<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-20-073602.txt : 20200616
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20200616085424
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-20-073602
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20200616
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Regulation FD Disclosure
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20200616
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20200616

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001171759
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	RETAIL-EATING PLACES [5812]
		IRS NUMBER:				841573084
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1227

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-34851
		FILM NUMBER:		20965074

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6312 FIDDLER'S GREEN CIRCLE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200 NORTH
		CITY:			GREENWOOD VILLAGE
		STATE:			CO
		ZIP:			80111
		BUSINESS PHONE:		3038466000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6312 FIDDLER'S GREEN CIRCLE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 200 NORTH
		CITY:			GREENWOOD VILLAGE
		STATE:			CO
		ZIP:			80111
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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>UNITED
STATES<br />
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><br />
Washington, D.C. 20549</span></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_90C_edei--DocumentType_c20200615__20200616_z1i7AIOmXWWa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-15to2020-06-16" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Pursuant
to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Date
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<span style="font-size: 10pt">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including
area code)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the
Form&#160;8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions
(<i>see </i>General Instruction A.2. below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
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<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
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<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"></td><td style="width: 27.35pt"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_909_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20200615__20200616_zVWnO2PeUDk5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-15to2020-06-16" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging
growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;&#8201;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;&#8201;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Emerging
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;<span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Item&#160;1.01 Entry into a Material
Definitive Agreement</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">On June 16, 2020,
Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into a distribution agreement (the &#8220;Distribution Agreement&#8221;)
with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as agent (&#8220;J.P. Morgan&#8221;), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time
to time, through J.P. Morgan, shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, having an aggregate offering
price of up to $40.0 million (the &#8220;Shares&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The Company is
not obligated to sell any Shares under the Distribution Agreement. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement,
J.P. Morgan will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, to sell Shares
from time to time based upon the Company&#8217;s instructions, including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters
or conditions specified by the Company. Under the Distribution Agreement, J.P. Morgan may sell Shares by any method permitted by
law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; under Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or
by means of such other sales of the Shares on behalf of the Company as agreed by the Company and J.P. Morgan in writing. The Company
will pay J.P. Morgan a commission of up to 3% of the gross sales price from each sale of Shares and provide J.P. Morgan with
customary indemnification and contribution rights. The Distribution Agreement may be terminated by J.P. Morgan or the Company at
any time upon notice to the other party.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
issuance and sale, if any, of the Shares by the Company under the Distribution Agreement will be made pursuant to the Company&#8217;s
effective registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration Statement No. 333-</span>238806) (the &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221;),
filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) on May 29, 2020 and declared effective on June 10,
2020. The offering is described in the Company&#8217;s Prospectus dated June 10, 2020, as supplemented by a Prospectus Supplement
dated June 16, 2020, as filed with the SEC on June 16, 2020.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The foregoing description
of the Distribution Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of
the Distribution Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein
by reference. The legal opinion of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &#38; Garrison LLP, counsel to the Company, relating to the validity
of the Shares being offered pursuant to the Distribution Agreement is filed as Exhibit 5.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and
is incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><b>Item 7.01 Regulation FD Disclosure</b></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">On June 16, 2020,
the Company issued a press release announcing entry into the Distribution Agreement, pursuant to which the Company may offer and
sell, from time to time, through J.P. Morgan, Shares having an aggregate offering price of up to $40.0 million. A copy of the press
release is attached as Exhibit 99.1.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The information
in Item 7.01 and Exhibit 99.1 is being &#8220;furnished&#8221; and shall not be deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; for the purposes of
Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is not subject to the liabilities of that section and is not deemed
incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such a filing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">This Current Report
on Form 8-K shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any Shares under the Distribution Agreement
nor shall there be any sale of such Shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration
or qualification under the securities laws of any such state.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"></p>

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<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><b>Item 9.01 Financial Statements and
Exhibits</b></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><b>(d) Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

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<tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2020982d5_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Distribution Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2020, by and between Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC.</span></span></a></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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<tr>
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<tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2020982d5_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Consent of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &#38; Garrison LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1).</span></span></a></td></tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
<tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="tm2020982d5_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. Press Release dated June 16, 2020.</span></span></a></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">104</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)</td></tr>
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<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></p>

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<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>



<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS, INC.</b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 45%; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Lynn S. Schweinfurth</span></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name:</span></td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title:</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">Dated: June 16, 2020</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">June 16, 2020</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC<BR>
383 Madison Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">New York, New York 10179</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc., a Delaware
corporation (the &#8220;<B>Company</B>&#8221;), confirms its agreement with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as agent and/or principal
under any Terms Agreement (as defined in Section&nbsp;1(a) below) (&#8220;<B>you</B>&#8221; or the &#8220;<B>Agent</B>&#8221;),
with respect to the issuance and sale from time to time by the Company, in the manner and subject to the terms and conditions described
below in this Distribution Agreement (this &#8220;<B>Agreement</B>&#8221;), of Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share (the &#8220;<B>Common
Stock</B>&#8221;), of the Company having an aggregate Gross Sales Price (as defined in Section 2(b) below) of up to $40,000,000
(the &#8220;<B>Maximum Amount</B>&#8221;) on the terms set forth in Section&nbsp;1 of this Agreement. Such shares are hereinafter
collectively referred to as the &#8220;<B>Shares</B>&#8221; and are described in the Prospectus referred to below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company has filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<B>Commission</B>&#8221;) a registration statement on Form S-3 (No.
