<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-26-326785.txt : 20260731
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20260731072330
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-26-326785
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		19
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20260729
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20260731
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20260731

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001055726
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				330969592
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-14888
		FILM NUMBER:		261225419

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		660 W. GERMANTOWN PIKE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 110
		CITY:			PLYMOUTH MEETING
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19462
		BUSINESS PHONE:		8584103134

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		660 W. GERMANTOWN PIKE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 110
		CITY:			PLYMOUTH MEETING
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19462

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	INOVIO BIOMEDICAL CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20050404

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20011116

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	GENETRONICS BIOMEDICAL LTD
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19980213
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<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b) of the Act:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;1.01</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On July&#160;29, 2026, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Company</span></span>&#8221;) entered into an underwriting agreement (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Underwriting Agreement</span></span>&#8221;) with Piper Sandler&#160;&amp; Co., as underwriter (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Underwriter</span></span>&#8221;), relating to the issuance and sale by the Company in a public offering of (i) 21,052,632 shares (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Shares</span></span>&#8221;) of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Common Stock</span></span>&#8221;), and (ii)&#160;accompanying warrants (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Warrants</span></span>&#8221;) to purchase up to 42,105,264 shares of its Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Pre-Funded Warrants</span></span>&#8221;)) at an exercise price of $1.10 per share of Common Stock (or 1.099 per Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase a share of common stock), at a combined public offering price of $0.95 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Warrant (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Offering</span></span>&#8221;). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company also granted the Underwriter an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to 3,157,894 additional shares of Common Stock and/or warrants to purchase up to 6,315,788 additional shares of Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof) at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. On July&#160;29, 2026, the Underwriter exercised such option with respect to the warrants to purchase up to 6,315,788 additional shares of Common Stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering, including the exercise of the Underwriter&#8217;s option to purchase additional warrants, are expected to be approximately $18.3&#160;million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company, and assuming no exercise of the Underwriter&#8217;s option to purchase additional shares. All of the Shares and the Warrants are being sold by the Company. The Offering is expected to close on or about July&#160;31, 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Offering was made pursuant to the Company&#8217;s registration statement on Form S-3 (File No.&#160;333-297233), which was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">SEC</span></span>&#8221;) on July&#160;10, 2026, as supplemented by a prospectus supplement filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Securities Act</span></span>&#8221;). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase two shares of Common Stock (or to purchase a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof) with an exercise price of $1.10 per share (or $1.099 per Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock), will be immediately exercisable and will expire five (5)&#160;years from the date of issuance. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A holder of the Warrants will not be entitled to exercise any portion of such Warrant that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates, any other persons acting as a group together with the holder and any other persons whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock would be aggregated with the holder for purposes of Section&#160;13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) to exceed 4.99%, 9.99% or 19.99% (or such other percentage that was elected by the holder prior to the issuance of the Warrant) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise. 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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company and the Underwriter, including for liabilities under the Securities Act, other obligations of the parties and termination provisions. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in the Underwriting Agreement were made only for purposes of such agreement and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, and may be subject to limitations agreed upon by the contracting parties. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing descriptions of the terms of the Underwriting Agreement and Warrants are each qualified in their entirety by reference to the Underwriting Agreement, form of Pre-Funded Warrant and form of Warrant, respectively, which are attached as Exhibit 1.1, Exhibit 4.1 and Exhibit 4.2 hereto, respectively, and incorporated by reference herein. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A copy of the legal opinion of Cooley LLP relating to the validity of the issuance and sale of the securities in the Offering is attached as Exhibit 5.1 hereto. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border-spacing:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top;text-align:left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;8.01</span></td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;text-align:left"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold">(d) Exhibits </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d253972dex11.htm">Underwriting Agreement, dated July&#160;29, 2026, by and between Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Piper Sandler&#160;&amp; Co. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d253972dex42.htm">Form of Warrant. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d253972dex51.htm">Consent of Cooley LLP (included in Exhibit&#160;5.1). </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">99.1</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d253972dex991.htm">Press Release. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">99.2</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d253972dex992.htm">Press Release. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">104</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top">Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL).</td></tr>
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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">SIGNATURES </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized. </p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom"><span style="font-weight:bold">INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">Date: July&#160;31, 2026</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Peter Kies</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">Peter Kies</td></tr>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">(a
Delaware corporation) </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">21,052,632 Shares of Common Stock </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Warrants to Purchase Up to 42,105,264 Shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in lieu thereof)
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">UNDERWRITING AGREEMENT </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Dated: July&nbsp;29, 2026 </P>
</DIV></Center>


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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">(a Delaware corporation) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">21,052,632 Shares of Common Stock </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Warrants to Purchase Up to 42,105,264 Shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">lieu thereof) </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>UNDERWRITING
AGREEMENT </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">July&nbsp;29, 2026 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">PIPER
SANDLER&nbsp;&amp; CO. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">as Representative of the several Underwriters </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
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<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">c/o</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10022 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen:
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;Company&#8221;), confirms its agreement with Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co.
and each of the other Underwriters named in Schedule A hereto (collectively, the &#8220;Underwriters,&#8221; which term shall also include any underwriter substituted as hereinafter provided in Section&nbsp;10 hereof), for whom Piper
Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. is acting as representative (in such capacity, the &#8220;Representative&#8221;), with respect to the sale by the Company and the purchase by the Underwriters, acting severally and not jointly, of (i)&nbsp;an aggregate of
21,052,632 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;), of the Company (the &#8220;Firm Shares&#8221;) and (ii)&nbsp;Common Stock warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 42,105,264 shares of Common Stock <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(or&nbsp;pre-funded</FONT> warrants of the Company to purchase shares of Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $0.001 per share (the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;Pre-Funded&nbsp;Warrants&#8221;)</FONT> in
lieu thereof) at an exercise price equal to $1.10 per share (the &#8220;Warrants&#8221;), each in the respective amounts set forth in Schedule A hereto. The Firm Shares and the Warrants are collectively herein referred to as the &#8220;Firm
Securities.&#8221; In addition, the Company has granted to the Underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional 3,157,894 shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;Option Shares&#8221; and, together with the Firm Shares, the &#8220;Underwritten
Shares&#8221;) and/or Warrants to purchase up to an additional 6,315,788 shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in lieu thereof) (the &#8220;Option Warrants&#8221; and, together with the Warrants, the
&#8220;Underwritten Warrants&#8221;), as provided in Section&nbsp;2. The Underwritten Shares and the Underwritten Warrants to be sold by the Company are herein collectively referred to as the &#8220;Securities.&#8221;&nbsp;The shares of Common Stock
issuable upon exercise of the Underwritten Warrants and any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants are herein referred to as the &#8220;Warrant Shares.&#8221; Each Underwritten Share is being sold with a Warrant to purchase two
shares of Common Stock or to purchase a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrant to purchase two shares of Common Stock in lieu thereof. To the extent there are no additional underwriters listed on Schedule A, the terms
&#8220;Representative&#8221; and &#8220;Underwriters&#8221; as used herein shall mean you, as Underwriter. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company understands that the Underwriters propose to make a public offering of the
Securities as soon as the Representative deems advisable after this Agreement has been executed and delivered. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company has prepared
and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;Commission&#8221;) a shelf registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-297233)</FONT> covering the
public offering and sale of certain securities, including the Securities, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;1933 Act&#8221;), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the &#8220;1933 Act Regulations&#8221;), which
shelf registration statement was declared effective by the Commission on July&nbsp;10, 2026. Such registration statement, as of any time, means such registration statement as amended by any post-effective amendments thereto at such time, including
the exhibits and any schedules thereto at such time, the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein at such time pursuant to Item 12 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the 1933 Act and the
documents otherwise deemed to be a part thereof as of such time pursuant to Rule 430B under the 1933 Act Regulations (&#8220;Rule 430B&#8221;), and is referred to herein as the &#8220;Registration Statement;&#8221; provided, however, that the
&#8220;Registration Statement&#8221; without reference to a time means such registration statement as amended by any post-effective amendments thereto as of the time of the first contract of sale for the Securities, which time shall be considered
the &#8220;new effective date&#8221; of such registration statement with respect to the Securities within the meaning of paragraph (f)(2) of Rule 430B, including the exhibits and schedules thereto as of such time, the documents incorporated or
deemed incorporated by reference therein at such time pursuant to Item 12 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the 1933 Act and the documents otherwise deemed to be a part thereof as of such time pursuant to Rule 430B. Any
registration statement filed by the Company pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the 1933 Act is called the &#8220;Rule 462(b) Registration Statement&#8221; and, from and after the date and time of filing of the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement, the term
&#8220;Registration Statement&#8221; shall include the Rule 462(b) Registration Statement. Any preliminary prospectus supplement used in connection with the offering of the Securities, including the base prospectus included in the Registration
Statement (the &#8220;Base Prospectus&#8221;), including the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the 1933 Act, are collectively
referred to herein as a &#8220;preliminary prospectus.&#8221; Promptly after execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Company will prepare and file a final prospectus relating to the Securities in accordance with the provisions of Rule 424(b)
under the 1933 Act Regulations (&#8220;Rule 424(b)&#8221;). The final prospectus, in the form first furnished or made available to the Underwriters for use in connection with the offering of the Securities, including the documents incorporated or
deemed to be incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the 1933 Act, are collectively referred to herein as the &#8220;Prospectus.&#8221; For purposes of this Agreement, all
references to the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering,
Analysis and Retrieval system (or any successor system) (&#8220;EDGAR&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As used in this Agreement: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;Applicable Time&#8221; means 6:30 P.M., New York City time, on July&nbsp;29, 2026 or such other time as agreed by the Company and the
Representative. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;General Disclosure Package&#8221; means any Issuer General Use Free Writing
Prospectuses issued at or prior to the Applicable Time, the Base Prospectus, as amended or supplemented immediately prior to the Applicable Time and the most recent preliminary prospectus (including any documents incorporated therein by reference),
that is made available to investors prior to the Applicable Time and the information included on Schedule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">B-1</FONT> hereto, all considered together. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;Issuer Free Writing Prospectus&#8221; means any &#8220;issuer free writing prospectus,&#8221; as defined in Rule 433 of the 1933 Act
Regulations (&#8220;Rule 433&#8221;), including without limitation any &#8220;free writing prospectus&#8221; (as defined in Rule 405 of the 1933 Act Regulations (&#8220;Rule 405&#8221;)) relating to the Securities that is (i)&nbsp;required to be
filed with the Commission by the Company, (ii)&nbsp;a &#8220;road show that is a written communication&#8221; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i), whether or not required to be filed with the Commission, or (iii)&nbsp;exempt from filing with the
Commission pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Securities or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to
be filed, in the form retained in the Company&#8217;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;Issuer General Use Free Writing
Prospectus&#8221; means any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is intended for general distribution to prospective investors (other than a &#8220;<I>bona fide</I> electronic road show,&#8221; as defined in Rule 433), as evidenced by its being
specified in Schedule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">B-2</FONT> hereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;Issuer Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus&#8221; means
any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that is not an Issuer General Use Free Writing Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication&#8221;&nbsp;means any oral or written communication with potential investors undertaken in reliance on Section&nbsp;5(d)&nbsp;or Rule 163B of the 1933 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;Written <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication&#8221; means
any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communication that is a written communication within the meaning of Rule&nbsp;405 under the 1933 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information which is &#8220;contained,&#8221;
&#8220;included&#8221; or &#8220;stated&#8221; (or other references of like import) in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include all such financial statements and schedules and other
information incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, prior to the execution and delivery of this Agreement; and all references in this Agreement
to amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to include the filing of any document under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder (collectively, the &#8220;1934 Act&#8221;), incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, such preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, at or after the execution and
delivery of this Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">3 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 1. <U>Representations and Warranties</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Representations and Warranties by the Company</I>. The Company represents and warrants to each Underwriter as of the date hereof, the
Applicable Time, the Closing Time (as defined below) and as of each Option Closing Time (as defined below), and agrees with each Underwriter, as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>Registration Statement and Prospectuses</U>. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the 1933 Act. Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto has become effective under the 1933 Act. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration
Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the 1933 Act, no notice of objection of the Commission to the use of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto pursuant to Rule 401(g)(1) of the 1933
Act Regulations has been received by the Company, no order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the
Company&#8217;s knowledge, contemplated. The Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each of the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the time of its effectiveness, each deemed effective date with
respect to the Underwriters pursuant to Rule 430B(f)(2) under the 1933 Act Regulations, the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the
1933 Act and the 1933 Act Regulations. Any preliminary prospectus, the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, at the time each was filed with the Commission, and, in each case, at the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each
applicable Option Closing Time complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the 1933 Act Regulations and any preliminary prospectus and the Prospectus delivered to the Underwriters for use in connection with this
offering was identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, when they became
effective or at the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission under the 1934 Act (the
&#8220;1934 Act Regulations&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) <U>Accurate Disclosure</U>. Neither the Registration Statement nor any amendment thereto, at
its effective time, on the date hereof, at the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time, contained, contains or will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact required to be
stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. At the Applicable Time, the Closing Time and at each applicable Option Closing Time, neither (A)&nbsp;the General Disclosure Package nor (B)&nbsp;any individual Issuer
Limited Use Free Writing Prospectus, when considered together with the General Disclosure Package, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order
to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. Neither the Prospectus nor any amendment or supplement thereto, as of its issue </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">4 </P>

