, management believes that the traditional peak season has been and will continue to be impacted by economic conditions related to supply chain disruption and COVID 19, although not as severely as in the prior year. The Company continues to experience supply chain disruptions for raw materials. In addition, the Company's customers are experiencing supply chain disruption impacting the completion of new school construction and renovation.
The Company’s working capital requirements during and in anticipation of the peak summer season require management to make estimates and judgments that affect assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to market demand, labor costs and stocking inventory. Significant estimates made by management include, but are not limited to, valuation of inventory; deferred tax assets and liabilities; useful lives of property, plant and equipment; liabilities under pension, warranty and self-insurance; and the accounts receivable allowance for doubtful accounts. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making assumptions and estimates, events and changes in circumstances arising after October 31, 2022, including those resulting from the continuing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain disruption, may result in actual outcomes that differ from those contemplated by our assumptions and estimates.
Note 3. New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Issued Accounting Updates
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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-13 replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology for measuring and recognizing credit losses with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The adoption date, as modified by ASU 2019-10, will be for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods therein. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Other recently issued accounting updates are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Note 4. Revenue Recognition
The Company manufactures, markets and distributes a wide variety of school and office furniture to wholesalers, distributors, educational institutions and governmental entities. Revenue is recorded for promised goods or services when control is transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
The Company's sales generally involve a single performance obligation to deliver goods pursuant to customer purchase orders. Prices for our products are based on published price lists and customer agreements. The Company has determined that the performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time when the Company completes delivery per the customer contract. The majority of sales are free on board ("FOB") destination where the destination is specified per the customer contract and may include delivering the furniture into the classroom, school site or warehouse. Sales of furniture that are sold FOB factory are typically made to resellers of our product who in turn provide logistics to the ultimate customer. Once a product has been delivered per the shipping terms, the customer is able to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from the asset. The Company considers control to have transferred upon shipment or delivery in accordance with shipping terms because the Company has a present right to payment at that time, the customer has legal title to the asset, the Company has transferred physical possession of the asset, and the customer has significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset.
Sales are recorded net of discounts, sales incentives and rebates, sales taxes and estimated returns and allowances. The Company offers sales incentives and discounts through various regional and national programs to our customers. These programs include product rebates, product returns allowances and trade promotions. Variable consideration for these programs is estimated in the transaction price at contract inception based on current sales levels and historical experience using the expected value method, subject to constraint.
The Company generates revenue primarily by manufacturing and distributing products through resellers and direct-to-customers. Control transfers to both resellers and direct customers at a point in time when the delivery process is complete as determined by the corresponding shipping terms. Therefore, we do not consider them to be meaningfully different revenue streams given similarities in the nature of the products, performance obligation and distribution processes. Sales are predominately in the United States and to a similar class of customer. We do not manage or evaluate the business based on product line or any other discernable category.
Note 5. Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value and includes material, labor and factory overhead. The Company records valuation adjustments for the excess cost of the inventory over its estimated net realizable value. Valuation adjustments for slow-moving and obsolete inventory are calculated using an estimated percentage applied to inventories based on a physical inspection of the product in connection with a physical inventory, a review of slow-moving products and component stage, inventory category, historical and forecasted consumption of sales, and consideration of active marketing programs. The market for education furniture is traditionally driven by value, not style, and the Company has not typically incurred material obsolescence expenses. If market conditions are less favorable than those anticipated by management, additional valuation adjustments may be required. The Company records the cost of excess capacity as a period expense, not as a component of capitalized inventory valuation.