333-238806) (the &#8220;<B>registration statement</B>&#8221;) for the registration of the Shares and other securities of the
Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder
(collectively, the &#8220;<B>Act</B>&#8221;); and such registration statement sets forth the terms of the offering, sale and
plan of distribution of the Shares and contains additional information concerning the Company and its business. Except where
the context otherwise requires, &#8220;<B>Registration Statement</B>,&#8221; as used herein, means the registration
statement, as amended at the time of such registration statement&#8217;s effectiveness for purposes of Section 11 of the Act,
as such section applies to the Agent, including (1) all documents filed as a part thereof or incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated by reference therein and (2) any information contained or incorporated by reference in a prospectus filed with
the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act, to the extent such information is deemed, pursuant to Rule 430B or Rule
430C under the Act, to be part of the registration statement at the effective time. &#8220;<B>Basic Prospectus</B>&#8221;
means the prospectus dated June 10, 2020 filed as part of the Registration Statement, including the documents incorporated by
reference therein as of the date of such prospectus; &#8220;<B>Prospectus Supplement</B>&#8221; means the most recent
prospectus supplement relating to the Shares, to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under
the Act on or before the second business day after the date of its first use in connection with a public offering or sale of
Shares pursuant hereto (or such earlier time as may be required under the Act), in the form furnished by the Company to the
Agent in connection with the offering of the Shares; &#8220;<B>Prospectus</B>&#8221; means the Prospectus Supplement (and any
additional prospectus supplement prepared in accordance with the provision of Section 4(h) of this Agreement and filed in
accordance with the provisions of Rule 424(b)) together with the Basic Prospectus attached to or used with the Prospectus
Supplement; and &#8220;<B>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</B>&#8221; has the meaning set forth in Section&nbsp;3(b). Any
reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Basic Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or any
Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall, unless otherwise stated, be deemed to refer to and include the documents, if any,
incorporated by reference, or deemed to be incorporated by reference, therein (the &#8220;<B>Incorporated
Documents</B>&#8221;), including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as exhibits to such
Incorporated Documents. Any reference herein to the terms &#8220;amend,&#8221; &#8220;amendment&#8221; or
 &#8220;supplement&#8221; with respect to the Registration Statement, the Basic Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement, the
Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall, unless stated otherwise, be deemed to refer to and include the
filing of any document under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder
(collectively, the &#8220;<B>Exchange Act</B>&#8221;) on or after the initial effective date of the Registration Statement,
or the date of the Basic Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, as
the case may be, and deemed to be incorporated therein by reference. References in this Agreement to financial statements or
other information that is &#8220;contained,&#8221; &#8220;included,&#8221; &#8220;described,&#8221; &#8220;set forth&#8221;
or &#8220;provided&#8221; in the Registration Statement, the Basic Prospectus, the Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or
any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus and any similar references shall, unless stated otherwise, include any information
incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company and the Agent agree as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Issuance and Sale</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Upon the basis of the representations, warranties and agreements and subject to the terms and conditions set forth
herein and provided the Company provides the Agent with any due diligence materials and information reasonably requested by the
Agent necessary for the Agent to satisfy its due diligence obligations, on any Exchange Business Day (as defined below) selected
by the Company, the Company and the Agent shall enter into an agreement in accordance with Section 2 hereof regarding the number
of Shares to be placed by the Agent, as agent, and the manner in which and other terms upon which such placement is to occur (each
such transaction being referred to as an &#8220;<B>Agency Transaction</B>&#8221;). The Company may also offer to sell the Shares
directly to the Agent, as principal, in which event such parties shall enter into a separate agreement (each, a &#8220;<B>Terms
Agreement</B>&#8221;) in substantially the form of Exhibit A hereto (with such changes thereto as may be agreed upon by the Company
and the Agent to accommodate a transaction involving additional underwriters), relating to such sale in accordance with Section
2(g) of this Agreement (each such transaction being referred to as a &#8220;<B>Principal Transaction</B>&#8221;). As used herein,
(i) the &#8220;<B>Term</B>&#8221; shall be the period commencing on the date hereof and ending on the earlier of (x) the date on
which the aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares issued and sold pursuant to this Agreement and any Terms Agreements equals the
Maximum Amount and (y) any termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section&nbsp;8, (ii) an &#8220;<B>Exchange Business Day</B>&#8221;
means any day during the Term that is a trading day for the Exchange other than a day on which trading on the Exchange is scheduled
to close prior to its regular weekday closing time, and (iii) &#8220;<B>Exchange</B>&#8221; means the Nasdaq Global Select Market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Subject
to the terms and conditions set forth below, the Company appoints the Agent as agent in connection with the offer and sale of
Shares in any Agency Transactions entered into hereunder. The Agent will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with
its normal trading and sales practices, to sell such Shares in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions hereof
and of the applicable Transaction Acceptance (as defined below). Neither the Company nor the Agent shall have any obligation
to enter into an Agency Transaction. The Company shall be obligated to issue and sell through the Agent, and the Agent shall
be obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and as provided
herein and in the applicable Transaction Acceptance, to place Shares only if and when the Company makes a Transaction
Proposal (as defined below) to the Agent related to such an Agency Transaction and a Transaction Acceptance related to such
Agency Transaction has been delivered to the Company by the Agent as provided in Section 2 below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Agent, as agent in any Agency Transaction, hereby covenants and agrees not to make any sales of the Shares on
behalf of the Company pursuant to this Agreement other than (A) by means of ordinary brokers&#8217; transactions between members
of the Exchange that qualify for delivery of a Prospectus in accordance with Rule 153 under the Act and meet the definition of
an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; under Rule 415(a)(4) under the Act (such transactions are hereinafter referred to as &#8220;<B>At
the Market Offerings</B>&#8221;) and (B) such other sales of the Shares on behalf of the Company in its capacity as agent of the
Company as shall be agreed by the Company and the Agent in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If Shares are to be sold in an Agency Transaction in an At the Market Offering, the Agent will confirm in writing
to the Company the number of Shares sold on any Exchange Business Day and the related Gross Sales Price and Net Sales Price (as
each of such terms is defined in Section 2(b) below) no later than the opening of trading on the immediately following Exchange
Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If the Company shall default on its obligation to deliver Shares to the Agent, the Company shall (i) indemnify and hold harmless the Agent and its successors and assigns
from and against any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and expenses arising from or as a result of such default by the
Company and (ii) notwithstanding any such default, pay to the Agent the commission to which it would otherwise be entitled in connection
with such sale in accordance with Section&nbsp;2(b) below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Agent will be successful in selling
the Shares, (ii) the Agent shall incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell
Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading
and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Shares in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and
(iii) the Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as may
otherwise be specifically agreed by the Agent and the Company in a Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Transaction Acceptances and Terms Agreements</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company may, from time to time during the Term, propose to the Agent that they enter into an Agency Transaction to be
executed on a specified Exchange Business Day or over a specified period of Exchange Business Days, which proposal shall be
made to the Agent by telephone or by email from any of the individuals listed as an authorized representative of the Company
on Schedule A hereto to make such sales and shall set forth the information specified below (each, a &#8220;<B>Transaction
Proposal</B>&#8221;). If the Agent agrees to the terms of such proposed Agency Transaction or if the Company and the Agent
mutually agree to modified terms for such proposed Agency Transaction, then the Agent shall promptly deliver to the Company
by email a notice (each, a &#8220;<B>Transaction Acceptance</B>&#8221;) confirming the terms of such proposed Agency
Transaction as set forth in such Transaction Proposal or setting forth the modified terms for such proposed Agency
Transaction as agreed by the Company and the Agent, as the case may be, whereupon such Agency Transaction shall become a
binding agreement between the Company and the Agent. Each Transaction Proposal shall specify:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)</FONT></TD><TD>the Exchange Business Day(s) on which the Shares subject to such Agency Transaction are intended to be sold (each, a &#8220;<B>Purchase