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date, at the time of any filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b), at the Closing Time and the applicable Option Closing Time, included, includes or will include an untrue statement of
a material fact or omitted, omits or will omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, at the time the Registration Statement became effective or when such documents incorporated by reference were filed with the Commission, as
the case may be, when read together with the other information in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, did not and will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The representations and
warranties in this subsection shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from, the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) made in reliance upon
and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Underwriter through the Representative expressly for use therein. For purposes of this Agreement, the only information so furnished shall be the information in the first and
second sentence of the seventh paragraph under the heading &#8220;Underwriting&#8212;Stabilization&#8221; and the information under the heading &#8220;Underwriting&#8212;Electronic Distribution&#8221; in each case contained in the Prospectus
(collectively, the &#8220;Underwriter Information&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) <U>Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. No Issuer Free Writing
Prospectus conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein, and any preliminary or other prospectus deemed to be a part thereof that
has not been superseded or modified. Any offer that is a written communication relating to the Securities made prior to the initial filing of the Registration Statement by the Company or any person acting on its behalf (within the meaning, for this
paragraph only, of Rule 163(c) of the 1933 Act Regulations) has been filed with the Commission in accordance with the exemption provided by Rule 163 under the 1933 Act Regulations (&#8220;Rule 163&#8221;) and otherwise complied with the requirements
of Rule 163, including without limitation the legending requirement, to qualify such offer for the exemption from Section&nbsp;5(c) of the 1933 Act provided by Rule 163. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) <U>[Reserved]</U>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v)
<U>Company Not Ineligible Issuer</U>. At the time of filing the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment thereto, at the earliest time thereafter that the Company or another offering participant made a <I>bona fide</I> offer (within
the meaning of Rule 164(h)(2) of the 1933 Act Regulations) of the Securities and at the date hereof, the Company was not and is not an &#8220;ineligible issuer,&#8221; as defined in Rule 405, without taking account of any determination by the
Commission pursuant to Rule 405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an ineligible issuer. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vi) <U>Independent
Accountants</U>. The accountants who certified the financial statements and supporting schedules included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus are independent public accountants as required by the 1933
Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the 1934 Act, the 1934 Act Regulations and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">5 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vii) <U>Financial Statements; Off Balance Sheet Transactions</U>. The financial statements
included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, together with the related schedules and notes, present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company
and its consolidated subsidiaries at the dates indicated and the statement of operations, stockholders&#8217; equity and cash flows of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries for the periods specified; said financial statements have been
prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved. The supporting schedules, if any, present fairly in accordance with GAAP the information
required to be stated therein. The selected financial data and the summary financial information included in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus present fairly, in all material respects, the information
shown therein and have been compiled on a basis consistent with that of the audited financial statements included therein. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the
General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. There are no material <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">off-balance</FONT> sheet transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations), or any other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons to which the Company or any of its subsidiary is
a party, that would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(viii) <U>No Material
Adverse Change in Business</U>. Since the Company&#8217;s annual filing on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2025, (A) there has been no material adverse change in the condition, financial or
otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business (a &#8220;Material Adverse Effect&#8221;), (B) there
have been no transactions entered into by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, other than those in the ordinary course of business, which are material with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, and
(C)&nbsp;there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company on any class of its capital stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ix) <U>Good Standing of the Company</U>. The Company has been duly organized and is validly existing as a corporation in good standing under
the laws of the State of Delaware and has corporate power and authority to own, lease and operate its properties and to conduct its business as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and to enter
into and perform its obligations under this Agreement and the Underwritten Warrants; and the Company is duly qualified as a foreign corporation to transact business and is in good standing in each other jurisdiction in which such qualification is
required, whether by reason of the ownership or leasing of property or the conduct of business, except where the failure so to qualify or to be in good standing would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">6 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x) <U>Subsidiaries</U>. The Company does not have any &#8220;significant
subsidiaries&#8221; as defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xi) <U>Capitalization</U>. The outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully
paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> None of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company, were issued in violation of the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The description
of the Company&#8217;s stock option and other stock plans or compensation arrangements and the options or other rights granted thereunder, incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus,
accurately and fairly presents, in all material respects, the information required to be described therein with respect to such plans, arrangements, options and rights. Except as described in each of the General Disclosure Package and Prospectus,
there are no outstanding rights (contractual or otherwise), warrants or options to acquire, or instruments convertible into or exchangeable for, or agreements or understandings with respect to the sale or issuance of, any shares of capital stock of
or other equity interest in the Company, other than in the ordinary course of business, consistent with past practice, under the Company&#8217;s equity compensation programs. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xii) <U>Authorization of Agreement</U>. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xiii) <U>Authorization and Description of Securities</U>. The Underwritten Shares to be purchased by the Underwriters from the Company have
been duly authorized for issuance and sale to the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement against payment of the consideration set forth herein, will be validly issued and
fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable;</FONT> and the issuance of the Underwritten Shares is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The Underwritten Warrants and the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants have been duly authorized by the Company, and, when executed and delivered by the Company pursuant to this Agreement, will constitute valid, legal and binding obligations of the Company,
enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally and subject to general
principles of equity; and the issuance of the Underwritten Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants is not subject to the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder of the Company. The Warrant Shares
have been duly authorized and validly reserved for issuance upon exercise of the Underwritten Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in a number sufficient to meet the current exercise requirements and, when
issued and delivered upon exercise of the Underwritten Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in accordance with the terms thereof, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable; and the issuance of the
Warrant Shares is not subject to any preemptive or similar rights. The Securities conform in all material respects to all statements relating thereto contained in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus and such
descriptions conform in all material respects to the rights set forth in the instruments defining the same. No holder of Securities or Warrant Shares will be subject to personal liability solely by reason of being such a holder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xiv) <U>Registration and Other Rights</U>. There are no persons with registration rights, participation rights, rights of first refusal or
other similar rights to have any securities registered for sale pursuant to the Registration Statement or otherwise registered for sale or sold by the Company under the 1933 Act pursuant to this Agreement or otherwise to purchase the Securities
offered hereby. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">7 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xv) <U>Absence of Violations, Defaults and Conflicts</U>. Neither the Company nor any of
its subsidiaries is (A)&nbsp;in violation of its charter, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar organizational document, (B)&nbsp;in default in the performance or observance of any obligation, agreement, covenant or condition
contained in any contract, indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan or credit agreement, note, lease or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which it or any of them may be bound or to which
any of the properties or assets of the Company or any subsidiary is subject (collectively, &#8220;Agreements and Instruments&#8221;), except for such defaults that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material
Adverse Effect, or (C)&nbsp;in violation of any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of any arbitrator, court, governmental body, regulatory body, administrative agency or other authority, body or agency having
jurisdiction over the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective properties, assets or operations (each, a &#8220;Governmental Entity&#8221;), except for such violations that would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the
aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated herein and in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the
Prospectus (including the issuance and sale of the Securities and the Warrant Shares and the execution of the Underwritten Warrants and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities as described therein under the caption &#8220;Use of
Proceeds&#8221;) and compliance by the Company with its obligations hereunder have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action and do not and will not, whether with or without the giving of notice or passage of time or both, conflict with
or constitute a breach of, or default or Repayment Event (as defined below) under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any properties or assets of the Company or any subsidiary pursuant to, the Agreements
and Instruments (except for such conflicts, breaches, defaults or Repayment Events or liens, charges or encumbrances that would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect), nor will such action result in any violation of
(x)&nbsp;the provisions of the charter, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar organizational document of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or (y)&nbsp;any law, statute, rule, regulation, judgment, order, writ or decree of
any Governmental Entity, except with respect to clause (y), such violations as would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. As used herein, a &#8220;Repayment Event&#8221; means any event or
condition which gives the holder of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&#8217;s behalf) the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by
the Company or any of its subsidiaries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xvi) <U>Absence of Labor Dispute</U>. No labor dispute with the employees of the Company or any
of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by the employees of any of its or any subsidiary&#8217;s principal suppliers, manufacturers,
customers or contractors, which, in either case, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xvii) <U>Absence of Proceedings</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the
General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or brought by any Governmental Entity now pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, against or affecting the Company
or any of its subsidiaries, which would reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, or which would reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect their
respective properties or assets or the consummation of the transactions contemplated in this Agreement or the Underwritten Warrants, or the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder; and the aggregate of all pending legal or
governmental proceedings to which the Company or any such subsidiary is a party or of which any of their respective properties or assets is the subject, including ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, would not reasonably be
expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xviii) <U>Accuracy of Exhibits</U>. There are no contracts
or documents which are required to be described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been so described and filed as required. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xix) <U>Absence of Further Requirements</U>. No filing with, or authorization, approval, consent, license, order, registration, qualification
or decree of, any Governmental Entity is necessary or required for the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, in connection with the offering, issuance or sale of the Securities hereunder or the consummation of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement, except such as have been already obtained or as may be required under the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, securities laws of any state or
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> jurisdiction or the rules of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (&#8220;FINRA&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xx) <U>Possession of Licenses and Permits</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries possess such permits, licenses, approvals, consents and other
authorizations (collectively, &#8220;Governmental Licenses&#8221;) issued by the appropriate Governmental Entities necessary to conduct the business now operated by them, except where the failure so to possess would not, singly or in the aggregate,
result in a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all Governmental Licenses, except where the failure so to comply would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the
aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. All of the Governmental Licenses are valid and in full force and effect, except when the invalidity of such Governmental Licenses or the failure of such Governmental Licenses to be in full force and
effect would not reasonably be expected to, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any
Governmental Licenses which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxi) <U>Title to Property</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries do not own any real property. The Company and its subsidiaries have good
title to all properties owned by them, in each case, free and clear of all mortgages, pledges, liens, security interests, claims, restrictions or encumbrances of any kind except such as (A)&nbsp;are described in the Registration Statement, the
General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or (B)&nbsp;do not, singly or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the </P>
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use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its subsidiaries; and all of the leases and subleases of the Company and its subsidiaries and under which the Company or
any of its subsidiaries holds properties described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, are in full force and effect, except to the extent that any such failure to be in full force and effect would not,
singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect, and neither the Company nor any such subsidiary has any notice of any material claim of any sort that has been asserted by anyone adverse to the rights of the Company or any subsidiary
under any of the leases or subleases mentioned above, or affecting or questioning the rights of the Company or such subsidiary to the continued possession of the leased or subleased premises under any such lease or sublease. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxii) <U>Possession of Intellectual Property</U>. Except where it would not, singly or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect,
(A)&nbsp;the Company and its subsidiaries own, possess or have the right to use, or can acquire the right to use on reasonable terms, all patents, licenses, inventions, copyrights, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> (including trade
secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures), trademarks, service marks, trade names or other intellectual property (collectively, &#8220;Intellectual Property&#8221;) necessary to
carry on the business now operated by them and as currently proposed to be conducted as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, (B)&nbsp;to the knowledge of the Company, all Intellectual Property
owned by or exclusively licensed to the Company or its subsidiaries (such Intellectual Property, the &#8220;Company Intellectual Property&#8221;) has been duly and properly filed and maintained, is free and clear of liens or security interests, and
is in full force and effect, valid, subsisting and enforceable, (C)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by any third party challenging the validity, ownership, registrability,
enforceability or scope of any Company Intellectual Property and the Company is unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such claim, (D)&nbsp;no third party, to the knowledge of the Company, is infringing, misappropriating or
otherwise violating any Company Intellectual Property and there is no pending or threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by the Company or any of its subsidiaries against a third party regarding the foregoing, (E)&nbsp;(1) neither the Company
nor any of its subsidiaries has received any written notice of nor, to the knowledge of the Company, has engaged in, any infringement, misappropriation or other violation of any Intellectual Property of any third party, (2)&nbsp;there is no pending
or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim regarding the subject matter of the foregoing, and (3)&nbsp;the Company and its subsidiaries are unaware of any facts which would form a reasonable basis for any such
claim, (F)&nbsp;to the knowledge of the Company, the parties prosecuting patent applications within the Company Intellectual Property have complied with their duty of candor and disclosure to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the
&#8220;USPTO&#8221;) or foreign patent offices, as applicable, in connection with such applications and the Company is not aware of any facts required to be disclosed to the USPTO or foreign patent offices that were not disclosed and which would
preclude the grant of a patent in connection with any such patent application or could form the basis of a finding of invalidity or unenforceability with respect to any patents that have issued with respect to such patent applications, (G)&nbsp;each
person who is or was an employee or contractor of the Company or any of its subsidiaries and who is or was involved in the creation or development of any Company Intellectual Property for or on behalf of the Company has executed a valid agreement
containing an assignment or exclusive license to the Company or any of its subsidiaries of such person&#8217;s rights in and to such Company Intellectual Property, (H) </P>
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the Company has taken reasonable steps in accordance with standard industry practice to maintain and protect the confidentiality of the trade secrets and other confidential Intellectual Property
used in connection with the business of the Company and its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, such confidential Intellectual Property has not been compromised or disclosed to or accessed by any third party except pursuant to
nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxiii) <U>Environmental Laws</U>. Except as would not, singly or in the aggregate, result
in a Material Adverse Effect, (A)&nbsp;neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is in violation of any federal, state, local or foreign statute, law, rule, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or rule of common law or any judicial or
administrative interpretation thereof, including any judicial or administrative order, consent, decree or judgment, relating to pollution or protection of human health, the environment (including, without limitation, ambient air, surface water,
groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata) or wildlife, including, without limitation, laws and regulations relating to the release or threatened release of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, wastes, toxic substances, hazardous substances,
petroleum or petroleum products, asbestos-containing materials or mold (collectively, &#8220;Hazardous Materials&#8221;) or to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials
(collectively, &#8220;Environmental Laws&#8221;), (B) the Company and its subsidiaries have all permits, authorizations and approvals required under any applicable Environmental Laws and are each in compliance with their requirements, (C)&nbsp;there
are no pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened administrative, regulatory or judicial actions, suits, demands, demand letters, claims, liens, notices of noncompliance or violation, investigations or proceedings relating to any
Environmental Law against the Company or any of its subsidiaries and (D)&nbsp;to the knowledge of the Company, there are no events or circumstances that would reasonably be expected to form the basis of an order for
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">clean-up</FONT> or remediation, or an action, suit or proceeding by any private party or Governmental Entity, against or affecting the Company or any of its subsidiaries relating to Hazardous Materials or any
Environmental Laws. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxiv) <U>Accounting Controls and Disclosure Controls</U>. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain
effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined under Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> and Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15</FONT> under the 1934 Act Regulations) and a system of internal accounting
controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that (A)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization; (B)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial
statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain accountability for assets; (C)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization; (D)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is
compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences; and (E)&nbsp;the interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and is prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Since the end of the
Company&#8217;s most recent audited fiscal year, there has been (1)&nbsp;no material weakness in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting (whether or not remediated) and (2)&nbsp;no change in the Company&#8217;s internal control
over financial reporting that has materially and adversely affected, or is reasonably likely to materially and adversely affect, the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting. The Company and each of its subsidiaries maintain an
</P>
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effective system of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> and Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15</FONT> under the 1934
Act Regulations) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the 1934 Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in
the Commission&#8217;s rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#8217;s management, including its principal executive officer or officers and principal financial officer or officers, as appropriate, to allow timely
decisions regarding disclosure. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxv) <U>Compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. There is and has been no failure on the part of the
Company or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any of the Company&#8217;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and
regulations promulgated in connection therewith, including, without limitation, Section&nbsp;402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxvi) <U>Payment of Taxes</U>. All United States federal income tax returns of the Company and its subsidiaries required by law to be filed
have been filed and all taxes shown by or otherwise assessed with respect to such returns, which are due and payable, have been paid, except assessments against which appeals have been or will be promptly taken and as to which reserves in accordance
with GAAP have been provided. The Company and its subsidiaries have filed all other tax returns that are required to have been filed by them pursuant to applicable foreign, state, local or other law, and has paid all taxes due pursuant to such
returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company and its subsidiaries, except for such taxes, if any, as are being contested in good faith and as to which reserves in accordance with GAAP have been established by the Company, and except
in each case insofar as the failure to file such returns or pay such taxes would not result in a Material Adverse Effect. Reserves in accordance with GAAP have been established on the books of the Company in respect of any income tax liability for
any years not finally determined, except to the extent of any failure to do so would not result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxvii)
<U>Insurance</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries carry or are entitled to the benefits of insurance, with financially sound and reputable insurers, in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company reasonably believes is generally maintained
by similarly sized companies of established repute engaged in the same or similar business, and all such insurance is in full force and effect. The Company has no reason to believe that it or any of its subsidiaries will not be able (A)&nbsp;to
renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (B)&nbsp;to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither of the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has been denied any insurance coverage which it has sought or for which it has applied. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxviii) <U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company is not required, and upon the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated
and the application of the net proceeds therefrom as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus will not be required, to register as an &#8220;investment company&#8221; under the Investment Company Act
of 1940, as amended. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxix) <U>Absence of Manipulation</U>. Neither the Company nor any affiliate of the Company
has taken, nor will the Company or any affiliate take, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed, or would reasonably be expected, to cause or result in, or which constitutes, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security
of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Securities or the Warrant Shares or to result in a violation of Regulation M under the 1934 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxx) <U>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</U>. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director,
officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is aware of or has taken any action on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, directly or indirectly, that would result in a
violation by such persons of either (A)&nbsp;the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &#8220;FCPA&#8221;), including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or
instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any
&#8220;foreign official&#8221; (as such term is defined in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the FCPA or (B)&nbsp;the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the
&#8220;Bribery Act&#8221;) and the Company, its subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of the Company, its affiliates have conducted their businesses in compliance with the FCPA and the Bribery Act and have instituted and maintain policies and
procedures designed to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxi) <U>Money
Laundering Laws</U>. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act
of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all applicable jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any applicable Governmental
Entity (collectively, the &#8220;Money Laundering Laws&#8221;); and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any Governmental Entity involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the
best knowledge of the Company, threatened. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxii) <U>OFAC</U>. None of the Company, any of its subsidiaries or, to the knowledge of the
Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or representative of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is an individual or entity (&#8220;Person&#8221;) currently the subject or target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the
United States Government, including, without limitation, the U.S. Department of the Treasury&#8217;s Office of Foreign Assets Control (&#8220;OFAC&#8221;), the United Nations Security Council (&#8220;UNSC&#8221;), the European Union, His
Majesty&#8217;s Treasury (&#8220;HMT&#8221;), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &#8220;Sanctions&#8221;), nor is the Company located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of a U.S. government embargo
(currently, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Donetsk People&#8217;s Republic, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Luhansk People&#8217;s Republic, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-government</FONT> controlled areas of the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Regions (or any other Covered Region of Ukraine identified pursuant to Executive Order 14065), Russia, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and, prior to
July&nbsp;1, 2025, Syria, collectively, &#8220;Sanctioned Territories&#8221; and each, a &#8220;Sanctioned Territory&#8221;); and the Company will </P>
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not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the sale of the Securities, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiaries, joint venture partners or other
Person, to fund any activities of or business with any Person, or in any country or territory, that, at the time of such funding, is the subject of Sanctions of a Sanctioned Territory, respectively, or in any other manner that will result in a
violation by any Person (including any Person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise) of Sanctions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxiii) <U>Lending Relationship</U><I>. </I>The Company (i)&nbsp;does not have any material lending or other relationship with any bank or
lending affiliate of any Underwriter and (ii)&nbsp;does not intend to use any of the proceeds from the sale of the Securities to repay any outstanding debt owed to any affiliate of any Underwriter. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxiv) <U>Statistical and Market-Related Data</U>. Any statistical and market-related data included in the Registration Statement, the
General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes, after reasonable inquiry, to be reliable and accurate in all material respects and, to the extent required, the Company has obtained the
written consent to the use of such data from such sources. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxv) <U>No Commissions</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries
are a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person (other than as contemplated by this Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or the Underwriters for a brokerage
commission, finder&#8217;s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of any Securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxvi) <U>[Reserved]</U>.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxvii) <U>Cybersecurity</U>. (A)&nbsp;To the knowledge of the Company, there has been no security breach or incident, unauthorized
access or disclosure, or other compromise of or relating to the Company or its subsidiaries information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data and databases (including the sensitive data and information of their
respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any sensitive third party data maintained, processed or stored by the Company and its subsidiaries, and any such data processed or stored by third parties on behalf of the Company and its
subsidiaries), equipment or technology (collectively, &#8220;IT Systems and Data&#8221;): (B) neither the Company nor its subsidiaries have been notified of and have no knowledge of any event or condition that could result in, any security breach or
incident, unauthorized access or disclosure or other compromise to their IT Systems and Data and (C)&nbsp;the Company and its subsidiaries have implemented appropriate controls, policies, procedures, and technological safeguards designed to maintain
and protect the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security of their IT Systems and Data reasonably consistent with industry standards and practices, or as required by applicable regulatory standards. The Company and its subsidiaries
are presently in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to
the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxviii) <U>Compliance with Data Privacy Laws.</U> The Company and each of its subsidiaries
are, and at all times since January&nbsp;1, 2025 were, in material compliance with all applicable data privacy and security laws and regulations (collectively, &#8220;Privacy Laws&#8221;). The Company and each of its subsidiaries have in place, and
