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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 000-29089

Agenus Inc.

(exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 06-1562417
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3 Forbes Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(781) 674-4400

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 | AGEN | The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☒
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s Common Stock as of May 6, 2025: 27,416,850 shares.

Agenus Inc.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | Page
PART I |  |
ITEM 1. |  | Financial Statements: |  | 2
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024 |  | 2
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 3
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Deficit for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 4
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) |  | 6
|  | Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 7
ITEM 2. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 19
ITEM 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 24
ITEM 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 24
PART II |  |
ITEM 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 25
ITEM 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 25
ITEM 5. |  | Other Information |  | 25
ITEM 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 26
|  | Signatures |  | 27

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDA TED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | March 31, 2025 (unaudited) |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 18,488 |  |  | $ | 40,437 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 354 |  |  |  | 407 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 1,872 |  |  |  | 2,315 |
Other current assets |  |  | 2,424 |  |  |  | 2,415 |
Total current assets |  |  | 23,138 |  |  |  | 45,574 |
Property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated amortization and depreciation of $75,878 and $72,553 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 117,030 |  |  |  | 120,087 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 27,046 |  |  |  | 27,308 |
Goodwill |  |  | 24,092 |  |  |  | 24,092 |
Acquired intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $17,071 and $16,986 at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 3,291 |  |  |  | 3,376 |
Other long-term assets |  |  | 5,604 |  |  |  | 5,834 |
Total assets |  | $ | 200,201 |  |  | $ | 226,271 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion, long-term debt |  | $ | 731 |  |  | $ | 2,698 |
Current portion, liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones |  |  | 99,330 |  |  |  | 111,978 |
Current portion, deferred revenue |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 31 |
Current portion, operating lease liabilities |  |  | 2,525 |  |  |  | 2,446 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 64,240 |  |  |  | 61,470 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 36,444 |  |  |  | 34,961 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 5,020 |  |  |  | 7,817 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 208,304 |  |  |  | 221,401 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  |  | 32,846 |  |  |  | 30,473 |
Liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones, net of current portion |  |  | 225,563 |  |  |  | 224,389 |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion |  |  | 1,143 |  |  |  | 1,143 |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  |  | 53,982 |  |  |  | 54,551 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 761 |  |  |  | 738 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |
STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A-1 convertible preferred stock; 31,620 shares designated, issued, and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; liquidation value of $34,155 at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 800,000,000 shares authorized; 26,563,545 and 23,634,670 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 266 |  |  |  | 236 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,867,500 |  |  |  | 1,857,662 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (1,468 | ) |  |  | (1,398 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (2,208,146 | ) |  |  | (2,182,880 | )
Total stockholders’ deficit attributable to Agenus Inc. |  |  | (341,848 | ) |  |  | (326,380 | )
Non-controlling interest |  |  | 19,450 |  |  |  | 19,956 |
Total stockholders’ deficit |  |  | (322,398 | ) |  |  | (306,424 | )
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit |  | $ | 200,201 |  |  | $ | 226,271 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS O F OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 238 |
Non-cash royalty revenue related to the sale of future royalties |  |  | 23,556 |  |  |  | 27,767 |
Total revenues |  |  | 24,066 |  |  |  | 28,005 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of service revenue |  |  | (137 | ) |  |  | (107 | )
Research and development |  |  | (21,522 | ) |  |  | (43,925 | )
General and administrative |  |  | (15,718 | ) |  |  | (16,855 | )
Operating loss |  |  | (13,311 | ) |  |  | (32,882 | )
Other expense: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-operating expense |  |  | (264 | ) |  |  | (1,106 | )
Interest expense, net |  |  | (12,795 | ) |  |  | (29,466 | )
Net loss |  |  | (26,370 | ) |  |  | (63,454 | )
Dividends on Series A-1 convertible preferred stock |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (54 | )
Less: net loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | (1,104 | ) |  |  | (1,568 | )
Net loss attributable to Agenus Inc. common stockholders |  | $ | (25,320 | ) |  | $ | (61,940 | )
Per common share data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted net loss attributable to Agenus Inc. common stockholders |  | $ | (1.03 | ) |  | $ | (3.04 | )
Weighted average number of Agenus Inc. common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 24,469 |  |  |  | 20,368 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation loss |  | $ | (70 | ) |  | $ | (116 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | (116 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (25,390 | ) |  | $ | (62,056 | )

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands)

|  | Series A-1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Convertible |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Non-controlling Interest |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 23,635 |  |  | $ | 236 |  |  | $ | 1,857,662 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,398 | ) |  | $ | 19,956 |  |  | $ | (2,182,880 | ) |  |  | (306,424 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,104 | ) |  |  | (25,266 | ) |  |  | (26,370 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (70 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (70 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,587 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,184 |
Shares sold at the market |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,783 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 6,315 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,343 |
Payment of CEO payroll in shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89 |
Issuance of warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 398 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 398 |
Issuance of shares for services |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39 |
Issuance of shares in connection with debt agreement |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 220 |
Vesting of nonvested shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options and employee share purchases |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44 |
Issuance of shares for employee salaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 149 |
Retirement of treasury shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 26,563 |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  | $ | 1,867,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1,468 | ) |  | $ | 19,450 |  |  | $ | (2,208,146 | ) |  | $ | (322,398 | )

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands)

|  | Series A-1 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Convertible |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Par Value |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Non-controlling Interest |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 19,718 |  |  | $ | 197 |  |  | $ | 1,796,095 |  |  | $ | (955 | ) |  | $ | 11,949 |  |  | $ | (1,955,668 | ) |  | $ | (148,382 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,568 | ) |  |  | (61,886 | ) |  |  | (63,454 | )
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (116 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (116 | )
Share-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,477 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 719 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,196 |
Shares sold at the market |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,249 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 17,158 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 17,171 |
Payment of CEO payroll in shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 89 |
Vesting of nonvested shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Exercise of stock options and employee share purchases |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 166 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 173 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  | 32 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 20,994 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 1,816,985 |  |  | $ | (1,071 | ) |  | $ | 11,107 |  |  | $ | (2,017,554 | ) |  | $ | (190,323 | )

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (26,370 | ) |  | $ | (63,454 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 3,203 |  |  |  | 3,374 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 3,482 |  |  |  | 4,152 |
Non-cash royalty revenue |  |  | (23,556 | ) |  |  | (27,767 | )
Non-cash interest expense |  |  | 12,630 |  |  |  | 29,595 |
Other, net |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 1,134 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 25,341 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | 4,202 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 2,642 |  |  |  | (10,733 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities |  |  | 1,379 |  |  |  | (3,622 | )
Other operating assets and liabilities |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | (409 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (25,618 | ) |  |  | (38,191 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of plant and equipment |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (35 | )
Proceeds from sale of long-term investment |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 264 |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 229 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from sale of equity |  |  | 6,343 |  |  |  | 17,171 |
Proceeds from employee stock purchases and option exercises |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 173 |
Proceeds from the issuance of long-term debt, net |  |  | 2,500 |  |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury shares to satisfy tax withholdings |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | — |
Payment of long-term debt |  |  | (2,500 | ) |  |  | — |
Payment of finance lease obligation |  |  | (2,771 | ) |  |  | (2,514 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 3,594 |  |  |  | 14,830 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (122 | )
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (21,949 | ) |  |  | (23,254 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  | 44,071 |  |  |  | 79,779 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  | $ | 22,122 |  |  | $ | 56,525 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | 667 |
Supplemental disclosures - non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance financing agreement |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | 612 |
Issuance of subsidiary stock options for payment of certain employee bonuses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 133 |
Lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 105 |
Lease right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 122 |

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

6

AGENUS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CO NSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