Date</B>&#8221;);</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD>the maximum number or amount of Shares to be sold by the Agent (the &#8220;<B>Specified Number of Shares</B>&#8221;) on, or
over the course of, such Purchase Date(s), or as otherwise agreed between the Company and Agent and documented in the relevant
Transaction Acceptance;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iii)</FONT></TD><TD>the lowest price, if any, at which the Company is willing to sell Shares on each such Purchase Date or a formula pursuant to
which such lowest price shall be determined (each, a &#8220;<B>Floor Price</B>&#8221;); and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iv)</FONT></TD><TD>if other than up to 3.0% of the Gross Sales Price, the Agent&#8217;s discount or commission.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">A Transaction Proposal shall
not set forth a Specified Number of Shares that, when the Gross Sales Price of such Specified Number of Shares is added to
the aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares previously purchased and to be purchased pursuant to pending Transaction
Acceptances (if any) hereunder and any Terms Agreements, results or could result in a total that exceeds the Maximum Amount
nor shall it set forth a Floor Price which is lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the
Company&#8217;s board of directors or, if permitted by applicable law and the Company&#8217;s charter and by-laws, a duly
authorized committee thereof. The Company shall have responsibility for maintaining records with respect to the aggregate
number and aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares sold and for otherwise monitoring the availability of Shares for sale under
the Registration Statement and for insuring that the aggregate number and aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares offered and
sold does not exceed, and the price at which any Shares are offered or sold is not lower than, the aggregate number and
aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares and the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&#8217;s board of
directors or, if permitted by applicable law and the Company&#8217;s charter and by-laws, a duly authorized committee
thereof. In the event that more than one Transaction Acceptance with respect to any Purchase Date(s) is delivered by the
Agent to the Company, the latest Transaction Acceptance shall govern any sales of Shares for the relevant Purchase Date(s),
except to the extent of any action occurring pursuant to a prior Transaction Acceptance and prior to the delivery to the
Company of the latest Transaction Acceptance. The Company or the Agent may, upon notice to the other such party by telephone
(confirmed promptly by e-mail), suspend or terminate the offering of the Shares pursuant to Agency Transactions for any
reason; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that such suspension or termination shall not affect or impair the parties&#8217;
respective obligations with respect to the Shares sold hereunder prior to the giving of such notice or their respective
obligations under any Terms Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the terms of any Agency Transaction contemplate that
Shares shall be sold on more than one Purchase Date, then the Company and the Agent shall mutually agree to such additional
terms and conditions as they deem reasonably necessary in respect of such multiple Purchase Dates, and such additional terms
and conditions shall be set forth in or confirmed by, as the case may be, the relevant Transaction Acceptance and be binding
to the same extent as any other terms contained therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Purchase Date(s) in respect of the Shares deliverable pursuant to any Transaction Acceptance shall be set forth
in or confirmed by, as the case may be, the applicable Transaction Acceptance. Except as otherwise agreed between the Company and
the Agent, the Agent&#8217;s commission for any Shares sold through the Agent pursuant to this Agreement shall be a percentage,
not to exceed 3.0%, of the actual sales price of such Shares (the &#8220;<B>Gross Sales Price</B>&#8221;), which commission shall
be as set forth in or confirmed by, as the case may be, the applicable Transaction Acceptance; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that such commission shall not apply when the Agent acts as principal, in which case such commission or a discount shall be set
forth in the applicable Terms Agreement. The Gross Sales Price less the Agent&#8217;s commission and after deduction for any transaction
fees, transfer taxes or similar taxes or fees imposed by any governmental, regulatory or self-regulatory organization in respect
of the sale of the applicable Shares is referred to herein at the &#8220;<B>Net Sales Price</B>.&#8221;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Payment of the Net Sales Price for Shares sold by the Company on any Purchase Date pursuant to a Transaction Acceptance
shall be made to the Company by wire transfer of immediately available funds to the account of the Company (which the Company shall
provide to the Agent at least one Exchange Business Day prior to the applicable Agency Settlement Date (as defined below)) against
delivery of such Shares to the Agent&#8217;s account, or an account of the Agent&#8217;s designee, at The Depository Trust Company
through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System (&#8220;<B>DWAC</B>&#8221;) or by such other means of delivery as may be
agreed to by the Company and the Agent. Such payment and delivery shall be made at or about 10:00 a.m. (New York City time) on
the second Exchange Business Day (or such other day as may, from time to time, become standard industry practice for settlement
of such a securities issuance or as agreed to by the Company and the Agent) following each Purchase Date (each, an &#8220;<B>Agency
Settlement Date</B>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>If,
as set forth in or confirmed by, as the case may be, the related Transaction Acceptance, a Floor Price has been agreed to by
the parties with respect to a Purchase Date, and the Agent thereafter determines and notifies the Company that the Gross
Sales Price for such Agency Transaction would not be at least equal to such Floor Price, then the Company shall not be
obligated to issue and sell through the Agent, and the Agent shall not be obligated to place, the Shares proposed to be sold
pursuant to such Agency Transaction on such Purchase Date, unless the Company and the Agent otherwise agree in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If either party has reason to believe that the exemptive provisions set forth in Rule 101(c)(1) of Regulation M under
the Exchange Act are not satisfied with respect to the Shares, it shall promptly notify the other party and sales of the Shares
under this Agreement, any Transaction Acceptance or any Terms Agreement shall be suspended until that or other exemptive provisions
have been satisfied in the judgment of each party. On or prior to the delivery of a prospectus that is required (whether physically
or through compliance with Rule 172 under the Act or any similar rule) in connection with the offering or sale of the Shares, the
Company shall calculate the average daily trading volume (as defined under &#8220;<B>ADTV</B>&#8221; by Rule 100 of Regulation
M under the Exchange Act) of the Common Stock based on market data provided by Bloomberg L.P. or such other sources as agreed upon
by the Company and the Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)</FONT></TD><TD>(i) If the Company wishes to issue and sell the Shares pursuant to this Agreement but other than as set forth in Section 2(a)
of this Agreement, it will notify the Agent of the proposed terms of the Principal Transaction. If the Agent, acting as principal,
wishes to accept such proposed terms (which it may decline to do for any reason in its sole discretion) or, following discussions
with the Company, wishes to accept amended terms, the Company and the Agent shall enter into a Terms Agreement setting forth the
terms of such Principal Transaction.</TD></TR>                                                                                                                                          <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>(ii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"> </FONT>The terms set forth in a Terms Agreement shall not be binding on the Company or
                              the Agent unless and until the Company and the Agent have each executed and delivered such Terms Agreement accepting all of
                              the terms of such Terms Agreement. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Terms
                              Agreement, the terms of such Terms Agreement shall control.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Each sale of the Shares to the Agent in a Principal Transaction shall be made in accordance with the terms of this
Agreement and a Terms Agreement, which shall provide for the sale of such Shares to, and the purchase thereof by, the Agent. A
Terms Agreement may also specify certain provisions relating to the reoffering of such Shares by the Agent. The commitment of the
Agent to purchase the Shares pursuant to any Terms Agreement shall be deemed to have been made on the basis of the representations,
warranties and agreements of the Company contained, and shall be subject to the terms and conditions set forth, in this Agreement
and such Terms Agreement. Any such Terms Agreement shall specify the number of the Shares to be purchased by the Agent pursuant
thereto, the price to be paid to the Company for such Shares, any provisions relating to rights of, and default by, underwriters,
if any, acting together with the Agent in the reoffering of the Shares, and the time and date (each such time and date being referred
to herein as a &#8220;<B>Principal Settlement Date</B>&#8221;; and, together with any Agency Settlement Date, a &#8220;<B>Settlement
Date</B>&#8221;) and place of delivery of and payment for such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall not offer, sell or deliver, or request the offer or sale, of any
Shares pursuant to this Agreement (whether in an Agency Transaction or a Principal Transaction) and, by notice to the Agent
given by telephone (confirmed promptly by email), shall cancel any instructions for the offer or sale of any Shares, and the
Agent shall not be obligated to offer or sell any Shares, (i)&nbsp; during any period in which the Company is, or could be