materially comply with, their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and analysis of Personal Data (the &#8220;Policies&#8221;). The Company provides notice of its
Policies to individuals from whom Personal Data is collected by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, to the extent that such notice is required by applicable Privacy Laws. The Policies do not contain any material omissions of the Company&#8217;s
then-current privacy practices. &#8220;Personal Data&#8221; means (i)&nbsp;a natural persons&#8217; name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; or
(ii)&nbsp;any information which would qualify as &#8220;personally identifying information&#8221; or similar term under applicable Privacy Laws. Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, (i)&nbsp;has received written notice of any actual or
potential liability on the Company or any of its subsidiaries under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any applicable Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any
such notice; (ii)&nbsp;is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any applicable Privacy Law; or (iii)&nbsp;is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that
imposed any obligation or liability on the Company or any of its subsidiaries under any applicable Privacy Law. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xxxix) <U>Regulatory
Compliance</U>. Each of the Company and its subsidiaries: (i)&nbsp;has operated and currently operates its business in compliance in all respects with applicable provisions of the Health Care Laws (as defined below) of the Food and Drug
Administration (&#8220;FDA&#8221;), the Department of Health and Human Services (&#8220;HHS&#8221;) and any comparable foreign or other regulatory authority to which they are subject (collectively, the &#8220;Applicable Regulatory
Authorities&#8221;) applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, storage, import, export or disposal of any of the Company&#8217;s or its subsidiaries&#8217; product candidates or any
product manufactured or distributed by the Company and its subsidiaries, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (ii)&nbsp;has not received any FDA Form 483, written
notice of adverse finding, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or written notice from any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority alleging or asserting <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-compliance</FONT>
with (A)&nbsp;any Health Care Laws or (B)&nbsp;or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, exemptions, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Health Care Laws (&#8220;Regulatory
Authorizations&#8221;); (iii) possesses all Regulatory Authorizations required to conduct its business as currently conducted and as currently proposed to be conducted as described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the
Prospectus, except where the failure to possess the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, and such Regulatory Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and neither the Company nor any of its
subsidiaries are in violation, in any material respect, of any term of any such Regulatory Authorizations; (iv)&nbsp;has not received written notice of any claim, action, suit, audit, survey, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation,
arbitration or other action from the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other third party alleging that any product or activity of the Company is in material violation of any Health Care Laws or Regulatory Authorizations and has no knowledge
that the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other third party is considering any such claim, litigation, </P>
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arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding; (v)&nbsp;has not received written notice that any of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities has taken, is taking or intends to take action
to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any material Regulatory Authorizations and has no knowledge that any of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities is considering such action; (vi)&nbsp;has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material
reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Health Care Laws or Regulatory Authorizations and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications,
records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were materially complete and correct on the date filed (or were materially corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission), except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have
or reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; (vii)&nbsp;is not a party to or have any ongoing reporting obligations pursuant to any corporate integrity agreements, deferred prosecution agreements, monitoring agreements, consent
decrees, settlement orders, plans of correction or similar agreements with or imposed by any Applicable Regulatory Authority; and (viii)&nbsp;along with its employees, officers and directors has not been excluded, suspended or debarred from
participation in any government health care program or human clinical research or, to the knowledge of the Company, is subject to a governmental inquiry, investigation, proceeding, or other similar action that could reasonably be expected to result
in debarment, suspension or exclusion. The term &#8220;Health Care Laws&#8221; means Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 1395-1395hhh (the Medicare statute); Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. &#167;&#167;
1396-1396v (the Medicaid statute); the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, 42 U.S.C. &#167; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7b(b);</FONT> the civil False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 3729 et seq.; the criminal False Claims Act, 42 U.S.C. <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7b(a);</FONT> any criminal laws relating to health care fraud and abuse, including but not limited to 18 U.S.C. Sections 286, 287, 1001, 1035, 1347 and 1349, and the health care fraud criminal provisions under the
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 42 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 1320d et seq., (&#8220;HIPAA&#8221;); the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, 42 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7a</FONT> and <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7b;</FONT> the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, 42 U.S.C. &#167; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7h;</FONT> the Exclusion Laws, 42 U.S.C. &#167; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1320a-7;</FONT> HIPAA, as
amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, 42 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 17921 et seq.; the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. &#167;&#167; 301 et seq.; the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C.
&#167;&#167; 201 et seq.; each as amended, and the regulations promulgated pursuant to such laws; and any similar foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xl) <U>Manufacturing and Suppliers</U>. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the manufacturing facilities and operations of its suppliers are
operated in compliance in with all applicable statutes, rules, regulations and policies of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities, including, without limitation, the Health Care Laws, except for such
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-compliance</FONT> that would not, singly or in the aggregate reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xli) <U>Studies, Tests and Trials</U>. None of the Company&#8217;s product candidates have received marketing approval or licensure from any
Applicable Regulatory Authority. All clinical and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-clinical</FONT> studies and trials conducted by or, to the knowledge of the Company, on behalf of or sponsored by the Company or its subsidiaries, or in which the
Company or its subsidiaries has participated, with respect to the Company&#8217;s product candidates, including any such studies and trials that are described in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, or the
results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, as applicable (collectively, &#8220;Company Trials&#8221;), </P>
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were, and if still pending are, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, being conducted in all material respects in accordance with the Health Care Laws, including, without limitation, current Good
Clinical Practices and Good Laboratory Practices, and with standard medical and scientific research procedures and any applicable rules, regulations and policies of the jurisdiction in which such trials and studies are being conducted; the
descriptions in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus of the results of any Company Trials are accurate and complete descriptions in all material respects and fairly present the data derived therefrom; the Company
has no knowledge of any other studies or trials not described in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, the results of which are inconsistent with or call into question the results described or referred to in the
Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus; the Company and each of its subsidiaries have not received, any written notices, correspondence or other communications from the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other
governmental entity requiring or threatening the termination, material modification or suspension of Company Trials that are described in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus or the results of which are
referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, other than ordinary course communications with respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such studies or trials, and, to
the Company&#8217;s knowledge, there are no reasonable grounds for the same. No investigational new drug application or comparable submission filed by or on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has been terminated or suspended by the FDA
or any other Applicable Regulatory Authority. The Company has obtained (or caused to be obtained) informed consent by or on behalf of each human subject who participated in a Company Trial. In using or disclosing patient information received by the
Company or any of its subsidiaries in connection with a Company Trial, the Company or such subsidiary has complied in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements, including, without limitation, HIPAA and the
rules and regulations thereunder. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, none of the Company Trials involved any investigator who has been disqualified as a clinical investigator or has been found by the FDA to have engaged in scientific misconduct. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xlii) <U>Forward Looking Statements</U>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the 1933 Act and
Section&nbsp;21E of the 1934 Act) contained in the Registration Statement, General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xliii) <U>Stock Exchange Listing</U>. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b) or 12(g) of the 1934 Act and listed on
the Nasdaq Capital Market, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or reasonably likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the 1934 Act or delisting the Common Stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market,
nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission or Nasdaq Capital Market is contemplating terminating such registration or listing. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all applicable listing requirements of
the Nasdaq Capital Market. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xliv) <U>Employee Benefit Plans</U>. Each &#8220;employee benefit plan&#8221; (as defined
under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (collectively, &#8220;ERISA&#8221;)) established or maintained by the Company, its Subsidiaries or their &#8220;ERISA
Affiliates&#8221; (as defined below) is in compliance with ERISA, except where the failure to be in compliance with ERISA would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. &#8220;ERISA Affiliate&#8221; means, with respect to
the Company or a subsidiary, any member of any group of organizations described in Section&nbsp;414(b), (c), (m)&nbsp;or (o)&nbsp;of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the
&#8220;Code&#8221;) of which the Company or such subsidiary is a member. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, no &#8220;reportable event&#8221; (as defined under ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably
expected to occur with respect to any &#8220;employee benefit plan&#8221; established or maintained by the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of their ERISA Affiliates. The fair market value of the assets of each ERISA Affiliate defined benefit
pension plan exceeds the present value of such plan&#8217;s &#8220;benefit liabilities&#8221; (as defined in Section&nbsp;4001(a)(16) of ERISA), and no ERISA Affiliate defined benefit pension plan has an &#8220;accumulated funding deficiency&#8221;
(as defined in Section&nbsp;302 of ERISA). None of the Company, its subsidiaries nor any of their ERISA Affiliates has incurred or reasonably expects to incur any liability under (A)&nbsp;Title IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or
withdrawal from, any &#8220;employee benefit plan&#8221; or (B)&nbsp;any material liability under Sections 412, 4971 or 4975 of the Code. Each &#8220;employee benefit plan&#8221; established or maintained by the Company, its Subsidiaries or any of
their ERISA Affiliates that is intended to be qualified under Section&nbsp;401(a)&nbsp;of the Code has received a favorable determination or opinion letter from the Internal Revenue Service regarding its qualification under such section and, to the
knowledge of the Company, its Subsidiaries and its ERISA affiliates, nothing has occurred whether by action or failure to act, which would cause the loss of such qualification. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xlv) <U>Brokers</U>. Except for the Underwriters, there is no broker, finder or other party that is entitled to receive from the Company any
brokerage or finder&#8217;s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xlvi) <U><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT></U><U></U><U>&nbsp;Materials</U>. The Company (A)&nbsp;has not alone engaged in, or distributed, any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters&nbsp;Communication</FONT></FONT> and (B)&nbsp;has not authorized anyone to engage
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">in&nbsp;Testing-the-Waters&nbsp;Communications.</FONT></FONT> The Company has not distributed or approved for distribution any Written <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Testing-the-Waters</FONT></FONT> Communications. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Officer&#8217;s Certificates</I>. Any certificate
signed by any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries delivered to the Representative or to counsel for the Underwriters shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to each Underwriter as to the matters covered thereby.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 2. <U>Sale and Delivery to Underwriters; Closing</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>The Firm Securities</I>. On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions
herein set forth, the Company agrees to sell to each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, and each Underwriter, severally and not jointly, agrees to purchase from the Company, at the prices set forth in Schedule A, the number of Firm Securities
set forth in Schedule A opposite the name of such Underwriter, plus any additional number of Firm Securities which such Underwriter may become obligated to purchase pursuant to the provisions of Section&nbsp;10 hereof, subject, in each case, to such
adjustments among the Underwriters as the Representative in their sole discretion shall make to eliminate any sales or purchases of fractional shares. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>The Closing Time</I>. Payment of the purchase price for, and delivery of certificates
or security entitlements for, the Firm Securities shall be made at the offices of Paul Hastings LLP, The MetLife Building, 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, or at such other place as shall be agreed upon by the Representative and the
Company, at 9:00 A.M. (New York City time) on July&nbsp;31, 2026 (unless postponed in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;10), or such other time not later than ten business days after such date as shall be agreed upon by the
Representative and the Company (such time and date of payment and delivery being herein called &#8220;Closing Time&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <I>Option
Securities; Option Closing Time</I>. In addition, on the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, the Company hereby grants an option to the Underwriters to purchase up to
an additional 3,157,894 Option Shares and/or Warrants to purchase up to 6,315,788 additional shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in lieu thereof) (collectively, the &#8220;Option Securities&#8221;),
in each case, at the price per share of Common Stock and/or price per Warrant, respectively, set forth in Schedule A, less an amount per share and/or warrant equal to any dividends or distributions declared by the Company and payable on the Firm
Shares and Warrants but not payable on the Option Shares and Option Warrants, respectively. The option hereby granted may be exercised for 30 days after the date hereof and may be exercised in whole or in part at any time from time to time upon
notice by the Underwriter to the Company setting forth the number of Option Shares and/or Option Warrants as to which the Underwriter is then exercising the option and the time and date of payment and delivery for such Option Securities. Any such
time and date of delivery (a &#8220;Option Closing Time&#8221;) shall be determined by the Underwriter, but shall not be later than seven full business days after the exercise of said option, nor in any event prior to the Closing Time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <I>Payment</I>. Payment for the Securities to be sold by the Company shall be made at the Closing Time (and, if applicable, at each Option
Closing Time) by wire transfer of immediately available funds to a bank account designated by the Company against delivery to the Representative for the respective accounts of the Underwriters of certificates or security entitlements for the
Securities to be purchased by them. It is understood that each Underwriter has authorized the Representative, for its account, to accept delivery of, receipt for, and make payment of the purchase price, for the Securities which it has agreed to
purchase. The Representative, individually and not as representative of the Underwriters, may (but shall not be obligated to) make payment of the purchase price for the Securities to be purchased by any Underwriter whose funds have not been received
by the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, but such payment shall not relieve such Underwriter from its obligations hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <I>Delivery of the Securities</I>. The Company shall (i)&nbsp;deliver, or cause to be delivered through the facilities of Depositary Trust
Company (&#8220;DTC&#8221;) unless the Representative shall otherwise instruct, to the Representative for the accounts of the several Underwriters, the Firm Shares, and (ii)&nbsp;deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the purchasers thereof the
Warrants in accordance with the Underwriters&#8217; instructions to be sold by them, in each case at the Closing </P>
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Time, against release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds for the amount of the purchase price therefor. The Company shall (i)&nbsp;deliver, or cause to be delivered through the
facilities of DTC unless the Representative shall otherwise instruct, to the Representative for the accounts of the several Underwriters, the Option Shares, and (ii)&nbsp;deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the purchasers thereof the Option
Warrants in accordance with the Underwriters&#8217; instructions to be sold by them, in each case at the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the case may be, against the release of a wire transfer of immediately available funds
for the amount of the purchase price therefor. Delivery of the Underwritten Shares shall be made by credit to the accounts designated by the Representative through DTC&#8217;s full fast transfer or DWAC programs. If the Representative so elects, the
Underwritten Shares shall be registered in such names and denominations as the Representative shall have requested at least one full business day prior to the Closing Time (or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the case may be) and shall be made
available for inspection on the business day preceding the Closing Time (or the applicable Option Closing Time, as the case may be) at a location in New York City as the Representative may designate; provided, however, that if the Company, upon the
instruction of the Representative, registers the Underwritten Warrants in the name of any person or entity to whom any Underwriter intends to sell such Underwritten Warrants, then such Underwriter shall have the right to thereafter request the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-registration</FONT> of such Underwritten Warrants (and the Company shall be required to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-register</FONT> such Underwritten Warrants ) in the name of any other person or entity (it
being understood that such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-registration</FONT> is intended to permit an Underwriter to resell such Underwritten Warrants in the event that the person or entity to whom such Underwriter originally intended to sell
such Underwritten Warrants shall fail to pay the purchase price of such Underwritten Warrants). Time shall be of the essence, and delivery at the time and place specified in this Agreement is a further condition to the obligations of the
Underwriters. In the event that the Firm Shares (and Option Shares, if elected by the Representative) are not delivered to the Representative or the Warrants (and Option Warrants, if elected by the Representative) are not delivered to the purchasers
thereof by 2:30 p.m., New York City time, at the Closing Time (and the Option Closing Time, if elected by the Representative), the Company will return (or will instruct its custodian to return) payment of the full purchase price to the
Representative&#8217;s agent, Pershing LLC, via same day funds by 4:30 p.m., New York City time. The Company shall remain liable to Pershing LLC for the full amount of the purchase price and any costs associated with recovering the purchase price
until the full amount has been received by Pershing LLC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 3. <U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company covenants with each Underwriter as
follows: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Compliance with Securities Regulations and Commission Requests</I>. The Company, subject to Section&nbsp;3(b) hereto, will
comply with the requirements of Rule 430B, and will notify the Representative immediately, and confirm the notice in writing, (i)&nbsp;when any post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement shall become effective or any amendment or
supplement to the Prospectus shall have been filed, (ii)&nbsp;of the receipt of any comments from the Commission, (iii)&nbsp;of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplement to the
Prospectus, including any document incorporated by reference therein or for additional information, (iv)&nbsp;of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective
amendment or of any order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary </P>
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prospectus or the Prospectus, or of the suspension of the qualification of the Securities for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any
of such purposes or of any examination pursuant to Section&nbsp;8(d) or 8(e) of the 1933 Act concerning the Registration Statement and (v)&nbsp;if the Company becomes the subject of a proceeding under Section&nbsp;8A of the 1933 Act in connection
with the offering of the Securities. The Company will effect all filings required under Rule 424(b), in the manner and within the time period required by Rule 424(b) (without reliance on Rule 424(b)(8)), and will take such steps as it deems
necessary to ascertain promptly whether the form of prospectus transmitted for filing under Rule 424(b) was received for filing by the Commission and, in the event that it was not, it will promptly file such prospectus. The Company will make every
reasonable effort to prevent the issuance of any stop order, prevention or suspension and, if any such order is issued, to obtain the lifting thereof as soon as reasonably practicable. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Continued Compliance with Securities Laws</I>. The Company will comply with the 1933 Act, the 1933 Act Regulations, the 1934 Act and
the 1934 Act Regulations so as to permit the completion of the distribution of the Securities as contemplated in this Agreement and in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. If at any time when a prospectus
relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172 of the 1933 Act Regulations (&#8220;Rule 172&#8221;), would be) required by the 1933 Act to be delivered in connection with sales of the Securities, any event shall occur
or condition shall exist as a result of which it is necessary, in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters or for the Company, to (i)&nbsp;amend the Registration Statement in order that the Registration Statement will not include an untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, (ii)&nbsp;amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus in order that the
General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, will not include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading in the light of the
circumstances existing at the time it is delivered to a purchaser or (iii)&nbsp;amend the Registration Statement or amend or supplement the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, as the case may be, in order to comply with the requirements of
the 1933 Act or the 1933 Act Regulations, the Company will promptly (A)&nbsp;give the Representative notice of such event, (B)&nbsp;prepare any amendment or supplement as may be necessary to correct such statement or omission or to make the
Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus comply with such requirements and, a reasonable amount of time prior to any proposed filing or use, furnish the Representative with copies of any such amendment or supplement
and (C)&nbsp;file with the Commission any such amendment or supplement; provided that the Company shall not file or use any such amendment or supplement to which the Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall object. The Company will
furnish to the Underwriters such number of copies of such amendment or supplement as the Underwriters may reasonably request. The Company has given the Representative notice of any filings made pursuant to the 1934 Act or 1934 Act Regulations within
48 hours prior to the Applicable Time; the Company will give the Representative notice of its intention to make any such filing from the Applicable Time to the Closing Time (or to the last applicable Option Closing Time) and will furnish the
Representative with copies of any such documents a reasonable amount of time prior to such proposed filing, as the case may be, and will not file or use any such document to which the Representative or counsel for the Underwriters shall reasonably
object. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <I>Delivery of Registration Statements</I>. The Company has furnished or will deliver to
the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters, without charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto (including exhibits filed therewith or incorporated by reference therein and documents
incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein) and signed copies of all consents and certificates of experts, and will also deliver to the Representative, without charge, a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as originally
filed and each amendment thereto (without exhibits) for each of the Underwriters. The copies of the Registration Statement and each amendment thereto furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof
filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <I>Delivery of Prospectuses</I>. The Company has delivered to each Underwriter, without charge, as many copies of any preliminary
prospectus as such Underwriter reasonably requested, and the Company hereby consents to the use of such copies for purposes permitted by the 1933 Act. The Company will furnish to each Underwriter, without charge, during the period when a prospectus
relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the 1933 Act, such number of copies of the Prospectus (as amended or supplemented) as such Underwriter may reasonably request.
The Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto furnished to the Underwriters will be identical to the electronically transmitted copies thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <I>Blue Sky Qualifications</I>. The Company will use its reasonable best efforts, in
cooperation with the Underwriters, to qualify the Securities for offering and sale under the applicable securities laws of such states and other jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Representative may designate and to maintain such
qualifications in effect so long as required to complete the distribution of the Securities; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a
dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <I>Rule 158</I>. The Company will timely file such reports pursuant to the 1934 Act as are necessary in order to make generally available
to its securityholders as soon as practicable an earnings statement for the purposes of, and to provide to the Underwriters the benefits contemplated by, the last paragraph of Section&nbsp;11(a) of the 1933 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <I>Use of Proceeds</I>. The Company will use the net proceeds received by it from the sale of the Securities in the manner specified in
the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus under &#8220;Use of Proceeds.&#8221; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <I>Listing</I>.
The Company will use its reasonable best efforts to effect and maintain the listing of the Underwritten Shares, and, upon the exercise of the Underwritten Warrants or any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants, the Warrant
Shares, on the Nasdaq Capital Market or any successor exchange. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <I>Restriction on Sale of Securities</I>. During a period of 90 days from the date of
the Prospectus, the Company will not, without the prior written consent of the Representative, (i) directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant
any option, right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock or file any registration statement under the 1933 Act with
respect to any of the foregoing or (ii)&nbsp;enter into any swap or any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the Common Stock, whether any such swap
or transaction described in clause (i)&nbsp;or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise. The foregoing sentence shall not apply to (A)&nbsp;the Securities to be sold hereunder, (B)&nbsp;any
shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon the exercise of an option or warrant or the conversion of a security outstanding on the date hereof and referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus,
(C)&nbsp;any shares of Common Stock issued or options to purchase Common Stock granted pursuant to existing employee benefit plans of the Company referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus,
(D)&nbsp;any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-employee</FONT> director stock plan or dividend reinvestment plan referred to in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the
Prospectus, (E)&nbsp;the issuance of the Warrant Shares in connection with the exercise of the Underwritten Warrants, (F)&nbsp;the filing by the Company of a registration statement with the Commission on Form
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-8</FONT> in respect of any shares or other equity instruments issued pursuant to any plans or programs described in (C)&nbsp;or (D) above, or (G)&nbsp;the sale or issuance of or entry into an agreement to sell or
issue Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock in connection with any (1)&nbsp;mergers, (2) acquisition of securities, businesses, property or other assets, (3)&nbsp;joint ventures or
(4)&nbsp;strategic alliances or relationships; provided, that the aggregate number of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock (on an <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">as-converted</FONT> or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">as-exercised</FONT> basis, as the case may be) that the Company may sell or issue or agree to sell or issue pursuant to this clause (G)&nbsp;shall not exceed 5% of the total number of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock
issued and outstanding immediately following the completion of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; and provided further, that each recipient of Common Stock or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock pursuant to this
clause (G)&nbsp;shall execute a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit D hereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <I>Reporting Requirements</I>. The Company, during the period when a Prospectus relating to the Securities is (or, but for the exception
afforded by Rule 172, would be) required to be delivered under the 1933 Act, will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the 1934 Act within the time periods required by the 1934 Act and 1934 Act Regulations.
Additionally, the Company shall report the use of proceeds from the issuance of the Securities as may be required under Rule 463 under the 1933 Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <I>Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses</I>. The Company agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Representative, it
will not make any offer relating to the Securities that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would otherwise constitute a &#8220;free writing prospectus,&#8221; or a portion thereof, required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission or retained by the Company under Rule 433; provided that the Representative will be deemed to have consented to the Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses listed on Schedule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">B-2</FONT> hereto and any &#8220;road
show that is a written communication&#8221; within the meaning of Rule 433(d)(8)(i) that has been reviewed by the Representative. The Company represents that it has </P>
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treated or agrees that it will treat each such free writing prospectus consented to, or deemed consented to, by the Representative as an &#8220;issuer free writing prospectus,&#8221; as defined
in Rule 433, and that it has complied and will comply with the applicable requirements of Rule 433 with respect thereto, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. If at any time following issuance of
an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement which has not been
superseded or modified, any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus or included or would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omitted or would omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the