March 31, 2025

Note A – Business, Liquidity and Basis of Presentation

Agenus Inc. (including its subsidiaries, collectively referred to as “Agenus,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company specializing in discovering and developing therapies to activate the body's immune system against cancer and infections. Our pipeline includes immune-modulatory antibodies, adoptive cell therapies (via MiNK Therapeutics, Inc. ("MiNK")), and vaccine adjuvants (via SaponiQx, Inc. ("SaponiQx")). Our primary focus is immuno-oncology (“I-O”), and our diverse pipeline is supported by our in-house capabilities, including current good manufacturing practice (“cGMP”) manufacturing and a clinical operations platform. To succeed in I-O, innovation and speed are paramount. We are a vertically integrated biotechnology company equipped with a suite of technology platforms to advance from novel target identification through manufacturing for clinical trials of antibodies and cell therapies. By understanding each patient's cancer, we aim to substantially expand the population benefiting from current I-O therapies. In addition to a diverse pipeline, we have assembled fully integrated end-to-end capabilities including novel target discovery, antibody generation, cell line development and cGMP manufacturing. Leveraging our science and capabilities, we have established strategic partnerships to advance innovation. We believe the next generation of cancer treatment will build on clinically validated antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 combined with novel immunomodulatory agents designed to address underlying tumor escape mechanisms.

Our I-O portfolio is driven by several platforms and programs, which we plan to utilize individually and in combination:

•
Multiple antibody discovery platforms, including proprietary display technologies, to identify future antibody candidates.
•
Antibody candidate programs, including our lead assets, botensilimab ("BOT") (a multifunctional immune cell activator and human Fc-enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibody, also known as AGEN1181) and balstilimab ("BAL") (a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blocking antibody).
•
Our saponin-based vaccine adjuvant platform, primarily centered around our STIMULON™ cultured plant cell (“cpc”) QS-21 adjuvant (“STIMULON cpcQS-21”).
•
A pipeline of novel allogeneic invariant natural killer T cell therapies for treating cancer and other immune-mediated diseases, controlled by MiNK.

Our business activities include product research, preclinical and clinical development, intellectual property prosecution, manufacturing, regulatory and clinical affairs, corporate finance and development activities, and support of our collaborations. Our product candidates require successful clinical trials and approvals from regulatory agencies, as well as acceptance in the marketplace. Part of our strategy is to develop and commercialize some of our product candidates through arrangements with academic and corporate collaborators and licensees.

Our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 were $18.5 million, a decrease of $21.9 million from December 31, 2024. Cash and cash equivalents of our subsidiary, MiNK, at December 31, 2024, were $4.6 million. MiNK cash can only be accessed by Agenus through a declaration of a dividend by the MiNK Board of Directors or through settlement of intercompany balances. We have incurred significant losses since our inception in 1994. As of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.2 billion.

Based on our current plans and projections, we believe that our cash resources of $18.5 million at March 31, 2025, along with additional cash inflows from funding we expect to receive in 2025, will be sufficient to satisfy our critical liquidity requirements through the second quarter of 2026. To support operations on an ongoing basis we require additional funding. Since our founding we have financed our operations principally through income and revenues generated from corporate partnerships, advance royalty sales, and proceeds from debt and equity issuances.

Currently we are in discussions with entities including operating companies and financial entities to provide the additional funding necessary to support our operations through our planned registration and launch strategy for botensilimab/balstilimab. However, because the completion of cash funding transactions is not entirely within our control, and in accordance with accounting standards, substantial doubt continues to exist about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes Agenus will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Management continues to diligently address the Company’s liquidity needs and has continued to adjust spending in order to preserve liquidity. We expect our sources of funding to include additional out-licensing agreements, asset sales, project financing, and/or sales of equity securities.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete annual

7

consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of our management, the condensed consolidated financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position and operating results. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. For further information, refer to our consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

For our foreign subsidiaries, the local currency is the functional currency. Assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using rates in effect at the balance sheet date while revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates during the period. The cumulative translation adjustment resulting from changes in exchange rates are included in the consolidated balance sheets as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in total stockholders’ deficit.

Note B – Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (including common shares issuable under our Amended and Restated Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan, or “DDCP”). Diluted loss per common share is calculated by dividing loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (including common shares issuable under our DDCP) plus the dilutive effect of outstanding instruments such as warrants, stock options, non-vested shares and convertible preferred stock. Because we reported a net loss attributable to common stockholders for all periods presented, diluted loss per common share is the same as basic loss per common share, as the effect of utilizing the fully diluted share count would have reduced the net loss per common share. The following securities (listed on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis) have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, as they would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Warrants |  |  | 1,032 |  |  |  | 99 |
Stock options |  |  | 5,193 |  |  |  | 2,205 |
Non-vested shares |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 26 |
Series A-1 convertible preferred stock |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 17 |

Note C – Investments

Cash equivalents consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Institutional money market funds |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 6,954 |  |  | $ | 6,954 |
Total |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 6,954 |  |  | $ | 6,954 |

As a result of the short-term nature of these investments, there were minimal unrealized holding gains or losses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

As of both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all of the investments listed above were classified as cash equivalents on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

8

Note D – Acquired Intangible Assets

Acquired intangible assets consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  | Amortization period (years) |  | Gross carrying amount |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying amount |
Intellectual property |  | 7-15 years |  | $ | 16,841 |  |  | $ | (15,607 | ) |  | $ | 1,234 |
Trademarks |  | 4-4.5 years |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | (882 | ) |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2-7 years |  |  | 582 |  |  |  | (582 | ) |  |  | — |
In-process research and development |  | Indefinite |  |  | 2,057 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,057 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 20,362 |  |  | $ | (17,071 | ) |  | $ | 3,291 |

|  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | Amortization period (years) |  | Gross carrying amount |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Net carrying amount |
Intellectual property |  | 7-15 years |  | $ | 16,841 |  |  | $ | (15,522 | ) |  | $ | 1,319 |
Trademarks |  | 4-4.5 years |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | (882 | ) |  |  | — |
Other |  | 2-7 years |  |  | 582 |  |  |  | (582 | ) |  |  | — |
In-process research and development |  | Indefinite |  |  | 2,057 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,057 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 20,362 |  |  | $ | (16,986 | ) |  | $ | 3,376 |

The weighted average amortization period of our finite-lived intangible assets is 9 years. Amortization expense related to acquired intangibles is estimated at $0.3 million for the remainder of 2025, $0.3 million for the years ending December 31, 2026, 2027 and 2028, and $39,000 for the year ending December 31, 2029.

Note E – Debt

Debt obligations consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Debt instrument |  | Principal at March 31, 2025 |  |  | Unamortized Debt Discount |  |  | Balance at March 31, 2025 |
Current Portion: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debentures |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 146 |
Other |  |  | 585 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 585 |
Long-term Portion: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 Subordinated Notes |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | 10,132 |
Promissory Note |  |  | 24,750 |  |  |  | (2,036 | ) |  |  | 22,714 |
Total |  | $ | 35,981 |  |  | $ | (2,404 | ) |  | $ | 33,577 |

Debt instrument |  | Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | Unamortized Debt Discount |  |  | Net balance at December 31, 2024 |
Current Portion: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 Subordinated Notes |  | $ | 2,471 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,471 |
Debentures |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 146 |
Other |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 81 |
Long-term Portion: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 Subordinated Notes |  |  | 10,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,500 |
Promissory Note |  |  | 22,000 |  |  |  | (2,027 | ) |  |  | 19,973 |
Total |  | $ | 35,198 |  |  | $ | (2,027 | ) |  | $ | 33,171 |

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the principal amount of our outstanding debt balance was $36.0 million and $35.2 million, respectively.