The following table presents a breakdown of the Company’s inventories as of October 31, 2022, January 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021:
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|  | 10/31/2022 |  | 1/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
|  | (in thousands)
Finished goods |  | $ | 24,173 |  |  | $ | 16,731 |  |  | $ | 14,053 |
Work in process |  | 18,829 |  |  | 14,732 |  |  | 14,299 |
Raw materials |  | 14,463 |  |  | 15,910 |  |  | 12,131 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 57,465 |  |  | $ | 47,373 |  |  | $ | 40,483 |

Note 6. Leases
The Company has operating leases on real property, equipment, and automobiles that expire at various dates though 2026. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and assesses classification of the lease at commencement. All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. The Company uses the implicit rate when readily determinable, or the incremental borrowing rate. Our incremental borrowing rate is estimated to approximate the interest rate on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments using company specific credit spreads. The Company’s lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease only when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for our operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The quantitative information regarding our leases is as follows:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021 |  | 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate)
Operating lease cost | $ | 1,288 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | 3,903 |  |  | $ | 3,878 |
Short-term lease cost | 113 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 258 |
Sublease income | (10) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (30) |  |  | (30) |
Variable lease cost | 16 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 621 |
Total lease cost | $ | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 1,455 |  |  | $ | 4,709 |  |  | $ | 4,727 |
Other operating leases information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,306 |  |  | $ | 4,172 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities |  |  |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 330 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  |  |  |  | 2.4 |  | 3.4
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 6.4 | %

Minimum future lease payments for operating leases in effect as of October 31, 2022, are as follows:
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| Operating Lease
For the year ending January 31, | (in thousands)
Remaining of 2023 | $ | 1,410 |
2024 | 5,646 |
2025 | 5,643 |
2026 | 1,413 |
2027 | — |
Thereafter | — |
Remaining balance of lease payments | $ | 14,112 |
Short-term lease liabilities | 4,985 |
Long-term lease liabilities | 8,028 |
Total lease liabilities | $ | 13,013 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows | $ | 1,099 |

Note 7. Debt
Outstanding balances for the Company’s long-term debt were as follows:

| 10/31/2022 |  | 1/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (in thousands)
Revolving credit line | $ | 12,221 |  |  | $ | 9,551 |  |  | $ | 7,866 |
Other | 4,680 |  |  | 4,962 |  |  | 5,185 |
Total debt | 16,901 |  |  | 14,513 |  |  | 13,051 |
Less current portion | 2,457 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 504 |
Non-current portion | $ | 14,444 |  |  | $ | 14,173 |  |  | $ | 12,547 |

The Company and Virco Inc., its wholly-owned subsidiary (the “Borrowers”) have a Revolving Credit and Security Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with PNC Bank, National Association, as administrative agent and lender (“PNC”). The Credit Agreement was amended numerous times since its origination in December 2011. On September 28, 2021, the Borrowers entered into an Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Security Agreement (the “Restated Credit Agreement”) with PNC Bank, which amended and restated the prior Credit Agreement and effectively incorporated all of the prior amendments into an amended and restated form of agreement.
The Restated Credit Agreement permits the Company to issue dividends or make payments with respect to the Company’s capital stock in an aggregate amount up to $3.0 million during any fiscal year, provided that no default shall have occurred or is continuing or would result from any such payment, and the Company must demonstrate pro forma compliance with a 12-month trailing fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.20:1.00 as of the fiscal quarter immediately preceding the date of any such dividend or payment. The Restated Credit Agreement also requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, and contains numerous other covenants that limit under certain circumstances the ability of the Borrowers and their subsidiaries to, among other things, merge with or acquire other entities, incur new liens, incur additional indebtedness, sell assets outside of the ordinary course of business, enter into transactions with affiliates, or substantially change the general nature of the business of the Borrowers.
The other material terms of the Restated Credit Agreement are substantially the same as those of the original Credit Agreement, consisting of (i) a revolving line of credit with a Maximum Revolving Advance Amount of $65.0 million that is subject to a borrowing base limitation and generally provides for advances of up to 85% of eligible accounts receivable, plus a percentage equal to the lesser of 60% of the value of eligible inventory or 85% of the liquidation value of eligible inventory, plus $15.0 million from January through July of each year, minus undrawn amounts of letters of credit and reserves. The Restated Credit
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Agreement is secured by substantially all of the Borrowers’ personal property and certain of the Borrowers’ real property. The Restated Credit Agreement is subject to certain prepayment penalties upon early termination of the Restated Credit Agreement. Prior to the maturity date, principal amounts outstanding under the Restated Credit Agreement may be repaid and reborrowed at the option of the Borrowers without premium or penalty, subject to borrowing base limitations, seasonal adjustments and certain other conditions, including reduced borrowings under the revolving line to less than or equal $10.0 million for a period of 30 consecutive days during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. The Restated Credit Agreement also contains certain financial covenants, including a fixed charge coverage ratio and limits on capital expenditures.