light of the circumstances existing at that subsequent time, not misleading, the Company will promptly notify the Representative and will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate or correct
such conflict, untrue statement or omission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <I>Warrant Shares Reserved</I>. The Company shall, at all times while any Underwritten
Warrants or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants are outstanding, reserve and keep available out of the aggregate of its authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved shares of Common Stock, solely for the purpose of
enabling it to issue Warrant Shares upon exercise of such Underwritten Warrants or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants, the number of Warrant Shares that are initially issuable and deliverable upon the exercise of the
then-outstanding Underwritten Warrants or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 4. <U>Payment of Expenses</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Expenses</I>. The Company will pay or cause to be paid all expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this
Agreement, including (i)&nbsp;the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits) as originally filed and each amendment thereto, (ii)&nbsp;the preparation, printing and delivery to the
Underwriters of copies of each preliminary prospectus, each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto and any costs associated with electronic delivery of any of the foregoing by the Underwriters to
investors, (iii)&nbsp;the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates or security entitlements for the Securities to the Underwriters, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any stamp or other duties payable upon the sale,
issuance or delivery of the Securities to the Underwriters, (iv)&nbsp;the fees and disbursements of the Company&#8217;s counsel, accountants and other advisors, (v)&nbsp;the qualification of the Securities under securities laws in accordance with
the provisions of Section&nbsp;3(e) hereof, including filing fees and the reasonable fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection therewith and in connection with the preparation of the Blue Sky Survey and any supplement
thereto in an amount not to exceed $5,000, (vi) the fees and expenses of any transfer agent, registrar or warrant agent for the Securities and Warrant Shares, (vii)&nbsp;the costs and expenses of the Company relating to investor presentations on any
&#8220;road show&#8221; undertaken in connection with the marketing of the Securities, including without limitation, expenses associated with the production of road show slides and graphics, fees and expenses of any consultants engaged by the
Company in connection with the road show presentations, travel and lodging expenses of the representatives and officers of the Company and any such consultants, and the cost of aircraft and other transportation chartered in connection with the road
show (provided that the travel and </P>
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lodging expenses of the Representative shall be paid for by the Underwriters), and fifty percent (50%) of the cost of any aircraft chartered in connection with the road show (with the
Underwriters agreeing to pay for the other fifty percent (50%) of the cost of such chartered aircraft), (viii) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Underwritten Shares and Warrant Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market,
(ix)&nbsp;the costs and expenses (including, without limitation, any damages or other amounts payable in connection with legal or contractual liability) associated with the reforming of any contracts for sale of the Securities made by the
Underwriters caused by a breach of the representation contained in the third sentence of Section&nbsp;1(a)(ii), and (x)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the Underwriters incurred in connection with this Agreement (including related fees and expenses of
their counsel), together with the fees in clause (v)&nbsp;above, not to exceed $150,000 (for the avoidance of doubt, in addition to any reimbursement of fees and expenses the Underwriters may be entitled to pursuant to Section&nbsp;6 hereof);
<I>provided</I> that any expenses payable under clauses (v)&nbsp;and (x) above and any expenses related to the remaining 50% of the cost of any private aircraft and other private transportation chartered in connection with the road show described in
clause (vii)&nbsp;above are invoiced in a timely manner. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Termination of Agreement</I>. If this Agreement is terminated by the
Representative in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;5, Section&nbsp;9(a)(i) or (iii)&nbsp;or Section&nbsp;10 hereof, the Company shall reimburse the Underwriters for all of their documented <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">out-of-pocket</FONT></FONT> expenses, including the reasonable documented fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 5. <U>Conditions of Underwriters&#8217; Obligations</U>. The obligations of the several Underwriters hereunder are subject to the accuracy of the
representations and warranties of the Company contained herein or in certificates of any officer of the Company or any of its subsidiaries delivered pursuant to the provisions hereof, to the performance by the Company of its covenants and other
obligations hereunder, and to the following further conditions: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Effectiveness of Registration Statement</I>. The Registration
Statement has become effective and, at the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto has been issued under the 1933 Act, no
order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, contemplated; and the
Company has complied with each request (if any) from the Commission for additional information. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Opinion of Counsel for
Company</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT> statement, dated the Closing Time, of Cooley LLP, counsel for the Company,
in form and substance satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <I>Opinion of Internal Counsel for Company on Intellectual Property Matters</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing
Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion, dated the Closing Time, of internal legal counsel for the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter
for each of the other Underwriters. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <I>Opinion of Internal Counsel for Company on Regulatory Matters</I>. At the Closing
Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion, dated the Closing Time, of internal legal counsel for the Company, in form and substance satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters, together with
signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <I>Opinion of Counsel for Underwriters</I>. At the
Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received the opinion and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-5</FONT> statement, dated the Closing Time, of Paul Hastings LLP, counsel for the Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <I>Officers&#8217; Certificate</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, there shall not have been, since the date
hereof or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus, any material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business
affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, and the Representative shall have received a certificate of the Chief Executive Officer or the
President of the Company and of the chief financial or chief accounting officer of the Company, dated the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that (i)&nbsp;there has been no such material adverse change, (ii)&nbsp;the
representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct with the same force and effect as though expressly made at and as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, (iii)&nbsp;the Company has complied
with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied at or prior to the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, and (iv)&nbsp;no stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement
under the 1933 Act has been issued, no order preventing or suspending the use of any preliminary prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued and no proceedings for any of those purposes have been instituted or are pending or, to their knowledge,
contemplated. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <I>Accountant&#8217;s Comfort Letter</I>. At the time of the execution of this Agreement, the Representative shall have
received from Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP a letter, dated such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative, together with signed or reproduced copies of such letter for each of the other Underwriters containing statements and
information of the type ordinarily included in accountants&#8217; &#8220;comfort letters&#8221; to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial information contained in the Registration Statement, the General
Disclosure Package and the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <I>Bring-down Comfort Letter</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time,
the Representative shall have received from Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP a letter, dated as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished pursuant to subsection
(g)&nbsp;of this Section, except that the specified date referred to shall be a date not more than three business days prior to the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <I>CFO Certificate</I>. At the time of the execution of this Agreement, solely to the
extent requested, the Representative shall have received from the Chief Financial Officer of the Company a certificate, dated such date, in form and substance satisfactory to the Representative, with respect to certain financial data contained in
the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, providing &#8220;management comfort&#8221; with respect to such information, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representative. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <I>Bring-down CFO Certificate</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, the Representative shall have received from
the Chief Financial Officer of the Company a letter, dated as of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, to the effect that they reaffirm the statements made in the letter furnished pursuant to subsection (i)&nbsp;of this Section,
except that the specified date referred to shall be the date of the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <I>Approval
of Listing</I>. At the Closing Time, the Securities shall have been approved for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, subject only to official notice of issuance. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <I><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> Agreements</I>. At the date of this Agreement, the Representative shall have received
an agreement substantially in the form of Exhibit D hereto signed by the persons listed on Schedule C hereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) <I>Rating</I>. Neither
the Company nor its subsidiaries have any debt securities or preferred stock that are rated by any &#8220;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&#8221; (as defined in Section&nbsp;3(a)(62) of the 1934 Act). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) [<U>Reserved</U>]. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o)
<I>Additional Documents</I>. At the Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, counsel for the Underwriters shall have been furnished with such documents and opinions as they may reasonably require for the purpose of enabling them to pass
upon the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated, or in order to evidence the accuracy of any of the representations or warranties, or the fulfillment of any of the conditions, herein contained; and all proceedings taken by the
Company in connection with the issuance and sale of the Securities as herein contemplated shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Representative and counsel for the Underwriters. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) <I>Termination of Agreement</I>. If any condition specified in this Section shall not have been fulfilled when and as required to be
fulfilled, this Agreement may be terminated by the Representative by notice to the Company at any time at or prior to Closing Time or the applicable Option Closing Time, and such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party
except as provided in Section&nbsp;4 and except that Sections 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 shall survive any such termination and remain in full force and effect. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 6. <U>Indemnification</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Indemnification of Underwriters</I>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates (as such term
is defined in Rule 501(b) under the 1933 Act (each, an &#8220;Affiliate&#8221;)), its selling agents, officers and directors and each person, if any, who controls any Underwriter within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the 1933 Act or
Section&nbsp;20 of the 1934 Act: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, arising out
of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, or the omission or alleged
omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included (A)&nbsp;in any preliminary
prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or (B)&nbsp;in any materials or information provided to investors by, or with the approval of, the Company in
connection with the marketing of the offering of the Securities (&#8220;Marketing Materials&#8221;), including any roadshow or investor presentations made to investors by the Company (whether in person or electronically), or the omission or alleged
omission in any preliminary prospectus, Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, Prospectus or in any Marketing Materials of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, to the extent of the aggregate
amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue
statement or omission; provided that (subject to Section&nbsp;6(d) below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as incurred (including the fees and disbursements of counsel chosen by the Representative),
reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or
omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i)&nbsp;or (ii) above; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">provided,
however, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in the Registration Statement (or any
amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with the Underwriter
Information. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Indemnification of Company, Directors and Officers</I>. Each Underwriter severally agrees to indemnify and hold
harmless the Company, its directors, each of its officers who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the 1933 Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the 1934 Act, against any
and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in subsection (a)&nbsp;of this Section, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in
the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), including any information deemed to be a part thereof pursuant to Rule 430B, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in
conformity with the Underwriter Information. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <I>Actions against Parties; Notification</I>. Each indemnified party shall give notice
as promptly as reasonably practicable to each indemnifying party of any action commenced against it in respect of which indemnity may be sought hereunder, but failure to so notify an indemnifying party shall not relieve such indemnifying party from
any liability hereunder to the extent it is not materially prejudiced as a result thereof and in any event shall not relieve it from any liability which it may have otherwise than on account of this indemnity agreement. In the case of parties
indemnified pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(a) above, counsel to the indemnified parties shall be selected by the Representative, and, in the case of parties indemnified pursuant to Section&nbsp;6(b) above, counsel to the indemnified parties shall be
selected by the Company. An indemnifying party may participate at its own expense in the defense of any such action; provided, however, that counsel to the indemnifying party shall not (except with the consent of the indemnified party) also be
counsel to the indemnified party. In no event shall the indemnifying parties be liable for fees and expenses of more than one counsel (in addition to any local counsel) separate from their own counsel for all indemnified parties in connection with
any one action or separate but similar or related actions in the same jurisdiction arising out of the same general allegations or circumstances. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or
compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever in respect of which indemnification or
contribution could be sought under this Section&nbsp;6 or Section&nbsp;7 hereof (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (i)&nbsp;includes an unconditional
release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (ii)&nbsp;does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any
indemnified party. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <I>Settlement without Consent if Failure to Reimburse</I>. If at any time an indemnified party shall have
requested an indemnifying party to reimburse the indemnified party for fees and expenses of counsel, such indemnifying party agrees that it shall be liable for any settlement of the nature contemplated by Section&nbsp;6(a)(ii) effected without its
written consent if (i)&nbsp;such settlement is entered into more than 45 days after receipt by such indemnifying party of the aforesaid request, (ii)&nbsp;such indemnifying party shall have received notice of the terms of such settlement at least 30
days prior to such settlement being entered into and (iii)&nbsp;such indemnifying party shall not have reimbursed such indemnified party in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 7. <U>Contribution</U>. If the indemnification provided for in Section&nbsp;6 hereof is for any reason unavailable to or insufficient to hold harmless
an indemnified party in respect of any losses, liabilities, claims, damages or expenses referred to therein, then each indemnifying party shall contribute to the aggregate amount of such losses, liabilities, claims, damages and expenses incurred by
such indemnified party, as incurred, (i)&nbsp;in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the other hand, from the offering of the Securities pursuant to
this Agreement or (ii)&nbsp;if the allocation provided by clause (i)&nbsp;is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i)&nbsp;above but also the relative
fault of the Company, on the one hand, and of the Underwriters, on the other hand, in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such losses, liabilities, claims, damages or expenses, as well as any other relevant equitable
considerations. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Underwriters, on the
other hand, in connection with the offering of the Securities pursuant to this Agreement shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the total net proceeds from the offering of the Securities pursuant to this Agreement (before
deducting expenses) received by the Company, on the one hand, and the total underwriting discount received by the Underwriters, on the other hand, in each case as set forth on the cover of the Prospectus, bear to the aggregate initial public
offering price of the Securities as set forth on the cover of the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the
Underwriters, on the other hand, shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any such untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied
by the Company or by the Underwriters and the parties&#8217; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7 were determined
by pro rata allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for such purpose) or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above in this Section&nbsp;7. The aggregate
amount of losses, liabilities, claims, damages and expenses incurred by an indemnified party and referred to above in this Section&nbsp;7 shall be deemed to include any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in
investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission
or alleged omission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section&nbsp;7, no Underwriter shall be required to contribute any amount in
excess of the underwriting commissions received by such Underwriter in connection with the Underwritten Shares underwritten by it and distributed to the public. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the 1933 Act) shall be entitled to contribution
from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of this Section&nbsp;7, each person, if any, who
controls an Underwriter within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the 1933 Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the 1934 Act and each Underwriter&#8217;s Affiliates and selling agents shall have the same rights to contribution as such Underwriter, and each
director of the Company, each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the 1933 Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the 1934 Act shall have the
same rights to contribution as the Company. The Underwriters&#8217; respective obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section&nbsp;7 are several in proportion to the number of Firm Securities set forth opposite their respective names in Schedule
A hereto and not joint. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 8. <U>Representations, Warranties and Agreements to Survive</U>. All representations, warranties and
agreements contained in this Agreement or in certificates of officers of the Company or any of its subsidiaries submitted pursuant hereto, shall remain operative and in full force and effect regardless of (i)&nbsp;any investigation made by or on
behalf of any Underwriter or its Affiliates or selling agents, any person controlling any Underwriter, its officers or directors, any person controlling the Company and (ii)&nbsp;delivery of and payment for the Securities. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 9. <U>Termination of Agreement</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <I>Termination</I>. The Representative may terminate this Agreement, by notice to the Company, at any time at or prior to the Closing Time
(i)&nbsp;if there has been, in the judgment of the Representative, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the
Prospectus, any material adverse change in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the earnings, business affairs or business prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries considered as one enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary
course of business, or (ii)&nbsp;if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or
any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Representative, impracticable or
inadvisable to proceed with the completion of the offering or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Securities, or (iii)&nbsp;if trading in any securities of the Company has been suspended or materially limited by the Commission or the Nasdaq
Capital Market, or (iv)&nbsp;if trading generally on the NYSE MKT or the New York Stock Exchange or in the Nasdaq Capital Market has been suspended or materially limited, or minimum or maximum prices for trading have been fixed, or maximum ranges
for prices have been required, by any of said exchanges or by order of the Commission, FINRA or any other governmental authority, or (v)&nbsp;a material disruption has occurred in commercial banking or securities settlement or clearance services in
the United States or with respect to Clearstream or Euroclear systems in Europe, or (vi)&nbsp;if a banking moratorium has been declared by either Federal or New York authorities. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <I>Liabilities</I>. If this Agreement is terminated pursuant to this Section, such termination shall be without liability of any party to
any other party except as provided in Section&nbsp;4 hereof, and provided further that Sections 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 shall survive such termination and remain in full force and effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 10. <U>Default by One or More of the Underwriters</U>. If one or more of the Underwriters shall fail at the Closing Time or any applicable Option
Closing Time to purchase the Securities which it or they are obligated to purchase under this Agreement (the &#8220;Defaulted Securities&#8221;), the Representative shall have the right, within 24 hours thereafter, to make arrangements for one or
more of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters, or any other underwriters, to purchase all, but not less than all, of the Defaulted Securities in such amounts as may be agreed upon and upon the terms herein set
forth; if, however, the Representative shall not have completed such arrangements within such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">24-hour</FONT> period, then: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) if the number of Defaulted Securities does not exceed 10% of the number of Securities to be purchased on such date, each of the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters shall be obligated, severally and not jointly, to purchase the full amount thereof in the proportions that their respective underwriting obligations hereunder bear to the underwriting
obligations of all <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriters, or </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) if the number of Defaulted Securities exceeds 10% of the number of Securities to be
purchased on such date, this Agreement the obligation of the Underwriters to purchase, and the Company to sell, the Securities to be purchased and sold shall terminate without liability on the part of any
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-defaulting</FONT> Underwriter. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">No action taken pursuant to this Section shall relieve any defaulting
Underwriter from liability in respect of its default. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In the event of any such default which does not result in a termination of this
Agreement, either the (i)&nbsp;Representative or (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall have the right to postpone Closing Time or applicable Option Closing Time for a period not exceeding seven days in order to effect any required changes in the Registration
Statement, the General Disclosure Package or the Prospectus or in any other documents or arrangements. As used herein, the term &#8220;Underwriter&#8221; includes any person substituted for an Underwriter under this Section&nbsp;10. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 11. <U>Notices</U>. All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed or
transmitted by any standard form of telecommunication. Notices to the Underwriters shall be directed to Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. at 1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor, New York, New York 10022, Attention: General Counsel, with copies to Paul
Hastings LLP, The MetLife Building, 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, Attention: Siavosh Salimi and William A. Magioncalda; notices to the Company shall be directed to it at 660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 100, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
19462, Facsimile: (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">440-4200,</FONT> Attention: Chief Executive Officer, with copies to Cooley LLP, 1299 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20004, Attention: Darah Protas. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 12. <U>No Advisory or Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (a)&nbsp;the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant
to this Agreement, including the determination of the initial public offering price of the Securities and any related discounts and commissions, is an <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">arm&#8217;s-length</FONT> commercial transaction between the
Company, on the one hand, and the several Underwriters, on the other hand, and does not constitute a recommendation, investment advice, or solicitation of any action by the Underwriters, (b)&nbsp;in connection with the offering of the Securities and
the process leading thereto, each Underwriter is and has been acting solely as a principal and is not the agent or fiduciary of the Company, any of its subsidiaries, or its stockholders, creditors, employees or any other party, (c)&nbsp;no
Underwriter has assumed or will assume an advisory or fiduciary responsibility in favor of the Company with respect to the offering of the Securities or the process leading thereto (irrespective of whether such Underwriter has advised or is
currently advising the Company, any of its subsidiaries on other matters) and no Underwriter has any obligation to the Company with respect to the offering of the Securities except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement, (d)&nbsp;the
Underwriters and their respective affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that </P>
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involve interests that differ from those of the Company, and (e)&nbsp;the Underwriters have not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory, investment or tax advice with respect to the offering
of the Securities and the Company has consulted its own respective legal, accounting, financial, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it deemed appropriate, and (f)&nbsp;none of the activities of the Underwriters in connection with the
transactions contemplated herein constitutes a recommendation, investment advice or solicitation of any action by the Underwriters with respect to any entity or natural person. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 13. <U>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) In the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the
transfer from such Underwriter of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any
such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) In the event that any
Underwriter that is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are permitted
to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of this Section&nbsp;13, a &#8220;BHC Act Affiliate&#8221; has the meaning assigned to the term &#8220;affiliate&#8221; in, and shall be
interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &#167; 1841(k). &#8220;Covered Entity&#8221; means any of the following: (i)&nbsp;a &#8220;covered entity&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 252.82(b);
(ii) a &#8220;covered bank&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167; 47.3(b); or (iii)&nbsp;a &#8220;covered FSI&#8221; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;
382.2(b). <B>&#8220;</B>Default Right&#8221; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&#167; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable. &#8220;U.S. Special Resolution Regime&#8221; means each
of (i)&nbsp;the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii)&nbsp;Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 14. <U>Parties</U>. This Agreement shall each inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the Underwriters, the Company and their respective
successors. Nothing expressed or mentioned in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any person, firm or corporation, other than the Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors and the controlling persons and officers
and directors referred to in Sections 6 and 7 and their heirs and legal representatives, any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision herein contained. This Agreement and all conditions and
provisions hereof are intended to be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Underwriters, the Company and their respective successors, and said controlling persons and officers and directors and their heirs and legal representatives, and for the
benefit of no other person, firm or corporation. No purchaser of Securities from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor by reason merely of such purchase. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 15. <U>Trial by Jury</U>. The Company (on its behalf and, to the extent permitted by applicable law,
on behalf of its stockholders and affiliates) and each of the Underwriters hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this
Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 16. <U>GOVERNING LAW</U>. THIS AGREEMENT AND ANY CLAIM, CONTROVERSY OR DISPUTE ARISING UNDER
OR RELATED TO THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF, THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO ITS CHOICE OF LAW PROVISIONS. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 17. <U>Consent to Jurisdiction; Waiver of Immunity</U>. Any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or based upon this Agreement or the
transactions contemplated hereby (&#8220;Related Proceedings&#8221;) shall be instituted in (i)&nbsp;the federal courts of the United States of America located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan or (ii)&nbsp;the courts of the
State of New York located in the City and County of New York, Borough of Manhattan (collectively, the &#8220;Specified Courts&#8221;), and each party irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction (except for proceedings instituted in regard to
the enforcement of a judgment of any such court (a &#8220;Related Judgment&#8221;), as to which such jurisdiction is <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-exclusive)</FONT> of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Service of any
process, summons, notice or document by mail to such party&#8217;s address set forth above shall be effective service of process for any suit, action or other proceeding brought in any such court. The parties irrevocably and unconditionally waive
any objection to the laying of venue of any suit, action or other proceeding in the Specified Courts and irrevocably and unconditionally waive and agree not to plead or claim in any such court that any such suit, action or other proceeding brought
in any such court has been brought in an inconvenient forum. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 18. <U>TIME</U>. TIME SHALL BE OF THE ESSENCE OF THIS AGREEMENT. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE
SET FORTH HEREIN, SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 19. <U>Counterparts and Electronic Signatures</U>. This Agreement may be
executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all such counterparts shall together constitute one and the same Agreement. Electronic signatures complying with the New York Electronic Signatures and
Records Act (N.Y. State Tech. &#167;&#167; <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">301-309),</FONT> as amended from time to time, or other applicable law will be deemed original signatures for purposes of this Agreement. Transmission by telecopy,
electronic mail or other transmission method of an executed counterpart of this Agreement will constitute due and sufficient delivery of such counterpart. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">SECTION 20. <U>Effect of Headings</U>. The Section headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[Signature Page Follows] </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">34 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and
return to the Company a counterpart hereof, whereupon this instrument, along with all counterparts, will become a binding agreement among the Underwriters and the Company in accordance with its terms. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Very truly yours, </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="13%"></TD>

