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Fair Value Measurements | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements The guidance regarding fair value measurements establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. The Company reviews the fair value hierarchy classification on a quarterly basis. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels for certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company did not have any transfer of assets and liabilities between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and are determined using the following inputs as of December 31, 2019:
| Fair Value Measurements at
| December 31, 2019
| Total |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 2,349,729 |  |  | $ | 2,349,729 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mutual funds | 67,338,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,338,017 |  |  | — |
Investments in affiliated entities | 6,315,356 |  |  | 6,315,356 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 76,003,102 |  |  | $ | 8,665,085 |  |  | $ | 67,338,017 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liability (Note 10) | $ | 8,819,023 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,819,023 |
Total liabilities | $ | 8,819,023 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,819,023 |
The following table presents the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, and are determined using the following inputs as of December 31, 2018:
| Fair Value Measurements at
| December 31, 2018
| Total |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Unobservable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | $ | 9,646,507 |  |  | $ | 9,646,507 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Mutual funds | 57,314,871 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,314,871 |  |  | — |
US corporate debt securities | 223,981 |  |  | — |  |  | 223,981 |  |  | — |
Investments in affiliated entities | 9,405,913 |  |  | 9,405,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 76,591,272 |  |  | $ | 19,052,420 |  |  | $ | 57,538,852 |  |  | $ | — |
Level 1 assets at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of money market funds held by the Company that are valued at quoted market prices, as well as the Company’s investments in its affiliates, GeneOne and PLS. The Company accounts for its investment in 1,644,155 common shares of GeneOne based on the closing price of the shares on the Korean Stock Exchange on the applicable balance sheet date. The Company accounts for its investment in 395,758 common shares of PLS as an equity investment with a fair value based on the closing price of the shares on the Korea New Exchange (KONEX) Market on the applicable balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses on the Company's equity securities are reported in the consolidated statement of operations as a gain (loss) on investment in affiliated entities. Level 2 assets at December 31, 2019 consisted of mutual funds. Level 2 assets at December 31, 2018 consisted of U.S. corporate debt securities and mutual funds. Level 2 assets held by the Company that are initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, typically utilizing market observable data. The Company obtains the fair value of its Level 2 assets from a professional pricing service, which may use quoted market prices for identical or comparable instruments, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable either directly or indirectly. The professional pricing service gathers quoted market prices and observable inputs from a variety of industry data providers. The valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of the Company's Level 2 financial instruments were derived from non-binding market consensus prices that are corroborated by observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, or pricing models such as discounted cash flow techniques. The Company validates the quoted market prices provided by the primary pricing service by comparing the service's assessment of the fair values of the Company's investment portfolio balance against the fair values of the Company's investment portfolio balance obtained from an independent source. In March 2019, August 2019 and December 2019, the Company issued the Convertible Notes, August 2019 Bonds and December 2019 Bonds, respectively. The carrying value of the Notes and Bonds approximates the fair value as December 31, 2019. See Note 10 for additional information. There were no Level 3 assets held as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Level 3 liabilities held at December 31, 2019 consisted of the embedded conversion option contained in the August 2019 Bonds that met the criteria to be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the August 2019 Bonds (the "derivative liability") (see Note 10 below for more information). The derivative liability was recorded at fair value of $7.1 million upon the issuance of the August 2019 Bonds, and is subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting period. The derivative liability was initially valued and remeasured using a "with-and-without" method. The "with-and-without" methodology involves valuing the whole instrument on an as-is basis and then valuing the instrument without the embedded conversion option. The difference between the entire instrument with the embedded conversion option compared to the instrument without the embedded conversion option is the fair value of the derivative, recorded as the derivative liability. There was no derivative liability associated with the issuance of the December 2019 Bonds. The fair value of the August 2019 Bonds with the conversion option is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. The key inputs to valuing the August 2019 Bonds with the conversion option on the date of issuance and as of December 31, 2019 include the Company’s stock price on the valuation date; the expected annual volatility of the Company’s common stock, and the discount yield, which was derived by making the fair value of the August 2019 Bonds equal to the face value on the issuance date. Fair value measurements are highly sensitive to changes in these inputs and significant changes in these inputs could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value. The following table presents the changes in fair value of the derivative liability for the year ended December 31, 2019:
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | — |
Initial fair value upon issuance of the August 2019 Bonds | 7,055,371 |
Change in fair value | 1,763,652 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 8,819,023 |
There were no Level 3 liabilities held as of December 31, 2018.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=117815213&loc=d3e19207-110258 + Details
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