The Company was in violation of its financial covenants under the Restated Credit Agreement as of January 31, 2022, due to an increase in the Company’s net loss primarily attributable to the effects of supply chain disruptions and labor shortages. On April 15, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 2”), which implemented the following changes to the Credit Agreement and Revolving Credit Facility:
i.extended the final maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility from March 19, 2023 to April 15, 2027;
ii.increased the borrowing limit from $65.0 million to $70.0 million in July 2022 and August 2022, and increased the borrowing limit from $40,000,000 to $45,000,000 in October 2022;
iii.waived the Company’s violation of the covenant to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1.00 for the period ended January 31, 2022;
iv.for the first and second quarters of fiscal year ending January 31, 2023, implemented a temporary year-to-date adjusted EBITDA covenant in lieu of testing the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant as of such quarters, with quarterly testing of the fixed charge coverage ratio to resume for the third fiscal quarter and thereafter;
v.permits a sale and leaseback transaction of the Company’s property at 1655 Amity Road and release of the lender’s pledge on the property, with the net proceeds to be used for a proposed share repurchase;
vi.retired LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offered Rate) pricing on the Revolving Credit Facility and replaced with BSBY (Bloomberg Short-Term Bank Yield) index, with pricing tiers and spreads to remain the same;
vii.extended the P-card, ACH Credit, and ACH debit facilities for an additional year beyond their current maturities; and
viii.Borrowers to pay a $250,000 extension fee and $75,000 waiver and amendment fee, with $200,000 due at closing and $125,000 due on the first anniversary of closing.
The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants as of October 31, 2022.
In addition to the financial covenants, the Restated Credit Agreement provides for customary events of default, subject to certain cure periods and other limitations. Substantially all of the Borrowers' accounts receivable are automatically and promptly swept to repay amounts outstanding under the Restated Credit Agreement upon receipt by the Borrowers. Due to this automatic liquidating nature of the Restated Credit Agreement, if the Borrowers breach any covenant, violate any representation or warranty or suffer a deterioration in their ability to borrow pursuant to the borrowing base calculation, the Borrowers may not have access to cash liquidity unless provided by PNC at its discretion.
The Company's revolving line of credit with PNC is structured to provide seasonal credit availability during the Company's peak summer season. Approximately $14.5 million was available for borrowing as of October 31, 2022. The interest rate as of October 31, 2022 was 7.50%. The Company also incurs a fee on the unused portion of the revolving line of credit at a rate of 0.375%.
In addition to the outstanding debt balance of $12.2 million on the Company's revolving credit line, the Company also carries a mortgage on a manufacturing building in Conway Arkansas. The original note was dated August 2017 for $5.8 million, at a fixed rate of 4% per year and 20 years term. The outstanding amount under this note was $4.7 million as of October 31, 2022.
Management believes that the carrying value of debt approximated fair value at October 31, 2022, as all of the long-term debt bears interest at variable rates based on prevailing market conditions.
Note 8. Income Taxes
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the
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generation of future taxable income or reversal of deferred tax liabilities during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. As a part of this evaluation, the Company assesses all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, the availability of tax carry backs, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations (including cumulative losses in recent years), to determine whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize existing deferred tax assets. The Company incurred operating losses for fiscal years ended January 31, 2022 and 2021 and when combined with operating results from fiscal year ended January 31, 2020, the Company had incurred a cumulative operating loss for the last three fiscal years. As a result, the Company identified objective and verifiable negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses in the U.S. and in certain state jurisdictions over the preceding twelve quarters ended January 31, 2022. While the Company has taken significant measures to return to profitability, the short-term outlook for the school furniture market is challenging, particularly relating to ongoing supply chain difficulties. During the fourth quarter of the year ended January 31, 2022, based on this evaluation, and after considering future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences and the effects of seasonality on the Company’s business, the Company determined the realization of a majority of the net deferred tax assets no longer met the more likely than not criteria and a valuation allowance was recorded against the majority of the net deferred tax assets. Valuation allowances of $8,893,000, $11,412,000 and $1,237,000 as of October 31, 2022, January 31, 2022 and October 31, 2021, respectively, are needed for federal deferred tax assets and certain state net operating loss carryforwards to reduce the carrying amount of deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company has taken significant measures to return to profitability, order rates for the first nine months of the year were favorable, and the third quarter and year-to-date results are showing significant improvement compared to the prior year. Despite these improvements the Company is still operating at a cumulative twelve quarter operating loss at October 31, 2022. If the current favorable trends in operating income continue through the balance of the year, the Company will utilize a material portion of the net operating losses and will re-evaluate the balance of the valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective income tax rates were 3.9% and 18.2%, respectively. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective income tax rates were 2.6% and 22.2%, respectively. The change in effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022, was primarily due to the recording of a valuation allowance needed for federal deferred tax assets and certain state net operating loss carryforwards which commenced in the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 and continued through the period ended October 31, 2022. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the change in forecasted mix of income before taxes in various jurisdictions, estimated permanent differences and the recording of a partial valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets.