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<TD WIDTH="86%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">By</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;">/s/ Peter Kies</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Peter Kies</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">CONFIRMED AND ACCEPTED, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8195;as of the date first above written: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="13%"></TD>

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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">PIPER SANDLER&nbsp;&amp; CO.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">By</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000;">/s/ David Stadinski</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">David Stadinski</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Managing Director</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For itself and as Representative of the other Underwriters named in Schedule A hereto. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>Signature Page to
Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Underwriting Agreement</I> </P>

</DIV></Center>


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<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">SCHEDULE A </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The initial public offering price for one Underwritten Share and a Warrant to purchase two shares of Common Stock (or to purchase a <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrant to purchase two shares of Common Stock in lieu thereof) shall be $0.95 (the &#8220;Share and Warrant Purchase Price&#8221;), which shall be allocated as $0.948 per Firm Share (the &#8220;Share
Purchase Price&#8221;) and $0.002 per Warrant (the &#8220;Warrant Purchase Price&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The combined purchase price per Underwritten Share and
accompanying Warrant to be paid by the several Underwriters to the Company shall be $0.893, being an amount equal to the Share and Warrant Purchase Price less $0.057, which shall be allocated as $0.89112 per Firm Share and $0.00188 per Warrant,
being an amount equal to the Share Purchase Price less $0.05688 plus the Warrant Purchase Price less $0.00012. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="82%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">Number&nbsp;of<br>Firm&nbsp;Shares</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="2" ALIGN="center" STYLE="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">Number&nbsp;of<BR>Warrants</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>


<TR BGCOLOR="#cceeff" STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co.</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">21,052,632</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">42,105,264</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Total</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">21,052,632</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">45,105,264</TD>
<TD NOWRAP VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1px; ">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-top:3.00px double #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Sch A- 1 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">SCHEDULE <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">B-1</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><U>Pricing Terms </U></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">1.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The Company is selling 21,052,632 shares of Common Stock and accompanying Warrants to purchase up to 42,105,264
shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in lieu thereof). </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">2.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The Company has granted an option to the Underwriters to purchase up to an additional 3,157,894 shares of
Common Stock and Warrants to purchase up to 6,315,788 additional shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants in lieu thereof). </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">3.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The combined public offering price for one Underwritten Share and accompanying Warrant shall be $0.95 (which
shall be allocated as $0.948 per Firm Share and $0.002 per Warrant). </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">4.</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">The Warrants are exercisable any time following issuance until the date that is five (5)&nbsp;years after the
date of issuance, by payment of the exercise price in cash (or by cashless exercise in certain circumstances). The Warrants shall not be exercisable if the respective holder&#8217;s ownership would exceed the initial beneficial ownership limit as
set by such holder. However, any holder may increase the initial beneficial ownership percentage, not to exceed 19.99%, if the holder provides at least 61 days notice. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Sch B- 1 </P>

</DIV></Center>


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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">SCHEDULE <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">B-2</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><U>Free Writing Prospectuses </U></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">None </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Sch B- 2 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">SCHEDULE C </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><U>List of Persons and Entities Subject to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-up</FONT> </U></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Jacqueline Shea </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Peter Kies </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Laurent Humeau </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Michael Sumner </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Simon X. Benito </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Roger D. Dansey </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ann C. Miller </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Jay Shepard </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">David B. Weiner </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Wendy L. Yarno </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Lota S. Zoth </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Sch C- 1 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Exhibit A </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Form of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Agreement </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">___________, 2026 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">as Representative of the several </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Underwriters to be named in
the </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">within-mentioned Underwriting Agreement </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">c/o</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1251 Avenue of the Americas, 6th Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, New York 10022 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">Re:</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><U>Proposed Public Offering by Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </U> </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Dear Sirs and Madams: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned, a
stockholder and an officer and/or director of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;Company&#8221;), understands that Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co. (&#8220;Piper Sandler&#8221;) proposes to enter into an Underwriting
Agreement (the &#8220;Underwriting Agreement&#8221;) with the Company providing for the public offering (the &#8220;Public Offering&#8221;) of shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;)
and any other securities, including warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, as may be determined to be issued by the Company pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement. In recognition of the benefit that such an offering will confer upon the
undersigned as a stockholder and an officer and/or director of the Company, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the undersigned agrees with each underwriter to be named in the
Underwriting Agreement that, during the period beginning on the date hereof and ending on the date that is 90 days from the date of the Underwriting Agreement (the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;Lock-Up</FONT> Period&#8221;), the
undersigned will not, without the prior written consent of Piper Sandler, (i)&nbsp;directly or indirectly, offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option,
right or warrant to purchase or otherwise transfer or dispose of any shares of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock, whether now owned or hereafter acquired by the
undersigned or with respect to which the undersigned has or hereafter acquires the power of disposition (collectively, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#8220;Lock-Up</FONT> Securities&#8221;), or exercise any right with respect to the
registration of any of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, or file or cause to be filed any registration statement in connection therewith, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (ii)&nbsp;enter into any swap or
any other agreement or any transaction that transfers, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, the economic consequence of ownership of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities, whether any such swap or transaction is to
be settled by delivery of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Ex A-1 </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Notwithstanding the foregoing, and subject to the conditions below, the undersigned may
transfer or otherwise dispose of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities without the prior written consent of Piper Sandler, provided that (1)&nbsp;the underwriters<B></B>&nbsp;receive a signed
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement for the balance of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period from each donee, trustee, distributee, or transferee, as the case may be, (2)(a) in the case of clauses
(i)&nbsp;through (v) below, (A)&nbsp;such transfers do not involve dispositions for value and (B)&nbsp;except in the case of gifts pursuant to clause (i)&nbsp;below, are not required to be reported with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
&#8220;Commission&#8221;) on Form 4 or Form 5 in accordance with Section&nbsp;16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), and (b)&nbsp;in the case of clauses (vi)&nbsp;through (x) below, any required Form
4 filing shall state the reason for such transfer, and (3)&nbsp;the undersigned does not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report regarding such transfers: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(i)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">as a <I>bona fide</I> gift or gifts or for <I>bona fide</I> estate planning purposes; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(ii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">to the immediate family of the undersigned or any trust or other entity for the direct or indirect benefit of
the undersigned or the immediate family of the undersigned (for purposes of this <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">lock-up</FONT> agreement, &#8220;immediate family&#8221; shall mean any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption, not more remote
than first cousin) or if the undersigned is a trust, to any beneficiary of the undersigned (including such beneficiary&#8217;s estate); </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(iii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">as a distribution to limited or general partners, stockholders or other equity holders of the undersigned;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(iv)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">to the undersigned&#8217;s affiliates or to any investment fund or other entity controlled or managed by the
undersigned; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(v)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">by will or intestacy; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(vi)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">to the Company in connection with the exercise of options, warrants or other rights to acquire shares of Common
Stock or any security convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock by way of &#8220;net&#8221; or &#8220;cashless&#8221; exercise and/or to cover withholding tax obligations in connection with such exercise pursuant to an employee benefit plan,
option, warrant or other right disclosed in the prospectus for the Public Offering, including any documents incorporated therein by reference, provided that any such shares issued upon exercise of such option, warrant or other right shall be subject
to the restrictions set forth herein; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(vii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">pursuant to a court order or settlement agreement related to the distribution of assets in connection with the
dissolution of a marriage or civil union; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(viii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">to the Company pursuant to agreements under which the Company has the option to repurchase such shares or a
right of first refusal with respect to transfers of such shares upon termination of service of the undersigned; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(ix)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">in accordance with a trading plan pursuant to Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> under the
Exchange Act <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">(&#8220;10b5-1</FONT> Trading Plan&#8221;) that is existing on the date hereof; <I>provided</I> that any Form 4 or Form 5 required to be filed under the Exchange Act if the undersigned is subject to
Section&nbsp;16 reporting with respect to the Company under the Exchange Act will indicate by footnote that such sale was made under the circumstances described in this clause; and <I>provided</I> <I>further</I> that no other filing under the
Exchange Act or other public announcement shall be required or shall be made voluntarily in connection with such sale during the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period; or </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Ex A-2 </P>

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<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(x)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">to a <I>bona fide</I> third party pursuant to a merger, consolidation, tender offer or other similar
transaction made to all holders of Common Stock and involving a Change of Control of the Company and approved by the Company&#8217;s board of directors; <I>provided</I> that, in the event that such Change of Control is not completed, the
undersigned&#8217;s <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities shall remain subject to the restrictions contained herein. &#8220;Change of Control&#8221; shall mean the transfer (whether by tender offer, merger, consolidation or
other similar transaction), in one transaction or a series of related transactions, to a person or group of affiliated persons (other than an underwriter pursuant to the Public Offering), of the Company&#8217;s voting securities if, after such
transfer, such person or group of affiliated persons would hold more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of the Company (or the surviving entity). </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Furthermore, the undersigned may sell shares of Common Stock of the Company purchased by the undersigned on the open market following the
Public Offering if and only if (i)&nbsp;such sales are not required to be reported in any public report or filing with the Commission, or otherwise and (ii)&nbsp;the undersigned does not otherwise voluntarily effect any public filing or report
regarding such sales. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned acknowledges and agrees that the underwriters have not provided any recommendation or investment
advice nor have the underwriters solicited any action from the undersigned with respect to the Public Offering of the securities and the undersigned has consulted their own legal, accounting, financial, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent
deemed appropriate. The undersigned further acknowledges and agrees that, although the Representative may be required or choose to provide certain Regulation Best Interest and Form CRS disclosures to you in connection with the Public Offering, the
Representative and the other underwriters are not making a recommendation to you to enter into this agreement and nothing set forth in such disclosures is intended to suggest that the Representative or any underwriter is making such a
recommendation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned also agrees and consents to the entry of stop transfer instructions with the Company&#8217;s transfer
agent and registrar against the transfer of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Securities except in compliance with the foregoing restrictions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Notwithstanding the foregoing, the undersigned may establish a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> Trading Plan, provided, that
(i)&nbsp;any public announcement or filing under the Exchange Act regarding the establishment or amendment of such <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b5-1</FONT> Trading Plan shall clearly disclose that no shares of Common Stock shall be disposed by
such plan during the duration of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period and (ii)&nbsp;no sales are made during the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period pursuant to such plan. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This agreement may be delivered via facsimile, electronic mail (including pdf or any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal
ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com or www.echosign.com) or other transmission method and any copy so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Ex A-3 </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This agreement (and for the avoidance of doubt, the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Lock-Up</FONT> Period described herein) and related restrictions shall automatically terminate upon the earliest to occur, if any, of (i)&nbsp;the Company advising the Representative in writing prior to the execution
of the Underwriting Agreement that it has determined not to proceed with the Public Offering, (ii)&nbsp;the termination of the Underwriting Agreement before the sale of any Common Stock to the underwriters, or (iii)&nbsp;August&nbsp;31, 2026, in the
event the closing of the Public Offering shall not have occurred on or before such date. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Very truly yours, </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top">Signature:</TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Print Name:</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Ex A-4 </P>

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<TYPE>EX-4.1
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<FILENAME>d253972dex41.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-4.1
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 4.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">PRE-FUNDED</FONT> COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Warrant
Shares:&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date of Issuance: July 31, 2026 (such date, the &#8220;<U>Issue Date</U>&#8221;) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Warrant No.: <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">PF-[&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;]</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">THIS COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT (the &#8220;<U>Warrant</U>&#8221;) certifies that, for value received, the registered holder hereof or its permitted
assigns (the &#8220;<U>Holder</U>&#8221;) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions set forth herein, at any time on or after the Issue Date, to subscribe for and purchase from <B>Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</B>, a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<U>Company</U>&#8221;), up to [__] shares (the &#8220;<U>Warrant Shares</U>&#8221;) of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (&#8220;<U>Common Stock</U>&#8221;).
The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section&nbsp;2(b). This Warrant is one of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Common Stock Purchase Warrants
issued in connection with the transactions contemplated by (i)&nbsp;that certain Underwriting Agreement, dated as of July&nbsp;29, 2026, by and between the Company and Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co., as the representative of the several underwriters
named therein and (ii)&nbsp;the Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-297233)</FONT> (the &#8220;<U>Registration Statement</U>&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;1</U>. <U>Definitions</U>. For purposes of this Warrant, the following terms shall have the following meanings: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a) &#8220;<U>Affiliate</U>&#8221; means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under
common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<U>1933 Act</U>&#8221;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b) &#8220;<U>Attribution Parties</U>&#8221; means, collectively, the following Persons and entities: (i)&nbsp;any investment vehicle, including, any funds,
feeder funds or managed accounts, currently, or from time to time after the Issue Date, directly or indirectly managed or advised by the Holder&#8217;s investment manager or any of its Affiliates or principals, (ii)&nbsp;any direct or indirect
Affiliates of the Holder or any of the foregoing, (iii)&nbsp;any Person acting or who could be deemed to be acting as a Group together with the Holder or any of the foregoing and (iv)&nbsp;any other Persons whose beneficial ownership of Common Stock
would or could be aggregated with the Holder&#8217;s and the other Attribution Parties for purposes of Section&nbsp;13(d) or Section&nbsp;16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;<U>1934 Act</U>&#8221;). For clarity, the
purpose of the foregoing is to subject collectively the Holder and all other Attribution Parties to the Maximum Percentage (as defined in Section&nbsp;2(e)). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c) &#8220;<U>Bloomberg</U>&#8221; means Bloomberg Financial Markets. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d) &#8220;<U>Business Day</U>&#8221; means any day except any Saturday, any Sunday, any day that is a federal legal holiday in the United States or any day on
which the New York Stock Exchange is authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e) &#8220;<U>Group</U>&#8221; means a
&#8220;group&#8221; as that term is used in Section&nbsp;13(d) of the 1934 Act and as defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13d-5</FONT> thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f) &#8220;<U>Person</U>&#8221; means an individual, a limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated
organization, any other entity and a government or any department or agency thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">g) &#8220;<U>Trading Day</U>&#8221; means any day on which the
Common Stock is traded on the Trading Market. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">h) &#8220;<U>Trading Market</U>&#8221; means the principal securities exchange or securities market,
including an <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market, on which the Common Stock is then traded in the United States. </P>
</DIV></Center>


