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Equity-based Compensation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Equity-based Compensation

Equity-based Compensation

8. Equity-based Compensation

2021 Equity Incentive Plan

On October 7, 2021, the date upon which the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 in connection with the IPO was declared effective, the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) became effective. On the same date, the Company ceased granting awards under its 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2021 Plan authorizes the award of both equity-based and cash-based incentive awards, including: (i) stock options (both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), (ii) stock appreciation rights, (iii) restricted stock awards, (iv) restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and (v) cash or other stock-based awards. Incentive stock options may be granted only to employees. All other types of awards may be issued to employees, directors, consultants, and other service providers.

As of March 31, 2025, the aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company that may be issued under the 2021 Plan is 3,073,114. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan increased automatically on January 1, 2025 pursuant to an evergreen provision therein by 2,992,743 shares, representing 5% of total common shares outstanding at December 31, 2024. The aggregate number of shares will increase each anniversary of such date prior to the termination of the 2021 Plan, equal to the lesser of (i) 5% of the Company’s shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Company’s board of directors or the compensation committee. No more than 9,057,517 shares of common stock may be issued under the 2021 Plan through incentive stock options. Shares subject to the 2021 Plan, the 2017 Plan or the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan” and collectively with the 2017 Plan, the “Prior Plans”) that expire, terminate or are cancelled or forfeited for any reason after the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan will be added (or added back) to the shares available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The total number of shares underlying the Prior Plan awards that may be recycled into the 2021 Plan will not exceed 4,334,131 shares.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

On September 15, 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved the 2017 Plan, which provides for the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options and stock awards to employees, certain consultants and directors. The board of directors, or its designated committee, has the sole authority to select the individuals to whom awards are granted and determine the terms of each award, including the number of shares and the schedule upon which the award becomes exercisable. Upon the effectiveness of the 2021 Plan, no further awards will be granted under the 2017 Plan.

The aggregate number of shares of common stock of the Company that may be issued under the 2017 Plan is 4,334,131 (taking into account shares of common stock that may become issuable pursuant to Section 3(b) of the 2017 Plan in respect of shares of common stock reserved under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Plan). The 2021 Plan provides for shares granted under the Prior Plans which are cancelled, forfeited, exchanged or surrendered without having been exercised shall subsequently be available for reissuance under the 2021 Plan.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s board of directors approved the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) prior to the closing of the IPO. Under the ESPP, the Company may provide employees and employees of the Subsidiary with an opportunity to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discounted purchase price. As of March 31, 2025, a total of 209,532 shares of common stock are authorized and reserved for issuance under the ESPP.

Subject to prior approval by the board of directors in each instance, on or about January 1, 2022 and each anniversary of such date thereafter prior to the termination of the ESPP, the number of shares of common stock authorized and reserved for issuance under the ESPP will be increased by a number of shares of common stock equal to the least of (i) 1,000,000 shares of common stock, (ii) 1% of the shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year, and (iii) such smaller number of shares of common stock as determined by the board of directors. Such shares of common stock may be newly issued shares, treasury shares or shares acquired on the open market. In the event that any dividend or other distribution (whether in the form of cash, our common stock, or other property), recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, reorganization, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, or

exchange of common stock or other securities, or other change in the structure affecting common stock occurs, then in order to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits intended to be made available under the ESPP, the compensation committee will, in such manner as it deems equitable, adjust the number of shares and class of common stock that may be delivered under the ESPP, the purchase price per share and the number of shares covered by each outstanding option under the ESPP, and the numerical limits described above.

Stock Options

The fair value of options granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:


		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024
Expected volatility		92.29%
Risk-free interest rate		4.23%
Dividend yield		0.00%
Expected term (years)		6.10 – 6.20

During the three months ending March 31, 2025, there were no stock options granted.

Expected Term — The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. As the Company does not have sufficient historical experience for determining the expected term of the stock option awards granted, expected term has been calculated using the simplified method.

Risk-Free Interest Rate — The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury constant maturity notes with terms approximately equal to the stock-based awards’ expected term.

Expected Volatility — Up until October 13, 2021, the Company was privately held and did not have a trading history of common stock. As such, the expected volatility was derived from the average historical stock volatilities of the common stock of several public companies within the industry that the Company considers to be comparable to our business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock-based awards. The Company will continue to derive expected volatility from average historical stock volatilities of industry peers until the Company has compiled a trading history of its own for a sufficient period of time.

Dividend Yield — The expected dividend yield is zero as the Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future.

Activity for options was as follows:


		Options Outstanding
										Weighted-Average
							Aggregate			Remaining
		Number of		Weighted-Average			Intrinsic Value			Contractual Life
		Options		Exercise Price			(in 000’s)			(In Years)
Balance, December 31, 2024		4,353,490		$	4.67		$	—		5.8
Options granted		—		$	—
Options exercised		—		$	—
Options forfeited		—		$	—
Options expired		(8,985)		$	1.90
Balance, March 31, 2025		4,344,505		$	4.67		$	—		5.5
Exercisable as of March 31, 2025		3,809,084		$	4.98		$	—		5.2

There were no grants of stock options for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted was $1.56 during the three months ended March 31, 2024. There were 205,000 stock options granted at an aggregate fair value of $320 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no stock options exercised.

Restricted Stock Units

The fair values of RSUs are based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock upon vesting. RSUs with time base vesting conditions for employees vest annually over three or four years on each anniversary of the Grant Date and RSUs for non-employee directors vest on the one-year anniversary of the Grant Date. RSUs with performance conditions for employees vest on the one-year anniversary of the performance achievement date, assuming continued service from the employee during that period of time.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company granted 2,587,008 and 280,600 RSU awards, respectively, containing time based vesting conditions to employees, non-employees, and non-employee directors.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company granted 0 and 515,600 RSU awards containing performance and time based vesting conditions to employees. The performance conditions for the RSU awards granted in 2024 were achieved in 2024 and the RSUs will vest on the one-year anniversary of the achievement of the performance condition. As of March 31, 2025, the RSU awards granted in 2024 had no remaining performance conditions.

The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:


		Number of		Weighted-Average
		Restricted Stock Units		Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		1,172,964		$	1.98
Granted		2,587,008		$	0.63
Vested		(185,626)		$	2.06
Forfeited		—		$	—
Outstanding at March 31, 2025		3,574,346		$	1.00

Equity-based Compensation Expense

The Company recorded total equity-based compensation expense in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss related to stock options and restricted stock units as follows:


		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2025			2024
Research and development		$	310		$	231
General and administrative			276			940
Total equity-based compensation		$	586		$	1,171

As of March 31, 2025, total future compensation expense related to unvested time-based awards yet to be recognized by the Company was $3,246, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 2.59 years. Total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based RSU awards was $310, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately 0.57 years.