The January 31, 2017 and subsequent fiscal years remain open for examination by the IRS and state tax authorities. The Company is not currently under any state examination. The Company is currently under IRS examination for its fiscal year ended January 31, 2016 Federal tax return.
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Note 9. Net Income per Share
Basic net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net income per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of stock award grants. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income per share:

| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021 |  | 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Net income | $ | 7,875 |  |  | $ | 1,325 |  |  | $ | 12,471 |  |  | $ | 1,176 |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding | 16,211 |  |  | 16,033 |  |  | 16,118 |  |  | 15,927 |
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents from equity incentive plans | 38 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 36 |
Totals | 16,249 |  |  | 16,082 |  |  | 16,136 |  |  | 15,963 |
Net income per share - basic | $ | 0.49 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |
Net income per share - diluted | $ | 0.48 |  |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.77 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |

Note 10. Stock-Based Compensation
Stock Incentive Plan
The Company's two stock incentive plans are the 2019 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) and the 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”).
Under the 2019 Plan, the Company may grant an aggregate of up to 1,000,000 shares to its employees in the form of restricted stock units and non-employee directors in the form of restricted stock awards. Restricted stock units and awards granted under the 2019 Plan are expensed ratably over the vesting period of the awards. The Company determines the fair value of its restricted stock units or awards and related compensation expense as the difference between the market value of the units or awards on the date of grant less the exercise price of the units or awards granted. During the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022, the Company granted 0 awards, vested 114,470 shares according to their terms and forfeited 0 shares under the 2019 Plan. As of October 31, 2022, there were approximately 608,435 shares available for future issuance under the 2019 Plan.
Under the 2011 Plan, the Company was originally allowed to grant an aggregate of up to 2,000,000 shares to its employees in the form of restricted stock units and non-employee directors in the form of restricted stock awards. Restricted stock units and awards granted under the 2011 Plan are expensed ratably over the vesting period of the awards. The Company determines the fair value of its restricted stock units or awards and related compensation expense as the difference between the market value of the units or awards on the date of grant less the exercise price of the units or awards granted. The 2011 Plan expired in 2021 and no new awards may be made under the 2011 Plan. During the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022, the Company vested 233,270 shares according to their terms and forfeited 0 shares under the 2011 Plan.
During the three months ended October 31, 2022, stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units and/or awards recognized in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses was $28,000 and $75,000, respectively. During the three months ended October 31, 2021, stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units and/or awards recognized in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses was $54,000 and $199,000, respectively.
During the nine months ended October 31, 2022, stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units and/or awards recognized in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses was $120,000 and $389,000, respectively. During the nine months ended October 31, 2021, stock-based compensation expense related to restricted stock units and/or awards recognized in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses was $164,000 and $595,000, respectively.
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As of October 31, 2022, there was $652,000 of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested restricted stock units and/or awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 2 years.
Note 11. Retirement Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries cover certain employees under a noncontributory defined benefit retirement plan, entitled the Virco Employees’ Retirement Plan (the “Pension Plan”). As more fully described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, benefit accruals under the Employees Retirement Plan were frozen effective December 31, 2003. There is no service cost incurred under this plan.
The Company also provides a supplementary retirement plan for certain key employees, the VIP Retirement Plan (the “VIP Plan”). As more fully described in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended January 31, 2022, benefit accruals under this plan were frozen since December 31, 2003.
The net periodic pension cost for the Pension Plan and the VIP Plan for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

| Combined Employee Retirement Plans
| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021 |  | 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (in thousands)
Service cost | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Interest cost | 298 |  | 281 |  | 895 |  | 841
Expected return on plan assets | (237) |  | (218) |  | (711) |  | (654)
Plan settlement | 64 |  | 65 |  | 64 |  | 285
Amortization of prior service cost | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Recognized net actuarial loss | 134 |  | 442 |  | 402 |  | 1,328
Benefit cost | $ | 259 |  | $ | 570 |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 1,800 |

During the three and nine month periods ended October 31, 2022, the Company paid lump-sum distributions for the related benefit obligations. As the amount of the lump-sum settlement exceeded the sum of the service and interest cost for the year, the distribution was treated as a settlement in accordance with U.S. GAAP, resulting in plan settlement loss of $64,000 recorded in pension expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and an actuarial gain on the plan re-measurement of $3,347,000, net of tax, recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2021.