9

Promissory Note

In November 2024, we, through a subsidiary, entered into a promissory note (the “Note”) with Ocean 1181 LLC (the “Lender”) for a loan in an aggregate principal amount of $22.0 million (the “Loan”). The Loan has a two-year term and is principally secured by our manufacturing facility in Berkeley, CA and parcels of land located in Vacaville, CA.

In March 2025, we and the Lender agreed to increase the principal amount under the Note by $2.75 million. As part of the transaction, we reimbursed the Lender for transaction costs and paid a 1% origination fee, totaling approximately $0.3 million. These amounts are presented net of the liability in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the Loan.

Subordinated Notes

In February 2015, we issued subordinated promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $14.0 million, of which $10.5 million remains outstanding (the “2015 Subordinated Notes”).

In February 2025, we entered into an Amendment to Notes, Amendment of Warrants and Sale of New Warrants (the “Amendment”) with existing noteholders, pursuant to which we:

•
extended the maturity date of $10.5 million of the 2015 Subordinated Notes from February 20, 2025 to June 20, 2026;
•
increased the interest rate under the 2015 Subordinated Notes from 8% to 9% per annum;
•
secured the obligation to pay the 2015 Subordinated Notes by the grant of a subordinate mortgage on our manufacturing facility in Berkeley, CA and parcels of land located in Vacaville, CA;
•
extended the expiration date of all 2022 A warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (the “A Warrants”) and 2022 B warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (the “B Warrants”) held by such noteholders to purchase a total of 97,500 shares of the Company’s common stock previously issued in 2022 to February 20, 2030 and changed the exercise price to $3.25 per share, which represented a 60-day volume weighted average price as of February 14, 2025 (the “Amended A Warrants” and “Amended B Warrants”);
•
issued to certain noteholders new warrants to purchase 67,500 shares of the Company’s common stock to expire February 20, 2030, and have an exercise price of $3.25 per share, (the “C Warrants” and, together with the Amended A Warrants and the Amended B Warrants, the “New Warrants”);
•
committed to registering the New Warrants with the Securities and Exchange Commission within ninety (90) days after February 20, 2025; and
•
provided that if we conduct a financing of greater than $10.0 million at a price per share below $3.25 before February 20, 2026, the exercise price on the New Warrants will be reduced to the same price at which such financing was conducted.

This Amendment was accounted for as a debt modification. As part of the Amendment, we recorded debt discount of approximately $0.4 million, representing the fair value of the new and modified warrants. This amount is presented net of the liability in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2015 Subordinated Notes.

Note F – Liability Related to the Sale of Future Royalties and Milestones

The following table shows the activity within the liability account in the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

|  | Period from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025 |
Liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones - beginning balance |  | $ | 337,539 |
Non-cash royalty revenue |  |  | (23,556 | )
Non-cash interest expense recognized |  |  | 12,049 |
Liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones - ending balance |  |  | 326,032 |
Less: unamortized transaction costs |  |  | (1,139 | )
Liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones, net |  | $ | 324,893 |

10

Healthcare Royalty Partners

In January 2018, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary Antigenics, LLC (“Antigenics”), entered into a Royalty Purchase Agreement (the “HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement”) with Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (collectively, “HCR”). Pursuant to the terms of the HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement, we sold to HCR 100% of Antigenics’ worldwide rights to receive royalties from GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”) on sales of GSK’s vaccines containing our STIMULON QS-21 adjuvant. At closing, we received gross proceeds of $190.0 million from HCR. Although we sold all of our rights to receive royalties on sales of GSK’s vaccines containing QS-21, as a result of our obligation to HCR, we are required to account for the $190.0 million in proceeds from this transaction as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheet that will be recognized into revenue in proportion to the royalty payments from GSK to HCR over the estimated life of the HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement. The liability is classified between the current and non-current portion of liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones in the condensed consolidated balance sheets based on the estimated royalty payments to be received by HCR in the next 12 months from the financial statement reporting date.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recognized $23.6 million of non-cash royalty revenue, and we recorded $7.5 million of related non-cash interest expense related to the HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement.

As royalties are remitted to HCR from GSK, the balance of the recorded liability will be effectively repaid over the life of the HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement. To determine the amortization of the recorded liability, we are required to estimate the total amount of future royalty payments to be received by HCR. The sum of these amounts less the $190.0 million proceeds we received will be recorded as interest expense over the life of the HCR Royalty Purchase Agreement. Periodically, we assess the estimated royalty payments to be paid to HCR from GSK, and to the extent the amount or timing of the payments is materially different from our original estimates, we will prospectively adjust the amortization of the liability, and the related recognition of interest expense. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, our estimate of the effective annual interest rate over the remaining life of the agreement decreased to 12.1%, which results in a life of contract interest rate of 23.8%.

Ligand Pharmaceuticals

In May 2024, we and certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the "Ligand Purchase Agreement") with Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated ("Ligand"). Pursuant to the terms of the Ligand Purchase Agreement, Ligand will receive (i) 31.875% of the development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments we were then eligible to receive under our agreements with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company ("BMS"), UroGen Pharma Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc. ("Gilead"), Merck Sharpe & Dohme and Incyte Corporation ("Incyte"), (the “Covered License Agreements”) (ii) 18.75% of the royalties the Company receives under the Covered License Agreements; and (iii) a 2.625% synthetic royalty on worldwide net sales of botensilimab and balstilimab (collectively the “Purchased Assets”).

The total amounts payable to Ligand are subject to a 50% reduction in the event total payments to Ligand exceed a specified return hurdle. The synthetic royalty is subject to a reduction if annual worldwide net sales exceed a specified level, and a cap on annual worldwide net sales if annual worldwide net sales exceed a higher specified level. The synthetic royalty can increase by 1% based on the occurrence of certain future events.

In consideration for the sale of the Purchased Assets, we received gross proceeds of $75.0 million, less $0.9 million in reimbursable expenses, on the closing date. In addition, Ligand has a time-based option to invest an additional $25.0 million on a pro rata basis ("Purchaser Upsize Option"), which expires on June 30, 2025.

In connection with the sale of the Purchased Assets, we issued to Ligand a warrant (the "Ligand Warrant") to purchase 867,052 shares of our common stock, at an exercise price equal to $17.30 per share.

The $75.0 million in gross proceeds was allocated to the identified components as follows (in thousands):

Liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones |  | $ | 63,879 |
Ligand Warrant |  |  | 7,098 |
Purchaser Upsize Option |  |  | 4,023 |
Total Ligand Purchase Agreement gross proceeds |  | $ | 75,000 |

As a result of our significant continuing involvement in the generation of the cash flows of the Purchased Assets, we are required to account for $63.9 million of the proceeds from this transaction as a liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheet that will be recognized into revenue in proportion to the royalty and milestone payments paid to Ligand over the estimated life of the Ligand Purchase Agreement.

The Purchaser Upsize Option is considered a freestanding financial instrument as it is separately exercisable and can be legally transferred from the Ligand Purchase Agreement. As such, it is accounted for as a written option which is accounted for as a liability

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at fair value and remeasured at each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. The fair value of the Purchaser Upsize Option at March 31, 2025 was approximately $69,000.

The Ligand Warrant is considered a freestanding financial instrument that as it is separately exercisable and can be legally transferred from the Ligand Purchase Agreement, which was determined to be equity-classified under ASC 815.

To allocate the proceeds, the Purchaser Upsize Option liability and equity-classified Ligand Warrants were recognized based on their fair values and the residual was allocated to a liability related to the sale of future royalties and milestones on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we recorded $4.5 million of non-cash interest expense related to the Ligand Purchase Agreement.