deemed to be, in possession of material non-public information or (ii)&nbsp;at any time from and including the date on which
the Company shall issue a press release containing, or shall otherwise publicly announce, its earnings, revenues or other
results of operations (an &#8220;<B>Earnings Announcement</B>&#8221;) through and including the time that is 24 hours after
the time that the Company files a Quarterly Report on Form 10&#45;Q or an Annual Report on Form 10&#45;K that includes
consolidated financial statements as of and for the same period or periods, as the case may be, covered by such Earnings
Announcement, or such other period of time following such filing as the Company and the Agent mutually agree.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company agrees that any offer to sell, any solicitation of an offer to buy, or any sales of Shares by the Company
shall be effected only by or through the Agent on any Exchange Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Anything in this Agreement to the contrary notwithstanding, the Company shall not authorize the issuance and sale
of, and the Agent, as sales agent, shall not be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal
trading and sales practices, to sell, any Shares at a price lower than the minimum price, or in a number or with an aggregate gross
or net sales price in excess of the number or aggregate gross or net sales price, as the case may be, authorized from time to time
to be issued and sold under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, in each case by the Company&#8217;s board of directors or,
if permitted by applicable law and the Company&#8217;s charter and by-laws, a duly authorized committee thereof, or in a number
in excess of the number of Shares approved for listing on the Exchange, or in excess of the number or amount of Shares available
for issuance on the Registration Statement or as to which the Company has paid the applicable registration fee, it being understood
and agreed by the parties hereto that compliance with any such limitations shall be the sole responsibility of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Representations, Warranties and Agreements of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees
with, the Agent, on and as of (i) the date hereof, (ii) each date on which the Company receives a Transaction Acceptance (the &#8220;<B>Time
of Acceptance</B>&#8221;), (iii) each date on which the Company executes and delivers a Terms Agreement, (iv) each Time of Sale
(as defined in Section 3(a)), (v) each Settlement Date and (vi) each Bring-Down Delivery Date (as defined in Section 6(b)) (each
such date listed in (i) through (vi), a &#8220;<B>Representation Date</B>&#8221;), as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission not earlier than three years prior to the date hereof; there is no
order preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus, and, to the knowledge of the Company, no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section&nbsp;8A of the Act
against the Company or related to the offering has been initiated or threatened by the Commission; the Registration Statement
complied when it initially became effective, complies as of the date hereof and, as then amended or supplemented, as of each
other Representation Date will comply, in all material respects, with the requirements of the Act; the conditions to the use
of Form S-3 in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares as contemplated hereby have been satisfied; the
Registration Statement meets, and the offering and sale of the Shares as contemplated hereby comply with, the requirements of
Rule 415 under the Act (including, without limitation, Rule&nbsp;415(a)(5)); the Prospectus complied or will comply, at the
time it was or will be filed with the Commission, and will comply, as then amended or supplemented, as of each Representation
Date, in all material respects, with the requirements of the Act; the Registration Statement did not, as of the time of its
initial effectiveness, and does not or will not, as then amended or supplemented, as of each Representation Date, contain an
untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading; as of each Representation Date, the Prospectus, as then amended or supplemented, together
with all of the then issued Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses, if any, will not contain an untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading; <I>provided, however, </I>that the Company makes no representation or warranty
with respect to any statement in or omission from the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus made in reliance upon and in conformity with information concerning the Agent and furnished in writing by or on
behalf of the Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus
(it being understood that such information consists solely of the information specified in Section 9(b)). As used herein,
 &#8220;<B>Time of Sale</B>&#8221; means (i)&nbsp;with respect to each offering of Shares pursuant to this Agreement, the time
of the Agent&#8217;s initial entry into contracts with investors for the sale of such Shares and (ii)&nbsp;with respect to
each offering of Shares pursuant to any relevant Terms Agreement, the time of sale of such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Prior
to the execution of this Agreement, the Company has not, directly or indirectly, offered or sold any of the Shares by means
of any &#8220;prospectus&#8221; (within the meaning of the Act) or used any &#8220;prospectus&#8221; (within the meaning of
the Act) in connection with the offer or sale of the Shares, in each case other than the Basic Prospectus. The Company
represents and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior consent of the Agent, until the termination of this Agreement, it has
not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute an &#8220;issuer free writing
prospectus&#8221; (as defined in Rule 433 under the Act) or that would otherwise constitute a &#8220;free writing
prospectus&#8221; (as defined in Rule 405 under the Act) other than any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus. Any such free
writing prospectus relating to the Shares consented to by the Agent (including any free writing prospectus prepared by the
Company solely for use in connection with the offering contemplated by a particular Terms Agreement) is hereinafter referred
to as a &#8220;<B>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</B>&#8221;. The Company has complied and will comply in all material
respects with the requirements of Rule 433 under the Act applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including
timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. The conditions set forth in one or more of
subclauses (i) through (iv), inclusive, of Rule 433(b)(1) under the Act are satisfied, and the registration statement
relating to the offering of the Shares contemplated hereby, as initially filed with the Commission, includes a prospectus
that, other than by reason of Rule 433 under the Act, satisfies the requirements of Section 10 of the Act; the Company is not
disqualified, by reason of Rule 164(f) or (g) under the Act, from using, in connection with the offer and sale of the Shares,
 &#8220;free writing prospectuses&#8221; (as defined in Rule 405 under the Act) pursuant to Rules 164 and 433 under the Act;
the Company was not as of each eligibility determination date for purposes of Rules 164 and 433 under the Act with respect to
the offering of the Shares contemplated by the Registration Statement and this Agreement and is not an &#8220;ineligible
issuer&#8221; (as defined in Rule 405 under the Act). The Company has paid the registration fee for the offering of the
Maximum Amount of Shares pursuant to Rule 457 under the Act.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with the Commission (or, if any amendment with respect to any such
document was filed, when such amendment was filed), conformed in all material respects to the requirements of the Act or the Exchange
Act, as applicable, and none of such documents contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they
were made, not misleading; and any further documents so filed during the Term and incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, when such documents become effective or are filed with the
Commission, as the case may be, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable,
and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries and the related notes thereto included or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus comply in all material respects
with the applicable requirements of the Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and present fairly in all material respects the
consolidated financial position of the Company and its subsidiaries as of the dates indicated and the results of their operations
and the changes in their cash flows for the periods specified; the financial statements of any other business or entity and its
consolidated subsidiaries (if any) and the related notes thereto included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements of the
Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and present fairly in all material respects the consolidated (if applicable) financial
position of such entity or business, as the case may be, and its subsidiaries (if any) as of the dates indicated and the results
of its or their, as the case may be, operations and the changes in its or their, as the case may be, cash flows for the periods
specified; and all such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (&#8220;<B>GAAP</B>&#8221;)
applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods covered thereby, and all supporting schedules to such financial statements
included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement fairly present in all material respects the information required
to be stated therein. Any pro forma financial statements and related notes included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus comply in all material respects with the applicable requirements
of the Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, present fairly in all material respects the information shown therein, have been
prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines with respect to pro forma financial statements and have
been properly compiled on the bases described therein, and the assumptions used in the preparation thereof are reasonable and the
adjustments used therein are appropriate to give effect to the transactions and circumstances referred to therein.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Since the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any
Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, except as otherwise stated therein, (i) there has not been any change in the capital stock
(other than the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of stock options issued under, and the grant of options and awards
under, equity incentive plans described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the issuance of Shares pursuant to this
Agreement) or short-term debt or long-term debt (except for borrowings and the repayment of borrowings in the ordinary course
of business) of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, set aside for payment,
paid or made by the Company on any class of capital stock (other than regularly scheduled cash dividends in amounts that are consistent
with past practice), or any material adverse change, or any development involving a prospective material adverse change, in or
affecting the business, properties, management, financial position, stockholders&#8217; equity, results of operations or prospects
of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole; (ii) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has entered into any
transaction or agreement (whether or not in the ordinary course of business) that is material to the Company and its subsidiaries
taken as a whole or incurred any liability or obligation, direct or contingent, that is material to the Company and its subsidiaries
taken as a whole; and (iii) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has sustained any loss or interference with its business
that is material to the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole and that is either from fire, explosion, flood or other
calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor disturbance or dispute or any action, order or decree of any
court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company and its subsidiaries have been duly organized and are validly existing and in good standing under the
laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization, are duly qualified to do business and are in good standing in each jurisdiction
in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such qualification,
and have all power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct the businesses in which they
are engaged, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, properties, management, financial
position, stockholders&#8217; equity, results of operations or prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole or
on the performance by the Company of its obligations under this Agreement or any Terms Agreement (a &#8220;<B>Material Adverse
Effect</B>&#8221;). The Company does not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other
than the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21 to the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporated by reference
in the Registration Statement.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company has an authorized capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free
Writing Prospectus; all the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly and validly authorized and
issued and are fully paid and non-assessable and were not issued in violation of any preemptive or similar rights; except as
described in or expressly contemplated by the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus, there are no outstanding rights (including, without limitation, pre-emptive or similar rights), warrants or
options to acquire, or instruments convertible into or exchangeable for, any shares of capital stock or other equity
interests of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, nor any contracts, commitments, agreements, understandings or
arrangements of any kind relating to the issuance of any capital stock or other equity interest of the Company or any such
subsidiary, any such convertible or exchangeable securities or any such rights, warrants or options; and the capital stock of
the Company conforms in all material respects to the descriptions thereof contained in the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus; and all the outstanding shares of capital stock or other equity
interests of each subsidiary owned, directly or indirectly, by the Company have been duly and validly authorized and issued,
are fully paid and non-assessable and are (except as otherwise described in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and
any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus) owned directly or indirectly by the Company, free and clear of any lien, charge,
encumbrance, security interest, restriction on voting or transfer or any other claim of any third party, except for any lien,
charge, encumbrance, security interest, restriction on voting or transfer or any other claim under the Amended and Restated
Credit Agreement, dated January 10, 2020, among Red Robin International, Inc., Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc., the domestic
subsidiaries of the parent parties thereto, the lenders parties thereto and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as
Administrative Agent, as amended.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>With respect to the stock options (the &#8220;<B>Stock Options</B>&#8221;) granted pursuant to the stock-based compensation
plans of the Company and its subsidiaries (the &#8220;<B>Company Stock Plans</B>&#8221;), (i) each Stock Option intended to qualify
as an &#8220;incentive stock option&#8221; under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &#8220;<B>Code</B>&#8221;),
so qualifies, (ii) each grant of a Stock Option was duly authorized no later than the date on which the grant of such Stock Option
was by its terms to be effective by all necessary corporate action, including, as applicable, approval by the board of directors
of the Company (or a duly constituted and authorized committee or delegate thereof) and any required stockholder approval by the
necessary number of votes or written consents, and the award agreement governing such grant (if any) was duly executed and delivered
by each party thereto, (iii) each such grant was made in accordance with the terms of the Company Stock Plans, the Exchange Act
and all other applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements, including the rules of the Exchange and any other exchange
on which Company securities are traded, and (iv)&nbsp;each such grant was properly accounted for in accordance with GAAP in the
financial statements (including the related notes) of the Company and disclosed in the Company&#8217;s filings with the Commission
in accordance with the Exchange Act and all other applicable laws, except, in the case of clauses (i) through (iv) above, as would
not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and any Terms Agreement will have
been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Shares to be issued and sold by the Company hereunder or under any Terms Agreement have been duly authorized
by the Company and, when issued and delivered and paid for as provided herein or in any Terms Agreement, as the case may be, will
be duly and validly issued, will be fully paid and nonassessable and will conform in all material respects to the description thereof
in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus; and the issuance and sale of the Shares
are not and will not be subject to any preemptive or similar rights.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company has full right, power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and any Terms Agreement and to perform its
obligations hereunder or thereunder, including the Company&#8217;s issuance, sale and delivery of the Shares as provided
herein and therein; and all action required to be taken for the due and proper authorization, execution and delivery by each
of the Company of this Agreement and any Terms Agreement and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby
and thereby has been duly and validly taken (or, in the case of any Terms Agreement, such action will have been duly and
validly authorized).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>This Agreement conforms and each Terms Agreement will conform in all material respects to the description thereof
contained in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;in violation of its respective charter or by-laws or
other Organizational Documents (as defined below); (ii)&nbsp;in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of
time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained
in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries
is a party or by which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company
or any of its subsidiaries is subject; or (iii) in violation of any applicable law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation
of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any
such default or violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
As used herein, the term &#8220;<B>Organizational Documents</B>&#8221; means, (i) with respect to a corporation, its charter and
by-laws, (ii) with respect to a limited or general partnership, its partnership agreement and certificate of partnership (or similar
document), (iii) with respect to a limited liability company, its limited liability company agreement and certificate of limited
liability company (or similar document), and (iv) with respect to any other entity, its similar organizational documents.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, the issuance and
sale of the Shares, the compliance by the Company with the terms hereof and of any Terms Agreement and the consummation of the
transactions contemplated hereby or by any Terms Agreement will not (i) conflict with or result in a breach or violation of any
of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance
upon any property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan
agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or
any of its subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject,
(ii) result in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws or other Organizational Documents of the Company or any
of its subsidiaries or (iii) result in the violation of any applicable law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation
of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of clauses (i) and (iii) above, for any
such conflicts, breaches, violations or defaults that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have
a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>No
consent, approval, authorization, order, license, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator or
governmental or regulatory authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement
or any Terms Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Shares, compliance by the Company with the terms of this Agreement or of
any Terms Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement or any Terms Agreement, except as
have been made or obtained, except as may be required by and made in accordance with or obtained under any applicable state
securities laws or regulations, and except for such filings of Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses and any amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by
reference therein as may be required by the Act or the Exchange Act from time to time, and except for such filings as the
Exchange may require from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(p)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no legal, governmental or regulatory
investigations, actions, suits or proceedings pending to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is or, to the knowledge of
the Company, may be a party or to which any property of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is or, to the knowledge of the Company,
may be the subject that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, would
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; to the knowledge of the Company, no such investigations, actions, suits
or proceedings are threatened or contemplated by any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened by others; and (i) there
are no current or pending legal, governmental or regulatory actions, suits or proceedings that are required under the Act or the
Exchange Act to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any document incorporated by reference therein
that are not so described as required and (ii)&nbsp;there are no contracts or other documents that are required under the Act or
the Exchange Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or any document incorporated by reference therein or described
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any document incorporated by reference therein that are not so filed as exhibits
or so described as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(q)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>KPMG LLP, whose report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries
is included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, is an independent registered public
accounting firm with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries within the applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Commission
and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (&#8220;<B>PCAOB</B>&#8221;) and as required by the Act. Each other independent
registered public accounting firm, if any, that has certified or reported on any other financial statements included or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus is an independent registered
public accounting firm with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries or other appropriate entity, as applicable, within the
applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Commission and the PCAOB and as required by the Act.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(r)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>(i)&nbsp;Except as otherwise set forth in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus, the Company and its subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple (in the case of real property) to, or
have valid and marketable rights to lease or otherwise use, all items of real and personal property and assets that are material
to the respective businesses of the Company and its subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, claims
and defects and imperfections of title except those that (i) do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made
of such property by the Company and its subsidiaries and (ii) could not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate,
to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(s)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT> The Company and its subsidiaries own or possess adequate rights to use all material patents, patent applications,
trademarks, service marks, trade names, trademark registrations, service mark registrations, copyrights, licenses and know-how
(including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures)
necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as currently conducted and as proposed to be conducted, and the conduct
of their respective businesses will not conflict in any material respect with any such rights of others. The Company and its subsidiaries
have not received any notice of any claim of infringement, misappropriation or conflict with any such rights of others in connection
with its patents, patent rights, licenses, inventions, trademarks, service marks, trade names, copyrights and know-how, which could
reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(t)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any of its subsidiaries, on the one hand,
and the directors, officers, stockholders, customers or suppliers of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, on the other, that
is required by the Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and that is not so described in such documents
and in any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(u)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company is not and, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Shares and the application of the net
proceeds thereof as described in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, the Company
will not be required to register as an &#8220;investment company&#8221; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940,
as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Investment Company Act</B>&#8221;)
or an entity &#8220;controlled&#8221; by an &#8220;investment company&#8221; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company and its subsidiaries have paid all federal, state, local and foreign taxes and filed all material tax returns
required to be paid or filed (taking into account all permitted extensions), to the extent that such taxes have become due
and are not being contested in good faith, except where the failure to so file or pay would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, there is no tax deficiency that has been, or could
reasonably be expected to be, asserted against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective properties
or assets, except for such deficiencies that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a
Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(w)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company and its subsidiaries possess all licenses, certificates, permits and other authorizations issued by, and have made
all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authorities
that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the conduct of their respective businesses as
described in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, except where the failure
to possess or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect; and except as described in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus,
neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received notice of any revocation or modification of any such license,
certificate, permit or authorization or has any reason to believe that any such license, certificate, permit or authorization
will not be renewed in the ordinary course, in each case, except where such revocation, modification or non-renewal would
not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(x)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge
of the Company, is contemplated or threatened, and the Company is not aware of any existing or imminent labor disturbance by, or
dispute with, the employees of any of its or its subsidiaries&#8217; principal suppliers, contractors or customers, except, in
each case, as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(y)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>(i) The Company and its subsidiaries (a) are, and at all prior times were, in compliance with any and all applicable
federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, requirements, decisions, judgments, decrees, orders and the common
law relating to pollution or the protection of the environment, natural resources or human health or safety, including those relating
to the generation, storage, treatment, use, handling, transportation, Release (as defined below) or threat of Release of Hazardous
Materials (as defined below) (collectively, &#8220;<B>Environmental Laws</B>&#8221;), (b)&nbsp;have received and are in compliance
with all permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations or approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws
to conduct their respective businesses, (c) have not received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to,
or actual or potential violation of, any Environmental Laws, including for the investigation or remediation of any Release or threat
of Release of Hazardous Materials, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result
in any such notice, (d) are not conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective
action pursuant to any Environmental Law at any location, and (e) are not a party to any order, decree or agreement that imposes
any obligation or liability under any Environmental Law, and (ii) there are no costs or liabilities associated with Environmental
Laws of or relating to the Company or its subsidiaries, except in the case of each of (i) and (ii) above, for any such matters,
as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) except as described
in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, (a) there are no proceedings that are
pending, or that are known to be contemplated, against the Company or any of its subsidiaries under any Environmental Laws in which
a governmental entity is also a party, other than such proceedings that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect, (b) the Company and its subsidiaries are not aware of any facts or issues regarding compliance with Environmental Laws,
or liabilities or other obligations under Environmental Laws, including the Release or threat of Release of Hazardous Materials,
that could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect on the capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position
of the Company and its subsidiaries, and (c) none of the Company and its subsidiaries anticipates material capital expenditures
relating to any Environmental Laws.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(z)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>There