401(k) Retirement Plan
The Company’s retirement plan, which covers all U.S. employees, allows participants to defer from 1% to 75% of their eligible compensation through a 401(k)-retirement program. The plan includes Virco stock as one of the investment options. At October 31, 2022 and 2021, the plan held 1,250,468 shares and 1,026,096 shares of Virco stock, respectively. For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the compensation costs incurred for employer match, which is paid in the form of Company stock, was $333,000 and $217,000 respectively. For the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the compensation costs incurred for employer match, which is paid in the form of Company stock, was $985,000 and $608,000 respectively.
Note 12. Warranty Accrual
The Company provides a warranty against all substantial defects in material and workmanship. The standard warranty offered on products sold through January 31, 2013 is ten years. Effective February 1, 2014 the Company modified its warranty to a limited lifetime warranty. The warranty effective February 1, 2014 is not anticipated to have a significant effect on warranty expense. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company modified the standard warranty offered on products sold after January 1, 2017 to provide specific warranty periods by product component, with no warranty period longer than ten years. The Company’s warranty is not a guarantee of service life, which depends upon events outside the Company’s control and may be different from the warranty period. The Company accrues an estimate of its exposure to warranty claims based upon both product sales data and an analysis of actual warranty claims incurred.
The following is a summary of the Company’s warranty-claim activity for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021:
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| Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
| 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021 |  | 10/31/2022 |  | 10/31/2021
| (in thousands)
Beginning balance | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 600 |  |  | $ | 700 |
Provision | 106 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 84 |
Costs incurred | (56) |  |  | (28) |  |  | (156) |  |  | (84) |
Ending balance | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 700 |

Note 13. Contingencies
The Company has a self-insured retention for product losses up to $250,000 per occurrence, workers’ compensation liability losses up to $250,000 per occurrence, general liability losses up to $50,000 per occurrence and automobile liability losses up to $50,000 per occurrence. The Company has purchased insurance to cover losses in excess of the self-insurance retention or deductible up to a limit of $30,000,000. The Company has obtained an actuarial estimate of its total expected future losses for liability claims and recorded a liability equal to the net present value.
The Company and its subsidiaries are defendants in various legal proceedings resulting from operations in the normal course of business. It is the opinion of management, in consultation with legal counsel, that the ultimate outcome of all such matters will not materially affect the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Note 14. Delivery Costs
For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, shipping and classroom delivery costs of approximately $8,393,000 and $6,209,000, respectively, were included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
For the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, shipping and classroom delivery costs of approximately $18,776,000 and $14,242,000, respectively, were included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Note 15. Subsequent Events
None.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Results of Operations
Overview
The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2022 and the comparable periods ended October 31, 2021 have been significantly impacted by economic conditions driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions and global conflict. The impact of COVID-19 has been quite different during the current year compared to the prior year. Typically, the Company has an exceptionally seasonal annual cycle where approximately 50% of sales occur in the months of June, July and August. Orders received from customers follow a similar seasonal cycle, with the bulk of orders arriving approximately 4-6 weeks preceding the selling season.
During the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2021, the majority of our primary customers had either returned to full time classroom instruction or were planning for an imminent return. During this period, the Company received a large number of orders earlier than usual for immediate delivery in anticipation of the return to classroom instruction. Due to shortages of labor and raw materials, the Company was not able to deliver the ordered furniture during the traditional three months seasonal window in 2021, and therefore elevated production and shipping activity extended through the fourth quarter ended January 31, 2022. The Company began this fiscal year with a backlog of unshipped sales orders that was approximately $20 million more than typical of prior years.
For the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2022, management believes that the traditional seasonal cycle and the Company’s ability to service that seasonal cycle has started to return to normal. Year-to-date the Company experienced a 6.7% increase in orders compared to the same period last year, but quarterly order rates were volatile compared to the prior year and returned to a more traditional seasonal cycle. During the quarter ended October 31, 2022, the Company experienced a 15.9% decrease in orders compared to the same period last year, while orders for the first two quarters of 2022 increased compared to the same period last year.