As royalties are remitted to us and milestone and sales are earned from the Purchased Assets, the balance of the recorded liability will be effectively repaid over the life of the Ligand Purchase Agreement. To determine the amortization of the recorded liability, we are required to estimate the total amount of future payments that Ligand is entitled to under the Ligand Purchase Agreement. The sum of these amounts less the $63.9 million proceeds allocated to the liability related to sale of future royalties and milestones will be recorded as interest expense over the life of the Ligand Purchase Agreement. Periodically, we assess the estimated royalty and milestone payments to be received and sales to be earned under the Ligand Purchase Agreement, and to the extent the amount or timing of the payments is materially different from our original estimates, we will prospectively adjust the amortization of the liability, and the related recognition of interest expense. As of March 31, 2025, our estimate of the effective annual interest rate over the life of the agreement was 24.3%.

Note G – Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Payroll |  | $ | 10,932 |  |  | $ | 10,872 |
Professional fees |  |  | 6,207 |  |  |  | 4,695 |
Contract manufacturing costs |  |  | 2,631 |  |  |  | 2,915 |
Research services |  |  | 9,798 |  |  |  | 9,720 |
Other |  |  | 6,876 |  |  |  | 6,759 |
Total |  | $ | 36,444 |  |  | $ | 34,961 |

Other current liabilities consisted of the following as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,959 |  |  | $ | 4,702 |
Other |  |  | 3,061 |  |  |  | 3,115 |
Total |  | $ | 5,020 |  |  | $ | 7,817 |

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Note H – Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are summarized below (in thousands):

Description |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (Note C) |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | 5,560 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term investments |  |  | 872 |  |  |  | 872 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 6,432 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchaser Upsize Option (Note F) |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 69 |
Contingent purchase price consideration |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 318 |
Total |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 387 |
Description |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents (Note C) |  | $ | 6,954 |  |  | $ | 6,954 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Long-term investments |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 7,960 |  |  | $ | 7,960 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchaser Upsize Option (Note F) |  | $ | 69 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 69 |
Contingent purchase price consideration |  |  | 318 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 318 |
Total |  | $ | 387 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 387 |

Long-term investments are included in "Other long-term assets" in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We are required to measure the Purchaser Upsize Option issued under the Ligand Purchase Agreement at fair value. The $69,000 fair value of the Purchaser Upsize Option at March 31, 2025, included in "Other current liabilities" in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which require it to be reported as a Level 3 liability within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of this liability is determined based on a scenario analysis and uses assumptions we believe would be made by a market participant.

We measure our contingent purchase price considerations at fair value. The fair values of our contingent purchase price considerations at both March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, of $0.3 million, included in "Other long-term liabilities" in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, are based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which require them to be reported as Level 3 liabilities within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation of these liabilities use assumptions we believe would be made by a market participant and are mainly based on estimates from a Monte Carlo simulation of our share price, as well as other factors impacting the probability of triggering the milestone payments. Share price was evolved using a geometric Brownian motion, calculated daily for the life of the contingent purchase price considerations.

The fair value of our outstanding debt balance at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $35.5 million and $36.3 million, respectively, based on the Level 2 valuation hierarchy of the fair value measurements standard using a present value methodology that was derived by evaluating the nature and terms of each note and considering the prevailing economic and market conditions at the balance sheet date. The principal amount of our outstanding debt balance at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was $36.0 million and $35.2 million, respectively.

Note I – Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Disaggregation of Revenue

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The following table presents revenue (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, disaggregated by geographic region and revenue type. Revenue by geographic region is allocated based on the domicile of our respective business operations.

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2025 |
|  | United States |  |  | Rest of World |  |  | Total |
Revenue Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other services |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 510 |
Non-cash royalties |  |  | 23,556 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,556 |
|  | $ | 23,556 |  |  | $ | 510 |  |  | $ | 24,066 |
|  | Three months ended March 31, 2024 |
Revenue Type |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other services |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 238 |
Non-cash royalties |  |  | 27,767 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,767 |
|  | $ | 27,767 |  |  | $ | 238 |  |  | $ | 28,005 |

Contract Balances

Contract assets primarily relate to our rights to consideration for work completed in relation to our research and development services performed but not billed at the reporting date. The contract assets are transferred to receivables when the rights become unconditional. Currently, we do not have any contract assets which have not transferred to a receivable. We had no asset impairment charges related to contract assets in the period. Contract liabilities primarily relate to contracts where we received payments but have not yet satisfied the related performance obligations. The advance consideration received from customers for research and development services or licenses bundled with other promises is a contract liability until the underlying performance obligations are transferred to the customer.

The following table provides information about contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31, 2025 |  | Balance at beginning of period |  |  | Additions |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Balance at end of period |
Contract liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue |  | $ | 1,174 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | 1,157 |

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we did not recognize any revenue from amounts included in the contract asset or the contract liability balances from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods. No ne of the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract were capitalized.

Note J – Share-based Compensation Plans

We primarily use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock options granted to employees and non-employees, including stock options granted to members of our Board of Directors. However, the fair value of stock option market-based awards is

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calculated based on a Monte Carlo simulation as of the date of issuance. All stock options have 10-year terms and generally vest ratably over a 3 or 4-year period.

A summary of option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 is presented below:

|  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 5,242,916 |  |  | $ | 28.76 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 90,134 |  |  |  | 3.04 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (40,423 | ) |  |  | 20.82 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  |  | (99,463 | ) |  |  | 76.90 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 5,193,164 |  |  | $ | 27.42 |  |  |  | 7.93 |  |  | $ | — |
Vested or expected to vest at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 5,193,164 |  |  | $ | 27.42 |  |  |  | 7.93 |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 2,711,308 |  |  | $ | 46.08 |  |  |  | 6.61 |  |  | $ | — |

The weighted average grant-date fair values of stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were $2.61 and $8.82, respectively.

As of March 31, 2025, there was approximately $10.9 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to these stock options and stock options granted under subsidiary plans which, if all milestones are achieved, will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.

Certain employees and consultants have been granted non-vested stock. The fair value of non-vested market-based awards is calculated based on a Monte Carlo simulation as of the date of issuance. The fair value of other non-vested stock is calculated based on the closing sale price of our common stock on the date of issuance.

A summary of non-vested stock activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 is presented below:

|  | Non-vested Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 42,222 |  |  | $ | 17.30 |
Granted |  |  | 77,551 |  |  |  | 2.69 |
Vested |  |  | (69,325 | ) |  |  | 3.63 |
Forfeited |  |  | (6,333 | ) |  |  | 21.25 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 44,115 |  |  | $ | 12.52 |

As of March 31, 2025, there was approximately $1.0 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to these non-vested shares and non-vested shares granted under subsidiary plans which will be recognized over a period of 3.0 years.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, 18,365 shares were issued under the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and 17,268 shares were issued as a result of the vesting of non-vested stock.

The impact on our results of operations from share-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Research and development |  | $ | 826 |  |  | $ | 1,314 |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,507 |  |  |  | 2,882 |
Total share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 3,333 |  |  | $ | 4,196 |

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Note K – Restricted Cash

As of both March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we maintained non-current restricted cash of $3.6 million. This amount is included within “Other long-term assets” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets and is comprised of deposits under letters of credit required under our facility leases.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash that sums to the total of the same such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
|  | Beginning of Period |  |  | End of Period |  |  | Beginning of Period |  |  | End of Period |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 40,437 |  |  | $ | 18,488 |  |  | $ | 76,110 |  |  | $ | 52,856 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 3,634 |  |  |  | 3,634 |  |  |  | 3,669 |  |  |  | 3,669 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 44,071 |  |  | $ | 22,122 |  |  | $ | 79,779 |  |  | $ | 56,525 |

Note L – Equity

On March 14, 2024, we filed a Post-effective Amendment to an Automatic Shelf Registration Statement on Form POSASR (file no. 333-272911) and a Post-Effective Amendments for Registration Statement on Form POS AM (file no. 333-272911) (together, the “Registration Statement”). The Registration Statement included both a base prospectus that covered the potential offering, issuance and sale from time to time of up to $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities and units of Agenus and a prospectus supplement for the potential offer and sale of up to 6,725,642 shares of common stock (the “Initial ATM Shares”) in “at the market” offerings pursuant to an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and between Agenus and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (the “Sales Agent”), dated as of July 22, 2020 (the “Sales Agreement”). On August 8, 2024, we filed an additional prospectus supplement for the potential offer and sale of up to an additional 13,834,015 shares of common stock (together with the Initial ATM Shares, the “Placement Shares”) in “at the market” offerings pursuant to the Sales Agreement. Sales pursuant to the Sales Agreement will be made only upon our instruction to the Sales Agent, and we cannot provide assurances that we will issue any additional Placement Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we received net proceeds of approximately $6.3 million from the sale of approximately 2.8 million shares of our common stock in at-the-market offerings under the Sales Agreement.