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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i) &#8220;<U>Weighted Average Price</U>&#8221; means, for any security as of any date, the dollar
volume-weighted average price for such security on the Trading Market during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg through its &#8220;Volume at Price&#8221;
function or, if the foregoing does not apply, the dollar volume-weighted average price of such security in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market on the electronic bulletin board
for such security during the period beginning at 9:30:01 a.m., New York City time, and ending at 4:00:00 p.m., New York City time, as reported by Bloomberg, or, if no dollar volume-weighted average price is reported for such security by Bloomberg
for such hours, the average of the highest closing bid price and the lowest closing ask price of any of the market makers for such security as reported in the &#8220;pink sheets&#8221; published by OTC Markets Group, Inc. (or a similar organization
or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices). If the Weighted Average Price cannot be calculated for such security on such date on any of the foregoing bases, the Weighted Average Price of such security on such date shall be the fair
market value as mutually determined by the Company and the Holder. If the Company and the Holder are unable to agree upon the fair market value of such security, then such dispute shall be resolved pursuant to Section&nbsp;5(n) with the term
&#8220;Weighted Average Price&#8221; being substituted for the term &#8220;Exercise Price.&#8221; All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination or other similar transaction during such
period. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U>. <U>Exercise</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a) <U>Exercise of Warrant</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be exercised, in whole or in
part, at any time or times on or after the Issue Date by delivery (whether via facsimile or otherwise) to the Company (or such other office or agency of the Company as it may designate by notice in writing to the registered Holder at the address of
the Holder appearing on the books of the Company) of a duly executed copy of the Notice of Exercise form annexed hereto (the &#8220;<U>Notice of Exercise</U>&#8221;) and by payment to the Company of an amount equal to the aggregate Exercise Price of
the Warrant Shares thereby purchased by wire transfer (or by notifying the Company that this Warrant is being exercised pursuant to a Cashless Exercise (as defined below)). No <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">ink-original</FONT> Notice of Exercise
shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise form be required. The Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has
purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days after the date the Notice of
Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares
purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased. The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. <B>The Holder and any
assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at
any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof. </B> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b) <U>Exercise Price</U>. The exercise price per share of Common Stock under
this Warrant shall be $0.001, subject to adjustment as provided herein (the &#8220;<U>Exercise Price</U>&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c) <U>Mechanics of Exercise</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Delivery of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise</U>. Certificates for shares purchased hereunder shall be transmitted to the Holder by crediting the account of
the Holder&#8217;s prime broker with The Depository Trust Company (&#8220;<U>DTC</U>&#8221;) through its Deposit/Withdrawal at Custodian (&#8220;<U>DWAC</U>&#8221;) system if the Company is then a participant in such system and otherwise by physical
delivery to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (i)&nbsp;two (2) Trading Days after the receipt by the Company of the Notice of Exercise or (ii)&nbsp;the standard settlement cycle after
the receipt by the Company of the Notice of Exercise (in either case provided that payment of the Exercise Price (or notification of Cashless Exercise, if applicable) has then been received by the Company) (such date, the &#8220;<U>Warrant Share
Delivery Date</U>&#8221;). This Warrant shall be deemed to have been exercised upon proper delivery of the Notice of Exercise and payment of the Exercise Price (or notification of Cashless Exercise). The Warrant Shares shall be deemed to have been
issued, and the Holder or any other person so designated to be named therein shall be deemed to have become a holder of record of such shares for all purposes, as of the date the Warrant has been exercised. The Company shall use commercially
reasonable efforts to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ii. <U>Delivery of New Warrant Upon Exercise</U>. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon
surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the certificate or certificates representing Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called
for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">iii. <U>Compensation for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant
Shares Upon Exercise</U>. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;2(c)(i) above pursuant
to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than a failure caused by incorrect or incomplete information provided by the Holder to the Company), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an
open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder&#8217;s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise
(a &#8220;<U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT></U>&#8221;), then the Company shall either (A)&nbsp;pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x)&nbsp;the Holder&#8217;s total purchase price (including brokerage commissions,
if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y)&nbsp;the amount obtained by multiplying (1)&nbsp;the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times
(2)&nbsp;the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, or (B)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was
not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For
example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> with respect to an attempted exercise of this Warrant with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such
purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A)&nbsp;of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. In connection with the foregoing, the Holder shall (i)&nbsp;use its reasonable efforts to notify the
Company in advance of any pending exercise of this Warrant in order to enable to the Company to deliver the Warrant Shares by the Warrant Share Delivery Date and (ii)&nbsp;provide the Company written notice within three (3)&nbsp;Business Days after
the occurrence of a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In,</FONT> indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss.
Subject to Section&nbsp;5(i), nothing herein shall limit a Holder&#8217;s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with
respect to the Company&#8217;s failure to timely deliver Warrant Shares upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>iv. No
Fractional Shares or Scrip</U>. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such
exercise, the Company shall, at its election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round (up or down) to the nearest whole share. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">v. <U>Charges, Taxes and Expenses</U>. Issuance of certificates for Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or
other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such certificate, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such certificates shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the
Holder; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that in the event certificates for Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form attached
hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">vi. <U>Closing of Books</U>. The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant
pursuant to the terms hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d) <U>Cashless Exercise</U>. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Holder may exercise this
Warrant, whether in whole or in part, and in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to the Company upon such exercise in payment of the Exercise Price, by effecting a cashless exercise of this Warrant pursuant to which the
Holder shall receive upon such cashless exercise the &#8220;Net Number&#8221; of Warrant Shares determined according to the following formula (a &#8220;<U>Cashless Exercise</U>&#8221;): </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="24%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="28%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="46%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Net Number =</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A x B) - (A x C)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">B</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">For purposes of the foregoing formula: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A = the total number of shares of Common Stock with respect to which this Warrant is then being exercised. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">B = the Weighted Average Price of the shares of Common Stock on the date immediately preceding the date of the Notice of Exercise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">C = the Exercise Price then in effect for the applicable Warrant Shares at the time of such exercise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If Warrant Shares are issued in such a Cashless Exercise, the Company acknowledges and agrees that in accordance with Section&nbsp;3(a)(9) of the 1933 Act,
the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrant being exercised, and the holding period of the Warrant being exercised may be tacked on to the holding period of the Warrant Shares. The Company agrees not to take any
position contrary to this Section&nbsp;2(d). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e) <U>Holder</U><U>&#8217;</U><U>s Exercise Limitations</U>. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained herein, the Company shall not effect the exercise of any portion of this Warrant, and the Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms and conditions of this Warrant and any such exercise
shall be null and void and treated as if never made, to the extent that immediately prior to or after giving effect to such exercise, the Holder together with the other Attribution Parties collectively would beneficially own in excess of 4.99%,
9.99% or 19.99% (or such other percentage that was elected by each holder prior to the issuance of this Warrant) (the &#8220;<U>Maximum Percentage</U>&#8221;) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to
such exercise. For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and the other Attribution Parties shall include the number of shares of Common Stock held by the Holder and all
other Attribution Parties plus the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which the determination of such sentence is being made, but shall exclude the number of shares of Common Stock which would be
issuable upon (A)&nbsp;exercise of the remaining, unexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of the other Attribution Parties and (B)&nbsp;exercise or conversion of the unexercised or unconverted portion of any other
securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any convertible notes or convertible preferred stock or warrants, including the other Warrants) beneficially owned by the Holder or any other Attribution Party subject to a limitation on
conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e). For purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the 1934 Act, it being acknowledged by
the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the 1934 Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the
extent that the limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which
portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination. In addition, a determination as to any group status as
contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Warrant, in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock the
Holder may acquire upon the exercise of this Warrant without exceeding the Maximum Percentage, the Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (x)&nbsp;the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> and Current Reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> or other public filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission,
as the case may be, (y)&nbsp;a more recent public announcement by the Company or (z)&nbsp;any other written notice by the Company setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (the &#8220;<U>Reported Outstanding Share
Number</U>&#8221;). If the Company receives a Notice of Exercise from the Holder at a time when the actual number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is less than the Reported Outstanding Share Number, the Company shall (i)&nbsp;notify the Holder
in writing of the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding and, to the extent that such Exercise Notice would otherwise cause the Holder&#8217;s beneficial ownership, as determined pursuant to this Section&nbsp;2(e), to exceed the Maximum
Percentage, the Holder must notify the Company of a reduced number of Warrant Shares to be purchased pursuant to such Exercise Notice (the number of shares by which such purchase is reduced, the &#8220;<U>Reduction Shares</U>&#8221;) and
(ii)&nbsp;as soon as reasonably practicable, the Company shall return to the Holder any exercise price paid by the Holder for the Reduction Shares. For any reason at any time, upon the written request of the Holder, the Company shall within five
(5)&nbsp;Business Days confirm orally and in writing or by electronic mail to </P>
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the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding. In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or
exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder and any other Attribution Party since the date as of which the Reported Outstanding Share Number was reported. In the event that the issuance of Common Stock to the Holder
upon exercise of this Warrant results in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties being deemed to beneficially own, in the aggregate, more than the Maximum Percentage of the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock (as determined under
Section&nbsp;13(d) of the 1934 Act), the number of shares so issued by which the Holder&#8217;s and the other Attribution Parties&#8217; aggregate beneficial ownership exceeds the Maximum Percentage (the &#8220;<U>Excess Shares</U>&#8221;) shall be
deemed null and void and shall be cancelled ab initio, and the Holder shall not have the power to vote or to transfer the Excess Shares. As soon as reasonably practicable after the issuance of the Excess Shares has been deemed null and void, the
Company shall return to the Holder the exercise price paid by the Holder for the Excess Shares. Upon delivery of a written notice to the Company, the Holder may from time to time increase or decrease the Maximum Percentage to any other percentage
(not in excess of 19.99% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock immediately after giving effect to the issuance of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant if exceeding that limit would result in a change of
control under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(b) or any successor rule) as specified in such notice; <U>provided</U> that (i)&nbsp;any such increase in the Maximum Percentage will not be effective until the sixty-first (61st) day after such notice is
delivered to the Company and (ii)&nbsp;any such increase or decrease will apply only to the Holder and the other Attribution Parties and not to any other holder of Warrants that is not an Attribution Party of the Holder. For purposes of clarity, the
shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to the terms of this Warrant in excess of the Maximum Percentage shall not be deemed to be beneficially owned by the Holder for any purpose including for purposes of Section&nbsp;13(d) or Rule <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">16a-1(a)(1)</FONT> of the 1934 Act. No prior inability to exercise this Warrant pursuant to this paragraph shall have any effect on the applicability of the provisions of this paragraph with respect to any subsequent
determination of exercisability. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section&nbsp;2(e) to the extent necessary to correct this paragraph or any
portion of this paragraph which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended beneficial ownership limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e) or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such
limitation. The limitation contained in this paragraph may not be waived and shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;3</U>. <U>Certain Adjustments</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a) <U>Subdivision or Combination of Common Stock</U>. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company subdivides (by any stock split, stock
dividend, recapitalization or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a greater number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such subdivision will be proportionately reduced and the number
of Warrant Shares will be proportionately increased. If the Company at any time on or after the Issue Date combines (by combination, reverse stock split or otherwise) one or more classes of its outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller
number of shares, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such combination will be proportionately increased and the number of Warrant Shares will be proportionately decreased. Any adjustment under this Section&nbsp;3(a) shall become
effective at the close of business on the date the subdivision or combination becomes effective. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b) <U>Subsequent Rights Offerings</U>. In addition to
any adjustments pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(a) above, if during such time as this Warrant is outstanding the Company grants, issues or sells any rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property, in each case pro rata to the record
holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;<U>Purchase Rights</U>&#8221;), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have
acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, Section&nbsp;2(e) hereof) immediately before
the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such
Purchase Rights <U>(provided</U>, <U>however</U>, to the extent that the Holder&#8217;s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage, then the Holder
shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance
for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder and the other Attribution Parties exceeding the Maximum Percentage). </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c) <U>[Reserved]</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d) <U>Fundamental Transaction</U>. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related
transactions effects any merger or consolidation with or into another Person, (ii)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its
assets in one or a series of related transactions (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include a license or other agreement granting rights to intellectual property), (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange
offer (whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than
50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (iv)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange
pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a stock or share purchase
agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">spin-off</FONT> or scheme of arrangement) with another Person whereby such other Person acquires more than
50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (not including any shares of Common Stock held by the other Person or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share purchase
agreement or other business combination) (each a &#8220;<U>Fundamental Transaction</U>&#8221;), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon
such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the
successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (together, the &#8220;<U>Alternate Consideration</U>&#8221;), if any, receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction
by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any
such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental
Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given
any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental
Transaction. Any such payment of such amount of such Alternative Consideration shall be made in the same form of consideration (whether securities, cash or property) as is given to the holders of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and if
multiple forms of consideration are given, the consideration shall be paid to the Holder in the same proportion as such consideration is paid to the holders of Common Stock. The terms of any agreement pursuant to which a Fundamental Transaction is
effected shall include terms requiring any such successor or surviving entity to comply with the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d) and insuring that this Warrant (or any such replacement security) will be similarly adjusted upon any subsequent
Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the &#8220;<U>Successor Entity</U>&#8221;) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under
this Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental
Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is
exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on
the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock
pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such adjustments to the number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant
immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be
substituted for the Company (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant referring to the &#8220;Company&#8221; shall refer instead to the </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant with the same effect as if such Successor Entity
had been named as the Company herein. Notwithstanding the foregoing, and without limiting Section&nbsp;2(e) hereof, the Holder may elect, at its sole option, by delivery of written notice to the Company to waive this Section&nbsp;3(d) to permit a
Fundamental Transaction without the assumption of this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e) <U>Calculations</U>. All calculations under this Section&nbsp;3 shall be made to the
nearest cent or the nearest whole share, as the case may be. For purposes of this Section&nbsp;3, any calculation of the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall not include treasury shares, if
any. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Section&nbsp;3, no adjustment in the Exercise Price shall be required unless such adjustment would require an increase or decrease of at least 1% in such price; <U>provided</U> <U>however</U>,
that any adjustments which by reason of the immediately preceding sentence are not required to be made shall be carried forward and taken into account in any subsequent adjustment. In any case in which this Section&nbsp;3 shall require that an
adjustment in the Exercise Price be made effective as of a record date for a specified event, if Holder exercises this Warrant after such record date, the Company may elect to defer, until the occurrence of such event, the issuance of the shares of
Common Stock and other capital stock of the Company in excess of the shares of Common Stock and other capital stock of the Company, if any, issuable upon such exercise on the basis of the Exercise Price in effect prior to such adjustment;
<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that in such case the Company shall deliver to the Holder a due bill or other appropriate instrument evidencing the Holder&#8217;s right to receive such additional shares and/or other capital securities upon the
occurrence of the event requiring such adjustment. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f) <U>Par Value</U>. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Warrant, in no event shall the
Exercise Price be reduced below the par value of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U>. <U>Transfer of Warrant</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a) <U>Transferability</U>. Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable, in whole or in
part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company (or other designated agent), together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or
attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or
assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be
cancelled. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b) <U>New Warrants</U>. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company (or other
designated agent), together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject to compliance with Section&nbsp;4(a), as to any transfer which
may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or
exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date set forth on the first page of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c) <U>Warrant Register</U>. The Company shall initially serve as warrant agent under this Warrant. The Company shall register ownership of this Warrant, upon
records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the &#8220;<U>Warrant Register</U>&#8221;), in the name of the record Holder (which shall include the initial Holder or, as the case may be, any assignee to which this Warrant is assigned
hereunder) from time to time. Upon thirty (30)&nbsp;days&#8217; notice to the Holder, the Company may appoint a new warrant agent. Any corporation into which the Company or any new warrant agent may be merged or any corporation resulting from any
consolidation to which the Company or any new warrant agent shall be a party or any corporation to which the Company or any new warrant agent transfers substantially all of its corporate trust or shareholders services business shall be a successor
warrant agent under this Warrant without any further act. Any such successor warrant agent shall promptly cause notice of its succession as warrant agent to be mailed (by first class mail, postage prepaid) to the Holder at the Holder&#8217;s last
address as shown on the Warrant Register. The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent
actual notice to the contrary. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;5</U>. <U>Miscellaneous</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">a) <U>No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise</U>. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights as a stockholder
of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section&nbsp;2. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">b) <U>Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant</U>. The Company
covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to them of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction,
of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it, and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such
cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">c) <U>Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc</U>. If the last or appointed day for the taking of
any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then, such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">d) <U>Authorized Shares</U>. The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common
Stock a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights under this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise contained herein). The Company further covenants that
its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the duty of executing stock certificates to execute and issue the necessary certificates for the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase
rights under this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the
Trading Market. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such
Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer
occurring contemporaneously with such issue). Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any
reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary action, in each case to avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at
all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting the
generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i)&nbsp;not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii)&nbsp;take all such action as may be
necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant and (iii)&nbsp;use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations,
exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">e) <U>Governing Law</U>. This Warrant shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York without giving effect to the
conflicts of law principles thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">f) <U>Nonwaiver and Expenses</U>. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on
the part of the Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder&#8217;s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with
any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys&#8217;
fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">g) <U>Notices</U>. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Notice Procedures</U>. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted
to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a)&nbsp;the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email or facsimile at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City
time) on a Trading Day, (b)&nbsp;the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email or facsimile on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading
Day, (c)&nbsp;the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service or by International Federal Express, (d)&nbsp;the third (3rd) Trading Day following the date of mailing if sent
by first-class registered or certified mail domestic, or (e)&nbsp;upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The addresses for such communications shall be: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If to the Company: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6769 Mesa Ridge Road </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">San Diego, CA 92121 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Chief Financial Officer&nbsp;&amp; Vice President, Accounting and Finance </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (858) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">410-3134</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: Peter.Kies@inovio.com&nbsp;&amp; Maggie.Campbell@inovio.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With copy to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cooley LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1299 Pennsylvania Avenue NW </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Washington, DC 20004 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Darah Protas </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: dprotas@cooley.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If to the Holder: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">To the address, email address or facsimile
number set forth in the Warrant Register, or as otherwise provided by the Holder to the Company in accordance with this Section&nbsp;5(g)(i). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ii.
<U>Adjustment to Exercise Price</U>. Whenever the Exercise Price or number of Warrant Shares is adjusted pursuant to any provision of Section&nbsp;3, the Company shall promptly provide the Holder a notice setting forth the Exercise Price and number
of Warrant Shares after such adjustment and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">iii. <U>Notice to Allow Exercise by
the Holder</U>. After the Issue Date if (A)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Stock, (B)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the
Common Stock, (C)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D)&nbsp;the approval of any stockholders
of the Company shall be required in connection with any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company (which, for the
avoidance of doubt, shall not include a license or other agreement granting rights to intellectual property), or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E)&nbsp;the Company
shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be mailed to the Holder at its last address as it shall appear upon the Warrant
Register, at least ten (10)&nbsp;calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x)&nbsp;the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption,
rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y)&nbsp;the date on which
such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to exchange their shares of
the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; <U>provided</U> that the failure to mail such notice or any defect therein or in the mailing
thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the
event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">h) <U>Limitation of Liability</U>. No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the
Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Stock or as a stockholder of the
Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i) <U>Remedies</U>. The Holder, in addition to being entitled
to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by
reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything else herein
to the contrary, if the Company is for any reason unable to issue and deliver Warrant Shares upon exercise of this Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof, the Company shall have no obligation to pay to the Holder any cash or other
consideration or otherwise &#8220;net cash settle&#8221; this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">j) <U>Successors and Assigns</U>. Subject to applicable securities laws, this
Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of the Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are
intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">k)
<U>Amendment</U>. This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company and the Holder. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">l)
<U>Severability</U>. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable
law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">m) <U>Confidentiality</U>. The Holder agrees to keep confidential any proprietary information relating to the Company delivered by the Company hereunder;
provided that nothing herein shall prevent the Holder from disclosing such information: (i)&nbsp;to any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares, (ii)&nbsp;to any Affiliate of any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares or any actual or potential
transferee of the rights or obligations hereunder that agrees to be bound by this Section&nbsp;5(m), (iii) upon order, subpoena, or other process of any court or administrative agency or otherwise required by law, (iv)&nbsp;upon the request or
demand of any regulatory agency or authority having jurisdiction over such party, (v)&nbsp;which has been publicly disclosed without breach of any obligation to the Company, (vi)&nbsp;which has been obtained from any Person that is not a party
hereto or an Affiliate of any such party without any breach of any obligation to the Company, (vii)&nbsp;in connection with the exercise of any remedy, or the resolution of any dispute hereunder, (viii)&nbsp;to the legal counsel or certified public
accountants for any holder of Warrants or Warrant Shares, or (ix)&nbsp;as otherwise expressly contemplated by this Warrant. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not provide material, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT>
information or confidential or proprietary information to the Holder without such Holder&#8217;s written consent. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">n) <U>Dispute Resolution</U>. In the
case of a dispute as to the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares, the Company shall submit the disputed determinations or arithmetic calculations via facsimile within two (2)&nbsp;Business Days of
receipt of the Notice of Exercise giving rise to such dispute, as the case may be, to the Holder. If the Holder and the Company are unable to agree upon such determination or calculation of the Exercise Price or the Warrant Shares within three
Business Days of such disputed determination or arithmetic calculation being submitted to the Holder, then the Company shall, within two (2)&nbsp;Business Days submit via facsimile (i)&nbsp;the disputed determination of the Exercise Price to an
independent, reputable investment bank selected by the Company and approved by the Holder or (ii)&nbsp;the disputed arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares to the Company&#8217;s independent, outside accountant. The Company shall cause at its
expense the investment bank or the accountant, as the case may be, to perform the determinations or calculations and notify the Company and the Holder of the results no later than ten (10)&nbsp;Business Days from the time it receives the disputed
determinations or calculations. Such investment bank&#8217;s or accountant&#8217;s determination or calculation, as the case may be, shall be binding upon all parties absent demonstrable error. The expenses of the investment bank and accountant will
be borne by the Company unless the investment bank or accountant determines that the determination of the Exercise Price or the arithmetic calculation of the Warrant Shares by the Holder was incorrect, in which case the expenses of the investment
bank and accountant will be borne by the Holder. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">o) <U>Headings</U>. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall
not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">******************** </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>(Signature Pages Follow) </I></P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly
authorized as of the date first above indicated. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>NOTICE OF EXERCISE </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">TO: INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) The undersigned holder of
Warrant No. PF-<U>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;</U> hereby elects to purchase _____Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full,
together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box): </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#9744; Cash Exercise: lawful money of the United States; or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#9744; Cashless Exercise: the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d),
to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) Please issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:92%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(4) By its delivery of this Notice of Exercise, the undersigned represents and warrants to the Company that in giving effect to the exercise evidenced hereby
the Holder will not beneficially own in excess of the number of shares of Common Stock (as determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) permitted to be owned under Section&nbsp;2(e) of the
Warrant to which this notice relates. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number or by physical delivery of a certificate
to: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:92%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:92%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:92%">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:24pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER] </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Name of Investing
Entity:______________________________ &#8195; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity: _______________________________ &#8195; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Name of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________&#8195; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Title of Authorized Signatory: ________________________________&#8195; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date: ___________________&#8195; </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>ASSIGNMENT FORM </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">(To assign the foregoing warrant, execute </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">this form and supply required information. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Do not use this form to exercise the warrant.) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">FOR VALUE RECEIVED, [&#8195;&#8195;] all of or [&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;] shares of the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to
______________________________ whose address is ________________________________________________________. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Dated: _______________</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8195;&#8195;</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
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<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">&#8195;&#8195;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Holder&#8217;s&nbsp;Signature:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">&#8195;&#8195;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right">Holder&#8217;s Address:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">NOTE: The signature to this Assignment Form must correspond with the name as it appears on the face of the Warrant, without
alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 4.2 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD VALIGN="top">Warrant Shares: [ &#8195;]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" ALIGN="right">Issue Date: July&nbsp;31, 2026</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">THIS WARRANT TO PURCHASE COMMON STOCK (the &#8220;<U>Warrant</U>&#8221;) certifies that, for value received,
[___] or its assigns (the &#8220;<U>Holder</U>&#8221;) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after the Issue Date (the &#8220;<U>Initial Exercise
Date</U>&#8221;) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m. (New York City time) on that date that is five years from the Issue Date (the &#8220;<U>Termination Date</U>&#8221;) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a
Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<U>Company</U>&#8221;), up to [&#8195;&#8195;&#8195; ] shares (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the &#8220;<U>Warrant Shares</U>&#8221;) of Common Stock of the Company or the same number of <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded&nbsp;warrants</FONT> of the Company (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the &#8220;<U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT></U><U></U><U>&nbsp;Warrants</U>&#8221;) with an exercise price of $0.001
in substantially the same form of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">the&nbsp;Pre-Funded&nbsp;Warrant</FONT> included in the Company&#8217;s Current Report on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;8-K&nbsp;filed</FONT> with the Securities and
Exchange Commission in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Underwriting Agreement, in lieu of Warrant Shares as provided for herein. The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise
Price, as defined in Section&nbsp;2(b). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;1</U>. <U>Definitions</U>. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise
defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Underwriting Agreement (the &#8220;<U>Underwriting Agreement</U>&#8221;), dated July&nbsp;29, 2026, by and between the Company and Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co., as representative of
the underwriters named therein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U>. <U>Exercise</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Exercise of Warrant</U>. Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or
times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed copy submitted by email (or email attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the &#8220;<U>Notice
of Exercise</U>&#8221;). Within one Trading Day following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) specified in
the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section&nbsp;2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">ink-original</FONT> Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required. Notwithstanding anything herein to the
contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) available hereunder and the
Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within three Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of
this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares
(or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) so purchased. The Holder and the
Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise on the
Trading Day of receipt of such notice. <B>The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares (or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on
the face hereof.</B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Exercise Price</U>. The exercise price (i)&nbsp;per share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be $1.10,
subject to adjustment hereunder or (ii)&nbsp;per <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be $1.099 subject to adjustment hereunder (the &#8220;<U>Exercise
Price</U>&#8221;). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">1 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Cashless Exercise</U>. If at the time of exercise hereof, there is no effective
registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for the issuance or resale of the Warrant Shares to or by the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a
&#8220;cashless exercise&#8221; in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">[(A-B)</FONT> (X)] by (A), where: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top">(A)&#8199;=</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">as applicable: (i)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1)&nbsp;both executed and delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a) hereof on a day
that is not a Trading Day or (2)&nbsp;both executed and delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of &#8220;regular trading hours&#8221; (as defined in Rule 600(b)(68) of Regulation NMS promulgated under
the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either (x)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (y)&nbsp;the Bid Price of the Common Stock on
the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (&#8220;Bloomberg&#8221;) as of the time of the Holder&#8217;s execution of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is executed during &#8220;regular trading
hours&#8221; on a Trading Day and is delivered within two hours thereafter (including until two hours after the close of &#8220;regular trading hours&#8221; on a Trading Day) pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a) hereof or (iii)&nbsp;the VWAP on the date of
the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a) hereof after the close of &#8220;regular trading hours&#8221; on such
Trading Day;</TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">(B)&#8199;=</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and</TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">(X)&#8199;=</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance
with Section&nbsp;3(a)(9) of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised. The Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section&nbsp;2(c). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;<U>Bid Price</U>&#8221; means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the
Common Stock is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Stock for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg
(based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if the Common Stock is not then listed on a Trading Market and if the prices for the Common Stock are then reported on the OTCQB Venture Market
(&#8220;<U>OTCQB</U>&#8221;) or OTCQX Best Market (&#8220;<U>OTCQX</U>&#8221;), as applicable, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c)&nbsp;if the
Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting
prices) (&#8220;<U>The Pink Open Market</U>&#8221;), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser
selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#8220;<U>VWAP</U>&#8221; means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the Common
Stock is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by
Bloomberg (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding
date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable, (c)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency
succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser
selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">2 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Mechanics of Exercise</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Delivery of Warrant Shares </U>or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants <U>Upon Exercise</U>. The Company shall
cause the Warrant Shares issued in connection with an exercise of the Warrant to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder&#8217;s or its designee&#8217;s balance account with The Depository Trust
Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (&#8220;<U>DWAC</U>&#8221;) if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A)&nbsp;there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant
Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B)&nbsp;this Warrant is being exercised via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company&#8217;s share register in the name of the
Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (i)&nbsp;one Trading Day after the
delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii)&nbsp;one Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company (such date, the &#8220;<U>Warrant Share Delivery Date</U>&#8221;). Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise,
the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment
of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by the Warrant Share Delivery Date. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the
Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable
Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after such liquidated damages begin to accrue) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered
or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent (the &#8220;<U>Transfer Agent</U>&#8221;) that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding and exercisable. Notwithstanding the
foregoing, the Holder may, to the extent permitted under Section&nbsp;2(e) exercise this Warrant <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">into&nbsp;Pre-Funded&nbsp;Warrants.</FONT> The Company shall cause the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants issued in connection with an exercise of the Warrant to be issued and dispatched by overnight courier to the address as specified in the Notice of Exercise, by the date that is the latest
of (i)&nbsp;five (5) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise and (ii)&nbsp;five (5) Trading Days after delivery of the aggregate applicable Exercise Price to the Company (the
&#8220;<U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrant Delivery Date</U>&#8221;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ii. <U>Delivery of New Warrants Upon
Exercise</U>. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant
evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">iii. <U>Rescission Rights</U>. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to
Section&nbsp;2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrant Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise by providing the Company with written notice of
recission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">iv. <U>Compensation for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants Upon Exercise</U>. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares (or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT>
Warrant Delivery Date (other than a failure that is solely due to any action or inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or
otherwise) or the Holder&#8217;s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) which the Holder
anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a &#8220;<U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT></U>&#8221;), then the Company shall (A)&nbsp;pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x)&nbsp;the Holder&#8217;s total purchase price
(including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y)&nbsp;the amount obtained by multiplying (1)&nbsp;the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with
such exercise by (2)&nbsp;the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which
such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery
obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> with respect to an attempted exercise of Warrant Shares with an aggregate
sale price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A)&nbsp;of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder </P>
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shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Buy-In</FONT> and, upon request of the Company, evidence
of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder&#8217;s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with
respect to the Company&#8217;s failure to timely deliver shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">v. <U>No Fractional Shares or Scrip</U>. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of
this Warrant. As to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the number of Warrant Shares to be issued shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number and the Company shall, at its
election, either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or round up to the next whole share. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">vi. <U>Charges, Taxes and Expenses</U>. Issuance and delivery of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or
transfer tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as
may be directed by the Holder; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that, in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment
Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">same-day</FONT> processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">same-day</FONT> electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares. Subject to the foregoing, the Holder shall be responsible for all other tax liability that may arise as a result of holding or transferring this Warrant or
receiving Warrant Shares upon exercise hereof, including any United States withholding taxes imposed on any dividends or deemed dividends, and the Company shall be entitled to withhold such tax liability from shares of Common Stock, sales proceeds
subsequently paid or credited, or other amounts payable or distributable to the relevant Holder as required by applicable law. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)
<U>Holder&#8217;s Exercise Limitations</U>. The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section&nbsp;2 or otherwise, to the extent that after
giving effect to such issuance after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder&#8217;s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder&#8217;s
Affiliates and any other Persons whose beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock would or could be aggregated with the Holder&#8217;s for the purposes of Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act (such Persons, &#8220;<U>Attribution
Parties</U>&#8221;)), would exceed the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below). For purposes of the foregoing sentence, the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall
include the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude the number of Warrant Shares which would be issuable upon (i)&nbsp;exercise of the
remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii)&nbsp;exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company
(including, without limitation, any other Common Stock Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.
Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being
acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed in
accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e) applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and
Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder&#8217;s determination of whether this Warrant is
exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company
shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination (other than to the extent that the information on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock is provided by the Company, either directly or through one or more
public filings relied upon by the Holder). In addition, a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.
For </P>
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purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in
(A)&nbsp;the Company&#8217;s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B)&nbsp;a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C)&nbsp;a more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent
setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding.
In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since
the date as of which such number of outstanding shares of Common Stock was reported. The &#8220;<U>Beneficial Ownership Limitation</U>&#8221; shall be 4.99%, 9.99% or 19.99% (or such other percentage that was elected by each holder prior to the
issuance of this Warrant) of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant. In the event the Holder holds less than 20% of the number of
shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant, the Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation
provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 19.99% of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Warrant Shares upon
exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e) shall continue to apply. Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the
Company. If the Holder is not permitted to exercise this Warrant for Warrant Shares due to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation described in this Section&nbsp;2(e), then the Holder may exercise this Warrant for an equivalent number <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">of&nbsp;Pre-Funded&nbsp;Warrants.</FONT> For the avoidance of doubt, the Holder may not exercise this Warrant <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">into&nbsp;Pre-Funded&nbsp;Warrants</FONT> in lieu of Warrant Shares under
circumstances other than those expressly set forth in this Section&nbsp;2(e). The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section&nbsp;2(e) to correct
this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The
limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;3</U>.
<U>Certain Adjustments</U>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Stock Dividends and Splits</U>. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding:
(i)&nbsp;pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution or distributions on shares of its Common Stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of Common Stock (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include
any Warrant Shares issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, (iii)&nbsp;combines (including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding shares of Common
Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv)&nbsp;issues by reclassification of shares of the Common Stock any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator
shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event, and the
number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged. Any
adjustment made pursuant to this Section&nbsp;3(a) shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective immediately after the
effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">re-classification.</FONT></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Subsequent
Rights Offerings</U>. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues or sells any Common Stock Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to
all (or substantially all) of the record holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;<U>Purchase Rights</U>&#8221;), then the Holder will be entitled to acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate
Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation,
the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock
are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights <U>provided</U>,<U> however</U>, that, to the extent that the Holder&#8217;s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the
Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase
Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation). </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Pro Rata Distributions</U>. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the
Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash,
stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) other than dividends or distributions subject to Section&nbsp;3(a) above (a
&#8220;<U>Distribution</U>&#8221;), or other than a reclassification to which Section&nbsp;3(d) applies, then at any time after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution
to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without
limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for
the participation in such Distribution (<U>provided</U>,<U> however</U>, that, to the extent that the Holder&#8217;s right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the
Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any shares of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in
abeyance for the benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Fundamental Transaction</U>. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or
more related transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii)&nbsp;the Company (all of its subsidiaries, taken as a whole) directly or indirectly, effects any sale, lease, license, assignment,
transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii)&nbsp;any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by the Company or another
Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common Stock or 50%
or more of the voting power of the outstanding common equity of the Company, (iv)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of the Common Stock or
any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions consummates a
stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">spin-off,</FONT> merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of
Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires 50% or more of the outstanding shares of Common Stock 50% or more of the voting power of the outstanding common equity of the Company (each a &#8220;<U>Fundamental Transaction</U>&#8221;), then,
upon any subsequent exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of
the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any
additional consideration (the &#8220;<U>Alternate Consideration</U>&#8221;) receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to such
Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate
Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable
manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder
shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Company
or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder&#8217;s option, exercisable at any time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public announcement of
the applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder an amount of cash equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant on the date of the
consummation of such Fundamental Transaction; <U>provided</U>, </P>
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<U>however</U>, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is not within the Company&#8217;s control, including not approved by the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors, Holder shall only be entitled to
receive from the Company or any Successor Entity, as of the date of consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), valued at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of
this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock of the Company in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or whether the holders of
Common Stock are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction; <U>provided</U>,<U> further</U>, that if holders of Common Stock of the Company are not offered or paid any
consideration in such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Common Stock will be deemed to have received common stock of the Successor Entity (which Successor Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental
Transaction. &#8220;<U>Black Scholes Value</U>&#8221; means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the &#8220;OV&#8221; function on Bloomberg determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable
Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A)&nbsp;a risk-free interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental
Transaction and the Termination Date, (B)&nbsp;an expected volatility equal to the greater of 100% and the 100 day volatility obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365 day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day
immediately following the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, (C)&nbsp;the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall be the greater of (i)&nbsp;the sum of the price per share being offered in
cash, if any, plus the value of any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-cash</FONT> consideration, if any, being offered in such Fundamental Transaction and (ii)&nbsp;the highest VWAP during the period beginning on the Trading Day immediately
preceding the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction (or the consummation of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction, if earlier) and ending on the Trading Day of the Holder&#8217;s request pursuant to this
Section&nbsp;3(d) and (D)&nbsp;a remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date and (E)&nbsp;a zero cost of borrow. The payment of
the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately available funds (or such other consideration) within the later of (i)&nbsp;five Business Days of the Holder&#8217;s election and (ii)&nbsp;the effective date of the Fundamental
Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the &#8220;<U>Successor Entity</U>&#8221;) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant
and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior
to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this
Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to
any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares
of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately
prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted
for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the &#8220;Company&#8221; shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every
right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein. For the avoidance of
doubt, the Holder shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d) regardless of whether the Company has sufficient authorized shares of Common Stock for the issuance of Warrant Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Calculations</U>. All calculations under this Section&nbsp;3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as
the case may be. For purposes of this Section&nbsp;3, the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and
outstanding. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Notice to Holder</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">i. <U>Adjustment to Exercise Price</U>. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section&nbsp;3, the Company
shall promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment to the number of Warrant Shares (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants) and setting
forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">ii. <U>Notice to Allow Exercise by Holder</U>. If (A)&nbsp;the Company
shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common Stock, (B)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Stock, (C)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the
granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D)&nbsp;the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection with a
Fundamental Transaction, any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company (or any of its subsidiaries) is a party, any sale or transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or any
compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted into other securities, cash or property, or (E)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then,
in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date
hereinafter specified, a notice (unless such information is filed with the Commission, in which case a notice shall not be required) stating (x)&nbsp;the date on which a record is to be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution,
redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are to be determined or (y)&nbsp;the
date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to exchange
their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the
delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. To the extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material,
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT> information regarding the Company or any of the subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K.</FONT> The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly
set forth herein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U>. <U>Transfer of Warrant. </U> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Transferability</U>. Subject to compliance with any applicable securities laws, this Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable,
in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent
or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or
assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this Warrant shall promptly be
cancelled. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this
Warrant to the Company within three Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company assigning this Warrant in full. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder
for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>New Warrants</U>. This Warrant may be divided or combined
with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject
to compliance with Section&nbsp;4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in
accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">8 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Warrant Register</U>. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be
maintained by the Company for that purpose (the &#8220;<U>Warrant Register</U>&#8221;), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time. The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for
the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;5</U>. <U>Miscellaneous</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>No Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash</U>. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights,
dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section&nbsp;3. Without limiting the rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a
&#8220;cashless exercise&#8221; pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(c), or to receive cash payments contemplated by Section&nbsp;2(d)(i) and Section&nbsp;2(d)(iv) herein, in no event will the Company be required to net cash settle an exercise of this
Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Loss, Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant</U>. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence
reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it
(which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like
tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc</U>. If
the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Authorized Shares</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common Stock a
sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant. The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers who are charged with the
duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of this Warrant. The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without violation of any
applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Stock may be listed. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant will, upon exercise hereunder
and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in
respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Except and to the extent as waived or consented to by the Holder,
the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any other voluntary
action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or
appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i)&nbsp;not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable
therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii)&nbsp;take all such action as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon
the exercise of this Warrant and (iii)&nbsp;use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to
perform its obligations under this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Before taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares
for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Jurisdiction</U>. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be
determined in accordance with the provisions of the Underwriting Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">9 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Restrictions</U>. The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the
exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <U>Nonwaiver and Expenses</U>. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall
operate as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder&#8217;s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant or the Underwriting Agreement, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with
any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys&#8217;
fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <U>Notices</U>. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries hereunder (including, without limitation, any Notice of
Exercise) shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i)&nbsp;the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via confirmed email prior to 5:30 P.M., New York City time, on a Trading Day,
(ii)&nbsp;the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">confirmed&nbsp;e-mail&nbsp;on</FONT> a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 P.M., New York
City time, on any Trading Day, (iii)&nbsp;the Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by nationally recognized overnight courier service specifying next business day delivery, or (iv)&nbsp;upon actual receipt by the Person to whom such
notice is required to be given, if by hand delivery. The addresses <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">and&nbsp;e-mail&nbsp;addresses</FONT> for such communications shall be: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If to the Company: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6769 Mesa Ridge Road </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">San Diego, CA 92121 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Chief Financial Officer&nbsp;&amp; Vice President, Accounting and Finance </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (858) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">410-3134</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: Peter.Kies@inovio.com&nbsp;&amp; Maggie.Campbell@inovio.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With copy to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cooley LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1299 Pennsylvania Avenue NW </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Washington, DC 20004 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Darah Protas </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: dprotas@cooley.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If to the Holder, to its address <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">or&nbsp;e-mail&nbsp;address</FONT> on the books and records of the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>Warrant Agent</U>. The Company shall initially serve as warrant agent under this Warrant. Upon ten (10)&nbsp;days&#8217; notice to the
Holder, the Company may appoint a new warrant agent. Any corporation into which the Company or any new warrant agent may be merged or any corporation resulting from any consolidation to which the Company or any new warrant agent shall be a party or
any corporation to which the Company or any new warrant agent transfers substantially all of its corporate trust or shareholders services business shall be a successor warrant agent under this Warrant without any further act. Any such successor
warrant agent shall promptly cause notice of its succession as warrant agent to be mailed (by first class mail, postage prepaid) to the Holder at the Holder&#8217;s last address as shown on the Warrant Register. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>Limitation of Liability</U>. No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to
purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is
asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <U>Remedies</U>. The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all
rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of a breach
by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">10 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <U>Successors and Assigns</U>. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and
the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be
for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)
<U>Amendment</U>. This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder of this Warrant, on the other hand. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) <U>Severability</U>. Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid
under applicable law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such
provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o) <U>Headings</U>. The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of
reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">******************** </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>(Signature Page Follows) </I></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">11 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer
thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.</B></TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">12 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>NOTICE OF EXERCISE </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">TO: INOVIO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(1) The
undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ [Warrant <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Shares][Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants] of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant, and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full,
together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(2) Payment shall take the form of (check applicable box): </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">[&#8195;] in lawful money of the United States; or </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">[&#8195;]
if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the
cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(3) Please issue said [Warrant
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Shares][Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants] in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.5pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.5pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants shall be delivered to the following address: </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center><DIV STYLE="line-height:3.5pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000">&nbsp;</DIV></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER] </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Name of Investing Entity:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity</I>:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Name of Authorized Signatory:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Title of Authorized Signatory:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">13 </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>EXHIBIT B </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">ASSIGNMENT FORM </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>(To assign the foregoing
Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to exercise the Warrant to purchase shares.) </I></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the
foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Name:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(Please Print)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Address:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(Please Print)</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Phone Number:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email Address:</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" NOWRAP> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Dated: __________________________________ __, ______</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Holder&#8217;s&nbsp;Signature:&#8195;______________________________________</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Holder&#8217;s&nbsp;Address:&#8195;_______________________________________</P></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD></TR>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">