During the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2021, the Company incurred severe price increases in the cost of raw materials. By example the cost of steel, depending on type, increased by 50% to 100% during the year. In addition to increased costs, the Company incurred shortages of domestically supplied materials including steel, plastic, resin, and wood. These cost increases continued through the end of the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022. During the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2021, the Company incurred labor shortages and had severe difficulty hiring both permanent and temporary labor. The Company paid significant amounts of double-time wages to both factory and warehouse employees, which adversely affected financial results. In comparison, the three-month and nine-month periods ended October 31, 2022 were characterized by continued high raw material costs, but did not incur the same severe spike in raw material costs incurred in the prior year. Many raw material costs continued to increase moderately during the nine months ended October 31, 2022, but the cost of steel and select other costs have declined. The Company raised factory wages by nearly $3 per hour in the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended January 31, 2022. This increased factory direct labor and overhead expenses, but allowed the Company to hire and retain adequate permanent and temporary labor. Production levels for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 increased by 18% compared to the prior year, but the entire increase occurred in the first six months of the year to support increased levels of seasonal summer sales. Increased levels of factory production and the related overhead absorption partially offset the effect of increased labor expenses.
Supply chain disruptions from international sources – primarily China – continue to adversely affect operations and the competitive landscape. In the six-month period ended July 31, 2021, obtaining materials from China was adversely affected by sharply increased freight costs and by severe disruptions in ocean freight at domestic ports. The Company experienced supply chain disruptions from domestic suppliers in addition to imported components. In the current nine-month period ended October 31, 2022, the port congestion has improved moderately and ocean freight costs have not been as volatile as in the prior year, but China’s severe lockdowns of major cities due to COVID has adversely affected shipments from China to the United States. Because the Company has maintained its domestic factories, management believes that the Company will be less vulnerable to international supply chain disruption compared to competitors that source finished goods overseas, but the Company will still be affected by these international events.
Virco does not deliver furniture to new schools until the customer has an occupancy certificate. Supply chain disruptions in the construction industry which may delay the completion of new schools did not significantly impact sales volume during the quarter ended October 31, 2022, but may impact the timing of sales during the balance of the year.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has caused oil and energy prices to spike, which can increase the cost of plastic and freight. The Company incurred increased freight rates, but because the Company increased selling prices at the beginning of the year, freight costs as a percentage of sales have been stable. In addition, approximately two thirds of the pig iron used in domestic steel production comes from Russia and Ukraine. During the quarter ended October 31, 2022, steel prices declined, but remain high in comparison to the beginning of 2021.
As discussed in the Risk Factors section of the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, the Company utilizes one nationwide contract to price a significant portion of our orders. This contract/price list determines selling prices for goods and services for periods of one year and occasionally longer. Due to the current volatile nature of commodity and energy prices in addition to general inflation, the Company has negotiated the ability to increase prices for orders received after July 1 of each contract year in addition to the January 1 price increase. There is typically several months' time lag between raising prices on orders and realizing the increase in sales revenue. Sales for the first quarter ended April 30, 2022 consisted substantially of orders received prior to the January 1, 2022 price increase. Sales for the second quarter ended July 31, 2022 and third quarter ending October 31, 2022 substantially consist of orders received prior to the July 1, 2022 price increase. The impact of the price increase for orders received after July 1, 2022 should benefit the Company’s fourth quarter ending January 31, 2023 to the extent such orders are shipped during the fourth quarter.
Three Months Ended October 31, 2022
For the three months ended October 31, 2022, the Company earned pre-tax income of $8,194,000 on sales of $77,395,000 compared to a pre-tax income of $1,620,000 on sales of $57,331,000 in the prior year.
Sales increased by approximately $20,064,000 or 35.0%, compared to the same period in 2021. The increase was attributable to an increase in beginning of year sales backlog, increased first quarter orders, a price increase for orders received after January 1, and by the Company’s ability to service the traditional seasonal cycle. During fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, the Company incurred severe supply chain issues and labor shortages and shipped a larger portion of annual sales revenue later in the fiscal year.