Note M – Non-controlling Interest

Non-controlling interest recorded in our condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, relates to the following approximate interests in certain consolidated subsidiaries, which we do not own.

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
MiNK Therapeutics, Inc. |  |  | 45 | % |  |  | 45 | %
SaponiQx, Inc. |  |  | 30 | % |  |  | 30 | %

Changes in non-controlling interest for the periods ended March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows (in thousands):

|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 19,956 |  |  | $ | 11,949 |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | (1,104 | ) |  |  | (5,059 | )
Other items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale of subsidiary shares in private placement |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,234 |
Issuance of subsidiary shares for employee stock purchase plan and exercise of options |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 20 |
Subsidiary share-based compensation |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 2,812 |
Total other items |  |  | 598 |  |  |  | 13,066 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 19,450 |  |  | $ | 19,956 |

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Sale of subsidiary shares in private placement

In May 2024, MiNK entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement with a certain investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which MiNK issued and sold an aggregate of 464,000 shares of its Common Stock (the “MiNK Common Shares”), at a purchase price of $12.50 per share. The aggregate purchase price paid by the Purchaser for the MiNK Common Shares was approximately $5.8 million, net of offering expenses.

Note N – Related Party Transactions

In June 2024, Dr. Jennifer Buell was appointed to our Board of Directors. Dr. Buell's spouse is a partner in the law firm of Wolf, Greenfield & Sachs, P.C. (“Wolf Greenfield”), which provides us legal services. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we expensed Wolf Greenfield fees totaling approximately $97,000 and $42,000, respectively. Dr. Buell’s spouse does not receive direct compensation from the fees we pay Wolf Greenfield and the fees we paid to Wolf Greenfield in the period were an insignificant amount of Wolf Greenfield’s revenues. Our Audit and Finance Committee approved these services under its related-party transactions policy.

Note O – Segment Information

We are managed and currently operate as four segments. However, we have concluded that our operating segments meet the criteria required by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280 to be aggregated into one reportable segment. Our operating segments have similar economic characteristics and are similar with respect to the five qualitative characteristics specified in ASC 280. Accordingly, we have one reportable segment. Our one reportable segment is focused on the discovery, development and manufacturing of a comprehensive pipeline of immunological agents designed to expand patient populations benefiting from cancer immunotherapy.

Our Chief Executive Officer serves as our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and is responsible for reviewing company performance and making decisions regarding resource allocation. Our CODM evaluates company performance based on net loss, as included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, ensuring resource allocation decisions support company goals. The measure of segment assets is total assets, as included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to the condensed consolidated financial statements for other financial information regarding our single reportable segment.

The following table presents selected financial information related to our single reportable segment for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenues |  | $ | 24,066 |  |  | $ | 28,005 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
External expenses |  |  | (19,022 | ) |  |  | (36,995 | )
Payroll related expenses |  |  | (12,105 | ) |  |  | (17,403 | )
Other operating expenses |  |  | (6,250 | ) |  |  | (6,489 | )
Operating loss |  |  | (13,311 | ) |  |  | (32,882 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | (12,983 | ) |  |  | (30,274 | )
Interest income |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 808 |
Other expense |  |  | (264 | ) |  |  | (1,106 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (26,370 | ) |  | $ | (63,454 | )

In the table above, “Other operating expenses” includes items such as depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, fair value adjustments and expenses related to certain foreign subsidiaries.

Note P – Contingencies

In September 2024, a putative securities class action lawsuit captioned In re Agenus Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:24-cv-12299, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the “Court”) against the Company and certain of its executives and directors. The Court appointed a lead plaintiff pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, and the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint on February 7, 2025. The amended complaint alleges that Agenus, three of its current officers,

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and one member of its advisory board violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact related to the efficacy and commercial prospects of botensilimab and balstilimab. The lead plaintiff seeks to represent all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Agenus securities between January 23, 2023, and July 17, 2024, and seeks damages and interest, and an award of costs, including attorneys’ fees. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on April 8, 2025, which motion remains pending. We are unable to estimate a range of loss, if any, that could result were there to be an adverse decision in this action.

The Company has been served with four derivative actions filed in the Court between November 2024 and January 2025 by purported stockholders. The actions name certain of the Company’s executives and directors and allege that the defendants made false or misleading statements and omissions of material fact related to the efficacy and commercial prospects of botensilimab and balstilimab. On May 2, 2025, the Court consolidated the four actions in Case No. 1:24-cv-12823 and stayed all deadlines pending future developments in the securities class action. We are unable to estimate a range of loss, if any, that could result were there to be an adverse decision in this action.

In September 2024, we received a subpoena from the Boston Regional Office of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission seeking records relating to certain of our product candidates, correspondence with the FDA, public disclosure, and other matters. We have produced records pursuant to the subpoena. We are unable to estimate a range of loss, if any, that could result were there to be an adverse decision in this action.

Note Q – Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued, Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires incremental annual disclosures around income tax rate reconciliations, income taxes paid and other related disclosures. For public business entities, ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and is applicable for disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning with the year ending December 31, 2025. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2023-09 will have on the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE). This new guidance requires all public entities to incorporate disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. Public entities must adopt ASU 2024-03 prospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2024-03 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

No other new accounting pronouncement issued or effective during the three months ended March 31, 2025 had or is expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Note R – Subsequent Events

At the Market Offerings

During the period of April 1, 2025 through May 6, 2025, we sold approximately 619,000 shares of our common stock under the Sales Agreement, totaling net proceeds of approximately $1.3 million.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and other written and oral statements we make from time to time contain certain “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). You can identify these forward-looking statements by the fact they use words such as “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “target,” “may,” “project,” “guidance,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “will,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “future” and other words and terms of similar meaning and expression in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. You can also identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Such forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and involve inherent risks and uncertainties, including factors that could delay, divert or change any of them, and could cause actual outcomes to differ materially from current expectations. These statements relate to, among other things, our business strategy, our research and development, our product development efforts, our ability to commercialize our product candidates, the activities of our licensees, our prospects for initiating partnerships or collaborations, the timing of the introduction of products, the effect of new accounting pronouncements, uncertainty regarding our future operating results and our profitability, anticipated sources of funds as well as our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions.

More detailed descriptions of these risks and uncertainties and other risks and uncertainties applicable to our business that we believe could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements are included in in Part I-Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. We encourage you to read those descriptions carefully. Although we believe we have been prudent in our plans and assumptions, no assurance can be given that any goal or plan set forth in forward-looking statements can be achieved. We caution investors not to place significant reliance on forward-looking statements contained in this document; such statements need to be evaluated in light of all the information contained in this document. Furthermore, the statements speak only as of the date of this document, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise these statements.