has been no storage, generation, transportation, use, handling, treatment, Release or threat of Release of Hazardous
Materials by, relating to or caused by the Company or any of its subsidiaries (or, to the knowledge of the Company and its
subsidiaries, any other entity (including any predecessor) for whose acts or omissions the Company or any of its subsidiaries
is or could reasonably be expected to be liable) at, on, under or from any property or facility now or previously owned,
operated or leased by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or at, on, under or from any other property or facility, in
violation of any Environmental Laws or in a manner or amount or to a location that could reasonably be expected to result in
any liability under any Environmental Law, except for any violation or liability which would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. &#8220;<B>Hazardous Materials</B>&#8221; means any
material, chemical, substance, waste, pollutant, contaminant, compound, mixture, or constituent thereof, in any form or
amount, including petroleum (including crude oil or any fraction thereof) and petroleum products, natural gas liquids,
asbestos and asbestos containing materials, naturally occurring radioactive materials, brine, and drilling mud, regulated or
which can give rise to liability under any Environmental Law. &#8220;<B>Release</B>&#8221; means any spilling, leaking,
seepage, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, disposing, depositing,
dispersing, or migrating in, into or through the environment, or in, into from or through any building or structure.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(aa)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>(i)
Each employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as
amended (&#8220;<B>ERISA</B>&#8221;), for which the Company or any member of its &#8220;<B>Controlled Group</B>&#8221;
(defined as any organization which is a member of a controlled group of corporations within the meaning of Section 414 of the
Code) would have any liability (each, a &#8220;<B>Plan</B>&#8221;) has been maintained in compliance with its terms and the
requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the Code,
except for noncompliance that could not reasonably be expected to result in material liability to the Company or its
subsidiaries; (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has
occurred with respect to any Plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption that
could reasonably be expected to result in a material liability to the Company or its subsidiaries; (iii) for each Plan that
is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, the minimum funding standard of Section
412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, as applicable, has been satisfied (without taking into account any waiver thereof or
extension of any amortization period) and is reasonably expected to be satisfied in the future (without taking into account
any waiver thereof or extension of any amortization period); (iv) the fair market value of the assets of each Plan exceeds
the present value of all benefits accrued under such Plan (determined based on those assumptions used to fund such Plan); (v)
no &#8220;reportable event&#8221; (within the meaning of Section 4043(c) of ERISA) has occurred or is reasonably expected to
occur that either has resulted, or could reasonably be expected to result, in material liability to the Company or its
subsidiaries; (vi) neither the Company nor any member of the Controlled Group has incurred, nor reasonably expects to incur,
any liability under Title IV of ERISA (other than contributions to the Plan or premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty
Corporation (&#8220;<B>PBGC</B>&#8221;), in the ordinary course and without default) in respect of a Plan (including a
 &#8220;multiemployer plan&#8221;, within the meaning of Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA); and (vii) there is no pending audit or
investigation by the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Department of Labor, the PBGC or any other governmental agency or any
foreign regulatory agency with respect to any Plan that could reasonably be expected to result in material liability to the
Company or its subsidiaries. None of the following events has occurred or is reasonably likely to occur: (x) a material
increase in the aggregate amount of contributions required to be made to all Plans by the Company or its subsidiaries in the
current fiscal year of the Company and its subsidiaries compared to the amount of such contributions made in the Company and
its subsidiaries&#8217; most recently completed fiscal year; or (y) a material increase in the Company and its
subsidiaries&#8217; &#8220;accumulated post-retirement benefit obligations&#8221; (within the meaning of Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards 106) compared to the amount of such obligations in the Company and its subsidiaries&#8217;
most recently completed fiscal year.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(bb)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company and its subsidiaries maintain an effective system of &#8220;disclosure controls and procedures&#8221;
(as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act and that has been designed
to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is
recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission&#8217;s rules and forms, including
controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#8217;s management
as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company and its subsidiaries have carried out evaluations
of the effectiveness of their disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act, and as of December
29, 2019 and as of the last day of each of the Company&#8217;s fiscal quarters ended thereafter, such disclosure controls and procedures
were effective to perform the functions for which they were established.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(cc)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company and its subsidiaries maintain systems of &#8220;internal control over financial reporting&#8221; (as
defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act and have been designed by,
or under the supervision of, their respective principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar
functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements
for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, including, but not limited to, internal accounting
controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general
or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity
with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in
accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization; (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with
the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences and (v) interactive
data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (&#8220;<B>XBRL Data</B>&#8221;) included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and is prepared in accordance with the Commission&#8217;s
rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no material
weaknesses in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting. The Company&#8217;s auditors and the Audit Committee
of the Board of Directors of the Company have been advised of: (i) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the
design or operation of internal controls over financial reporting which have adversely affected or are reasonably likely to adversely
affect the Company&#8217;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and (ii) any fraud, whether
or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company&#8217;s internal controls
over financial reporting.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(dd)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The XBRL Data included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the documents incorporated by
reference therein fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with
the Commission&#8217;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ee)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT> The Company and its subsidiaries have insurance covering their respective properties, operations, personnel and
businesses, including business interruption insurance, which insurance is in amounts and insures against such losses and risks
as are customary for businesses such as the Company&#8217;s and its subsidiaries&#8217;; and neither the Company nor any of its
subsidiaries has (i) received notice from any insurer or agent of such insurer that capital improvements or other expenditures
are required or necessary to be made in order to continue such insurance or (ii) any reason to believe that it will not be able
to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage at reasonable cost from
similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ff)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer or employee
of the Company or any of its subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any agent, affiliate or other person acting on
behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has (i) used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment
or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii) made or taken an act in furtherance of an offer, promise or authorization
of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit to any foreign or domestic government official or employee, including of
any government-owned or controlled entity or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity
for or on behalf of any of the foregoing, or any political party or party official or candidate for political office; (iii) violated
or is in violation of any provision of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or any applicable law or regulation
implementing the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, or committed
an offence under the Bribery Act 2010 of the United Kingdom or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law; or (iv)
made, offered, agreed, requested or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe or other unlawful benefit, including, without
limitation, any rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful or improper payment or benefit. The Company and its
subsidiaries have instituted, maintain and enforce, and will continue to maintain and enforce policies and procedures designed
to promote and ensure compliance with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(gg)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable
financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970,
as amended, in all material respects, the applicable money laundering statutes of all jurisdictions where the Company or any of
