<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-25-155531.txt : 20250703
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-25-155531.hdr.sgml : 20250703
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250703170849
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-25-155531
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	424B5
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		2
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250703
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250703

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001055726
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				330969592
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		424B5
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-275445
		FILM NUMBER:		251106296

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		660 W. GERMANTOWN PIKE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 110
		CITY:			PLYMOUTH MEETING
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19462
		BUSINESS PHONE:		8584103134

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		660 W. GERMANTOWN PIKE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 110
		CITY:			PLYMOUTH MEETING
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19462

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INOVIO BIOMEDICAL CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20050404

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20011116

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL LTD
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19980213
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>424B5
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>d93396d424b5.htm
<DESCRIPTION>424B5
<TEXT>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>424B5</TITLE>
</HEAD>
 <BODY BGCOLOR="WHITE" STYLE="line-height:Normal">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5) <BR>Registration Number 333-275445
</B></FONT></P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>(To Prospectus Dated January&nbsp;31, 2024) </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">


<IMG SRC="g93396g01l45.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:2.16in;height:0.51in;">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>14,285,715 Shares of Common Stock </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series A Warrants to Purchase up to 14,285,715 Shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants)
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series B Warrants to Purchase up to 14,285,715 Shares of Common Stock (or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:4.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <P STYLE="font-size:9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are offering 14,285,715 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as well as accompanying Series A common stock warrants,
or the Series A warrants, to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof), and accompanying Series B
common stock warrants, or the Series B warrants, to purchase up to 14,285,715&nbsp;shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof).
The Series A warrants and Series B warrants are collectively referred to herein as the &#147;common stock warrants.&#148; The common stock will be sold in fixed combinations with the common stock warrants, with each share of common stock that we
sell in this offering being accompanied by a Series&nbsp;A warrant to purchase one share of common stock and a Series B warrant to purchase one share of common stock. This prospectus supplement also relates to the offering of the shares of our
common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) issuable upon the exercise of such common stock warrants. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">The combined public offering price for each share of common stock, accompanying Series A warrant and accompanying Series&nbsp;B warrant is $1.75. The shares of common stock, accompanying Series A warrants and accompanying Series B
warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but can only be purchased together in the offering. Each Series A warrant and Series B warrant will be exercisable immediately, subject to the limitations described in the section
titled &#147;Description of the Securities We Are Offering.&#148; The Series A warrants will expire on the date that is the earlier of (i) 30 days following our public announcement of the acceptance of a Biologic License Application, or BLA, for <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and (ii) 12 months from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price equal to $1.75 per share of common stock (or $1.749 per <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant). The Series B warrants will expire five years from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price equal to $1.75 per share of common stock (or $1.749 per
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant). </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the
symbol &#147;INO.&#148; On July&nbsp;2, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $2.14 per share. There is no established public trading market for the common stock warrants, and we do not expect a
market to develop. We do not intend to list the common stock warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market, any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the
common stock warrants will be limited. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are a &#147;smaller reporting company&#148; under applicable Securities and Exchange
Commission, or the SEC, rules and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See &#147;Prospectus Summary&#151;Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company.&#148; </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:2.5pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="63%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="11%"></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="9%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="5"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Per&nbsp;share&nbsp;of&nbsp;common&nbsp;stock<BR>and&nbsp;accompanying&nbsp;Series&nbsp;A<BR>warrant and accompanying<BR>Series B
warrant</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Total</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Public offering price</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$1.7500</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">25,000,001.25</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Underwriting discounts and commissions<SUP
STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">(1)</SUP></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$0.1225</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1,750,000.09</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Proceeds, before expenses, to us</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$1.6275</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">23,250,001.16</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;
</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:2.5pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV><DIV STYLE="line-height:8.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361;width:39%">&nbsp;</DIV>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">(1)</SUP>&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">See the section titled &#147;Underwriting&#148; beginning on page S-33 of this prospectus
supplement for additional information regarding total underwriting compensation. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have granted the
underwriters an option for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus supplement to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock and Series A warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or
pre-funded warrants) and Series B warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants) at the public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:9pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361;width:20%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Investing in our securities involves risk. See &#147;<A HREF="#supptoc93396_4">Risk Factors</A>&#148; beginning on page <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-9</FONT> of this prospectus supplement, on page 6 of the accompanying base prospectus and in our filings with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein and therein to read about factors you should consider before
investing in our securities. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these
securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The underwriters expect to deliver the shares of common stock and common stock warrants against payment on or about July&nbsp;7, 2025.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:20pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Bookrunning Manager </I></B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:20pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:-3%; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Piper Sandler </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Passive Bookrunner </I></B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:3%; text-indent:-3%; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Oppenheimer &amp; Co. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>The date of this prospectus supplement is July 2,
2025. </B></FONT></P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="toc"></A>TABLE OF CONTENTS </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="80%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="4%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #465361"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Prospectus Supplement</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_1">About This Prospectus
Supplement</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-ii</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_2">Prospectus Summary</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-1</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_3">The Offering</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-5</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_4">Risk Factors</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-9</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_5">Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-12</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_6">Use of Proceeds</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-15</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_7">Dividend Policy</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-16</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_8">Dilution</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-17</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_9">Description of the Securities We Are
Offering</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-19</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_10">Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of Our
 Common Stock and Common Stock Warrants</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-24</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_11">Underwriting</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-33</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_12">Legal Matters</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-43</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_13">Experts</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-43</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_14">Where You Can Find More
Information</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-44</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#supptoc93396_15">Incorporation of Certain Documents By
Reference</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-45</FONT></FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Prospectus</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_1">About This Prospectus</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_2">Summary</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_3">Risk Factors</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">6</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_4">Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking
Statements</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">7</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_5">Use of Proceeds</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">9</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_6">Description of Capital Stock</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">10</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_7">Description of Debt Securities</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">13</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_8">Description of Warrants</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">20</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_9">Legal Ownership of Securities</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">22</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_10">Plan of Distribution</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">25</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_11">Legal Matters</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">27</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_12">Experts</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">27</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_13">Where You Can Find More
Information</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">28</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="4"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><A HREF="#rom93396_14">Incorporation of Certain Information By
Reference</A></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">29</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-i
</FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_1"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This prospectus supplement is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the SEC utilizing a shelf
registration process. This prospectus supplement is not complete without, and may not be utilized except in connection with, the accompanying prospectus. This prospectus supplement provides supplemental information regarding us and updates certain
information contained in the accompanying prospectus and describes the specific terms of this offering. The accompanying prospectus gives more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. We incorporate important information
into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus by reference. You should read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus together with additional information described below under the headings &#147;Where You Can Find
More Information&#148; and &#147;Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference&#148; prior to investing in our securities. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or the
accompanying prospectus will be deemed to be modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement
or the accompanying prospectus modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus supplement. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, the documents incorporated
by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with the offering. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you
with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. The distribution of this
prospectus supplement and the offering of the securities in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus supplement must inform themselves about, and observe any
restrictions relating to, the offering of the securities and the distribution of this prospectus supplement outside the United States. This prospectus supplement does not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a
solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities offered by this prospectus supplement by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation. You should assume that the information appearing
in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or incorporated by reference herein or therein is accurate only as of the respective dates thereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus or of any sale of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus supplement to &#147;Inovio,&#148; &#147;we,&#148;
&#147;us,&#148; &#147;our,&#148; &#147;the company&#148; or similar words refer to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., together with our consolidated subsidiary. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-ii </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_2"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><I>This summary highlights information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement. Because it is only a
summary, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you or that you should consider before making an investment in our securities. You should carefully read the entire prospectus and the accompanying prospectus, including
the information contained under the caption &#147;Risk Factors&#148; and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 and our Quarterly Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, the information under &#147;Risk Factors&#148; beginning on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">page&nbsp;S-9</FONT> of this prospectus supplement and other information
that we file from time to time with the SEC as well as the financial statements and related notes and the other information incorporated by reference herein, before making an investment decision. See &#147;Where You Can Find More Information&#148;
and &#147;Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference&#148; in this prospectus supplement. This prospectus supplement may add to, update or change information in the accompanying prospectus. </I></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Company Overview </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people from diseases associated with human papillomavirus, or HPV, cancer and infectious diseases. Our
platform harnesses the power of in vivo protein production, featuring optimized design and delivery of DNA medicines that teach the body to manufacture its own disease-fighting tools. We use proprietary technology to design DNA plasmids, which are
small circular DNA molecules that work like software the body&#146;s cells can download to produce specific proteins to target and fight disease. Our proprietary investigational
CELLECTRA<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">&reg;</SUP>&nbsp;devices are designed to deliver the plasmids into the body&#146;s cells for optimal effect, without the use of chemical adjuvants, lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our lead candidate is <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> for the treatment of recurrent respiratory
papillomatosis, or RRP, a chronic, rare and debilitating disease characterized by the growth of small tumors, or papillomas, in the respiratory tract primarily caused by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-6</FONT> and/or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-11</FONT> genotypes. Although mostly benign, these papillomas can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening airway obstruction and respiratory complications. The standard of care for RRP is repeated invasive surgery.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In 2023, we received feedback from the FDA that the data from this completed trial could be used to support the submission
of a BLA for review under the FDA&#146;s accelerated approval program. As part of submitting our BLA under the accelerated program, we will need to satisfy all FDA filing requirements and initiate a confirmatory clinical trial prior to BLA
submission. We previously expected to be able to submit our BLA by the end of 2024; however, during our device testing process we identified a manufacturing issue involving the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">single-use</FONT> disposable
administration component of the CELLECTRA 5PSP device that we plan to use in the confirmatory trial and that will be submitted for approval for commercial use. We resolved the manufacturing issue in the first quarter of 2025 and are currently on
track to begin a rolling submission of the BLA in <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">mid-2025</FONT> and to request priority review, with a goal of receiving file acceptance by the FDA by the end of 2025. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are developing <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3112,</FONT> a DNA medicine candidate targeting HPV 16/18 combined with a DNA
plasmid encoding for human <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">IL-12</FONT> as an immune activator, for the treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, or OPSCC, a type of head and neck cancer commonly known as throat cancer. We have entered
into a clinical collaboration and supply agreement with Coherus BioSciences, Inc. to evaluate the combination of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3112</FONT> and LOQTORZI <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(toripalimab-tpzi)</FONT> in a clinical
trial for patients with locoregionally advanced, high-risk, HPV16/18 positive OPSCC. Under the terms of the supply </FONT></P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-1
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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
agreement, Coherus will provide LOQTORZI for a planned Phase 3 clinical trial. We have also gained alignment with FDA on the design of the planned Phase 3 trial in the United States and received
initial feedback from European regulatory authorities on the proposed design of the trial in Europe. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are also developing <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-5401,</FONT> an immunotherapy consisting of three DNA plasmids encoding for three tumor associated antigens, for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM, an aggressive type of brain cancer that accounts for
more than 50% of all primary malignant brain tumors. GBM is one of the most complex, deadly, and treatment-resistant cancers. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In addition to our development efforts with the product candidates described above, we are actively developing or planning to develop
DNA medicines for other indications, including <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> anal dysplasia; cancers in people with certain gene mutations; and a potential vaccine booster to protect against the Ebola virus. We were previously
conducting clinical trials of a DNA medicine candidate for the treatment of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, or HSIL, but announced in 2023 that we were ceasing development for
this indication in the United States. However, our collaborator ApolloBio Corporation continues to conduct a Phase 3 clinical trial of this candidate in China and plans to seek regulatory approval for and potentially commercialize the candidate in
that jurisdiction. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our partners and collaborators include Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals Suzhou Co, ApolloBio Corporation,
AstraZeneca, Coherus Biosciences, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, HIV Vaccines Trial Network, International Vaccine Institute, Kaneka Eurogentec, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Plumbline Life Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Richter BioLogics, the University of Pennsylvania and The Wistar Institute. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">All of our DNA medicine candidates are in the research and development phase. We have not generated any revenues from the sale of any products, and we do not expect to generate any material revenues unless and until we obtain
marketing approval for and successfully commercialize <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> and our other product candidates. We earn revenue from license fees and milestone revenue and collaborative research and development agreements
and contracts. Our DNA medicine candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing. All DNA medicine candidates that we advance to clinical testing will require
regulatory approval prior to commercial use, and will require significant costs for commercialization. We may not be successful in our research and development efforts, and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be profitable.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Risks Associated with Our Business </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are discussed
more fully in the &#147;Risk Factors&#148; section of this prospectus supplement immediately following this prospectus supplement summary and in the &#147;Risk Factors&#148; sections in our Annual Report on Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 and Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, which is incorporated by reference in this
prospectus supplement. These risks include the following: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have incurred significant losses in recent years, expect to incur significant net losses
in the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have limited sources of revenue and our success is dependent on our ability to develop
our DNA medicines and proprietary device technology. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-2
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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We will need substantial additional capital to develop our DNA medicines and proprietary
device technology, which may prove difficult or costly to obtain. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If we are unable to obtain FDA approval of our proprietary devices and DNA medicine
candidates, we will not be able to commercialize them in the United States. In particular, because our product candidates are drug-device combination products comprising an electroporation device for delivery of a biologic, additional time may be
required to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates because of the complexity involved with developing and manufacturing a drug-device combination product. In addition, if the FDA and similar regulatory agencies do not provide
marketing authorization for our CELLECTRA delivery devices, then we will not be able to bring to market our DNA medicines that rely on delivery by such a device. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">DNA medicines are a novel approach to treating and preventing disease, and our CELLECTRA
delivery devices are a novel approach to administering medicines. Negative perception of the efficacy, safety, or tolerability of any investigational medicines we develop or our devices could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business,
advance our investigational medicines, or obtain regulatory approvals. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If we and the contract manufacturers upon whom we rely fail to produce our proprietary
devices and DNA medicine candidates in the volumes that we require on a timely basis, or at all, or if these contractors fail to comply with their obligations to us or with stringent regulations, we may face delays in the development and
commercialization of our proprietary devices and DNA medicine candidates. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If we lose or are unable to secure collaborators or partners, or if our collaborators or
partners do not apply adequate resources to their relationships with us, our product development and potential for profitability will suffer. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have agreements with government agencies that are subject to termination and uncertain
future funding. Termination or cessation of funding could have a negative impact on our ability to develop some of the product candidates in our pipeline and/or require us to seek alternative funding sources to advance those candidates.
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are currently subject to litigation and may become subject to additional litigation,
which could harm our business, financial condition and reputation. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We face intense and increasing competition and steps taken by our competitors, such as the
introduction of a new, disruptive technology may impede our ability to develop and commercialize our DNA medicines. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have entered into collaborations with Chinese companies and may rely on clinical
materials manufactured in China for our development efforts. Uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of Chinese laws, rules and regulations, a trade war, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China could materially
adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">It is difficult and costly to generate and protect our intellectual property and our
proprietary technologies, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, it will be
costly and time-consuming, and an unfavorable outcome in that litigation would have a material adverse effect on our business. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-3
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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are subject to stringent and evolving U.S. and foreign laws, regulations, and rules,
contractual obligations, industry standards, policies and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure, or the failure of third parties with whom we work, to comply with such obligations could lead material
adverse business consequences. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Corporate Information </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in May 2001. Our principal executive offices are located at 660 W.
Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462. Our telephone number is (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">440-4200.</FONT> Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#147;INO.&#148; </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Available Information </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">Our internet website address is <I>www.inovio.com</I>. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement, and you should not consider any information contained on, or that can
be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus supplement. We have included our website address in this prospectus supplement solely as an inactive textual reference. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">INOVIO, CELLECTRA, the INOVIO logo, and our other trademarks or service marks appearing in this prospectus are our property. Solely for
convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this prospectus are referred to without the <SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">&reg;</SUP> and TM symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective
owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are the property of their
respective owners. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are a &#147;smaller reporting company&#148; as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K.</FONT>
Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. We
will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of any fiscal year for so long as either (1)&nbsp;the market value of our shares of common stock held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> does not equal or exceed
$250.0&nbsp;million as of the prior June 30th, or (2)&nbsp;our annual revenues did not equal or exceed $100.0&nbsp;million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our shares of common stock held by
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> did not equal or exceed $700.0&nbsp;million as of the prior June 30th. To the extent we take advantage of any reduced disclosure obligations, it may make the comparison of our financial
statements with other public companies difficult or impossible. </FONT></P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-4
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_3"></A>THE OFFERING </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Common stock offered by us</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">14,285,715 shares (or 16,428,572 shares if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in
full).</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Each share of common stock is being offered and
sold together with an accompanying Series A warrant and accompanying Series B warrant as described below.</FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="5"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Common stock warrants offered by us</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are also offering Series A warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock (or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof) and Series B warrants to purchase up to&nbsp;14,285,715 shares of our common stock (or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to&nbsp;14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof). The common stock will be sold in fixed combinations with the common stock warrants, with each share of common
stock that we sell in this offering being accompanied by a Series A warrant to purchase one share of common stock and a Series B warrant to purchase one share of common stock.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Each Series A warrant and Series B warrant will be exercisable
immediately, subject to the limitations described in the section titled &#147;Description of the Securities We Are Offering.&#148; The Series A warrants will expire on the date that is the earlier of (i) 30 days following our public announcement of
the acceptance of a BLA for</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-5
</FONT></P>