Agenus, MiNK, Prophage, Retrocyte Display and STIMULON are trademarks of Agenus Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company specializing in discovering and developing therapies to activate the body's immune system against cancer and infections. Our pipeline includes immune-modulatory antibodies, adoptive cell therapies (via MiNK Therapeutics, Inc. ("MiNK")), and vaccine adjuvants (via SaponiQx, Inc. ("SaponiQx")). Our primary focus is immuno-oncology (“I-O”), and our diverse pipeline is supported by our in-house capabilities, including current good manufacturing practice (“cGMP”) manufacturing and a clinical operations platform. To succeed in I-O, innovation and speed are paramount. We are a vertically integrated biotechnology company equipped with a suite of technology platforms to advance from novel target identification through manufacturing for clinical trials of antibodies and cell therapies. By understanding each patient's cancer, we aim to substantially expand the population benefiting from current I-O therapies. In addition to a diverse pipeline, we have assembled fully integrated end-to-end capabilities including novel target discovery, antibody generation, cell line development and cGMP manufacturing. Leveraging our science and capabilities, we have established strategic partnerships to advance innovation. We believe the next generation of cancer treatment will build on clinically validated antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 combined with novel immunomodulatory agents designed to address underlying tumor escape mechanisms.

Our I-O portfolio is driven by several platforms and programs, which we plan to utilize individually and in combination:

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Multiple antibody discovery platforms, including proprietary display technologies, to identify future antibody candidates.
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Antibody candidate programs, including our lead assets, botensilimab ("BOT") (a multifunctional immune cell activator and human Fc-enhanced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibody, also known as AGEN1181) and balstilimab ("BAL") (a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blocking antibody).
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Our saponin-based vaccine adjuvant platform, primarily centered around our STIMULON™ cultured plant cell (“cpc”) QS-21 adjuvant (“STIMULON cpcQS-21”).
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A pipeline of novel allogeneic invariant natural killer T cell (“iNKT”) therapies for treating cancer and other immune-mediated diseases, controlled by MiNK.

We regularly evaluate development, commercialization, and partnering strategies for each product candidate based on various factors, including pre-clinical and clinical trial results, competitive positioning, funding requirements, and available resources. Our lead program, BOT is progressing through multiple clinical programs as a monotherapy and in combination with BAL. In April 2023,

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BOT in combination with BAL received Fast Track designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the treatment of patients with non-microsatellite instability-high (“MSI-H”) and/or deficient mismatch repair (“dMMR”) metastatic colorectal cancer without active liver involvement. This designation specifically targets patients who are heavily pretreated and have shown resistance or intolerance to standard chemotherapies, including fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan, as well as those who have received a VEGF inhibitor, an EGFR inhibitor, and/or a BRAF inhibitor, if indicated. Based on the BOT/BAL clinical data generated to date, we have developed designs for registration-enabling trials in Microsatellite Stable colorectal cancer across neoadjuvant, first-line, and late-line metastatic colorectal cancer. These trial(s) will launch upon completion of strategic transactions. The options being considered are partnerships, licensing, or joint ventures.

We have entered into collaborations with several companies, including Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”), Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (“Betta”), UroGen Pharma Ltd. (“UroGen”), Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”), Incyte Corporation (“Incyte”), and Merck Sharp & Dohme (“Merck”). These collaborations, along with our internal programs, have resulted in over a dozen antibody pre-clinical or clinical development programs.

Pursuant to our collaboration agreement with Incyte, we had exclusively licensed to Incyte monospecific antibodies targeting GITR, OX40, TIM-3 and LAG-3, as well as an additional undisclosed target. Under the terms of our agreement, Incyte was responsible for all future development expenses, and we were eligible to receive up to an additional $315.0 million in potential milestone payments plus royalties on any future sales. Incyte has terminated the OX40 program, effective October 2023, and both the GITR program and undisclosed program, effective May 2024. Upon termination, the rights to the OX40, GITR, and undisclosed programs reverted back to us. In July 2024, Incyte announced that it would discontinue further development of the LAG-3 program and TIM-3 program and in February 2025, Incyte notified us of their intent to terminate the entire Collaboration Agreement, effective February 2026. Upon termination, the rights to the remaining programs will revert back to us.

Pursuant to our collaboration and license agreement with Merck, we exclusively licensed to Merck a monospecific antibody targeting ILT4 (MK-4830), which Merck advanced in a Phase 2 clinical trial. Merck is responsible for all future development expenses, and we are eligible to receive up to an additional $85.0 million in potential milestone payments, as well as royalties on future sales. In 2024 Merck notified us that the further clinical development of MK-4830 will be limited to a neoadjuvant ovarian study of MK-4830 in combination with pembrolizumab and chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab that is ongoing.

In September 2018, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Agenus Royalty Fund, LLC, entered into a royalty purchase agreement (the “XOMA Royalty Purchase Agreement”) with XOMA (US) LLC (“XOMA”). Pursuant to the terms of the XOMA Royalty Purchase Agreement, XOMA purchased 33% of all future royalties and 10% of all future milestone payments that we are entitled to receive from Incyte and Merck, net of certain of our obligations to a third party.

In December 2018, we entered into collaboration agreements with Gilead for the development and commercialization of up to five novel I-O therapies (the “Gilead Collaboration Agreements”). Gilead received worldwide exclusive rights to our bispecific antibody, AGEN1423, and the exclusive option to license AGEN1223, a bispecific antibody, and AGEN2373, a monospecific antibody. Gilead elected to return AGEN1423 to us in November 2020 and terminated the license agreement. We ceased development of AGEN1223 in the third quarter of 2021, and the option and license agreement for AGEN1223 was formally terminated in October 2021. In August 2024, Gilead elected not to exercise the option to license AGEN2373 and the option and license agreement was formally terminated.

In November 2019, we entered into a license agreement with UroGen, granting them an exclusive, worldwide license (not including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and their respective territories and possessions) to develop, manufacture, and commercialize zalifrelimab for the treatment of cancers of the urinary tract via intravesical delivery. We received an upfront payment of $10.0 million and are eligible to receive up to $200.0 million in milestone payments, as well as royalties on future sales.

In June 2020, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Betta License Agreement”) with Betta, pursuant to which we granted Betta an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize balstilimab and zalifrelimab in Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan (“Greater China”). Under the terms of the Betta License Agreement, we received $15.0 million upfront and are eligible to receive up to $100.0 million in milestone payments plus royalties on any future sales in Greater China.

In May 2021, we entered into a License, Development, and Commercialization Agreement with BMS for our pre-clinical anti-TIGIT bispecific antibody program, AGEN1777. BMS received an exclusive worldwide license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize AGEN1777 and its derivatives. We received a non-refundable upfront cash payment of $200.0 million. In October 2021, we achieved a $20.0 million milestone upon the dosing of the first patient in the AGEN1777 Phase 1 clinical trial and in December 2023, we announced that the first patient was dosed in an AGEN1777 Phase 2 clinical trial, triggering the achievement of a

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$25.0 million milestone. We received this milestone in January 2024. On July 30, 2024, we received notice from BMS was voluntarily terminating the BMS License Agreement, effective as of January 26, 2025. Upon termination, BMS returned AGEN1777 to us.

In May 2024, we, and certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “Ligand Purchase Agreement”) with Ligand Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (“Ligand”) for the sale to Ligand of (i) 31.875% of the development, regulatory and commercial milestone payments we were then eligible to receive under our agreements with BMS, UroGen, Gilead, Merck and Incyte, (the “Covered License Agreements”) (ii) 18.75% of the royalties we receive under the Covered License Agreements; and (iii) a 2.625% synthetic royalty on worldwide net sales of botensilimab and balstilimab (collectively the “Purchased Assets”). The total amounts payable to Ligand are subject to a 50% reduction in the event total payments to Ligand exceed a specified return hurdle. The synthetic royalty is subject to a reduction if annual worldwide net sales exceed a specified level, and a cap on annual worldwide net sales if annual worldwide net sales exceed a higher specified level. The synthetic royalty can increase by 1% based on the occurrence of certain future events. After taking into account our obligations under the Ligand Purchase Agreement, XOMA Royalty Purchase Agreement and the recent status of our collaboration agreements, we remain eligible to receive up to approximately $136.3 million and $49.4 million in potential development, regulatory, and commercial milestones from UroGen and Merck, respectively.

