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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of components of income tax expense (benefit) | The components of the provision for income taxes are presented in the following table:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
State | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign | — |  |  | 2,170,000 |  |  | — |
| 6,000 |  |  | 2,170,000 |  |  | — |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (263,000 | ) |  | — |  |  |  |
State | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| (263,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | (257,000 | ) |  | $ | 2,170,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Schedule of effective income tax rate reconciliation | The reconciliation of income taxes attributable to continuing operations computed at the statutory tax rates to income tax expense (benefit), using a 21% statutory tax rate for December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 35% statutory tax rate for December 31, 2017, is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Income (benefit) taxes at statutory rates | $ | (25,370,000 | ) |  | $ | (19,908,000 | ) |  | $ | (30,872,000 | )
State income tax, net of federal benefit | — |  |  | (4,000 | ) |  | (4,000 | )
Foreign income taxes | — |  |  | 2,170,000 |  |  | — |
Change in valuation allowance | 25,457,000 |  |  | 20,898,000 |  |  | (20,965,000 | )
Research and development tax credits | (3,838,000 | ) |  | (3,170,000 | ) |  | (3,456,000 | )
Change in fair value of warrants | — |  |  | (76,000 | ) |  | (282,000 | )
Stock-based compensation | 1,114,000 |  |  | 1,094,000 |  |  | 2,332,000 |
Uncertain tax positions | 1,537,000 |  |  | 1,268,000 |  |  | 846,000 |
Expired NOLs and credits | 616,000 |  |  | 2,176,000 |  |  | 454,000 |
Limited NOLs and credits | (616,000 | ) |  | (2,176,000 | ) |  | (165,000 | )
Change in tax rates | 12,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 50,019,000 |
Other | 831,000 |  |  | (102,000 | ) |  | 2,093,000 |
| $ | (257,000 | ) |  | $ | 2,170,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Schedule of deferred tax assets and liabilities | Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are shown below:
| As of December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Capitalized research expense | $ | 6,300,000 |  |  | $ | 7,408,000 |
NOL carryforwards | 110,788,000 |  |  | 89,399,000 |
Research and development and other tax credits | 11,737,000 |  |  | 9,432,000 |
Deferred revenue | 1,506,000 |  |  | 985,000 |
Deferred rent | — |  |  | 2,013,000 |
Stock-based compensation | 3,255,000 |  |  | 3,408,000 |
Acquired intangibles | 889,000 |  |  | 912,000 |
Derivative liability | 1,852,000 |  |  | — |
Interest expense | 1,122,000 |  |  | — |
Investment in affiliated entity | 645,000 |  |  | — |
Lease liability | 4,722,000 |  |  | — |
Other | 2,413,000 |  |  | 2,693,000 |
| 145,229,000 |  |  | 116,250,000 |
Valuation allowance | (137,159,000 | ) |  | (115,007,000 | )
Total deferred tax assets | 8,070,000 |  |  | 1,243,000 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Acquired intangibles | (160,000 | ) |  | (142,000 | )
Investment in affiliated entity | — |  |  | (4,000 | )
Right of use asset | (2,894,000 | ) |  | — |
Note discount | (2,862,000 | ) |  | — |
Convertible note | (1,381,000 | ) |  | — |
Fixed assets | (805,000 | ) |  | (1,121,000 | )
Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (32,000 | ) |  | $ | (24,000 | )
Schedule of operating loss and tax credit carryforward expirations | Based upon statute, federal and state losses and credits are expected to expire as follows (in millions):
Expiration Date: | Federal NOLs |  | State NOLs |  | Federal R&D |  | State R&D
2020 | $ | 1.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2021 | 2.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2022 | 6.0 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2023 | 4.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
2024 and thereafter | 282.3 |  |  | 148.1 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | — |
Indefinite | 186.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.2 |
| $ | 483.3 |  |  | $ | 149.1 |  |  | $ | 17.3 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits rollforward | The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Balance at beginning of the year | $ | 9,632,000 |  |  | $ | 8,313,000 |  |  | $ | 6,855,000 |
Increases related to current year tax positions | 1,575,000 |  |  | 1,319,000 |  |  | 1,532,000 |
Increases (decreases) related to prior year tax positions | (3,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (74,000 | )
Balance at end of the year | $ | 11,204,000 |  |  | $ | 9,632,000 |  |  | $ | 8,313,000 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=84230637&loc=d3e32639-109319 + Details
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