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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> by the FDA and (ii) 12 months from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price equal to $1.75 per share of common stock (or $1.749 per <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant). The Series B warrants will expire five years from the date of issuance and will have an exercise price equal to $1.75 per share of common stock (or $1.749 per
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant). The shares of common stock, accompanying Series A warrants and accompanying Series B warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately, but can only be purchased together in
the offering. This prospectus supplement also relates to the offering of the shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) issuable upon the exercise of such common stock warrants.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="5"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Underwriters&#146; option to purchase additional shares and common stock
warrants</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock and Series A warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or
pre-funded warrants) and Series B warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants). This option is exercisable, in whole or in part, for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus
supplement.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="5"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Common stock to be outstanding immediately after this
offering</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><FONT COLOR="#465361">50,960,070 shares (or 53,102,927 shares if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of common stock), assuming no exercise of any common stock warrants issued in this
offering.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-6
</FONT></P>

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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Use of proceeds</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and
estimated offering expenses payable by us, will be approximately $22.5&nbsp;million (or approximately $25.9 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase up to&nbsp;2,142,857 additional shares of common stock and Series A
warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants) and Series B warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants)). These estimates exclude proceeds, if any, from the
exercise of the common stock warrants sold in this offering.</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for the development of our clinical pipeline, preparing for a potential commercial launch of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107,</FONT> if approved, and
for general corporate purposes. See &#147;Use of Proceeds&#148; on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">page&nbsp;S-15.</FONT></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="5"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="5" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Risk factors</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"><FONT COLOR="#465361">See &#147;Risk Factors&#148; beginning on page S-9 of this prospectus supplement and the other information included in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement for a discussion of certain
factors you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in our securities.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-7
</FONT></P>

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 <DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Nasdaq Capital Market symbol</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#147;INO&#148;</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">There is no established trading market for the Series A warrants or the Series B warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. We
do not intend to list the Series A warrants or the Series B warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market, any other national securities exchange or any other nationally recognized trading system.</FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The above discussion is based on 36,674,355 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March&nbsp;31,
2025, but excludes: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1,748,184 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options pursuant to our equity
incentive plans, at a weighted average option exercise price of $33.12 per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">573,720 shares issuable upon vesting of service-based restricted stock units outstanding
under our equity incentive plans as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">128,800 shares issuable upon vesting of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">performance-and-market-based</FONT></FONT> restricted stock units outstanding under our equity incentive plans as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">275 shares issuable upon the conversion of outstanding Series C Cumulative Convertible
Preferred Stock as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,135,477 shares underlying <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants
outstanding as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">10,000,000 shares underlying warrants to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as
of March&nbsp;31, 2025, at an exercise price of $3.76 per share; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">109,838 shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans as of
March&nbsp;31, 2025. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Except as otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus supplement assumes:
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">no exercise or conversion of outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, convertible
preferred stock or warrants; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares of our common
stock and common stock warrants; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">no exercise of the common stock warrants being offered hereby.
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:4pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV STYLE="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361">&nbsp;</DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-8
</FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_4"></A>RISK FACTORS </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><I>An investment in our securities is subject to numerous risks as discussed more fully below and under the caption &#147;Risk
Factors&#148; in the accompanying prospectus and our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 and our Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the
quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, which we incorporate by reference herein, and other information that we file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus supplement and which we incorporate by reference herein. Any of these
risks could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations or our ability to execute our business strategy. You should read and consider carefully all the information set forth and incorporated by reference in this prospectus
supplement and the accompanying prospectus before deciding whether to invest in our securities. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or
that we currently consider immaterial may also affect our business operations. See &#147;Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference.&#148; </I></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><I>Risks Related to this Offering </I></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Raising additional capital, including as a result of this offering, may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or
require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial
revenue, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings and license and collaboration agreements. We do not currently have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional
capital through the sale of equity securities, including from this offering, or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely
affect your rights as a securityholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt,
making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances
or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to
raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements with third parties when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our drug development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to third
parties to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>If you
purchase securities in this offering, you will suffer immediate dilution of your investment. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The price of our common
stock to be sold in this offering is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, and the accompanying Series A warrants and the
accompanying Series B warrants, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per share after this offering. Based on the public offering price of $1.75 per share of common stock and accompanying Series A
warrant and Series B warrant, you will experience immediate dilution of $0.30 per share of common stock, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, after giving effect to this
offering and the public offering price. To the extent outstanding options or warrants are exercised or shares of our common stock are issued upon the settlement of outstanding restricted stock units, you will incur further dilution. For additional
information on the dilution that you will experience immediately after this offering, see the section titled &#147;Dilution.&#148; </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-9
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>We have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may
invest or spend the proceeds in ways with which you do not agree and in ways that may not yield a return on your investment. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">Although we currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, in the manner described in the section titled &#147;Use of Proceeds&#148; in this prospectus supplement,
our management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. You will not have the
opportunity to influence our decisions on how to use our net proceeds from this offering. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could harm our business, cause the price of our common
stock to decline and delay the development of our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Future sales or other issuances of our common stock could depress the market for our common stock. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, including through our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;at-the-market&#148;</FONT></FONT> equity offering program, or the perception by the market that those sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or could make it more difficult for
us to raise funds through the sale of equity in the future. In August 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Oppenheimer&nbsp;&amp; Co. Inc., or the Sales Agreement, pursuant to which we filed a prospectus supplement under which
we may sell and issue shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $60.0&nbsp;million from time to time in transactions that are deemed to be
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">an&nbsp;&#147;at-the-market&nbsp;offering&#148;</FONT></FONT> as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. As of the date of this
prospectus supplement, there was $57.9&nbsp;million of remaining capacity under the Sales Agreement.&nbsp;In connection with this offering, we have agreed to restrictions on issuing certain securities for 90 days, and our executive officers and
directors have entered into <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreements for a period of 90 days following this offering. These <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> obligations may be released prior to the expiration of the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> period at the sole discretion of the representative of the underwriters. See &#147;Underwriting&#148; in this prospectus supplement for additional information. Upon expiration or earlier release of these <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreements, we and our executive officers and directors, and their applicable affiliates, may sell shares into the market, which could adversely affect the market price of shares of our common stock.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>There is no public market for the common stock warrants being offered in this offering. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">There is no public trading market for the common stock warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop.
In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the common stock warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, including Nasdaq. Without an active market, the liquidity of the common stock warrants will be limited.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>We may not receive any additional funds upon the exercise of the common stock warrants; however, any exercise of common
stock warrants would increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">If all of the Series A warrants sold in this offering were to be exercised in cash at an exercise price per share equal to $1.75 (or $1.749 per pre-funded warrant), and all of the Series B warrants sold in this offering were to be
exercised in cash at an exercise price per share equal to $1.75 (or $1.749 per pre-funded warrant), we would receive additional proceeds of approximately $50.0 million. We cannot predict when or if the common stock warrants will be exercised.
Additionally, the common stock warrants may be exercised by way of a cashless exercise if at any time prior to their expiration dates, there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for
the issuance or resale of the shares of common stock underlying such common stock warrant. To the extent such common stock warrants are exercised by way of a cashless exercise, additional shares of
</FONT></P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
common stock will be issued for no additional consideration, which will result in dilution to the then existing holdings of our common stock and will increase the number of shares eligible for
resale in the public market. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Holders of any common stock warrants purchased in this offering will have no rights as
holders of our common stock with respect to the shares of common stock underlying such common stock warrants until such holders exercise their common stock warrants and acquire our common stock. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Until holders of common stock warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of the common stock warrants, holders of common
stock warrants will have no rights with respect to the shares of our common stock underlying such common stock warrants including with respect to dividends and voting rights. Upon exercise of the common stock warrants, the holders will be entitled
to exercise the rights of a holder of our common stock with respect to the shares of common stock underlying such common stock warrants only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise date. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Significant holders or beneficial holders of shares of our common stock may not be permitted to exercise the common stock warrants
that they hold. </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The exercisability of the Series A warrants and Series B warrants is subject to beneficial ownership
limitations, as described below in the section titled &#147;Description of Securities We Are Offering.&#148; As a result, you may not be able to exercise your Series A warrants and/or Series B warrants for shares of our common stock at a time when
it would be financially beneficial for you to do so. In such a circumstance, you could seek to sell your Series A warrants and/or Series B warrants to realize value (or exercise such warrants into <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants), but you may be unable to do so in the absence of an established trading market and due to applicable transfer restrictions. See &#147;Description of Securities We Are Offering.&#148;</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>The common stock warrants are speculative in nature. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The common stock warrants do not confer any rights of common stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to
receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of common stock at a fixed price. Holders of the Series A warrants and Series B warrants may exercise their right to acquire the common stock (or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants in lieu thereof) and pay an exercise price per share equal to $1.75 and $1.749, respectively, from the date of issuance until, in the case of the Series A warrants, the date that is the earlier
of (i) 30 days following our public announcement of the acceptance of a BLA for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> by the FDA and (ii) 12 months from the date of issuance, and, in the case of the Series B warrants, five years from the
date of issuance, after which applicable date any unexercised Series A warrants or Series B warrants will expire and have no further value. See &#147;Description of Securities We Are Offering.&#148; Moreover, following this offering, the market
value of the common stock warrants is uncertain, and there can be no assurance that the market value of the Series A warrants and the Series B warrants will equal or exceed their imputed offering price. The common stock warrants will not be listed
or quoted for trading on any market or exchange. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will ever equal or exceed the respective exercise prices of the Series A warrants and the Series B warrants, and, consequently, it
may not ever be profitable for holders of the Series A warrants and the Series B warrants to exercise such warrants. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_5"></A>CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus, and the other documents we have
filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein contain &#147;forward-looking statements&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act, and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of&nbsp;1934, as amended,
or the Exchange Act, and such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, contained in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the information incorporated
by reference herein and therein, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. In some
cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as &#147;anticipate,&#148; &#147;believe,&#148; &#147;continue,&#148; &#147;could,&#148; &#147;estimate,&#148; &#147;expects,&#148; &#147;intend,&#148; &#147;may,&#148;
&#147;might,&#148; &#147;plan,&#148; &#147;potential,&#148; &#147;predict,&#148; &#147;project,&#148; &#147;should,&#148; &#147;will,&#148; &#147;would&#148; or the negative or plural of those terms, and similar expressions intended to identify
statements about the future, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of
activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">The forward-looking statements in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the information incorporated by reference herein and therein include, among other things, statements about: </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our plans with respect to our ongoing and planned clinical trials for our DNA medicine
candidates, including the timing of initiation, dosing of patients, enrollment and completion of these trials and of the anticipated results from these trials; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our plans to develop our current and future product candidates for any additional
indications; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our DNA
medicine candidates; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the potential clinical benefits and attributes of our current product candidates and any
future product candidates we may develop; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our plans to research and develop additional product candidates;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our current and any future collaborations for the development and commercialization of our
current and future product candidates; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the potential benefits of any current or future collaboration;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the clinical utility of our DNA medicine candidates; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our intellectual property position and strategy; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our estimates regarding future revenues, expenses and needs for additional financing;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our beliefs about the length of time over which our capital resources will be sufficient to
meet our anticipated cash requirements; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our anticipated use of the proceeds from this offering. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future
results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we, nor any other person, assume responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we are under no obligation to
update any of the forward-looking </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-12 </FONT></P>