Gross margin for the third quarter ended October 31, 2022 was 39.8% of sales compared to 35.4% in the prior year. In order to recover the increased cost of materials and labor incurred in the prior year, the Company raised prices for all orders received after January 1, 2022. The impact of the price increase did not fully affect sales for the first quarter, but was substantially realized for sales during the second quarter ended July 31, 2022 and the third quarter ended October 31, 2022. In the prior quarter, the Company incurred significant increases in raw material costs. In the current quarter, raw material costs remained high but were relatively stable, and were covered by the price increase of January 1, 2022.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended October 31, 2022 increased by approximately $4,195,000 compared to the same period last year, but decreased as a percentage of sales to 28.4% compared to 31.0% in the prior year. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was attributable in part to increased variable freight and service expense and by increased variable selling expenses. In addition, the Company settled a legal action related to its intellectual property rights against a competitor in the school furniture market. The settlement effectively offset legal expenses for the nine months ended October 31, 2022.
The primary component of pension expense relates to the amortization of AOCI. In the prior year ended January 31, 2022 the Company benefited from favorable investment returns on Plan assets and reduced measurement of benefit obligations due to increased discount rates, both of which favorably impacted AOCI. Because beginning of the AOCI was lower, the quarterly amortization of AOCI was reduced compared to the comparable period in the prior year.
Interest expense increased by $240,000 for the three months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period last year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in the amount borrowed in 2022 to finance seasonal working capital and an increase in the interest rate.
For the three months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective income tax rates were 3.9% and 18.2%, respectively. The lower effective tax rate in 2022 was due primarily to the recording of a valuation allowance needed for federal deferred tax assets and certain state net operating loss carryforwards which commenced in the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 and continued through the period ended October 31, 2022. Effective tax rate for the third quarter ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the change in forecasted mix of income before taxes in various jurisdictions, estimated permanent differences and the recording of a partial valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets.
Nine Months Ended October 31, 2022
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For the nine-month period ended October 31, 2022 the Company earned a pre-tax profit of $12,803,000 on sales of $192,276,000 compared to a pre-tax profit of $1,511,000 on sales of $144,720,000 in the prior year. Sales increased by approximately $47,556,000 or 32.9%. The increase was attributable to an increase in beginning of year sales backlog, increased first quarter orders, a price increase for orders received after January 1, 2022 and by the Company’s ability to service the traditional seasonal cycle.
Gross margin for the first nine months of fiscal 2023 was 37.6% of sales compared to 34.8% in the prior year. The margin was positively affected by a price increase at the beginning of fiscal 2023, offset in part by increased labor expenses. Raw material costs increased significantly in the prior year. These costs remained high for the current year but were relatively stable and were substantially covered by the price increase implemented January 1, 2022.
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 increased compared to the same period last year by approximately $11,083,000 but decreased as a percentage of sales to 29.7% compared to 31.8% in the prior year . The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was attributable to increased variable freight and service expenses and variable selling expenses. Legal expenses to enforce the Company's intellectual property rights against a competitor in the school furniture market were offset by a settlement received in the third quarter ended October 31, 2022.
The primary component of pension expense relates to the amortization of AOCI. In the prior year ended January 31, 2022 the Company benefited from favorable investment returns on Plan assets and reduced measurement of benefit obligations due to increased discount rates, both of which favorably impacted AOCI. Because beginning of the AOCI was lower, the quarterly amortization of AOCI was reduced compared to the comparable period in the prior year.
Interest expense increased by $713,000 for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 compared to the same period last year. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in the amount borrowed in 2022 to finance seasonal working capital and an increase in interest rate.
For the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, the effective income tax rates were 2.6% and 22.2%, respectively. The lower effective tax rate was due primarily to the recording of a valuation allowance needed for federal deferred tax assets and certain state net operating loss carryforwards which commenced in the fourth quarter of fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 and continued through the period ended October 31, 2022. Effective tax rate for the third quarter ended October 31, 2021 was primarily due to the change in forecasted mix of income before taxes in various jurisdictions, estimated permanent differences and the recording of a partial valuation allowance on net deferred tax assets.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The market for education furniture is extremely seasonal and approximately 50% of the Company's annual sales volume is shipped in the months of June through August of each year. The Company traditionally manufactures large quantities of inventory during the first and second quarters of each fiscal year in anticipation of seasonally high summer shipments. In addition, the Company finances a large balance of accounts receivable during the peak season. As discussed above, during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 the Company experienced severe supply chain disruptions and labor availability and delivered orders later in the year. In the current quarter ended October 31, 2022, the Company continued to experience supply chain challenges, but not to the same degree as in the prior year. The Company believes that traditional seasonal sales cycle has substantially returned for the quarter ended October 31, 2022, and will continue through the fourth quarter ending January 31, 2023.