<IMG SRC="g253972g0731102331943.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Darah Protas </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">+1 202 962 8332
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">dprotas@cooley.com </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">July&nbsp;31, 2026 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">660 W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen:
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have acted as counsel to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<B><I>Company</I></B>&#8221;), in connection with the
offering by the Company of (i)&nbsp;up to 24,210,526 shares (the &#8220;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&#8221;) of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (&#8220;<B><I>Common Stock</I></B>&#8221;) and (ii)&nbsp;warrants (the
&#8220;<B><I>Warrants</I></B>&#8221;) to purchase up to 48,421,052 shares of Common Stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants in lieu thereof (the &#8220;<B><I><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT>
Warrants</I></B>&#8221;)) pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-297233),</FONT> (the<B> </B>&#8220;<B><I>Registration
Statement</I></B>&#8221;),<B> </B>filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&#8221;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<B><I>Securities</I></B> <B><I>Act</I></B>&#8221;), the base
prospectus included in the Registration Statement (the &#8220;<B><I>Base Prospectus</I></B>&#8221;), and the prospectus supplement relating to the Shares, the Warrants and the Warrant Shares filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under
the Securities Act (together with the Base Prospectus, the &#8220;<B><I>Prospectus</I></B>&#8221;). The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants are referred to
herein as the &#8220;<B><I>Warrant Shares</I></B>&#8221;. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In connection with this opinion, we have examined and relied upon (a)&nbsp;the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, (b)&nbsp;the forms of the Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants to be filed as exhibits to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K,</FONT> (c)&nbsp;the
Company&#8217;s certificate of incorporation and bylaws, each as currently in effect, and (d)&nbsp;such other records, documents, certificates, memoranda and instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the
opinion expressed below. We have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies, the accuracy, completeness and
authenticity of certificates of public officials and the due authorization, execution and delivery of all documents by all persons other than the Company. As to certain factual matters, we have relied upon a certificate of an officer of the Company
and have not independently verified such matters. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With regard to our opinion as to the Warrants, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT>
Warrants and the Warrant Shares, we express no opinion to the extent that future issuances of securities of the Company, antidilution adjustments to outstanding securities of the Company or other matters cause the Warrants or the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants to be exercisable for more shares of Common Stock than the number available for issuance by the Company or that the consideration paid upon exercise of the Warrants is below the par value of the
Common Stock. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our opinion herein is expressed solely with respect to the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and, as to the Warrants and the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants constituting binding obligations of the Company, the laws of the State of New York. We express no opinion to the extent that any other laws are applicable to the subject matter hereof and
express no opinion and provide no assurance as to compliance with any federal or state securities law, rule or regulation. </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Cooley LLP 1299
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004-2400 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">t: (202) 962 8332 cooley.com </P>