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<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
statements after the filing of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Such statements are based on currently available operating, financial and competitive information and are subject to various risks,
uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements, including but not limited to: </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our history of losses; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our lack of products that have received regulatory approval; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">uncertainties inherent in clinical trials and product development programs, including but
not limited to the fact that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-clinical</FONT> and clinical results may not be indicative of results achievable in other trials or for other indications, that the results from one study may not necessarily be
reflected or supported by the results of other similar studies, that results from an animal study may not be indicative of results achievable in human studies, that clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, that the outcome
of any clinical trial is uncertain and failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process, and that our proprietary device technology and DNA medicine candidates may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits in clinical
trials; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the availability of funding; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our ability to manufacture our DNA medicine candidates; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our ability to establish or maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and to
receive development, regulatory and commercialization event-based payments under those agreements; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the availability or potential availability of alternative therapies or treatments for the
conditions we or our collaborators target, including alternatives that may be more efficacious or cost-effective than any therapy or treatment that we and our collaborators hope to develop; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">whether our proprietary rights are enforceable or defensible or infringe or allegedly
infringe on rights of others or can withstand claims of invalidity; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the impact of government healthcare legislation and proposals; and
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the outcome of current or future litigation. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">You should refer to the risks and uncertainties described in the &#147;Risk Factors&#148; section contained in this prospectus
supplement, the accompanying prospectus and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, for a discussion
of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. We qualify all of the information presented or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and
the accompanying prospectus, and particularly our forward-looking statements, by these cautionary statements. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking
statements in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus will prove to be accurate, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate,
the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and
plans in any specified time frame, or at all. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-13 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In addition, statements that &#147;we believe&#148; and similar statements reflect our
beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus supplement, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements and our
management is responsible for the accuracy of such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially
available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-14 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_6"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We estimate that the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately $22.5 million, or approximately $25.9 million if the
underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of common stock and Series&nbsp;A warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants) and Series&nbsp;B warrants to
purchase up to 2,142,857 shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants),&nbsp;after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the
Series A warrants and the Series B warrants issued pursuant to this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We currently intend to use the net proceeds
from this offering primarily for the development of our clinical pipeline, preparing for a potential commercial launch of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> if approved and for general corporate purposes. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our expected use of proceeds from this offering represents our current intentions based on our present plans and business condition. As
of the date of this prospectus supplement, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the proceeds to be received upon the completion of this offering. We may also use a portion of the proceeds to license, acquire or invest in
complementary businesses, technology, products or assets. However, we have no current commitments to do so. The amount and timing of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors, such as the timing and progress of our commercialization
activities, research and development efforts, the timing of regulatory review and approval of our product candidates, the timing and progress of any partnering efforts, and the competitive environment for our product candidates. As a result, our
management will have broad discretion over the use of the proceeds from this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Pending application of the net
proceeds as described above, we intend to invest the proceeds in short term, interest-bearing instruments. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Based on the
planned use of proceeds described above, we believe that the net proceeds from this offering and our current cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the
second quarter of 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If all of the Series A warrants sold in this offering were to be exercised in cash at an exercise price per share equal to $1.75, and
all of the Series B warrants sold in this offering were to be exercised in cash at an exercise price per share equal to $1.75, we would receive exercise proceeds of approximately $50.0&nbsp;million. We cannot predict when or if the common stock
warrants will be exercised. It is possible that the Series A warrants and/or Series B warrants may expire and that the common stock warrants may never be exercised. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-15 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_7"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings, if any,
for use in the operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-16 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_8"></A>DILUTION </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If you invest in our securities in this offering, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the
public offering price per share of common stock you will pay in this offering and the as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering. Our historical net tangible book value as of March&nbsp;31, 2025 was
$51.3&nbsp;million, or $1.40 per share of common stock. Historical net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on
March&nbsp;31, 2025. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">After giving effect to the issuance and sale of 14,285,715 shares of common stock, accompanying
Series&nbsp;A warrants to purchase up to an additional 14,285,715 shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof) and accompanying
Series B warrants to purchase up to an additional 14,285,715 shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants to purchase up to 14,285,715 shares of our common stock in lieu thereof), at a combined public
offering price of $1.75 per share and accompanying common stock warrants, and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the
common stock warrants issued pursuant to this offering and any resulting accounting associated with the common stock warrants, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of March&nbsp;31, 2025 would have been $73.7 million, or $1.45 per share. This
represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value per share of $0.05 to existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $0.30 in net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing securities in this offering. Dilution per share
to new investors is determined by subtracting as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the public offering price per share paid by new investors. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following table illustrates this per share dilution to the new investors purchasing securities in this offering without giving
effect to the option to purchase additional shares granted to the underwriters: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="75%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="82%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="5%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="3%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Public offering price per share, accompanying Series A warrant and
accompanying Series B warrant</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1.75</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:3.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Net tangible book value per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1.40</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:3.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to investors
participating in this offering</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">0.05</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">As adjusted net tangible book value per share after this
offering</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1.45</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Dilution per share to new investors</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">0.30</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If holders of the common stock warrants offered hereby exercise the common stock warrants in full, the
as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering would be $1.54 per share, representing an immediate increase to existing stockholders of $0.14 per share, and immediate dilution to new investors in this offering of
$0.21 per share. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The calculations above are based upon 36,674,355 shares of common stock outstanding as of March&nbsp;31,
2025 and exclude: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1,748,184 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options pursuant to our equity
incentive plans, at a weighted average option exercise price of $33.12 per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">573,720 shares issuable upon vesting of service-based restricted stock units outstanding
under our equity incentive plans as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-17 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">128,800 shares issuable upon vesting of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">performance-and-market-based</FONT></FONT> restricted stock units outstanding under our equity incentive plans as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">275 shares issuable upon the conversion of outstanding Series C Cumulative Convertible
Preferred Stock as of March&nbsp;31, 2025; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,135,477 shares underlying <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants
outstanding as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">10,000,000 shares underlying warrants to purchase shares of our common stock outstanding as
of March&nbsp;31, 2025, at an exercise price of $3.76 per share; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">109,838 shares reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans as of
March&nbsp;31, 2025. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">To the extent that options or warrants outstanding as March&nbsp;31, 2025 have been
or may be exercised, shares have been or may be issued upon the settlement of restricted stock units outstanding as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, or other shares are issued, including pursuant to our Sales Agreement, investors purchasing our securities in
this offering may experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the
extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-18 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_9"></A>DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES WE ARE
OFFERING </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are offering shares of our common stock, together with accompanying Series A warrants and Series B warrants.
We are also registering the shares of common stock and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants issuable from time to time upon exercise of the common stock warrants offered hereby. The shares of common stock and accompanying
common stock warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately but can only be purchased together in this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B>Common Stock </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are offering shares of common stock in this offering. Our certificate of
incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 600,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share. For more information regarding our common stock, see the section titled &#147;Description of Capital Stock&#148; starting on page 10 of the
accompanying prospectus. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series A Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following is a summary of the material terms and conditions of the Series A warrants being offered by us. The form of Series A
warrant will be filed as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> that we will file with the SEC. The following summary is subject in all respects to the provisions contained in the Series A warrants.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Duration and Exercise Price.</I></B>&#8195;Each Series A warrant will be exercisable for one share of common stock
(or, in lieu of common stock to investors who so choose, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants), with an exercise price of $1.75&nbsp;per whole share of common stock (or $1.749 per
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant) and will expire on the date that is the earlier of (i)&nbsp;30 days following our announcement of the acceptance of a BLA for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> by the FDA and
(ii)&nbsp;12 months from the date of issuance. The exercise prices and numbers of shares of common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) issuable upon exercise are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of
stock dividends, stock splits, certain subsequent rights offerings, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common stock. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercisability.</I></B>&#8195;The Series A warrants are exercisable immediately and at any time up to the date that is the earlier of (i)&nbsp;30 days following our public announcement of the acceptance of a BLA for <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> by the FDA and (ii)&nbsp;12 months from the date of issuance. The Series A warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise
notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, as provided for below) issuable upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as
discussed below). </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercise Limitation.</I></B>&#8195;A holder of the Series A warrants will not be entitled to
exercise any portion of such warrant that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates, any other persons acting as a group
together with the holder or any of the holder&#146;s affiliates and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of common stock would be aggregated with the holder for purposes of Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act) to exceed 4.99% (or 9.99% at
the holder&#146;s election prior to issuance) of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. However, upon at least 61 days&#146; prior notice from such holder to us subject to the terms of
the warrants, if such holder holds less than 20% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the exercise, upon notice to us, may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99%.
If the holder is not permitted to exercise a Series A warrant for common stock due to the foregoing limitation, then the holder may exercise such warrant for an equivalent number of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, with
an exercise price of $0.001, in the form of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant to purchase shares of common stock described below under <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;&#151;Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants.&#148;
</FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-19 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Cashless Exercise.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>If, at the time a holder
exercises its Series A warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying such warrants under the Securities Act, is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of
making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common
stock determined according to a formula set forth in the applicable warrant. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Transferability.</I></B>&#8195;A Series A
warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of such warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fractional Shares.</I></B>&#8195;No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the Series A warrants.
Rather, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will be rounded down to the nearest whole number and we will either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise
price or round up to the next whole share. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Rights as a Stockholder.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>Except as otherwise
provided in the Series A warrants or by virtue of the holders&#146; ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of Series A warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including the right to receive
dividend payments, vote or respond to tender offers, until such warrant holders exercise Series A warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fundamental Transactions</I></B>.&#8195;In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the Series A warrants and
generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, or the
acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common stock pursuant to a purchase offer, tender offer, exchange offer, stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination, the holders of the Series A warrants will be entitled to
receive upon exercise of such warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction or number of shares of common
stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation. In lieu of receiving such common stock in the fundamental transaction, the Series A warrant holder may elect to have us or the successor entity
purchase the warrant holder&#146;s Series A warrant for its fair market value measured by the Black-Scholes method. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Waivers and Amendments.</I></B>&#8195;No term of the Series A warrants may be amended or waived without the written consent of the
holder of such warrant. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>No Listing.</I></B>&#8195;There is no established public trading market for the Series A
warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the Series A warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system, including the Nasdaq Capital Market. Without an active market,
the liquidity of the Series A warrants will be limited. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Warrant Agent.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>We will act as
warrant agent for the Series A stock warrants. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series B Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following is a summary of the material terms and conditions of the Series B warrants being offered by us. The form of Series B
warrant will be filed as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> that we will file with the SEC. The following summary is subject in all respects to the provisions contained in the Series B warrants.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Duration and Exercise Price.</I></B>&#8195;Each Series B warrant will be exercisable for one share of common stock
(or, in lieu of common stock to investors who so choose, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants), with an exercise price of </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-20 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
$1.75 per whole share of common stock (or $1.749 per pre-funded warrant) and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The exercise prices and numbers of shares of common stock (or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) issuable upon exercise are subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our common stock. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercisability.</I></B>&#8195;The Series B warrants are exercisable immediately and at any time up to the date that is five years
after their original issuance. The Series B warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common
stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, as provided for below) issuable upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercise Limitation.</I></B>&#8195;A holder of the Series B warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of such warrant
that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates, any other persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of the
holder&#146;s affiliates and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of common stock would be aggregated with the holder for purposes of Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act) to exceed 4.99% (or 9.99% at the holder&#146;s election prior to
issuance) of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. However, upon at least 61 days&#146; prior notice from such holder to us subject to the terms of the warrants, if such holder holds
less than 20% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the exercise, upon notice to us, may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99%. If the holder is not permitted to
exercise a Series B warrant for common stock due to the foregoing limitation, then the holder may exercise such warrant for an equivalent number of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, with an exercise price of $0.001, in the
form of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant to purchase shares of common stock described below under <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;&#151;Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants.&#148; </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Cashless Exercise.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>If, at the time a holder exercises its Series B warrants, a registration statement
registering the issuance of the shares of common stock underlying such warrants under the Securities Act, is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made
to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of common stock determined according to a formula set forth in the
applicable warrant. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Transferability.</I></B>&#8195;A Series B warrant may be transferred at the option of the holder
upon surrender of such warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fractional
Shares.</I></B>&#8195;No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the Series B warrants. Rather, the number of shares of common stock to be issued will be rounded down to the nearest whole number and we will either pay a
cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price or round up to the next whole share. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Rights as a Stockholder.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>Except as otherwise provided in the Series B warrants or by virtue of the
holders&#146; ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of Series B warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including the right to receive dividend payments, vote or respond to tender offers, until
such warrant holders exercise Series B warrants. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fundamental Transactions.</I></B>&#8195;In the event of a fundamental
transaction, as described in the Series B warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets,
our consolidation or merger with or into another person, or the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common stock pursuant to a purchase offer, tender offer, exchange offer, stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination,
the holders of the Series B warrants will be entitled to </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-21 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
receive upon exercise of such warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such
fundamental transaction or number of shares of common stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation. In lieu of receiving such common stock in the fundamental transaction, the Series B warrant
holder may elect to have us or the successor entity purchase the warrant holder&#146;s Series B warrant for its fair market value measured by the Black-Scholes method. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Waivers and Amendments.</I></B>&#8195;No term of the Series B warrants may be amended or waived without the written consent of the
holder of such warrant. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>No Listing.</I></B>&#8195;There is no established public trading market for the Series B
warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the Series B warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system, including the Nasdaq Capital Market. Without an active market,
the liquidity of the Series B warrants will be limited. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Warrant Agent.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>We will act as
warrant agent for the Series B stock warrants. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Pre-Funded Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following is a summary of the material terms and conditions of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants that
may be issued upon exercise of the common stock warrants being offered by us. The form of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant will be filed as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT>
that we will file with the SEC. The following summary is subject in all respects to the provisions contained in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercisability.</I></B>&#8195;Upon issuance, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants will be immediately
exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and by payment in full in immediately available funds for the number of shares of common stock purchased upon such exercise. The
holder may also exercise the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant through a &#147;cashless exercise,&#148; in which case the holder would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of common stock determined according
to the formula set forth in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Exercise
Limitations.</I></B>&#8195;A holder (together with its affiliates and other attribution parties) may not exercise any portion of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving
effect to such exercise the holder would own more than 9.99% of our outstanding common stock immediately after exercise, which percentage may be changed at the holder&#146;s election to a higher or lower percentage not in excess of 19.99% (if
exceeding such percentage would result in a change of control under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(b) or any successor rule) upon 61 days&#146; notice to us subject to the terms of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Duration and Exercise Price.</I></B>&#8195;Each <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant has an
initial exercise price per share equal to $0.001. The <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants may be exercised at any time until the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants are exercised in full and do not
expire. The exercise prices and number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise is subject to adjustment in the event of stock dividends, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our common stock.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fractional Shares.</I></B>&#8195;No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon the exercise of the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants. Rather, we will, at our election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price or round (up or down) to the
nearest whole share. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-22 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Transferability.</I></B>&#8195;Subject to compliance with any applicable
securities laws, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants are separately transferable immediately after issuance at the option of the holders and may be transferred at the option of the holders. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>No Listing.</I></B>&#8195;There is no established public trading market for the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system, including the Nasdaq
Capital Market. Without an active market, the liquidity of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants will be limited. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Fundamental Transactions.</I></B>&#8195;In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants and generally including any reorganization, recapitalization or
reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding
common stock pursuant to any purchase offer, tender offer, exchange offer, stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of more than 50% of the voting power represented by our
outstanding common stock, the holders of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants the kind and amount of securities,
cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Rights as a Stockholder.</I></B>&#8195;Except as otherwise provided in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants or by virtue of a holder&#146;s ownership of shares of our common stock, the holders of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of our common stock, including the right
to receive dividend payments, vote or respond to tender offers, until they exercise their <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Warrant Agent.</I></B><B><I>&#8195;</I></B>We will act as warrant agent for the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-23 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_10"></A>MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX
CONSEQUENCES OF OUR COMMON </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>STOCK AND WARRANTS </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following is a summary of material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of (1)&nbsp;our
common stock and common stock warrants offered pursuant to this prospectus and (2)&nbsp;our common stock and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants which may be received upon exercise of our common stock warrants offered
pursuant to this prospectus. Our common stock, common stock warrants and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants are referred to collectively herein as our &#147;securities.&#148; This discussion is not a complete analysis of all
potential U.S. federal income tax consequences relating thereto, does not address the potential application of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, the alternative minimum tax, or the special tax accounting rules under
Section&nbsp;451(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and does not address any U.S. federal <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-income</FONT> tax consequences such as estate or gift tax consequences or any tax
consequences arising under any state, local, or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> tax laws. This discussion is based on the Code and applicable Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and administrative
pronouncements of the Internal Revenue Service, or the IRS, and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date hereof. These authorities are subject to differing interpretations and may change, possibly retroactively, resulting in U.S. federal
income tax consequences different from those discussed below. We have not requested, and do not intend to request, a ruling from the IRS with respect to the U.S. federal income tax consequences discussed below, and there can be no assurance that the
IRS or a court will agree with such tax consequences. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This discussion is limited to holders who purchase our securities
offered by this prospectus and who hold our securities as a &#147;capital asset&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). This discussion does not address all of the U.S. federal income tax
consequences that may be relevant to a particular holder in light of such holder&#146;s particular circumstances. This discussion also does not address any specific facts or circumstances that may be relevant to holders subject to special rules
under the U.S. federal income tax laws, including: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">partnerships or other entities or arrangements treated as partnerships, S corporations or
other pass-through entities, or disregarded entities (including hybrid entities) for U.S. federal income tax purposes (and investors therein); </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#147;controlled foreign corporations&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;957(a) of
the Code; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#147;passive foreign investment companies&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;1297(a)
of the Code; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">banks, financial institutions, investment companies, insurance companies, brokers, dealers
or traders in securities; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">real estate investment trusts or regulated investment companies;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons who have elected to mark securities to market; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">tax-exempt</FONT> organizations (including private
foundations), governmental organizations or international organizations; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">tax-qualified</FONT> retirement plans;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons that acquired our securities through the exercise of employee stock options or
otherwise as compensation; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons that acquired our common stock through the exercise of warrants or conversion
rights under convertible instruments, except as otherwise described herein; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-24 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


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<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons who hold our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants that constitute &#147;qualified small business stock&#148; under Section&nbsp;1202 of the Code, or &#147;Section&nbsp;1244 stock&#148; under Section&nbsp;1244 of the Code; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons who acquired our common stock in a transaction subject to the gain rollover
provisions of the Code (including Section&nbsp;1045 of the Code); </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons that own, or have owned, actually or constructively, more than 5% of our common
stock, including, for this purpose, our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#147;qualified foreign pension funds&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;897(l)(2) of
the Code and entities all of the interests of which are held by qualified foreign pension funds; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">persons holding our securities as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or straddle,
or a constructive sale, or any other risk reduction strategy or integrated investment. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If a partnership
(or an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our securities, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner
and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our securities and the partners in such partnerships are urged to consult their tax advisors about the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of holding and disposing of
our securities. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>THIS DISCUSSION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND IS NOT TAX ADVICE. PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS SHOULD
CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES TO THEM OF ACQUIRING, OWNING, AND DISPOSING OF OUR SECURITIES, AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES ARISING UNDER ANY STATE, LOCAL, OR
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">NON-U.S.</FONT> TAX LAWS AND ANY U.S. FEDERAL <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">NON-INCOME</FONT> TAX LAWS, OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE INCOME TAX TREATY. </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">For purposes of this discussion, a U.S. holder is any beneficial owner of our securities that is a &#147;United States person&#148; and
is not a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A United States person is any person that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is or is treated as any of the following:
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">a corporation (or any entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes)
created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its
source; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">a trust (1)&nbsp;whose administration is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court
and which has one or more &#147;United States persons&#148; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;7701(a)(30) of the Code who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2)&nbsp;that has a valid election in effect under
applicable Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder is a beneficial owner of our securities that is not a United States person or a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Characterization of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants for Tax Purposes </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Although the characterization of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants which may be received upon exercise of
our common warrants for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not entirely clear, because the exercise price of </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-25 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants is a nominal amount, we expect to treat the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants as our <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-voting</FONT> common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Except where specifically noted below, the following discussion assumes our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants are treated as
our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Our position with respect to the characterization of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may treat the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants as warrants to acquire our common stock, and, if so, the amount and character of
your gain with respect to an investment in our <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants could differ from what is described herein. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the characterization of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the consequences to you of electing to receive <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants rather than common stock on exercise of our
common stock warrants based on your own particular facts and circumstances. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Allocation of Purchase Price </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">For U.S. federal income tax purposes, each share of common stock and the accompanying common stock<B> </B>warrants issued pursuant to
this offering will be treated as an &#147;investment unit&#148; consisting of one share of common stock and the accompanying common stock<B> </B>warrants to acquire our common stock. The purchase price for each investment unit will be allocated
between these components in proportion to their relative fair market values at the time the unit is purchased by the holder. This allocation of the purchase price for each unit will establish the holder&#146;s initial tax basis for U.S. federal
income tax purposes in the share of common stock and the accompanying common stock<B> </B>warrants included in each unit. The separation of the share of common stock and the accompanying common stock<B> </B>warrants included in a unit should not be
a taxable event for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Each holder should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the allocation of the purchase price between the common stock and the accompanying common stock<B> </B>warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><I>Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders </I></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Distributions </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">Since inception, we have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying, in the foreseeable future, any such
cash dividends. However, if we make cash or other property distributions on our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, such distributions will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the
extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Dividends received by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-corporate</FONT> U.S. holders are generally taxed at long-term
capital gains rates, provided certain holding period requirements are satisfied. Dividends received by a corporation may be eligible for a dividends received deduction, subject to applicable limitations. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Amounts that exceed such current and accumulated earnings and profits and, therefore, are not treated as dividends for U.S. federal
income tax purposes will constitute a return of capital and will first be applied against and reduce a holder&#146;s tax basis in our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, but not below zero. Any amount
distributed in excess of basis will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants and will be treated as described under the section titled
&#147;&#151;Sale or Other Disposition of Our Securities&#148; below. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">As described in the form of the warrants (for this
purpose, including <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants), if we make certain distributions on our common stock, the exercise price of the warrants and the number of shares of common stock or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants issuable upon exercise of the warrants is subject to appropriate adjustment. The taxation of such an adjustment is unclear. It is possible that such an adjustment would be treated as a
constructive distribution subject to the rules described in this section, although other treatments may also be possible. Under Section&nbsp;305 of the Code, for example, an adjustment to (or </FONT></P>