Inventory increased by $16,982,000 at October 31, 2022 compared to October 31, 2021. Approximately 11% of the increase in inventory was valuation as a result of increased material and labor costs, and the balance was due to increased quantity. The quantity of inventory increased due to increased sales volume, and because the Company did not have adequate levels of inventory in the prior year due to supply chain issues. The increase in inventory was financed by increased borrowing under the Company’s line of credit with PNC Bank and increased vendor credit, which traditionally increases with increased purchases of materials.
Accrual basis capital expenditures for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 were $2,716,000 compared to $2,552,000 for the same period last year. Capital expenditures are being financed through the Company's credit facility with PNC Bank and operating cash flow and restricted to not exceed $8,000,000 per year by covenant.
The Company was in violation of its financial covenants under the Restated Credit Agreement as of January 31, 2022, due to an increase in the Company’s net loss primarily attributable to the effects of supply chain disruptions and labor shortages. On April 15, 2022, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Revolving Credit and Security Agreement with PNC Bank,
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which implemented certain changes to the Company’s credit facility with PNC Bank, including the extension of the final maturity date of the facility to April 15, 2027 and increase in the borrowing limit from $65,000,000 to $70,000,000 in July and August 2022, and from $40,000,000 to $45,000,000 in October 2022. See Note 7. Debt of Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Based on the Company’s current projections, including COVID-19 related costs, raw material costs and its ability to introduce price increases, management believes it will maintain compliance with its financial covenants under Amendment No. 2, although risks and uncertainties remain, such as economic conditions, changing raw material costs and supply chain challenges. The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants as of October 31, 2022.
The Company believes that cash flows from operations, together with the Company's unused borrowing capacity with PNC Bank will be sufficient to fund the Company's debt service requirements, capital expenditures and working capital needs for the next twelve months.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
None.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The Company's critical accounting policies are outlined in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022.
Forward-Looking Statements
From time to time, including in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended October 31, 2022, the Company or its representatives have made and may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing. Such forward-looking statements may be included in, without limitation, reports to stockholders, press releases, oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer of the Company and filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The words or phrases “anticipates,” “expects,” “will continue,” “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The results contemplated by the Company's forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from anticipated results, including without limitation, availability of funding for educational institutions, availability and cost of materials, availability and cost of labor, demand for the Company's products, competitive conditions affecting selling prices and margins, capital costs and general economic conditions. Such risks and uncertainties are discussed in more detail in the Company's Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, including under the caption "Risk Factors".
The Company's forward-looking statements represent its judgment only on the dates such statements were made. By making any forward-looking statements, the Company assumes no duty to update them to reflect new, changed or unanticipated events or circumstances.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and is therefore not required to provide the information under this item.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including its Principal Executive Officer along with its Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) as of October 31, 2022. Based upon the foregoing, the Company's Principal Executive Officer along with the Company's Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of such date were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in the Company’s Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Company management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure
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controls and procedures, Company management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including its Principal Executive Officer along with its Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon the foregoing, the Company's Principal Executive Officer along with the Company's Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter covered by this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II — Other Information
Virco Mfg. Corporation
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company is a party to various legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business which, in the opinion of the Company, are not material in that management either expects that the Company will be successful on the merits of the pending cases or that any liabilities resulting from such cases will be substantially covered by insurance. While it is impossible to estimate with certainty the ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to these actions, management believes that the aggregate amount of such liabilities will not be material to the results of operations, financial position, or cash flows of the Company.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
You should carefully consider and evaluate the information in this Quarterly Report and the risk factors set forth under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”), which was filed with the SEC on April 28, 2022. The risk factors associated with our business have not materially changed compared to the risk factors disclosed in the Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Number | Document
31.1 | Certification of Robert A. Virtue, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Securities Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Robert E. Dose, Vice President, Finance, pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Securities Exchange Act, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certifications of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Exhibit 101.INS — XBRL Instance Document.
Exhibit 101.SCH — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
Exhibit 101.CAL — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
Exhibit 101.LAB — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
Exhibit 101.PRE — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| VIRCO MFG. CORPORATION
Date: December 12, 2022 | By: | /s/ Robert E. Dose
|  | Robert E. Dose
|  | Vice President — Finance
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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