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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Cash flows from operating activities:      
Net loss $ (167,474,914) $ (120,551,777) $ (96,967,830)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:      
Depreciation 3,038,996 3,598,388 3,747,183
Amortization of intangible assets 547,081 1,066,294 1,249,584
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets 1,041,713 851,760  
Change in fair value of common stock warrants 0 0 (360,795)
Change in fair value of derivative liability 75,670,977 1,763,652 0
Stock-based compensation 15,647,523 10,901,320 10,654,622
Non-cash interest expense 4,077,686 5,230,954 0
Amortization of premiums on investments 0 1,962 72,561
Deferred taxes 0 5,397 0
Loss (gain) on short-term investments 588,270 (476,368) 1,342,005
Settlement of receivable with shares of common stock from affiliated entity (PLS) (1,713,770) 0 0
Gain on deconsolidation of Geneos (4,121,075) 0 0
Loss on disposal of fixed assets 26,913 5,889 14,529
(Gain) loss on equity investment in affiliated entities (36,556,658) 3,090,557 1,988,567
Share of net loss in Geneos 4,584,610 0 0
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale equity securities (1,695,497) 0 0
Tax benefit from other unrealized gains on short-term investments 0 (266,215) 0
Unrealized transaction loss on foreign-currency denominated debt 15,902 471,172 0
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:      
Accounts receivable (17,859,894) 2,616,288 2,686,844
Accounts receivable from affiliated entities 844,423 (593,461) (251,964)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (38,849,572) (178,008) 1,194,316
Prepaid expenses and other current assets from affiliated entities 374,107 70,665 725,202
Other assets (23,285,424) (2,026) (30,644)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3,115,828 (4,337,829) 550,407
Accrued clinical trial expenses 5,962,381 (1,622,037) (2,940,128)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses due to affiliated entities 135,650 (248,063) 50,849
Deferred revenue (68,078) (180,450) (1,016,836)
Deferred revenue from affiliated entities 5,725 (1,800) (140,535)
Deferred rent 0 0 (398,357)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net (2,091,855) (1,733,599)  
Grant funding liability 1,409,098 1,899,364 4,165,848
Grant funding liability from affiliated entities (784,925) 816,342 27,083
Other liabilities 20,720 (48,507) 87,333
Net cash used in operating activities (177,979,046) (97,850,136) (73,550,156)
Cash flows from investing activities:      
Purchases of investments (156,216,677) (100,950,301) (88,155,046)
Proceeds from sale of or maturity of investments 62,991,023 92,893,232 132,659,976
Purchases of capital assets (1,520,665) (987,926) (2,085,022)
Proceeds from sale of investment 40,125,418 0 0
Decrease of cash resulting from the deconsolidation of Geneos (2,774,851) 0 0
Investment in Geneos (1,399,999) 0 0
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (58,795,751) (9,044,995) 42,419,908
Cash flows from financing activities:      
Proceeds from issuances of convertible senior notes and convertible bonds 0 97,443,617 0
Costs related to issuances of convertible senior notes and convertible bonds 0 (3,314,757) 0
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 454,486,400 9,089,010 29,227,776
Proceeds from stock option and warrant exercises, net of tax payments 12,269,801 112,522 2,421,136
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards, net of proceeds from option exercises (4,028,177) (892,928) (611,610)
Acquisition of non-controlling interest 2,379,969 2,960,131 0
Proceeds from Geneos issuance of note payable 171,620 0 0
Net cash provided by financing activities 465,279,613 105,397,595 31,037,302
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 27,205 0 0
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 228,532,021 (1,497,536) (92,946)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 22,196,097 23,693,633 23,786,579
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period 250,728,118 22,196,097 23,693,633
Supplemental disclosure:      
Amounts accrued for purchases of property and equipment 136,711 0 559,646
Interest paid 4,624,764 2,717,585 0
Equity component of issuance of convertible notes 0 15,752,698 0
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations 0 14,634,769  
August 2019 Bonds      
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:      
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt 8,177,043 0 0
6.50% Convertible Senior Notes Due 2024      
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:      
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt $ (8,762,030) $ 0 $ 0