 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-26 </FONT></P>

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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
failure to adjust) the number of shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) that will be issued on the exercise of the warrants, or an adjustment to (or failure to
adjust) the exercise price of the warrants, may be treated as a constructive distribution to a U.S. holder of the warrants if, and to the extent that, such adjustment (or failure to adjust) has the effect of increasing such U.S. holder&#146;s
proportionate interest in our assets or earnings and profits as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, depending on the circumstances of such adjustment (for example, if such adjustment is to compensate for a distribution of cash or
other property to our shareholders). You should consult your tax advisors regarding the proper tax treatment of any adjustments in respect of the warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Sale or Other Disposition of Our Securities </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss realized on the sale or other disposition of our securities will generally be capital
gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder has held our securities for more than one year as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of the gain or loss will equal the difference between such U.S.
holder&#146;s tax basis in the securities disposed of and the amount realized on the disposition. Long-term capital gains recognized by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-corporate</FONT> U.S. holders will be subject to reduced tax rates. The
deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Exercise of Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A U.S. holder generally will not recognize gain or loss on the exercise of a common stock<B> </B>warrant and the related receipt of
common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants), except to the extent that cash is received in lieu of a fractional share of our common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants). A U.S.
holder&#146;s initial tax basis in the common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants) received on exercise of a common stock<B> </B>warrant will be equal to the sum of (a)&nbsp;such U.S. holder&#146;s tax basis in the
common stock<B> </B>warrant plus (b)&nbsp;the exercise price paid by such U.S. holder on the exercise of such common stock<B> </B>warrant. A U.S. holder&#146;s holding period in the common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants) received on exercise of a common stock<B> </B>warrant generally should begin on the day after the date that such common stock<B> </B>warrant is exercised by such U.S. holder. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In certain circumstances, the common stock<B> </B>warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. The U.S. federal income tax treatment
of an exercise of common stock<B> </B>warrants on a cashless basis is not clear, and could differ from the consequences described above. It is possible that a cashless exercise could be a partially taxable event in respect of the portion of the
common stock warrants deemed surrendered for the payment of the exercise price. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of an exercise of common stock<B> </B>warrants on a cashless basis, including with respect to
their holding period and tax basis in the common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants received upon exercise. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">As noted above, this discussion assumes that <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants should be treated as common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If that assumption is correct, then the exercise of
common stock<B> </B>warrants for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants should generally have the tax consequences described above in connection with an exercise of common stock<B> </B>warrants for common stock. However, other
characterizations are possible, and no assurances can be made regarding the tax consequences of that exercise. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Lapse of
Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Upon the lapse or expiration of a common stock<B> </B>warrant, a U.S. holder will recognize a loss
in an amount equal to such U.S. holder&#146;s tax basis in the common stock<B> </B>warrant. Any such loss generally will be a capital loss and will be long-term capital loss if the common stock warrant is held for more than one year. The
deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-27 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Contingent Payments on the Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The common stock<B> </B>warrants entitle a holder to receive payments upon the occurrence of certain contingencies, including a
distribution on shares of our common stock. The tax treatment of such payments, if made, is subject to substantial uncertainty, but may result in ordinary income to a U.S. holder and, in the case of distributions, likely would not be eligible for
the lower tax rate applicable to certain dividends paid to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-corporate</FONT> U.S. holders of shares of our common stock as described in &#147;&#151;Distributions&#148; above. U.S. holders should consult their own
tax advisors as to the appropriate tax treatment of any such contingent payments that may be made to them in respect of the common stock<B> </B>warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Exercise of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A U.S. holder generally will not be required to recognize income, gain or loss upon the exercise of a
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant for common stock. A U.S. holder&#146;s tax basis in a share of common stock received upon exercise will be equal to the sum of (1)&nbsp;such U.S. holder&#146;s tax basis in the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant (as discussed above under &#147;Exercise of Common Stock Warrants&#148; and (2)&nbsp;the exercise price of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant. If the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant is treated as our common stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a U.S. holder&#146;s holding period in the stock received upon exercise will include such U.S. holder&#146;s holding period in
the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants exchanged therefor. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Information Reporting and Backup
Withholding </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Information reporting requirements generally will apply to payments of dividends (including constructive
dividends) on our securities, and gross proceeds on the sale or other disposition of our securities, unless the U.S. holder is an exempt recipient (such as certain corporations). Backup withholding (currently at a 24% rate) will apply to those
payments if the U.S. holder fails to provide its correct taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status on an IRS Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-9</FONT> (Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification), or
if the U.S. holder is notified by the IRS that it has failed to report in full payments of interest and dividend income. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund
or a credit against a U.S. holder&#146;s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">If backup withholding is applied to you, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine whether you have overpaid your U.S. federal income tax, and whether you are able to obtain a tax refund or credit of the overpaid
amount. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><I>Tax Consequences to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> Holders </I></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Distributions </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">As discussed above under &#147;Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders&#151;Distributions,&#148; since inception, we have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying, in the foreseeable future, any such cash dividends.<B> </B>However, if we make cash or other property distributions on our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT>
warrants, such distributions will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Subject to the discussions below regarding effectively connected income, backup withholding, and Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code,
or FATCA, dividends paid (or constructive dividends deemed paid) to a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder of our securities generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a rate of 30% of the gross amount of the
dividends or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty. To receive the benefit of a reduced treaty rate, a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder must furnish us or the
</FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-28 </FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
applicable withholding agent with a valid IRS Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8BEN</FONT> or IRS Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8BEN-E</FONT></FONT> (or other appropriate form, or applicable successor form) certifying such holder&#146;s qualification for the reduced rate. This certification must be provided
to us or the applicable withholding agent before the payment of dividends and must be updated periodically. In the case of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder that is an entity, Treasury Regulations and the relevant tax treaty
provide rules to determine whether, for purposes of determining the applicability of the tax treaty, dividends will be treated as paid to the entity or to those holding an interest in the entity. If the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder holds our securities through a financial institution or other agent acting on the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder&#146;s behalf, the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder will be required to provide appropriate documentation to the financial institution or agent, which then will be required to provide certification to us or the applicable withholding agent,
either directly or through other intermediaries. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders that do not provide the required certification on a timely basis, but that qualify for a reduced treaty rate, may obtain a refund of any excess
amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If a
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder holds our securities in connection with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and dividends paid (or constructive dividends deemed paid) on our securities are effectively
connected with such holder&#146;s U.S. trade or business (and, if required by an applicable tax treaty, are attributable to such holder&#146;s permanent establishment or fixed base in the United States), the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder will generally be exempt from U.S. federal withholding tax. To claim the exemption, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder must generally furnish a valid IRS Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8ECI</FONT> (or applicable successor form) to the applicable withholding agent. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">However, any
such effectively connected dividends paid (or constructive dividends deemed paid) on our securities generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular U.S. federal income tax rates in the same manner as if such
holder were a resident of the United States. A <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder that is a foreign corporation also may be subject to an additional branch profits tax equal to 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable
income tax treaty) of its effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year, as adjusted for certain items. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders should consult their tax advisors regarding any applicable income tax
treaties that may provide for different rules. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Gain on Disposition of Our Securities </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Subject to the discussions below regarding backup withholding and FATCA, a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder
generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of our securities, unless: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the gain is effectively connected with the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT>
holder&#146;s conduct of a trade or business in the United States and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT>
holder in the United States; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder is a nonresident alien
individual present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the disposition, and certain other requirements are met; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants constitute
a &#147;United States real property interest&#148; by reason of our status as a United States real property holding corporation, or USRPHC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time within the shorter of the five-year period preceding the
disposition or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder&#146;s holding period for our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, and our common stock or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants are not regularly traded on an established securities market as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Determining whether we are a USRPHC depends on the fair market value of our U.S. real property interests relative to the fair market
value of our other trade or business assets and our foreign real </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-29 </FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
property interests. We do not believe that we are, or have been, and do not anticipate becoming a USRPHC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, although there can be no assurance we will not in
the future become a USRPHC. Even if we are or were to become a USRPHC, gain arising from the sale or other disposition by a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder of our common stock may not be subject to U.S. federal income tax if
our common stock is &#147;regularly traded,&#148; as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established securities market and a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder owns, directly, indirectly, and constructively, less
than 5% of our common stock during the applicable period. We expect our common stock will be considered to be readily tradable on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which is an established securities market in the United States. Special rules may apply to
the determination of the 5% threshold in the case of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders are urged to
consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of holding <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants on the calculation of such 5% threshold. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders should consult their tax
advisors regarding the application of the regularly traded exception in respect of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Gain described in the first bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular
U.S. federal income tax rates in the same manner as if such holder were a resident of the United States. A <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder that is a foreign corporation also may be subject to an additional branch profits tax
equal to 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) of its effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year, as adjusted for certain items. A <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder described
in the second bullet point above will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a flat 30% rate (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on gain realized upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our securities, but may
be offset by certain U.S.-source capital losses (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided that the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax
returns with respect to such losses. If we are or become a USRPHC during the period described in the third bullet point above and our common stock is not regularly traded for purposes of the relevant rules, gain arising from the sale or other
taxable disposition of our common stock by a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax in the same manner as gain that is effectively<I> </I>connected with the conduct of a U.S.
trade or business, except that the branch profits tax generally will not apply to a corporate <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders should consult their tax advisors
regarding any applicable income tax treaties that may provide for different rules. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Exercise of Common Stock Warrants
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder generally will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal
income tax purposes on the exercise of a common stock<B> </B>warrant and the related receipt of common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants (except to the extent cash is received in lieu of the issuance of a
fractional share of our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants and certain other conditions are present, as discussed above under &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT>
Holders &#151;Gain on Disposition of Our Securities&#148;). See &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders&#151;Exercise of Common Stock<B> </B>Warrants.&#148; However, if a cashless exercise of common stock<B> </B>warrants results in a taxable
exchange, as described in &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders&#151;Exercise of Common Stock<B> </B>Warrants,&#148; the rules described above under &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT>
Holders&#151;Gain on Disposition of Our Securities&#148; would apply. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Lapse of Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">If a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder allows a common stock<B> </B>warrant to expire unexercised, such <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder will recognize a capital loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to such holder&#146;s tax basis in the common stock<B> </B>warrant. See &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to U.S.
Holders&#151;Lapse of Common Stock<B> </B>Warrants&#148; above. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-30 </FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Contingent Payments on the Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">As described above under the heading &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders&#151;Contingent Payments on the Common Stock<B>
</B>Warrants,&#148; in certain circumstances, a holder of common stock<B> </B>warrants may receive payments upon the occurrence of certain contingencies. The tax treatment of such payments, if made, is subject to substantial uncertainty, and there
is a significant risk that such payments are treated as U.S. source income that is subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the rate of 30%. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-U.S.</FONT> holders should consult their own tax advisors as to the
appropriate U.S. federal income tax treatment of any such contingent payments that may be made to them in respect of the common stock<B> </B>warrants, the U.S. tax characterization of such payments and the potential for any such payments being
subject to a U.S. withholding tax. Any U.S. federal income tax required to be withheld on any portion of such contingent payment may be withheld from shares of our common stock or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants, sales
proceeds subsequently paid or credited, or other amounts payable or distributable to a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> Holder. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B>Exercise of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder generally will not be required to recognize income, gain or loss upon the exercise of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrant for common stock. See &#147;&#151;Tax Consequences
to U.S. Holders&#151;Exercise of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants&#148; above. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Information
Reporting and Backup Withholding </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Annual reports are required to be filed with the IRS and provided to each <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder indicating the amount of distributions (including constructive distributions) on our securities paid to such holder and the amount of any tax withheld with respect to those distributions. These
information reporting requirements apply even if no withholding was required (e.g., because the distributions were effectively connected with the holder&#146;s conduct of a U.S. trade or business, or withholding was reduced or eliminated by an
applicable income tax treaty) and regardless of whether such distributions constitute dividends. This information also may be made available under a specific treaty or agreement with the tax authorities in the country in which the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder resides or is established. Backup withholding, currently at a 24% rate, generally will not apply to payments to a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder of dividends or the gross
proceeds of a disposition of our securities provided the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder furnishes the required certification for its <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> status, such as by providing a valid IRS
Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8BEN,</FONT> IRS Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8BEN-E,</FONT></FONT> or IRS Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">W-8ECI,</FONT> or certain other requirements are
met. Backup withholding may apply if the payor has actual knowledge, or reason to know, that the holder is a United States person who is not an exempt recipient. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Backup withholding is not an additional tax. If any amount is withheld under the backup withholding rules, the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder should consult with a U.S. tax advisor regarding the possibility of and procedure for obtaining a refund or a credit against the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> holder&#146;s U.S.
federal income tax liability, if any. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Withholding on Foreign Entities </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">FATCA imposes a U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% on certain payments made to a &#147;foreign financial institution&#148; (as specially
defined under these rules) unless such institution enters into an agreement with the U.S. government to withhold on certain payments and to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding certain U.S. account
holders of such institution (which includes certain equity and debt holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders that are foreign entities with U.S. owners) or an exemption applies. FATCA also generally will impose a U.S. federal
withholding tax of 30% on certain payments made to a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-financial</FONT> foreign entity unless such entity provides the withholding agent a certification identifying certain direct and indirect U.S. owners of the
entity or an exemption applies. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements. Under certain circumstances, a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT>
</FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-31 </FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
holder might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes. FATCA applies to dividends (including constructive dividends) paid on our securities and, subject to the proposed Treasury
Regulations described below, also applies to gross proceeds from sales or other dispositions of our securities. The U.S. Treasury Department has released proposed Treasury Regulations which, if finalized in their present form, would eliminate the
U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% applicable to the gross proceeds of a disposition of our securities. In its preamble to such proposed Treasury Regulations, the U.S. Treasury Department stated that taxpayers may generally rely on the proposed
Treasury Regulations until final regulations are issued. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their own tax
advisors regarding the possible implications of this legislation on their investment in our securities. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-32 </FONT></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_11"></A>UNDERWRITING </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We and Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co., as representative for the underwriters named below, have entered into an underwriting agreement
with respect to the shares of common stock and common stock warrants being offered hereby. Subject to the terms and conditions contained in the underwriting agreement, we have agreed to sell to the underwriters, and each underwriter has agreed to
purchase, at the public offering prices less the underwriting discounts and commissions set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, the number of shares of our common stock and common stock warrants set forth opposite its name in the
table below. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000; display:table-cell; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Name</B></FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Number<BR>of&nbsp;Shares</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Number of<BR>Series&nbsp;A<BR>Warrants</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Number of<BR>Series&nbsp;B<BR>Warrants</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co.</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">11,857,143</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">11,857,143</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">11,857,143</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc.</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,428,572</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,428,572</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,428,572</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:5.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Total</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">14,285,715</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">14,285,715</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">14,285,715</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The obligations of the underwriters under the underwriting agreement are several and not joint. The
underwriting agreement provides that the underwriters&#146; obligation to purchase shares of our common stock and common stock warrants depends on the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent contained in the underwriting agreement, including
that the representations and warranties made by us are true and our obligations have been performed, the receipt by the underwriters of officers&#146; certificates and legal opinions and approval of certain legal matters by their counsel.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Subject to those conditions, the underwriters have severally agreed to purchase and pay for all such shares of common stock
and common stock warrants if any are purchased. However, the underwriters are not obligated to take or pay for the shares of our common stock and common stock warrants covered by the underwriters&#146; purchase option described below, unless and
until such option is exercised. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The shares of common stock and common stock warrants are being offered by the underwriters,
subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by them. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify this offer and to reject orders in whole or in part. The obligations of the underwriters may also be terminated
upon the occurrence of the events specified in the underwriting agreement. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Option to Purchase Additional Shares and
Accompanying Common Stock Warrants </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 30 days from the date of
this prospectus supplement, to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock and Series A warrants to purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants) and Series B warrants to
purchase up to 2,142,857 additional shares of our common stock (or pre-funded warrants) from us at the public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement, less underwriting discounts and commissions, to cover
over-allotments, if any. If the underwriters exercise this option, each underwriter will be obligated, subject to certain conditions, to purchase a number of additional shares and common stock warrants proportionate to that underwriter&#146;s
initial purchase commitment as indicated in the table above for which the option has been exercised. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Discounts and
Expenses </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The underwriters propose to offer the shares of common stock and accompanying Series A warrants and Series B
warrants to the public at the combined public offering price set forth on the cover page of this prospectus supplement and to dealers at that price less a concession not in excess of $0.07350 per share
</FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-33 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
of common stock and accompanying Series A warrant and Series B warrant. After the offering, the public offering prices and concessions to dealers may be reduced by the underwriters. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The following table shows the combined public offering price and total underwriting discount that we will pay to the underwriters and
the proceeds we will receive before expenses. These amounts are shown assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters&#146; option to purchase additional shares of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock (or pre-funded
warrants). </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="75%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="44%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="6%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="4%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="4%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Per</B></FONT><br><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Share and<BR>Accompanying<BR>Series A and<BR>Series B<BR>Warrants</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Total</B></FONT><br><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Without</B></FONT><br><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Option</B></FONT><br><FONT COLOR="#465361">
<B>Exercise</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Total&nbsp;With&nbsp;Full<BR>Option&nbsp;Exercise</B></FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Public offering price</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1.75</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">25,000,001.25</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">28,750,001.00</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Underwriting discounts and commissions</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">0.1225</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1,750,000.09</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">2,012,500.07</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:1.00px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Proceeds, before expenses, to us</FONT></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">1.6275</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">23,250,001.16</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">$</FONT></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"><FONT COLOR="#465361">26,737,500.93</FONT></TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We estimate that the total expenses of the offering, excluding the underwriting discounts and
commissions, will be approximately $800,000, which includes the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the offering for which we have agreed to reimburse the underwriters, in an amount up to $100,000. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110 these
reimbursed expenses are deemed underwriting compensation for this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Pursuant to an agreement we have entered into
with Citizens JMP Securities LLC for financial advisory services in connection with this offering, we will pay a customary advisory fee for such services. Such advisory fee is included in our calculation of the estimated expenses payable by us in
connection with this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In addition, we have agreed to pay the underwriters an additional fee following the
expiration of the Series&nbsp;A warrants on the gross proceeds from the cash exercise of the Series&nbsp;A warrants in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between (a)&nbsp;6.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from (i)&nbsp;this offering and
(ii)&nbsp;cash exercises of the Series&nbsp;A warrants, and (b)&nbsp;7% of the gross proceeds from this offering. In the event that the amount of cash exercises on the Series&nbsp;A warrants do not result in our obligation to pay this additional fee
to the underwriters, the underwriters shall not be obligated to reimburse us for amounts paid in connection with this offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Agreements </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We and our executive officers and
directors, collectively, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Parties, have agreed, subject to specified exceptions, not to: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(i)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or
contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common
stock, collectively, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, or exercise any right with respect to the registration of any of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, or file or cause to be filed any
registration statement in connection therewith, under the Securities Act, or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(ii)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">enter into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or
in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, whether any such swap or transaction is to be settled by delivery of common stock or other securities, in cash
or otherwise. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-34 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The foregoing restrictions may be waived by the representative and will otherwise
terminate after the close of trading of the common stock on and including the 90<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP>&nbsp;day after the date of this prospectus supplement. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The restrictions on our actions, as described above, do not apply to (i)&nbsp;the shares of common stock and common stock warrants to be
sold hereunder, (ii)&nbsp;any shares of common stock issued by us upon the exercise of an option or warrant or the conversion of a security outstanding on the underwriting agreement and referred to in this prospectus supplement, including any
documents incorporated herein by reference, (iii)&nbsp;any shares of common stock issued or options to purchase common stock granted pursuant to our existing employee benefit plans referred to in this prospectus supplement, (iv)&nbsp;any shares of
common stock issued pursuant to any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-employee</FONT> director stock plan or dividend reinvestment plan referred to in this prospectus supplement, (v)&nbsp;the issuance of the shares of common stock in connection
with the exercise of the warrants, (vi)&nbsp;the filing by us of a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> in respect of any shares or other equity instruments issued pursuant to any plans or programs described in
(iii)&nbsp;or (iv) above, or (vii)&nbsp;the sale or issuance of or entry into an agreement to sell or issue common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock in connection with any (1)&nbsp;mergers, (2)
acquisition of securities, businesses, property or other assets, (3)&nbsp;joint ventures or (4)&nbsp;strategic alliances or relationships; provided, that the aggregate number of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common
stock (on an <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">as-converted</FONT> or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">as-exercised</FONT> basis, as the case may be) that we may sell or issue or agree to sell or issue pursuant to this clause (vii)&nbsp;shall not
exceed 5% of the total number of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately following the completion of this offering; and provided further, that each recipient of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for common stock
pursuant to this clause (vii)&nbsp;shall execute a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The
restrictions described above do not apply to our directors or officers with respect to transfers of common stock: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(i)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">as a <I>bona fide</I> gift or gifts or for <I>bona fide</I> estate planning purposes;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(ii)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to the immediate family of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party or
any trust or other entity for the direct or indirect benefit of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party or the immediate family of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party (for purposes of this <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement, &#147;immediate family&#148; shall mean any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, not more remote than first cousin) or if the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party is a
trust, to any beneficiary of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party (including such beneficiary&#146;s estate); </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(iii)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">as a distribution to limited or general partners, stockholders or other equity holders of
the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(iv)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party&#146;s affiliates or to any