In September 2021, we launched SaponiQx to lead innovation in novel adjuvant discovery and vaccine design, focusing on our saponin-based adjuvants. We are particularly dedicated to the development of the next-generation cultured plant cell QS-21. To support this initiative, we partnered with Ginkgo Bioworks, Inc. to develop SaponiQx’s saponin products from sustainably sourced raw materials. Our goal is to meet the demands of the vaccine industry, especially for pandemic vaccines.

Our bark extract QS-21 adjuvant is partnered with GSK and plays a vital role in multiple GSK vaccine programs. These programs are at various stages, including GSK’s approved shingles and RSV vaccines, SHINGRIX and AREXVY, which received FDA approval in the United States in October 2017 and May 2023, respectively. In January 2018, we entered into a Royalty Purchase Agreement with Healthcare Royalty Partners III, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (together, “HCR”), pursuant to which HCR purchased 100% of our worldwide rights to receive royalties from GSK on GSK’s sales of vaccines containing our QS-21 adjuvant. We do not incur clinical development costs for products partnered with GSK. We were also entitled to receive up to $40.35 million in milestone payments from HCR based on sales of GSK’s vaccines as follows: (i) $15.1 million upon reaching $2.0 billion last-twelve-months net sales any time prior to 2024 (the “First HCR Milestone”) and (ii) $25.25 million upon reaching $2.75 billion last-twelve-months net sales any time prior to 2026 (the “Second HCR Milestone”). We received the First HCR Milestone after GSK’s net sales of Shingrix for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 exceeded $2.0 billion. The Second HCR Milestone was received in 2022 after GSK’s net sales of Shingrix for the twelve months ended June 30, 2022 exceeded $2.75 billion.

In October 2021, we completed the initial public offering (“IPO”) of MiNK, which trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “INKT.” MiNK is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing allogeneic invariant natural killer T (“iNKT”) cell therapies to treat cancer and other life-threatening immune diseases. MiNK’s most advanced product candidate, agenT-797, is an off-the-shelf, allogeneic, native iNKT cell therapy. MiNK is currently expanding its clinical programs, with an externally funded Phase 2 trial in second-line gastric cancer actively enrolling at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Additionally, MiNK is evaluating agenT-797 as a variant-agnostic therapy for patients with viral acute respiratory distress syndrome (“ARDS”) in planning for a randomized Phase 2 study through a predominantly externally financed program. In May 2024, MiNK secured a $5.8 million private placement financing at a 25% premium, led by GKCC, LLC. This funding will be used for the clinical development of MiNK-215, its leading allogeneic CAR-iNKT cell therapy targeting fibroblast activation protein (“FAP”) in solid tumors, which is scheduled to enter clinical trials in early 2025. In addition to its lead clinical program, MiNK has announced a collaboration with ImmunoScape, Inc. (“ImmunoScape”) to discover and develop next-generation T-cell receptor therapies targeting novel solid tumor antigens. This partnership leverages MiNK’s proprietary library of T-cell antigens and ImmunoScape’s platform for rapid discovery of novel T-cell receptors.

Our business activities include product research, preclinical and clinical development, intellectual property prosecution, manufacturing, regulatory and clinical affairs, corporate finance and development activities, and support of our collaborations. Our product candidates require successful clinical trials and approvals from regulatory agencies, as well as acceptance in the marketplace. Part of our strategy is to develop and commercialize some of our product candidates through arrangements with academic and corporate collaborators and licensees.

Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “AGEN.”

Historical Results of Operations

Three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024

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Non-cash royalty revenue related to the sale of future royalties

In January 2018, we sold 100% of our worldwide rights to receive royalties from GSK on sales of GSK’s vaccines containing our STIMULON QS-21 adjuvant to HCR. As described in Note F to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, this transaction has been recorded as a liability that amortizes over the estimated life of our Royalty Purchase Agreement with HCR. As a result of this liability accounting, even though the royalties are remitted directly to HCR, we record these royalties from GSK as revenue. Non-cash royalty revenue related to our agreement with GSK decreased $4.2 million, to approximately $23.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $27.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, due to decreased net sales of GSK’s vaccines containing our STIMULON QS-21 adjuvant.

Research and development expense

Research and development expense includes the costs associated with our internal research and development activities, including compensation and benefits, occupancy costs, manufacturing costs, costs of consultants, and administrative costs. Research and development expense decreased 51% to $21.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $43.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Decreased expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily relate to a $16.3 million decrease in third-party services and other expenses, largely due to the timing of expenses related to the advancement of our antibody programs, a $3.3 million decrease in personnel related expenses, mainly due to a decrease in headcount, and a $3.3 million decrease in expenses attributable to the activities of our subsidiaries. These decreases were partially offset by a $0.4 million increase in other research and development expenses.

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, facility expenses, and professional fees. General and administrative expenses decreased 7% to $15.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $16.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Decreased expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily relate to a $1.5 million decrease in personnel related expenses, mainly due to a decrease in headcount, a $0.1 million decrease in other general and administrative expenses and a $0.4 million decrease in expenses attributable to the activities of our subsidiaries. These decreases were partially offset by a $0.8 million increase in professional fees.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net decreased to approximately $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $29.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, mainly due to decreased non-cash interest recorded in connection with our Royalty Purchase Agreement with HCR, primarily attributable to decreased sales forecasts of GSK’s vaccines containing our STIMULON QS-21 adjuvant, partially offset by the addition of non-cash interest expense recorded in connection with our Ligand Purchase Agreement.

Research and Development Programs

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our research and development programs consisted largely of our antibody programs as indicated in the following table (in thousands).

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
Research and Development Program |  | Product |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Antibody programs |  | Various |  | $ | 11,352 |  |  | $ | 113,135 |  |  | $ | 178,445 |  |  | $ | 133,108 |
Vaccine adjuvant |  | STIMULON cpcQS-21 |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 1,844 |  |  |  | 10,296 |  |  |  | 10,789 |
Cell therapies |  | Various |  |  | 1,353 |  |  |  | 7,558 |  |  |  | 16,283 |  |  |  | 24,300 |
Other research and development programs |  | Various |  |  | 8,746 |  |  |  | 32,991 |  |  |  | 29,545 |  |  |  | 18,494 |
Total research and development expenses |  |  |  | $ | 21,522 |  |  | $ | 155,528 |  |  | $ | 234,569 |  |  | $ | 186,691 |

Research and development program costs include compensation and other direct costs plus an allocation of indirect costs, based on certain assumptions and our review of the status of each program. Our product candidates are in various stages of development and significant additional expenditures will be required if we start new clinical trials, encounter delays in our programs, apply for regulatory approvals, continue development of our technologies, expand our operations, and/or bring our product candidates to market. The total cost of any particular clinical trial is dependent on a number of factors such as trial design, length of the trial, number of clinical sites, number of patients, and trial sponsorship. The process of obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals for new therapeutic products is lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. Because of the current stage of our product candidates, among other factors, we are unable to reliably estimate the cost of completing our research and development programs or the timing for bringing

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such programs to various markets or substantial partnering or out-licensing arrangements, and, therefore, when, if ever, material cash inflows are likely to commence.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred annual operating losses since inception, and we had an accumulated deficit of $2.2 billion as of March 31, 2025. We expect to incur significant losses over the next several years as we continue development of our technologies and product candidates, manage our regulatory processes, initiate and continue clinical trials, and prepare for potential commercialization of products. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through corporate partnerships, advance royalty sales and the issuance of equity. From our inception through March 31, 2025, we have raised aggregate net proceeds of approximately $2.01 billion through the sale of common and preferred stock, the exercise of stock options and warrants, proceeds from our Employee Stock Purchase Plan, royalty monetization transactions, and the issuance of convertible and other notes.