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 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">July&nbsp;31, 2026 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Page Two
</P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With regard to our opinion concerning the Warrants and the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT>
Warrants constituting binding obligations of the Company: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) Our opinion is subject to, and may be limited by, (a)&nbsp;applicable
bankruptcy, reorganization, insolvency, moratorium, fraudulent conveyance, debtor and creditor, and similar laws which relate to or affect creditors&#8217; rights generally, and (b)&nbsp;general principles of equity (including, without limitation,
concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing) regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) Our opinion is subject to the qualification that (a)&nbsp;the enforceability of provisions for indemnification or limitations on
liability may be limited by applicable law and by public policy considerations, and (b)&nbsp;the availability of specific performance, an injunction or other equitable remedies is subject to the discretion of the court before which the request is
brought; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) We express no opinion with respect to any provision of the Warrants or the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants that: (a)&nbsp;relates to the subject matter jurisdiction of any federal court of the United States of America or any federal appellate court to adjudicate any controversy related to the
Warrants or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants; (b)&nbsp;specifies provisions may be waived in writing, to the extent that an oral agreement or implied agreement by trade practice or course of conduct has been created
that modifies such provision; (c)&nbsp;contains a waiver of an inconvenient forum; (d)&nbsp;provides for liquidated damages, default interest, late charges, monetary penalties, prepayment or make-whole payments or other economic remedies;
(e)&nbsp;relates to advance waivers of claims, defenses, rights granted by law, or notice, opportunity for hearing, evidentiary requirements, statutes of limitations, trial by jury, service of process or procedural rights; (f)&nbsp;restricts <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-written</FONT> modifications and waivers; (g)&nbsp;provides for the payment of legal and other professional fees where such payment is contrary to law or public policy; (h)&nbsp;relates to exclusivity, election or
accumulation of rights or remedies; or (i)&nbsp;provides that provisions of the Warrants or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants are severable to the extent an essential part of the agreed exchange is determined to be
invalid and unenforceable; and </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) We express no opinion as to whether a state court outside of the State of New York or a federal court
of the United States would give effect to the choice of New York law or jurisdiction provided for in the Warrants or the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On the basis of the foregoing, and in reliance thereon, we are of the opinion that (i)&nbsp;the Shares, when sold and issued in accordance with the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, (ii)&nbsp;the Warrants, when duly executed and delivered by the Company against payment therefor as described in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus, will be binding obligations of the Company, (iii)&nbsp;the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants, when duly executed and delivered by the Company against payment therefor as described in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus or when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms of the Warrants, will be binding obligations of the Company, and (iv)&nbsp;the Warrant Shares, when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms of the Warrants or the <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Pre-Funded</FONT> Warrants, as applicable, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion is limited to
the matters expressly set forth in this letter, and no opinion has been or should be implied, or may be inferred, beyond the matters expressly stated. This opinion speaks only as to law and facts in effect or existing as of the date hereof, and we
have no obligation or responsibility to update or supplement this letter to reflect any facts or circumstances that may hereafter come to our attention or any changes in law that may hereafter occur. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Cooley LLP 1299
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004-2400 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">t: (202) 962 8332 cooley.com </P>

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 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">July&nbsp;31, 2026 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Page Three
</P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We consent to the reference to our firm under the caption &#8220;Legal Matters&#8221; in the Prospectus and
to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> to be filed with the Commission for incorporation by reference into the Registration Statement. In giving such consents, we do not
thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Sincerely,</TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Darah Protas</P></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Darah Protas</TD></TR>
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 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Cooley LLP 1299
Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20004-2400 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">t: (202) 962 8332 cooley.com </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 99.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g253972g73y31.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INOVIO Announces Proposed Public Offering </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">PLYMOUTH MEETING, PA &#8211; July&nbsp;29, 2026 /PRNewswire/ &#8211; INOVIO Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: INO), a biotechnology company focused on developing
and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">from&nbsp;HPV-related&nbsp;diseases,</FONT> cancer, and infectious diseases, today announced that it intends to offer and sell shares of its common
stock and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of its common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants in lieu thereof), in an underwritten public offering. INOVIO intends to grant the underwriter a <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">30-day</FONT> option to purchase additional shares of its common stock and/or accompanying warrants in an amount up to 15% of the shares of its common stock and/or accompanying warrants offered in the public offering under
the same terms and conditions. All of the securities in the proposed offering will be sold by INOVIO. The proposed offering is subject to market conditions, and there can be no assurance as to whether or when the offering may be completed, or the
actual size or terms of the offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Piper Sandler is acting as sole manager for the offering. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A shelf registration statement relating to the shares of common stock and accompanying warrants offered in the offering described above was filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) on July&nbsp;2, 2026 and declared effective by the SEC on July&nbsp;10, 2026. The offering will be made only by means of a written prospectus and prospectus supplement that form a part of the
registration statement. A preliminary prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus relating to and describing the terms of the proposed offering will be filed with the SEC and will be available on the SEC&#8217;s website at www.sec.gov. Copies
of the preliminary prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, when available, may also be obtained by contacting: Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co., 350 North 5th Street, Suite 1000, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401, Attention: Prospectus
Department, by telephone at (800) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">747-3924,</FONT> or by <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">e-mail</FONT> at prospectus@psc.com. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the securities being offered, nor shall there be any sale of
the securities being offered in any state or other jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or other jurisdiction. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>About INOVIO </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">INOVIO is a biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people from
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. INOVIO&#8217;s technology optimizes the design and delivery of innovative DNA medicines that teach the body to manufacture its own disease-fighting tools.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Forward-Looking Statements </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This release contains or
may imply &#8220;forward-looking statements&#8221; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform
Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are not based on historical fact and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding INOVIO&#8217;s anticipated public offering, including the completion of the public offering on the anticipated
terms, if at all, and INOVIO&#8217;s plans to grant the underwriter a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">30-day</FONT> option to purchase additional shares and/or warrants. Any forward-looking statements are based on management&#8217;s current
expectations of future events and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially and adversely from those set forth in or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks and
uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks and uncertainties related to market conditions and satisfaction of customary closing conditions related to the proposed public offering. For a discussion of other risks and uncertainties, and
other important factors, any of which could cause our actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see the section entitled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in INOVIO&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2026 and in other filings that INOVIO makes with the SEC from time to time. There can be no assurance that any of the forward-looking information provided herein will be
proven accurate. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof and INOVIO undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Contacts </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Media: Jennie Willson (267) <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">429-8567</FONT> <U>jennie.willson@inovio.com</U> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Investors: Peter Vozzo, ICR Healthcare, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">443-213-0505</FONT></FONT> <U>peter.vozzo@icrhealthcare.com</U> </P>
</DIV></Center>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 99.2 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt" ALIGN="center">


<IMG SRC="g253972g73y31.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>INOVIO Announces Pricing of $20.0 Million Public Offering </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">PLYMOUTH MEETING, PA &#8211; July&nbsp;29, 2026 /PRNewswire/ &#8211; INOVIO Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: INO), a biotechnology company focused on developing
and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">from&nbsp;HPV-related&nbsp;diseases,</FONT> cancer, and infectious diseases, today announced the pricing of an underwritten public offering of
21,052,632 shares of its common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to 42,105,264 shares of its common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants in lieu thereof) with an exercise price of $1.10 per share of
common stock, at a combined public offering price of $0.95 per share of common stock and accompanying warrant to purchase two shares of common stock. INOVIO also granted the underwriter an option for a period of 30 days to purchase up to 3,157,894
additional shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock and/or warrants to purchase up to 6,315,788 additional shares of its common stock (or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-funded</FONT> warrants in lieu thereof) at the public offering price,
less the underwriting discounts and commissions. All of the securities in the offering are being sold by INOVIO. The offering is expected to close on or about July 31, 2026, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The gross proceeds from the offering, before deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by INOVIO, and excluding any
exercise of the underwriter&#8217;s option to purchase additional securities and assuming no exercise of the accompanying warrants, are expected to be approximately $20.0&nbsp;million. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Piper Sandler is acting as sole manager for the offering. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A
shelf registration statement relating to the shares of common stock and accompanying warrants offered in the offering described above was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) on July&nbsp;2, 2026 and declared
effective by the SEC on July&nbsp;10, 2026. The offering is being made only by means of a written prospectus and prospectus supplement that form a part of the registration statement. A preliminary prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus
relating to and describing the terms of the offering were filed with the SEC and are available on the SEC&#8217;s website at www.sec.gov. Copies of the final prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus, when available, may also be obtained
by contacting: Piper Sandler&nbsp;&amp; Co., 350 North 5th Street, Suite 1000, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401, Attention: Prospectus Department, by telephone at (800) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">747-3924,</FONT> or by <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">e-mail</FONT> at prospectus@psc.com. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the
securities being offered, nor shall there be any sale of the securities being offered in any state or other jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws
of any such state or other jurisdiction. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>About INOVIO </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">INOVIO is a biotechnology company focused on developing and commercializing DNA medicines to help treat and protect people from
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">HPV-related</FONT> diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. INOVIO&#8217;s technology optimizes the design and delivery of innovative DNA medicines that teach the body to manufacture its own disease-fighting tools.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Forward-Looking Statements </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This release contains or
may imply &#8220;forward-looking statements&#8221; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform
Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are not based on historical fact and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the public offering of INOVIO&#8217;s securities, including the timing of the closing of the offering, as well
as the anticipated proceeds of the offering. Any forward-looking statements are based on management&#8217;s current expectations of future events and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ
materially and adversely from those set forth in or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, risks and uncertainties related to market conditions and satisfaction of customary closing
conditions related to the proposed public offering. For a discussion of other risks and uncertainties, and other important factors, any of which could cause our actual results to differ from those contained in the forward-looking statements, see the
section entitled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in INOVIO&#8217;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2026 and in other filings that INOVIO makes with the SEC from time to time.
There can be no assurance that any of the forward-looking information provided herein will be proven accurate. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof and INOVIO undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking
statements, and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>Contacts </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Media: Jennie Willson (267) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">429-8567</FONT> <U>jennie.willson@inovio.com</U> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Investors: Peter Vozzo, ICR Healthcare, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">443-213-0505</FONT></FONT>
<U>peter.vozzo@icrhealthcare.com</U> </P>
</DIV></Center>

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    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>ino-20260729_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release 2610 Build:20260610.1 -->
<!-- Creation date: 7/31/2026 3:16:45 PM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2026 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
    xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://inovio.com//20260729/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:href="ino-20260729.xsd#Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" xlink:type="simple" />
  <link:presentationLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://inovio.com//20260729/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
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    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" order="23.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" order="25.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" order="26.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" order="27.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" order="28.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" order="29.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" order="30.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" order="31.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" order="32.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" order="33.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" order="34.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" order="35.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" order="36.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" order="37.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" order="38.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" order="39.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" order="40.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:presentationArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" order="41.001" priority="2" use="optional" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel" />
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.26.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jul. 29, 2026</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001055726<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jul. 29,  2026<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-14888<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">33-0969592<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">660 W. Germantown Pike<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 110<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Plymouth Meeting<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">19462<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(267)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">440-4200<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">INO<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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