investment fund or other entity controlled or managed by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(v)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">by will or intestacy; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(vi)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to us in connection with the exercise of options, warrants or other rights to acquire
shares of common stock or any security convertible into or exercisable for common stock by way of &#147;net&#148; or &#147;cashless&#148; exercise and/or to cover withholding tax obligations in connection with such exercise pursuant to an employee
benefit plan, option, warrant or other right disclosed in this prospectus supplement, including any documents incorporated herein by reference, provided that any such shares issued upon exercise of such option, warrant or other right shall be
subject to the restrictions set forth in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(vii)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">pursuant to a court order or settlement agreement related to the distribution of assets
in connection with the dissolution of a marriage or civil union; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(viii)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to us pursuant to agreements under which we have the option to repurchase such shares or
a right of first refusal with respect to transfers of such shares upon termination of service of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-35 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(ix)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">in accordance with a trading plan pursuant to Rule
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> under the Exchange Act that is existing on the date of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement; <I>provided</I> that any Form 4 or Form 5 required to be filed under the Exchange
Act if the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party is subject to Section&nbsp;16 reporting under the Exchange Act will indicate by footnote that such sale was made under the circumstances described in this clause; and <I>provided</I>
<I>further</I> that no other filing under the Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or shall be made voluntarily in connection with such sale during the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period; or
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="5%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(x)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to a <I>bona fide</I> third party pursuant to a merger, consolidation, tender offer or
other similar transaction made to all holders of common stock and involving a change of control and approved by our board of directors; <I>provided</I> that, in the event that such change of control is not completed, the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Party&#146;s <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities shall remain subject to the restrictions contained in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement.
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Indemnification and Contribution </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters, its affiliates, its selling agents, officers and directors and persons, if any, who control
the underwriters, against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments that the underwriters may be required to make in respect of these liabilities. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Stabilization </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase shares of common stock so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a specified
maximum and are engaged in for the purpose of preventing or slowing a decline in the market price of the common stock while the offering is in progress. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Over-allotment transactions involve sales by the underwriters of shares of common stock in excess of the number of shares the
underwriters are obligated to purchase. This creates a syndicate short position that may be either a covered short position or a naked short position. In a covered short position, the number of shares of common stock over-allotted by the
underwriters are not greater than the number of shares that they may purchase in the over-allotment option described herein. In a naked short position, the number of shares involved is greater than the number of shares in the over-allotment option
described herein. The underwriters may close out any short position by exercising their over-allotment option and/or purchasing shares in the open market. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Syndicate covering transactions involve purchases of common stock in the open market after the distribution has been completed in order
to cover syndicate short positions. In determining the source of shares to close out the short position, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared with the price at
which they may purchase shares through exercise of the over-allotment option. If the underwriters sell more shares than could be covered by exercise of the over-allotment option and, therefore, have a naked short position, the position can be closed
out only by buying shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that after pricing there could be downward pressure on the price of the shares in the open market that could
adversely affect investors who purchase in the offering. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Penalty bids permit the representative to reclaim a selling
concession from a syndicate member when the common stock originally sold by that syndicate member is purchased in stabilizing or syndicate covering transactions to cover syndicate short positions. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-36 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">These stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate covering
transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our common stock. As a result, the price of our common stock in the open
market may be higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of these transactions. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our common
stock. These transactions may be effected on the Nasdaq Capital Market, in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The underwriters may also engage in passive market making transactions in our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market in
accordance with&nbsp;Rule 103&nbsp;of&nbsp;Regulation M&nbsp;during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of shares of our common stock in this offering and extending through the completion of distribution. However, the underwriters
are not obligated to do so, and the underwriters may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice in their sole discretion. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of
that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker&#146;s bid, that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Listing </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">Our shares of common stock are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#147;INO.&#148; The common stock warrants will not be listed on any securities exchange or included in any quotation system. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Other Activities and Relationships </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The underwriters and their respective affiliates have engaged in, and may in the future engage in, investment banking and other
commercial dealings in the ordinary course of business with us or our affiliates and have received, or may in the future receive, customary fees and commissions for these transactions. For example, we entered into the Sales Agreement with
Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc. under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $60.0 million through Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc., acting as our sales agent,
for which Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc. has received customary fees and expenses. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In addition, in the ordinary course of their
business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for
their own account and for the accounts of their customers. Such investments and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of ours or our affiliates. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may make investment
recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or financial instruments and may hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Electronic Distribution </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">A prospectus supplement in electronic format may be made available by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">e-mail</FONT> or on the websites
or through online services maintained by one or more of the underwriters or their affiliates. In those cases, prospective investors may view offering terms online and may be allowed to place orders online. The underwriters may agree with us to
allocate a specific number of shares of our common stock for sale to online brokerage account holders. Any such allocation for online distributions will be made by the underwriters on the same basis as other allocations. Other than this prospectus
supplement in electronic format, the information on the underwriters&#146; websites and any information contained on any other </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-37 </FONT></P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
website maintained by the underwriters is not part of this prospectus supplement, has not been approved and/or endorsed by the underwriters or us and should not be relied upon by investors.
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Selling Restrictions </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities
offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus may not be offered or sold,
directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities, or any documents incorporated by reference herein,
be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus supplement or the accompanying
prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. This prospectus supplement and the accompanying
prospectus, including any documents incorporated by reference herein, does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in any jurisdiction
in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in the European Economic Area
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In relation to each Member State of the European Economic Area (each a Relevant State), no securities have been offered
or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Relevant State prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the securities which has been approved by the competent authority in that Relevant State or, where appropriate,
approved in another Relevant State and notified to the competent authority in that Relevant State, all in accordance with the Prospectus Regulation, except that offers of securities may be made to the public in that Relevant State at any time under
the following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under Article 2 of the
Prospectus Regulation; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined
under Article 2 of the Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriter; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(c)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">in any other circumstances falling within Article 1(4) of the Prospectus Regulation,
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">provided that no such offer of securities shall require us or any underwriter to publish a prospectus
pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation and each person who initially acquires any securities or to whom any offer is made will be deemed to have represented,
acknowledged and agreed to and with the underwriter and the Company that it is a &#147;qualified investor&#148; within the meaning of Article 2(e) of the Prospectus Regulation. In the case of any securities being offered to a financial intermediary
as that term is used in the Prospectus Regulation, each such financial intermediary will be deemed to have represented, acknowledged and agreed that the securities acquired by it in the offer have not been acquired on
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">a&nbsp;non-discretionary&nbsp;basis</FONT> on behalf of, nor have they been acquired with a view to their offer or resale to, persons in circumstances which may give rise to an offer of any securities to the public
other than their offer or resale in a Relevant State to qualified investors as so defined or in circumstances in which the prior consent of the underwriter has been obtained to each such proposed offer or resale. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">For the purposes of this provision, the expression an &#147;offer to the public&#148; in relation to securities in any Relevant State
means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-38 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for any securities, and the expression &#147;Prospectus Regulation&#148; means
Regulation (EU) 2017/1129. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in the United Kingdom </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In relation to the United Kingdom, no securities have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in the
United Kingdom prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the securities that either have been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority or is to be treated as if it had been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority in accordance
with the transitional provisions in Article 74 (transitional provisions) of the Prospectus Amendment etc (EU Exit) Regulations 2019/1234, except that the securities may be offered to the public in the United Kingdom at any time: </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under Article 2 of the UK
Prospectus Regulation; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined
under Article 2 of the UK Prospectus Regulation), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriter for any such offer; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(c)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">in any other circumstances falling within Section&nbsp;86 of the Financial Services and
Markets Act 2000 (the FSMA). </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">provided that no such offer of the securities shall require us or any
underwriter to publish a prospectus pursuant to Section&nbsp;85 of the FSMA or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the UK Prospectus Regulation. For the purposes of this provision, the expression an &#147;offer to the public&#148; in
relation to the securities in the United Kingdom means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any securities to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe
for any securities and the expression &#147;UK Prospectus Regulation&#148; means Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 as it forms part of domestic law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In addition, in the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed only at, and any offer subsequently made
may only be directed at persons who are &#147;qualified investors&#148; (as defined in the Prospectus Regulation)&nbsp;(i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) of the FSMA (Financial
Promotion) Order 2005, as amended (the Order) and/or (ii)&nbsp;who are high net worth companies (or persons to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated) falling within Article 49(2)(a) to (d)&nbsp;of the Order (all such persons together being
referred to as &#147;relevant persons&#148;) or otherwise in circumstances which have not resulted and will not result in an offer to the public of the shares in the United&nbsp;Kingdom within the meaning of the FSMA. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Any person in the United Kingdom that is not a relevant person should not act or rely on the information included in this document or
use it as basis for taking any action. In the United Kingdom, any investment or investment activity that this document relates to may be made or taken exclusively by relevant persons. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Canada </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited
investors, as defined in National Instrument <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">45-106</FONT> Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">31-103</FONT> Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus
requirements of applicable securities laws. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-39 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a
purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus supplement (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit
prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser&#146;s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser&#146;s province or territory for particulars of these
rights or consult with a legal advisor. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-105</FONT> Underwriting Conflicts (NI <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-105),</FONT> the underwriter is not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-105</FONT> regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Switzerland </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This prospectus supplement does not constitute an offer to the public or a solicitation to purchase or invest in any securities. No
securities have been offered or will be offered to the public in Switzerland, except that offers of securities may be made to the public in Switzerland at any time under the following exemptions under the Swiss Financial Services Act, or FinSA:
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to any person which is a professional client as defined under the FinSA;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to fewer than 500 persons (other than professional clients as defined under the FinSA),
subject to obtaining the prior consent of the underwriter for any such offer; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(c)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">in any other circumstances falling within Article 36 FinSA in connection with Article 44
of the Swiss Financial Services Ordinance, </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">provided that no such offer of securities shall require the
Company or any investment bank to publish a prospectus pursuant to Article 35 FinSA. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The securities have not been and will
not be listed or admitted to trading on a trading venue in Switzerland. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Neither this document nor any other offering or
marketing material relating to the securities constitutes a prospectus as such term is understood pursuant to the FinSA and neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the securities may be publicly distributed or
otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in the Dubai International Financial
Centre, or DIFC </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This document relates to an Exempt Offer in accordance with the Markets Law, DIFC Law No.&nbsp;1 of 2012,
as amended. This document is intended for distribution only to persons of a type specified in the Markets Law, DIFC Law No.&nbsp;1 of 2012, as amended. It must not be delivered to, or relied on by, any other person. The Dubai Financial Services
Authority (DFSA) has no responsibility for reviewing or verifying any documents in connection with Exempt Offers. The DFSA has not approved this prospectus supplement nor taken steps to verify the information set forth herein and has no
responsibility for this document. The securities to which this document relates may be illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on their resale. Prospective purchasers of the securities offered should conduct their own due diligence on the
securities. If you do not understand the contents of this document, you should consult an authorized financial advisor. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">In
relation to its use in the DIFC, this document is strictly private and confidential and is being distributed to a limited number of investors and must not be provided to any person other than the original recipient, and may not be reproduced or used
for any other purpose. The interests in the securities may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly to the public in the DIFC. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-40 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Australia </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This prospectus supplement: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">does not constitute a disclosure document or a prospectus under Chapter 6D.2 of the
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (the Corporations Act); </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">has not been, and will not be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments
Commission, or ASIC, as a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document for the purposes of the Corporations Act; and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">may only be provided in Australia to select investors who are able to demonstrate that they
fall within one or more of the categories of investors, available under section 708 of the Corporations Act (Exempt Investors). </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">The securities may not be directly or indirectly offered for subscription or purchased or sold, and no invitations to subscribe for or buy the securities may be issued, and no draft or definitive offering memorandum, advertisement
or other offering material relating to any securities may be distributed in Australia, except where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act or is otherwise in compliance with all applicable Australian laws
and regulations. By submitting an application for the securities, you represent and warrant to us that you are an Exempt Investor. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361">As any offer of securities under this document will be made without disclosure in Australia under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act, the offer of those securities for resale in Australia within 12 months may, under
section&nbsp;707 of the Corporations Act, require disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D.2 if none of the exemptions in section 708 applies to that resale. By applying for the securities, you undertake to us that you will not, for a period of 12
months from the date of sale of the securities, offer, transfer, assign or otherwise alienate those securities to investors in Australia except in circumstances where disclosure to investors is not required under Chapter 6D.2 of the Corporations Act
or where a compliant disclosure document is prepared and lodged with ASIC. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Hong Kong
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The securities have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold in Hong Kong, by means of any document,
other than </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to &#147;professional investors&#148; as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance
(Cap. 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the SFO) of Hong Kong and any rules made thereunder; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a &#147;prospectus&#148;
as defined in the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance (Cap. 32) of Hong Kong) (the CO) or which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the CO. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">No advertisement, invitation or document relating to the securities has been or may be issued or has been or may be in the possession of
any person for the purposes of issue, whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere, which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public of Hong Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong
Kong) other than with respect to securities which are or are intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to &#147;professional investors&#148; as defined in the SFO and any rules made thereunder. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Japan </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The securities have not been and will not be registered pursuant to Article 4, Paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act.
Accordingly, none of the securities nor any interest therein may be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any &#147;resident&#148; of Japan (which </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-41 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">
term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-offering</FONT> or resale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to or for the benefit of a resident of Japan, except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of, and otherwise in compliance with,
the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act and any other applicable laws, regulations and ministerial guidelines of Japan in effect at the relevant time. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Notice to Prospective Investors in Singapore </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">This prospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Accordingly, the securities have not
been offered or sold or caused to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase and will not be offered or sold or caused to be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, and this prospectus or any other
document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of the securities, has not been circulated or distributed, nor will it be circulated or distributed, whether directly or indirectly, to any person
in Singapore other than (i)&nbsp;to an institutional investor (as defined in Section&nbsp;4A of the Securities and Futures Act (Chapter 289) of Singapore, as modified or amended from time to time, or the SFA) pursuant to Section&nbsp;274 of the SFA,
(ii)&nbsp;to a relevant person (as defined in Section&nbsp;275(2) of the SFA) pursuant to Section&nbsp;275(1) of the SFA, or any person pursuant to Section&nbsp;275(1A) of the SFA, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section&nbsp;275
of the SFA, or (iii)&nbsp;otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA. Where the securities are subscribed or purchased under Section&nbsp;275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:
</FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">a corporation (which is not an accredited investor (as defined in Section&nbsp;4A of the
SFA)) the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold
investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor, </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">securities
or securities-based derivatives contracts (each term as defined in Section&nbsp;2(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries&#146; rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferred within six months after
that corporation or that trust has acquired the securities pursuant to an offer made under Section&nbsp;275 of the SFA except: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(a)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">to an institutional investor or to a relevant person, or to any person arising from an
offer referred to in Section&nbsp;275(1A) or Section&nbsp;276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(b)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(c)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">where the transfer is by operation of law; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(d)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">as specified in Section&nbsp;276(7) of the SFA; or </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(e)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments)
(Shares and Debentures) Regulations of 2005 of Singapore (Regulation 32). </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">(f)</FONT></TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Singapore SFA product classification. In connection with Section&nbsp;309B of the SFA and
the CMP Regulations 2018, unless otherwise specified before an offer of securities, we have determined, and hereby notify all relevant persons (as defined in Section&nbsp;309A(1) of the SFA), that the securities are &#147;prescribed capital markets
products&#148; (as defined in the CMP Regulations 2018) and Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">04-N12:</FONT> Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">FAA-N16:</FONT> Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products). </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-42 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_12"></A>LEGAL MATTERS </B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Certain legal matters will be passed upon for us by Cooley LLP, Washington, DC. The underwriters are being represented in connection
with this offering by Covington and Burling LLP, New York, New York. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_13"></A>EXPERTS
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial
statements included in our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and elsewhere in
the registration statement. Our financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP&#146;s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-43 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_14"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
</B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> with respect to
the securities offered hereby. This prospectus supplement, which constitutes part of the registration statement, does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to
us and the securities offered by this prospectus supplement, we refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits. Statements contained in this prospectus supplement as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not
necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">We are currently subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and in accordance therewith file periodic reports, proxy
statements and other information with the SEC. Some of this information may be accessed through the SEC&#146;s Internet address at <I>http://www.sec.gov</I>. We maintain a website at <I>http://www.inovio.com</I>. You may access our annual reports on
Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> quarterly reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q,</FONT> current reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Sections
13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Except for the information incorporated by reference as noted
herein, our website and the information contained on that site, or connected to that site, are not incorporated into and are not a part of this prospectus supplement. We have included our website address in this prospectus supplement solely as an
inactive textual reference. </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-44 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><A NAME="supptoc93396_15"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY
REFERENCE </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">The SEC allows us to &#147;incorporate by reference&#148; into this prospectus supplement the information in
documents we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information we incorporate by reference is considered to be a part of this prospectus supplement and accompanying
prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. Any statement contained in any document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be
modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in or omitted from this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, or in any other subsequently
filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of
this prospectus supplement. We incorporate by reference the documents or information listed below and any future filings we make with the SEC (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;001-14888)</FONT> under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, or 15(d)
of the Exchange Act (in each case, other than those documents or the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed) until the offering is completed: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the fiscal year
ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572625000012/ino-20241231.htm">March<U></U>&nbsp;18, 2025</A>; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our Quarterly Report on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;for</FONT> the
quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572625000026/ino-20250331.htm">May<U></U>&nbsp;13,&nbsp;2025</A>;
</FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> filed with the SEC
on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572625000045/ino-20250520.htm">May<U></U>&nbsp;22, 2025</A>; </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572625000018/ino-20250407.htm">April
<U></U>&nbsp;7, 2025</A> (other than information furnished rather than filed); and </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="8%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="3%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left"><FONT COLOR="#465361">&#149;</FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt"><FONT COLOR="#465361">the description of our common stock contained in our Registration Statement on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000119312514340354/d787144d8a12b.htm">Form
 <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-A</FONT></A>, filed with the SEC on September&nbsp;
12, 2014, including any amendments thereto or reports filed for the purposes of updating this description, including Exhibit 4.9 to our Annual Report on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000105572620000012/ino-12312019x10k.htm">Form
 <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT></A> for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2019, filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;12, 2020. </FONT></P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Notwithstanding the statements in the preceding paragraphs, no document, report or exhibit (or portion of any of the foregoing) or any
other information that we have &#147;furnished&#148; to the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act shall be incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Copies of our reports on annual reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> quarterly reports on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q,</FONT> current reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K,</FONT> and amendments to those reports may also be obtained, free of charge, electronically through our investor relations website located at
<I>http://www.inovio.com</I> as soon as reasonably practical after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The reference to our website does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in our website. We do
not consider information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website to be part of this prospectus supplement or the related registration statement. We have included our website address in this prospectus supplement solely as an
inactive textual reference. </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT COLOR="#465361">You may request, and we will provide to you, a copy of these filings at no cost by writing or
telephoning us at the following address: </FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110 </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462 </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Attn: Investor Relations </FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">Phone: (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">440-4200</FONT> </FONT></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">S-45 </FONT></P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>PROSPECTUS </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g93396g01l45.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:2.16in;height:0.51in;">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>$300,000,000 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Common Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Preferred
Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Debt Securities </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Warrants </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">From time to time, we may offer
and sell up to $300,000,000 of any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. We may also offer securities as may be issuable upon conversion, redemption, repurchase, exchange or exercise of any securities
registered hereunder, including any applicable anti-dilution provisions. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus provides a general description of the securities we may offer.
Each time we offer securities, we will provide specific terms of the securities offered in a supplement to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The
prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing
prospectus, as well as any documents incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of the securities being offered. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are a &#147;smaller
reporting company&#148; under the federal securities laws and, as such, are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See &#147;Summary &#150; Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company.&#148; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of any securities unless accompanied by a prospectus supplement. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will sell these securities directly to investors, through agents designated from time to time or to or through underwriters or dealers, on a continuous or
delayed basis. For additional information on the methods of sale, you should refer to the section entitled &#147;Plan of Distribution&#148; in this prospectus and in the applicable prospectus supplement. If any agents or underwriters are involved in
the sale of any securities with respect to which this prospectus is being delivered, the names of such agents or underwriters and any applicable fees, commissions, discounts or over-allotment options will be set forth in a prospectus supplement. The
price to the public of such securities and the net proceeds we expect to receive from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our
common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#147;INO.&#148; On November&nbsp;8, 2023, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $0.38 per share. The applicable prospectus supplement will contain information,
where applicable, as to any other listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market or any securities market or other exchange of the securities, if any, covered by the prospectus supplement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the
heading &#147;<A HREF="#rom93396_3">Risk Factors</A>&#148; on page 6 of this prospectus and in any applicable prospectus supplement and related free writing prospectus we have authorized for use in connection with a specific offering, and under
similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR DETERMINED IF THIS PROSPECTUS IS TRUTHFUL OR COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE. </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;width:32%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">The date of this prospectus is January&nbsp;31, 2024. </P>
</DIV></Center>