We maintain an effective registration statement (the “Registration Statement”) covering up to $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, debt securities and units. The Registration Statement includes prospectuses covering the offer, issuance and sale of up to 20.6 million shares of our common stock from time to time in “at-the-market offerings” pursuant to an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. as our sales agent. We sold approximately 2.8 million and 0.6 million shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the period of April 1, 2025 through May 6, 2025, respectively, and received aggregate net proceeds totaling $7.7 million. As of May 6, 2025, approximately 14.7 million shares remained available for sale under the Sales Agreement.

Our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 were $18.5 million, a decrease of $21.9 million from December 31, 2024. Cash and cash equivalents of our subsidiary, MiNK, at December 31, 2024, were $4.6 million. MiNK cash can only be accessed by Agenus through a declaration of a dividend by the MiNK Board of Directors or through settlement of intercompany balances.

As of March 31, 2025, we had debt outstanding of $36.0 million in principal, $10.5 million is due June 2026, and $24.75 million is due November 2026.

Based on our current plans and projections, we believe our cash resources of $18.5 million as of March 31, 2025, along with funding we expect to receive in 2025, will be sufficient to satisfy our critical liquidity requirements through the second quarter of 2026. To support operations on an ongoing basis we require additional funding. Since our founding we have financed our operations principally through income and revenues generated from corporate partnerships, advance royalty sales, and proceeds from debt and equity issuances. We transact at-the-market sales from time to time in order to manage our cash balances. We execute at-the-market offerings based on market conditions and our stock price. We do not have in place a program whereby at-the-market offerings are executed automatically based on our trading volume.

Currently we are in discussions with entities including operating companies and financial entities to provide the additional funding necessary to support our operations through our planned registration and launch strategy for botensilimab/balstilimab. However, because the completion of cash funding transactions is not entirely within our control, and in accordance with accounting standards, substantial doubt continues to exist about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year after the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes Agenus will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Management continues to diligently address the Company’s liquidity needs and has continued to adjust spending in order to preserve liquidity. We expect our sources of funding to include additional out-licensing agreements, asset sales, project financing, and/or sales of equity securities.

Our future cash requirements include, but are not limited to, supporting clinical trial and regulatory efforts and continuing our other research and development programs. Since inception, we have entered into various agreements with contract manufacturers, institutions, and clinical research organizations (collectively “third party providers”) to perform pre-clinical activities and to conduct and monitor our clinical studies and trials. Under these agreements, subject to the enrollment of patients and performance by the applicable third-party provider, we have estimated our total payments to be $660.7 million over the term of the related activities. Through March 31, 2025, we have expensed $618.7 million as research and development expenses and $572.0 million has been paid under these agreements. The timing of expense recognition and future payments related to these agreements is subject to the enrollment of patients and performance by the applicable third-party provider. We plan to enter into additional agreements with third party providers and we anticipate significant additional expenditures will be required to initiate and advance our various programs.

Part of our strategy is to develop and commercialize some of our product candidates by continuing our existing collaboration arrangements with academic and collaboration partners and licensees and by entering into new collaborations. As a result of our collaboration agreements, we will not completely control the efforts to attempt to bring those product candidates to market.

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Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $25.6 million and $38.2 million, respectively. Our future ability to generate cash from operations will depend on achieving regulatory approval and market acceptance of our product candidates, achieving benchmarks as defined in existing collaboration agreements, and our ability to enter into new collaborations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Forward Looking Statements” in Part I, Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the risks highlighted in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our 2024 Form 10-K.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our primary market risk exposure is foreign currency exchange rate risk. International revenues and expenses are generally transacted by our foreign subsidiaries and are denominated in local currency. Approximately 0.6% and 2.1% of our cash used in operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, respectively, was from our foreign subsidiaries. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation risk related to our transactions denominated in foreign currencies. We do not currently employ specific strategies, such as the use of derivative instruments or hedging, to manage these exposures. Our currency exposures vary but are primarily concentrated in the British Pound and Swiss Franc, in large part due to our subsidiaries, Agenus UK Limited and AgenTus Therapeutics Limited, both with operations in England, and Antigenics SA, a company with operations in Switzerland.

We had cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 of $18.5 million, which are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes, and our interest income fluctuates as interest rates change. Additionally, in the normal course of business, we are exposed to fluctuations in interest rates as we seek debt financing and invest excess cash. Due to the short-term nature of our investments in money market funds, our carrying value approximates the fair value of these investments at March 31, 2025.

There has been no material change to our interest rate exposure and our approach toward interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate exposures, as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We invest our cash and cash equivalents in accordance with our investment policy. The primary objectives of our investment policy are to preserve principal, maintain proper liquidity to meet operating needs, and maximize yields. We review our investment policy periodically and amend it as deemed necessary. Currently, the investment policy prohibits investing in any structured investment vehicles and asset-backed commercial paper. Although our investments are subject to credit risk, our investment policy specifies credit quality standards for our investments and limits the amount of credit exposure from any single issue, issuer, or type of investment. We do not invest in derivative financial instruments. Accordingly, we do not believe that there is currently any material market risk exposure with respect to derivatives or other financial instruments that would require disclosure under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and our Principal Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and were designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure, and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. It should be noted that any system of controls is designed to provide reasonable, but not absolute, assurances that the system will achieve its stated goals under all reasonably foreseeable circumstances. Our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have each concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report are effective at a level that provides such reasonable assurances.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

In September 2024, a putative securities class action lawsuit captioned In re Agenus Inc. Securities Litigation, No. 1:24-cv-12299, was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts (the “Court”) against the Company and certain of its executives and directors. The Court appointed a lead plaintiff pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, and the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint on February 7, 2025. The amended complaint alleges that Agenus, three of its current officers, and one member of its advisory board violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, by making false and misleading statements and omissions of material fact related to the efficacy and commercial prospects of botensilimab and balstilimab. The lead plaintiff seeks to represent all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Agenus securities between January 23, 2023, and July 17, 2024, and seeks damages and interest, and an award of costs, including attorneys’ fees. We have not recorded any accrual for a contingent liability associated with these legal proceedings.

The Company has been served with four derivative actions filed in the Court between November 2024 and January 2025 by purported stockholders. The actions name certain of the Company’s executives and directors and allege that defendants made false or misleading statements and omissions of material fact related to the efficacy and commercial prospects of botensilimab and balstilimab. Plaintiffs seek an award of damages and an order directing the Company to reform and improve its corporate governance and internal procedures. On May 2, 2025, the Court consolidated the four actions in Case No. 1:24-cv-12823 and stayed all deadlines pending future developments in the securities class action.

In September 2024, the Company received a subpoena from the Boston Regional Office of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) seeking records relating to certain of our product candidates, correspondence with the FDA, public disclosure, and other matters. We have produced records pursuant to the subpoena. At this time, the Company cannot predict the outcome of the SEC’s investigation.

We are not currently a party to any other material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have a material adverse effect on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Item 1A. Ri sk Factors

Our results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. There have been no material changes to the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our 2024 Form 10-K.

Item 5. Other Information

Trading Plans of Our Directors and Officers

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each item is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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Item 6. E xhi bits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Filed herewith.
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Filed herewith.
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Submitted herewith.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

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AGENUS INC.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: |  | May 12, 2025 |  | AGENUS INC.
|  |  |  | /s/ CHRISTINE M. KLASKIN
|  |  |  | Christine M. Klaskin VP, Finance, Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer

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