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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Table of Contents </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="3%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00px solid #000000"><B>Page</B></TD>
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_1">About This Prospectus</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">1</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_2">Summary</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">2</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_3">Risk Factors</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">6</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_4">Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">7</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_5">Use of Proceeds</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">9</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_6">Description of Capital Stock</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">10</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_7">Description of Debt Securities</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">13</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_8">Description of Warrants</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">20</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_9">Legal Ownership of Securities</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">22</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_10">Plan of Distribution</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">25</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_11">Legal Matters</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">27</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_12">Experts</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">27</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_13">Where You Can Find More Information</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">28</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><A HREF="#rom93396_14">Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference</A></P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">29</TD>
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</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">i </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_1"></A>About This Prospectus </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus is a part of a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> that we filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, or SEC, utilizing a &#147;shelf&#148; registration process. Under this shelf registration statement, we may sell any combination of the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings up to a total aggregate offering
price of $300,000,000. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each time we sell securities under this
prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information
relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus or in any documents that we have
incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the
heading &#147;Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference,&#148; before investing in any of the securities offered. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE
USED TO CONSUMMATE A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Neither we, nor any agent, underwriter or dealer has
authorized any person to give any information or to make any representation other than those contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus prepared by or on
behalf of us or to which we have referred you. This prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than
the registered securities to which they relate, nor do this prospectus, any applicable supplement to this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy securities in any
jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">You should not assume that the information
contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information we have incorporated by reference
is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference, even though this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any related free writing prospectus is delivered, or securities are sold, on a later date.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus and the information incorporated herein by reference contain summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described
herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will
be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the heading &#147;Where You Can Find More Information.&#148; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">References in this prospectus to &#147;Inovio,&#148; the &#147;Company,&#148; &#147;we,&#148; &#147;us&#148; and &#147;our&#148; refer to Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., together with our consolidated subsidiaries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have proprietary rights to a number of trademarks used in this prospectus which
are important to our business, including SynCon<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">&reg;</SUP>, CELLECTRA<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">&reg;</SUP> and the Inovio logo. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade
names in this prospectus are referred to without the <SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">&reg;</SUP> and <SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">TM</SUP> symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that
their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. All other brand names or trademarks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective holders. Use or display by us of other
parties&#146; trademarks, trade dress, or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and does not, imply a relationship with, or endorsements or sponsorship of, us by the trademark or trade dress owners. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">1 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<div style ="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;BORDER-LEFT:1px solid #000000;BORDER-RIGHT:1px solid #000000;BORDER-TOP:1px solid #000000;MARGIN-LEFT:0px; MARGIN-RIGHT:0px;max-width:100%"><div style="width:97%; margin-top:1.5%; margin-bottom:1.5%; margin-left:1.5%; margin-right:-1.25%">

 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_2"></A>Summary </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your
investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading &#147;Risk
Factors&#148; contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the
information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements and related notes, and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, before making your investment decision. </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Company Overview </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are a biotechnology
company focused on developing and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people from diseases associated with HPV, cancer, and infectious diseases. Our goal is to advance our pipeline of product candidates and deliver on the promise
of DNA medicines technology in treating and preventing a wide array of diseases. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In clinical trials, our DNA medicine candidates have shown the ability
to generate immune responses, especially CD4+, CD8+, and memory <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">T-cell</FONT> responses against targeted pathogens and cancers, via our precisely designed plasmids. These plasmids are delivered into cells using our
investigational proprietary smart device, CELLECTRA. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> is our candidate for the treatment of the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> disease recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, or RRP. In October 2022 and February 2023, we announced data from the first and second cohorts of our Phase&nbsp;1/2 clinical trial of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> for the treatment of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-6</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-11</FONT> associated RRP. In this trial, treatment with
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> resulted in a statistically significant reduction of the median number of surgical interventions required to manage the disease during the first year following initial treatment, a result that
reinforces our belief that DNA medicines may play a key role in the treatment of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> diseases. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On
October&nbsp;10, 2023, we announced that we had received feedback from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, that data from our completed Phase 1/2 clinical trial of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107</FONT> for the treatment of
RRP can be used to support the submission of a Biologic License Application, or BLA, for review under the FDA&#146;s accelerated approval program. The FDA also advised that we will no longer be required to conduct our previously planned Phase 3
randomized, placebo-controlled trial; however, we will need to initiate a confirmatory clinical trial prior to BLA submission for accelerated approval and will also need to satisfy all other FDA filing requirements. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition to our development efforts with <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">INO-3107,</FONT> we are also actively developing or planning to develop DNA
medicines for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> precancers, including vulvar and anal dysplasia; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> cancers, including head&nbsp;&amp; neck cancer; and glioblastoma multiforme, or
GBM, the most common aggressive type of brain cancer, as well as a potential vaccine booster to protect against the Ebola virus. We were previously conducting clinical trials of a DNA medicine candidate for the treatment of cervical high-grade
squamous intraepithelial lesions but announced in August 2023 that we were ceasing development for this indication in the United States. However, our collaborator ApolloBio Corporation continues to conduct a Phase 3 clinical trial of this candidate
in China and plans to seek regulatory approval for and potentially commercialize the candidate in that jurisdiction. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition to ApolloBio, our
partners and collaborators include Advaccine Biopharmaceuticals Suzhou Co, AstraZeneca, The Bill&nbsp;&amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Defense </P>
</div></div>

 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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<div style ="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;BORDER-LEFT:1px solid #000000;BORDER-RIGHT:1px solid #000000;BORDER-TOP:1px solid #000000;MARGIN-LEFT:0px; MARGIN-RIGHT:0px;max-width:100%"><div style="width:97%; margin-top:1.5%; margin-bottom:1.5%; margin-left:1.5%; margin-right:-1.25%">

 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
Advanced Research Projects Agency, The U.S. Department of Defense, HIV Vaccines Trial Network, Indiana University, International Vaccine Institute, Kaneka Eurogentec, National Cancer Institute,
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Plumbline Life Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Richter-Helm BioLogics, Thermo Fisher Scientific, the University of Pennsylvania, the Walter Reed Army
Institute of Research, and The Wistar Institute. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All of our DNA medicine candidates are in the research and development phase. We have not generated any
revenues from the sale of any products, and we do not expect to generate any material revenues from commercial sales for at least the next several years. We earn revenue from license fees and milestone revenue and collaborative research and
development agreements and contracts. Our DNA medicine candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing. All DNA medicine candidates that we advance to clinical
testing will require regulatory approval prior to commercial use, and will require significant costs for commercialization. We may not be successful in our research and development efforts, and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be
profitable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Corporate Information </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in June 2001. Our principal executive offices are located at 660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110,
Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462. Our telephone number is (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">440-4200.</FONT> Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#147;INO.&#148; Our internet website address is
<I>www.inovio.com</I>. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider any information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus
or in deciding whether to purchase our securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Implications of Being a Smaller Reporting Company </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are a &#147;smaller reporting company,&#148; meaning that the market value of our shares held by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is
less than $700&nbsp;million and our annual revenue was less than $100&nbsp;million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i)&nbsp;the market value of our shares held by <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is less than $250&nbsp;million or (ii)&nbsp;our annual revenue was less than $100&nbsp;million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our shares held by <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-affiliates</FONT> is less than $700&nbsp;million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements
that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>The Securities We May Offer </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may offer
shares of our common stock and preferred stock, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or in combination, up to a total aggregate offering price of $300,000,000 from time to time in
one or more offerings under this prospectus, together with any applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of the relevant offering. This
prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time we offer a type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will describe the specific amounts, prices and
other important terms of the securities, including, to the extent applicable: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">designation or classification; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">aggregate principal amount or aggregate offering price; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
</div></div>

 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">maturity; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">original issue discount, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">rates and times of payment of interest or dividends, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">redemption, conversion, exchange or sinking fund terms, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">conversion or exchange prices or rates, if any, and, if applicable, any provisions for changes to or adjustments
in the conversion or exchange prices or rates and in the securities or other property receivable upon conversion or exchange; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">ranking; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">restrictive covenants, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">voting or other rights, if any; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">material U.S. federal income tax considerations. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change
information contained in this prospectus or in documents we have incorporated by reference. However, no prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus will offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of the
effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>This prospectus may not be used to consummate a sale of securities
unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may sell the securities directly to investors or through underwriters, dealers or agents. We,
and our underwriters or agents, reserve the right to accept or reject all or part of any proposed purchase of securities. If we do offer securities through underwriters or agents, we will include in the applicable prospectus supplement: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the names of those underwriters or agents; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">applicable fees, discounts and commissions to be paid to them; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">details regarding over-allotment options, if any; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the estimated net proceeds to us. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Common Stock</I></B>. The holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of
stockholders and do not have any cumulative voting rights. Any election at a meeting of stockholders is determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote at the election, and all other matters are generally determined
by a majority of the votes cast on the matter. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by our board of directors out of funds legally available. In the event we liquidate, dissolve or
wind up, after payment of all of our debts and liabilities, and subject to the preferential rights, if any, of any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets. Our common stock has no
preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights, and there are no redemptive or sinking funds provisions applicable to our common stock. We have received full payment for all outstanding shares of our common stock and cannot require our
stockholders to make further payments on the stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Preferred Stock</I></B>. We may issue shares of our preferred stock from time to time, in one
or more series. Under our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders (unless such stockholder action is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock exchange or market
on which our securities are then traded), to designate up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to determine the designations, voting powers, preferences and rights of each series of the
</P>
</div></div>

 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">4 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
preferred stock, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, preemptive rights, terms of redemption or repurchase,
liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of any series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of the common stock, and to increase or decrease the number of shares
of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. Any convertible preferred stock we may issue will be convertible into our common stock or exchangeable for our other securities. Conversion may be mandatory or
at the holder&#146;s option and would be at prescribed conversion rates. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If we sell any series of preferred stock under this prospectus, we will fix the
designations, voting powers, preferences and rights of such series of preferred stock, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, in the certificate of designation relating to that series. We will file as an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of any certificate of designation that describes the terms of the series of preferred stock that we are
offering before the issuance of the related series of preferred stock. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of preferred stock
being offered, as well as the complete certificate of designation that contains the terms of the applicable series of preferred stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Debt
Securities</I></B>. We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. The senior debt securities will rank equally with any other unsecured and
unsubordinated debt. The subordinated debt securities will be subordinate and junior in right of payment, to the extent and in the manner described in the instrument governing the debt, to all of our senior indebtedness. Convertible debt securities
will be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or other securities. Conversion may be mandatory or at the holder&#146;s option and would be at prescribed conversion rates. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any debt securities issued under this prospectus will be issued under one or more documents called indentures, which are contracts between us and a national
banking association or other eligible party, as trustee. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the debt securities. We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that
we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the series of debt securities being offered, as well as the complete indentures that contain the terms of the debt securities. A form of indenture has been filed as an exhibit to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a
part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B><I>Warrants</I></B><I>.</I> We may issue warrants for the purchase
of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants independently or together with common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities, and the warrants may be attached to or separate from these
securities. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the warrants. We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to
the particular series of warrants being offered, as well as the complete warrant agreements and warrant certificates that contain the terms of the warrants. Forms of the warrant agreements and forms of warrant certificates containing the terms of
the warrants that may be offered have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental warrant agreements and forms of warrant certificates will be filed as exhibits to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC before the issuance of such warrants. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any warrants issued under this prospectus will be evidenced by warrant certificates. Warrants may be issued under an applicable warrant agreement that we
enter into with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent, if applicable, in the prospectus supplement relating to the particular series of warrants being offered. </P>
</div></div>

 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_3"></A>Risk Factors </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review the risks and uncertainties described under the heading &#147;Risk
Factors&#148; contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in our most recent Annual Report on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;10-K,</FONT> as updated by all
subsequently filed periodic reports and other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before deciding whether to purchase any of the securities being registered pursuant to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part. Each of the risk factors described in the documents referenced above could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities, and
the occurrence of any of these risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">6 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_4"></A>Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements. These are based on our management&#146;s current
beliefs, expectations and assumptions about future events, conditions and results and on information currently available to us. Discussions containing these forward-looking statements may be found, among other places, in the sections entitled
&#147;Business,&#148; &#147;Risk Factors&#148; and &#147;Management&#146;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#148; contained in the documents incorporated by reference herein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any statements in this prospectus, or incorporated herein, about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or performance are
not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. Within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the
Exchange Act, these forward-looking statements include statements regarding: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our plans to develop and commercialize our DNA medicine candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our plans with respect to our ongoing and planned clinical trials for our DNA medicine candidates, including the
timing of initiation, dosing of patients, enrollment and completion of these trials and of the anticipated results from these trials; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our plans to develop our current and future product candidates for any additional indications;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our DNA medicine candidates;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the potential clinical benefits and attributes of our current product candidates and any future product
candidates we may develop; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our plans to research and develop any current and future product candidates we may develop;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our current and any future collaborations for the development and commercialization of our current and future
product candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the potential benefits of any current or future collaboration; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the clinical utility of our DNA medicine candidates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our commercialization, marketing and manufacturing capabilities and strategy; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our intellectual property position and strategy; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the impact of government healthcare legislation and proposals; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our ability to identify additional product candidates with significant commercial potential that are consistent
with our commercial objectives; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our estimates regarding future revenues, expenses and needs for additional financing; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our beliefs about our capital expenditure requirements and the length of time over which our capital resources
will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our use of the proceeds from any offering under this prospectus. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words &#147;may,&#148; &#147;might,&#148; &#147;can,&#148; &#147;will,&#148; &#147;to
be,&#148; &#147;could,&#148; &#147;would,&#148; &#147;should,&#148; &#147;expect,&#148; &#147;intend,&#148; &#147;plan,&#148; &#147;objective,&#148; &#147;anticipate,&#148; &#147;believe,&#148; &#147;estimate,&#148; &#147;predict,&#148;
&#147;project,&#148; &#147;potential,&#148; &#147;likely,&#148; &#147;continue&#148; and &#147;ongoing,&#148; or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future, although not all
forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the
information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">You should refer to the &#147;Risk Factors&#148; section contained in the applicable prospectus supplement
and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from
those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be
accurate, and you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these
forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect
events or developments occurring after the date of this prospectus, even if new information becomes available in the future. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">8 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_5"></A>Use of Proceeds </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will retain broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered hereby. Except as described in any applicable
prospectus supplement or in any free writing prospectuses that we may authorize to be provided to you in connection with a specific offering, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered hereby for working
capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire businesses or technologies that we believe are complementary to our own, although we have no current plans,
commitments or agreements with respect to any acquisitions as of the date of this prospectus. We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus our intended use for the net proceeds received from the sale of any
securities sold pursuant to the prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. Pending these uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds in investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">9 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_6"></A>Description of Capital Stock </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>The following description summarizes selected information regarding our capital stock, as well as relevant provisions of: (i)&nbsp;our certificate of
incorporation; (ii)&nbsp;our amended and restated bylaws; and (iii)&nbsp;the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or the DGCL. The following summary is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the
certificate of incorporation and the amended and restated bylaws, copies of which have been filed as exhibits to our Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> and the applicable provisions of the DGCL. </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>General </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us
to issue up to 600,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. Our board of directors may establish the rights and preferences of the preferred stock from time to
time. As of September&nbsp;30, 2023, 1,091 shares of preferred stock were designated Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, of which 9 shares were outstanding. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Common Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The holders of our common stock are
entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders and do not have any cumulative voting rights. Any election at a meeting of stockholders is determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the
stockholders entitled to vote at the election, and all other matters are generally determined by a majority of the votes cast on the matter. Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by
our board of directors out of funds legally available. In the event we liquidate, dissolve or wind up, after payment of all of our debts and liabilities, and subject to the preferential rights, if any, of any outstanding preferred stock, the holders
of our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets. Our common stock has no preemptive or conversion rights or other subscription rights, and there are no redemptive or sinking funds provisions applicable to our common stock. The
rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock that we may designate in the future. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Preferred Stock </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to our certificate of
incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders (unless such stockholder action is required by applicable law or stock exchange listing rules), to designate and issue up to 10,000,000 shares of
preferred stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the
qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of the common stock, and to
increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our board of directors,
without stockholder approval, can issue preferred stock with voting, conversion or other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the holders of common stock. Preferred stock could be issued quickly with terms designed
to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and reduce the likelihood that common
stockholders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our board of directors will fix the designations, voting powers, preferences
and rights of each series, as well as the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of the preferred stock of each series. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">10 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Antitakeover Provisions </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We are
subject to Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested
stockholder, with the following exceptions: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
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<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the
transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the
interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the
interested stockholder, those shares owned (i)&nbsp;by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii)&nbsp;employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the
plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual
or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In general, Section&nbsp;203 defines a &#147;business combination&#148; to include the following: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the
interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any
stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock
or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other
financial benefits by or through the corporation. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In general, Section&nbsp;203 defines an &#147;interested stockholder&#148; as an
entity or person who, together with the entity or person&#146;s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder
status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:2%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws </I></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:9pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our certificate of incorporation provides that our board of directors may issue shares of undesignated preferred stock and determine the rights, preferences
and privileges of these shares, without stockholder approval and that all stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by written consent. Our certificate of incorporation also does not provide for cumulative
voting. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other
rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change our control. These provisions are intended to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to reduce our
vulnerability to hostile takeovers and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of delaying
changes in our control or management. As a consequence, these provisions may also inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts. We believe that the benefits of these provisions,
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">11 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
including increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure our company, outweigh the disadvantages
of discouraging takeover proposals, because negotiation of takeover proposals could result in an improvement of their terms. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Transfer Agent and
Registrar </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare. The transfer agent&#146;s address is 3rd Floor &#150; 510 Burrard
St., Vancouver, BC V6C 3B9, and its telephone number is (604) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">661-0258.</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol &#147;INO.&#148; The applicable prospectus supplement will contain
information, where applicable, as to any other listing, if any, on the Nasdaq Capital Market or any securities market or other exchange of the preferred stock covered by such prospectus supplement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">12 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_7"></A>Description of Debt Securities </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may issue debt securities from time to time, in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt.
While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus
supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture, we also are referring to any supplemental
indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will issue the debt securities under the indenture that we will enter
into with the trustee named in the indenture. The indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or the Trust Indenture Act. We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which
this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be
incorporated by reference from reports that we file with the SEC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following summary of material provisions of the debt securities and the indenture
is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing
prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the terms of the debt securities. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>General </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The indenture does not limit the amount of debt
securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and
sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations,
financial condition or transactions involving us. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as &#147;discount securities,&#148; which
means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with &#147;original issue discount,&#148; or OID, for U.S. federal
income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any
applicable prospectus supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered,
including: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the title of the series of debt securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the maturity date or dates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the form of the debt securities of the series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the applicability of any guarantees; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination
thereof, and the terms of any subordination; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">13 </P>

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<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities
will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt
securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date
interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at
which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory
sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder&#146;s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and
any integral multiple thereof; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series
and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or
securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in
part for other individual securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the depositary for such global security or securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the
terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the
holders&#146; option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the
series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including,
among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of
the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the
consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the
equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">14 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders&#146; option and the
terms and conditions upon which the election may be made; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if
any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a &#147;United States person&#148; for federal tax purposes; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, any
other additions or changes in the provisions of the indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Conversion or Exchange Rights </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities. We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether
conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities that the holders of the series of debt securities receive
would be subject to adjustment. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Consolidation, Merger or Sale </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant
that restricts our ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety. However, any successor to or acquirer of such assets (other than a subsidiary of ours)
must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or the debt securities, as appropriate. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Events of Default under the Indenture </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the
indenture with respect to any series of debt securities that we may issue: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become
due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in
the payment of interest for this purpose; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same
shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the
maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the
indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 90 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice
of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If an event of default with respect to debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet
point above, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">15 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last
bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any
holder. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default
with respect to the series and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver
shall cure the default or event of default. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be
continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such holders have offered the
trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the
trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it
in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A holder of the debt securities of
any series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have
made written request, </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">such holders have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities
to be incurred by the trustee in compliance with the request; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate
principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest
on, the debt securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will periodically file statements with the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Modification of Indenture; Waiver </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We and the trustee
may change an indenture without the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to comply with the provisions described above under &#147;Description of Debt
Securities&#8201;-&#8201;Consolidation, Merger or Sale&#148;; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or
provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of
default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">16 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms,
or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in
any material respect; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any
series as provided above under &#147;Description of Debt Securities&#8201;-&#8201;General&#148; to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add
to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust
Indenture Act. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In addition, under the indenture, the rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the
trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable to
a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any
premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment,
supplement, modification or waiver. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Discharge </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each indenture provides that we can elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified
obligations, including obligations to: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">provide for payment; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">maintain paying agencies; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">hold monies for payment in trust; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">recover excess money held by the trustee; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">compensate and indemnify the trustee; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">appoint any successor trustee. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In order to exercise our rights to be discharged, we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any
premium, if any, and interest on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Form, Exchange and Transfer </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will issue the debt securities of each series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus
supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series in temporary or permanent </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">17 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in the applicable
prospectus supplement with respect to that series. To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating to any book-entry securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">At the option of the holder, subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the
applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the
debt securities may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security
registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose no service charge for any registration of transfer
or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement the security
registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a
change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any series, we will not be required to: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the
opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except
the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Information Concerning the Trustee </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The trustee, other than during the occurrence and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are
specifically set forth in the applicable indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this
provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities
that it might incur. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Payment and Paying Agents </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date
to the person in whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for the interest. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will pay principal of and any premium and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us,
except that unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable
prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">18 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
series. We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in
each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee for the payment of the principal
of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may look
only to us for payment thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Governing Law </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The
indenture and the debt securities will be governed by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">19 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_8"></A>Description of Warrants </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing
prospectuses, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, which may consist of warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and may be issued in one or more series.
Warrants may be offered independently or together with common stock, preferred stock or debt securities offered by any prospectus supplement, and may be attached to or separate from those securities. While the terms we have summarized below will
apply generally to any warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable free writing
prospectus. The terms of any warrants offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. However, no prospectus supplement will fundamentally change the terms that are set forth in this prospectus or offer a security
that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of its effectiveness. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have filed forms of the warrant agreements and forms of
warrant certificates containing the terms of the warrants that may be offered as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or
will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant agreement, if any, including a form of warrant certificate, that describes the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering. The following
summaries of material provisions of the warrants and the warrant agreements are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the warrant agreement and warrant certificate applicable to the particular series of
warrants that we may offer under this prospectus. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements related to the particular series of warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as any related free writing prospectuses, and
the complete warrant agreements and warrant certificates that contain the terms of the warrants. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>General </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms relating to a series of warrants being offered, including, to the extent applicable: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the title of such securities; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the offering price or prices and aggregate number of warrants offered; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the currency or currencies for which the warrants may be purchased; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of
warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately
transferable; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if applicable, the minimum or maximum amount of such warrants which may be exercised at any one time;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon
exercise of one warrant and the price at which, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or
preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which, and the currency in which, these shares may be purchased upon such exercise; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreements and
the warrants; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms of any rights to force the exercise of the warrants; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise
of the warrants; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">20 </P>

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<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the manner in which the warrant agreements and warrants may be modified; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">a discussion of any material or special U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the
warrants; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Before exercising their warrants, holders of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon
such exercise, including: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the right to receive payments of principal of, or premium,
if any, or interest on, the debt securities purchasable upon exercise or to enforce covenants in the applicable indenture; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the right to receive dividends, if any, or,
payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Exercise of Warrants </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each warrant will entitle the holder to purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe
in the applicable prospectus supplement. Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants at any time up to the specified time on the expiration date that we set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we otherwise specify
in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may exercise the warrants by delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with specified information, and paying the required amount to the
warrant agent in immediately available funds, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. We will set forth on the reverse side of the warrant certificate and in the applicable prospectus supplement the information that the holder of the
warrant will be required to deliver to the warrant agent in connection with the exercise of the warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Upon receipt of the required payment and the
warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such
exercise. If fewer than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, then we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining amount of warrants. If we so indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders
of the warrants may surrender securities as all or part of the exercise price for warrants. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Governing Law </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, the warrants and warrant agreements, and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under
or related to the warrants or warrant agreements, will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each
warrant agent will act solely as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any warrant. A single bank or trust company may act as warrant agent for more
than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or
to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise, and receive the securities purchasable upon
exercise of, its warrants. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">21 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_9"></A>Legal Ownership of Securities </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We can issue securities in registered form or in the form of one or more global securities. We describe global securities in greater detail below. We refer to
those persons who have securities registered in their own names on the books that we or any applicable trustee, depositary or warrant agent maintain for this purpose as the &#147;holders&#148; of those securities. These persons are the legal holders
of the securities. We refer to those persons who, indirectly through others, own beneficial interests in securities that are not registered in their own names, as &#147;indirect holders&#148; of those securities. As we discuss below, indirect
holders are not legal holders, and investors in securities issued in book-entry form or in street name will be indirect holders. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Book-Entry Holders
</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may issue securities in book-entry form only, as we will specify in the applicable prospectus supplement. This means securities may be represented
by one or more global securities registered in the name of a financial institution that holds them as depositary on behalf of other financial institutions that participate in the depositary&#146;s book-entry system. These participating institutions,
which are referred to as participants, in turn, hold beneficial interests in the securities on behalf of themselves or their customers. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Only the person
in whose name a security is registered is recognized as the holder of that security. Global securities will be registered in the name of the depositary or its participants. Consequently, for global securities, we will recognize only the depositary
as the holder of the securities, and we will make all payments on the securities to the depositary. The depositary passes along the payments it receives to its participants, which in turn pass the payments along to their customers who are the
beneficial owners. The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they have made with one another or with their customers; they are not obligated to do so under the terms of the securities. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As a result, investors in a global security will not own securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a
bank, broker or other financial institution that participates in the depositary&#146;s book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant. As long as the securities are issued in global form, investors will be indirect holders, and not
legal holders, of the securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Street Name Holders </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may terminate a global security or issue securities that are not issued in global form. In these cases, investors may choose to hold their securities in
their own names or in &#147;street name.&#148; Securities held by an investor in street name would be registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial institution that the investor chooses, and the investor would hold only a beneficial
interest in those securities through an account he or she maintains at that institution. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For securities held in street name, we or any applicable trustee
or depositary will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the securities are registered as the holders of those securities, and we or any such trustee or depositary will make all payments on
those securities to them. These institutions pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial owners, but only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so.
Investors who hold securities in street name will be indirect holders, not legal holders, of those securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Legal Holders </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our obligations, as well as the obligations of any applicable trustee or third party employed by us or a trustee, run only to the legal holders of the
securities. We do not have obligations to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect means. This will be the case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a security or has no
choice because we are issuing the securities only in global form. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">22 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the holder, we have no further responsibility for
the payment or notice even if that holder is required, under agreements with its participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, we may want to obtain the approval of the holders to amend
an indenture, to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation to comply with a particular provision of an indenture, or for other purposes. In such an event, we would seek approval only from the holders, and not the indirect
holders, of the securities. Whether and how the legal holders contact the indirect holders is up to the legal holders. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Special Considerations for
Indirect Holders </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If you hold securities through a bank, broker or other financial institution, either in book-entry form because the securities are
represented by one or more global securities or in street name, you should check with your own institution to find out: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">how it handles securities payments and notices; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether it imposes fees or charges; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">how it would handle a request for the holders&#146; consent, if ever required; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">whether and how you can instruct it to send you securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if
that is permitted in the future; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">how it would exercise rights under the securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for
holders to act to protect their interests; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if the securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary&#146;s rules and procedures will affect these
matters. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Global Securities </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A
global security is a security that represents one or any other number of individual securities held by a depositary. Generally, all securities represented by the same global securities will have the same terms. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each security issued in book-entry form will be represented by a global security that we issue to, deposit with and register in the name of a financial
institution or its nominee that we select. The financial institution that we select for this purpose is called the depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, DTC will be the depositary for all securities issued
in book-entry form. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A global security may not be transferred to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary, its nominee or a successor
depositary, unless special termination situations arise. We describe those situations below under &#147;&#150; Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated.&#148; As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee,
will be the sole registered owner and legal holder of all securities represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial interests must be held by means of an account
with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with the depositary or with another institution that does. Thus, an investor whose security is represented by a global security will not be a legal holder of the
security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the prospectus supplement for a particular security indicates
that the security will be issued as a global security, then the security will be represented by a global security at all times unless and until the global security is terminated. If termination occurs, we may issue the securities through another
book-entry clearing system or decide that the securities may no longer be held through any book-entry clearing system. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Special Considerations for
Global Securities </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As an indirect holder, an investor&#146;s rights relating to a global security will be governed by the account rules of the
investor&#146;s financial institution and of the depositary, as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. We do not recognize an indirect holder as a holder of securities and instead deal only with the depositary that holds the global
security. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">23 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If securities are issued only as global securities, an investor should be aware of the following: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">an investor cannot cause the securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-global</FONT> certificates for his or her interest in the securities, except in the special situations we describe below; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">an investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the
securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the securities, as we describe above; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">an investor may not be able to sell interests in the securities to some insurance companies and to other
institutions that are required by law to own their securities in <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-book-entry</FONT> form; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">an investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in the global security in circumstances where
certificates representing the securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the depositary&#146;s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges
and other matters relating to an investor&#146;s interest in the global security; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">we and any applicable trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary&#146;s actions or for its
records of ownership interests in the global security, nor will we or any applicable trustee supervise the depositary in any way; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the depositary may, and we understand that DTC will, require that those who purchase and sell interests in the
global security within its book-entry system use immediately available funds, and your broker or bank may require you to do so as well; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">financial institutions that participate in the depositary&#146;s book-entry system, and through which an investor
holds its interest in the global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the securities. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any
of those intermediaries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In a few special situations described below, a global security will terminate and interests in it will be exchanged for physical certificates representing
those interests. After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold securities directly or in street name will be up to the investor. Investors must consult their own banks or brokers to find out how to have their interests in securities transferred
to their own names, so that they will be direct holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors above. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless we provide
otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, a global security will terminate when the following special situations occur: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for
that global security and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if we notify any applicable trustee that we wish to terminate that global security; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">if an event of default has occurred with regard to securities represented by that global security and has not
been cured or waived. </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The applicable prospectus supplement may also list additional situations for terminating a global security that
would apply only to the particular series of securities covered by the prospectus supplement. When a global security terminates, the depositary, and neither we nor any applicable trustee, is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions
that will be the initial direct holders. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">24 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">
<h5 align="left" style="font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold"><a href="#toc">Table of Contents</a></h5>


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_10"></A>Plan of Distribution </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may sell the securities from time to time pursuant to underwritten public offerings, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these
methods. We may sell the securities to or through underwriters or dealers, through agents, or directly to one or more purchasers. We may distribute securities from time to time in one or more transactions: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">at negotiated prices. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may also sell equity securities covered by this registration statement in an &#147;at the market offering&#148; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the
Securities Act. Such offering may be made into an existing trading market for such securities in transactions at other than a fixed price on or through the facilities of the Nasdaq Capital Market or any other securities exchange or quotation or
trading service on which such securities may be listed, quoted or traded at the time of sale. Such at the market offerings, if any, may be conducted by underwriters acting as principal or agent. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A prospectus supplement or supplements (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) will describe the terms of the
offering of the securities, including, to the extent applicable: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents, if any; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from the sale; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional securities from us;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents&#146; or underwriters&#146;
compensation; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any public offering price; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">any securities exchange or market on which the securities may be listed. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Only underwriters named in the prospectus supplement are underwriters of the securities offered by the prospectus supplement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If underwriters are used in the sale, they will acquire the securities for their own account and may resell the securities from time to time in one or more
transactions at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable underwriting agreement.
We may offer the securities to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by managing underwriters or by underwriters without a syndicate. Subject to certain conditions, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the
securities offered by the prospectus supplement, other than securities covered by any overallotment or other option. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may change from time to time. We
may use underwriters with whom we have a material relationship. We will describe in the prospectus supplement, naming the underwriter, the nature of any such relationship. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may sell securities directly or through agents we designate from time to time. We will name any agent involved in the offering and sale of securities, and
we will describe any commissions we will pay the agent in the prospectus supplement. Unless the prospectus supplement states otherwise, our agent will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of its appointment. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">25 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may authorize agents or underwriters to solicit offers by certain types of institutional investors to
purchase securities from us at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement pursuant to delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on a specified date in the future. We will describe the conditions to these
contracts and the commissions we must pay for solicitation of these contracts in the prospectus supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We may provide agents and underwriters with
indemnification against civil liabilities related to this offering, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or contribution with respect to payments that the agents or underwriters may make with respect to these liabilities. Agents and
underwriters may engage in transactions with, or perform services for, us in the ordinary course of business. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All securities we may offer, other than
common stock, will be new issues of securities with no established trading market. Any underwriters may make a market in these securities, but will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. We cannot
guarantee the liquidity of the trading markets for any securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any underwriter may engage in overallotment, stabilizing transactions, short covering
transactions and penalty bids. Overallotment involves sales in excess of the offering size, which create a short position. Stabilizing transactions permit bids to purchase the underlying security so long as the stabilizing bids do not exceed a
specified maximum. Short covering transactions involve purchases of the securities in the open market after the distribution is completed to cover short positions. Penalty bids permit the underwriters to reclaim a selling concession from a dealer
when the securities originally sold by the dealer are purchased in a stabilizing or covering transaction to cover short positions. Those activities may cause the price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. If commenced, the
underwriters may discontinue any of the activities at any time. These transactions may be effected on any exchange or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any underwriters or agents who are qualified market makers on the Nasdaq Capital Market may engage in passive market making transactions in the securities on
the Nasdaq Capital Market in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the securities. Passive market makers must
comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all
independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker&#146;s bid, however, the passive market maker&#146;s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the
securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">26 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_11"></A>Legal Matters </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, certain legal matters in connection with the offering and the validity of the securities
offered by this prospectus, and any supplement thereto, will be passed upon by Cooley LLP, Reston, Virginia. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers or agents, by counsel that we will name in the applicable
prospectus supplement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_12"></A>Experts </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on
Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2022, as set forth in their report, which is incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement. Our financial statements
are incorporated by reference in reliance on Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP&#146;s report, given on their authority as experts in accounting and auditing. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">27 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_13"></A>Where You Can Find More Information </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This prospectus is part of a registration statement we filed with the SEC. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the
registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement. For further information with respect to us and the securities we are offering under this prospectus, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules
filed as a part of the registration statement. You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with different information. We are
not making an offer of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front page of this prospectus, regardless of
the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy
statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at <I>www.sec.gov</I> that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC are also available on our website at <I>http://www.inovio.com</I>. Information contained in or
accessible through our website does not constitute a part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have included our website address as an inactive textual reference only. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">28 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><A NAME="rom93396_14"></A>Incorporation of Certain Information By Reference </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The SEC allows us to &#147;incorporate by reference&#148; information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by
referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The SEC file number for the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus is <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">001-14888.</FONT> The documents incorporated by reference into
this prospectus contain important information that you should read about us. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The following documents are incorporated by reference into this document:
</P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our Annual Report on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572623000010/ino-20221231.htm">Form
 <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT></A> for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;1, 2023; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our Quarterly Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the fiscal quarters ended
March&nbsp;31, 2023, June&nbsp;30, 2023 and September&nbsp;30, 2023, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572623000030/ino-20230331.htm">May&nbsp;
10, 2023</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000105572623000051/ino-20230630.htm">August&nbsp;
9, 2023</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000105572623000055/ino-20230930.htm">November&nbsp;9, 2023</A>, respectively; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our Definitive Proxy Statement on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000105572623000022/ino-2023xproxy.htm">Schedule
 14A</A>, filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;28, 2023, to the extent the information contained therein is filed and not furnished; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="2%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">&#149;</TD>
<TD WIDTH="1%" VALIGN="top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P ALIGN="left" STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">our Current Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000119312523019738/d295438d8k.htm">January&nbsp;31,
 2023</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000119312523148122/d458280d8k.htm">May&nbsp;
18, 2023</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000119312523199683/d519359d8k.htm">August&nbsp;
1, 2023</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001055726/000119312523253450/d567242d8k.htm">October&nbsp;
10, 2023</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/../../../ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000119312523269347/d580286d8k.htm">November&nbsp;2, 2023</A>, to the extent the information in such reports is filed Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-A,</FONT> filed with the SEC on September&nbsp;
12, 2014, including any amendments thereto or reports filed for the purposes of updating this description, including <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1055726/000105572620000012/ino-12312019x10xkex49.htm">Exhibit 4.3</A> to our Annual
Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2022, filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;1, 2023. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We also incorporate by reference into this prospectus all documents (other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> and exhibits filed on such form that are related to such items) that are filed by us with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (i)&nbsp;after the date of the initial filing
of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement and (ii)&nbsp;after the date of this prospectus but prior to the termination of the offering. These documents include
periodic reports, such as Annual Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> Quarterly Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> and Current Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K,</FONT> as well as
proxy statements. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, without charge upon written or oral
request, a copy of any or all of the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. You should direct
any requests for documents to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Attn: Investor Relations, 660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462; telephone: (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">440-4200.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any statement contained in this prospectus or contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be
deemed to be modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or any subsequently filed supplement to this prospectus, or document deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus, modifies or supersedes
such statement. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">29 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="font-size:0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g93396g01l45.jpg" ALT="LOGO" STYLE="width:2.16in;height:0.51in;">
 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:16pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>14,285,715
Shares of Common Stock </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series A
Warrants to Purchase up to 14,285,715 Shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Series B Warrants to Purchase up to 14,285,715 Shares of Common Stock (or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) </B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:5.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361;width:42%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:14pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
</B></FONT></P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:5.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #465361;width:42%">&nbsp;</DIV></center> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:36pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT
 COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Bookrunning Manager </I></B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="99%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:18pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Piper Sandler</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B><I>Passive
Bookrunner </I></B></FONT></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:16pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="99%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:16pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361"><B>Oppenheimer &amp; Co.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:24pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#465361">July 2, 2025
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