its subsidiaries conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines
issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &#8220;<B>Anti-Money Laundering Laws</B>&#8221;)
and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving
the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company,
threatened.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(hh)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Neither
the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its directors, officers, or employees,
agents, affiliates or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is currently the subject or the
target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. government, (including, without limitation, the Office of
Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (OFAC) or the U.S. Department of State and including, without
limitation, the designation as a &#8220;specially designated national&#8221; or &#8220;blocked person&#8221;), the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC), the European Union, Her Majesty&#8217;s Treasury (HMT) or other relevant sanctions authority
(collectively, &#8220;<B>Sanctions</B>&#8221;), nor is the Company, any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in
a country or territory that is the subject or target of Sanctions, including, without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North
Korea, and Syria (each, a &#8220;<B>Sanctioned Country</B>&#8221;); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the
proceeds of the offering of the Shares hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any
subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i) to fund or facilitate any activities of or business with any
person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or target of Sanctions, (ii) to fund or facilitate
any activities of or business in any Sanctioned Country or (iii) in any other manner that will result in a violation by any
person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as agent, underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise)
of Sanctions. For the past five years, the Company and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in and are not now
knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was
the subject or the target of Sanctions or with any Sanctioned Country.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Except as otherwise set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, no subsidiary of the Company is currently
prohibited, directly or indirectly, under any agreement or other instrument to which it is a party or is subject, from paying any
dividends to the Company, from making any other distribution on such subsidiary&#8217;s capital stock, from repaying to the Company
any loans or advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary&#8217;s properties or assets
to the Company or any other subsidiary of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(jj)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is a party to any contract, agreement or understanding with any person
(other than this Agreement or any Terms Agreement) that would give rise to a valid claim against the Company or any of its subsidiaries
or the Agent for a brokerage commission, finder&#8217;s fee or like payment in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(kk)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>No person has the right to require the Company or any of its subsidiaries to register any securities for sale under
the Act by reason of the filing of the Registration Statement with the Commission or the offering, issuance or sale of the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ll)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Neither the Company nor any subsidiary or affiliate of the Company has taken nor will the Company or any subsidiary
or affiliate of the Company take, directly or indirectly, any action which is designed to or which has constituted or which would
reasonably be expected to cause or result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company, including
any &#8220;reference security&#8221; (as defined in Rule 100 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act), to facilitate the sale or
resale of the Shares, including but not limited to any action which would or would reasonably be expected to violate Regulation
M under the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(mm)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The application of the proceeds received by the Company from the issuance, sale and delivery of the Shares as described
in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus will not violate Regulation T, U or X of
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(nn)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT> There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&#8217;s
directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with any applicable provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and
the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the &#8220;<B>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</B>&#8221;), including Section
402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to certifications.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(oo)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act) contained
or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus has been made
or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(pp)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Nothing has come to the attention of the Company that has caused the Company to believe that the statistical and
market-related data included in the Registration Statement, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus is not based
on or derived from sources that are reliable and accurate in all material respects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(qq)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>All of the Shares that have been or may be sold under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement have been approved for
listing, subject only to official notice of issuance, on the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(rr)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Common Stock is an &#8220;actively-traded security&#8221; excepted from the requirements of Rule 101 of Regulation
M under the Exchange Act by Rule 101(c)(1) thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ss)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><I>Cybersecurity; Data Protection. </I>The Company and its subsidiaries&#8217; information technology assets and
equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases (collectively, &#8220;<B>IT
Systems</B>&#8221;) are reasonably believed by the Company to be adequate in all material respects for, and operate and perform
in all material respects as required in connection with the operation of the business of the Company and its subsidiaries as currently
conducted and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, are free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time
bombs, malware and other corruptants. The Company and its subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable
controls, policies, procedures, and safeguards to maintain and protect their material confidential information and the integrity,
continuous operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and data (including all personal, personally identifiable, sensitive,
confidential or regulated data (&#8220;<B>Personal Data</B>&#8221;)) used in connection with their businesses, and, to the knowledge
of the Company, there have been no breaches, violations, outages or unauthorized uses of or accesses to same, except for those
that have been remedied without material cost or liability or the duty to notify any other person, nor any incidents under internal
review or investigations relating to the same. The Company and its subsidiaries are presently in material compliance with all applicable
laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority,
internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Personal Data and to the protection
of such IT Systems and Personal Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(tt)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Any
certificate signed by any officer, general partner, managing member or other authorized representative of the Company or any
subsidiary of the Company and delivered to the Agent or to counsel to the Agent pursuant to or in connection with this
Agreement or any Terms Agreement shall be deemed a representation and warranty by the Company to the Agent as to the matters
covered thereby.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Certain Covenants of the Company.</U> The Company hereby agrees with the Agent:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>For so long as the delivery of a prospectus is required (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 under
the Act or any similar rule) in connection with the offering or sale of Shares, before using or filing any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus and before using or filing any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus (in each case, other than due to the filing of an Incorporated Document), to furnish to the Agent a copy
of each such proposed Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, amendment or supplement within a reasonable period of time before filing
with the Commission or using any such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, amendment or supplement and the Company will not use or
file any such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Agent reasonably objects,
unless the Company&#8217;s legal counsel has advised the Company that use or filing of such document is required by law; and the
Company will not use or file any such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or proposed, amendment or supplement to which the Agent
reasonably objects unless the Company&#8217;s legal counsel has advised the Company that use or filing of such document is required
by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To file the Prospectus, each Prospectus Supplement and any other amendments or supplements to the Prospectus pursuant
to, and within the time period required by, Rule 424(b) under the Act (without reference to Rule 424(b)(8)) and to file any Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Act and to provide copies of the Prospectus, each Prospectus
Supplement, any other amendments or supplements to the Prospectus and each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (to the extent not
previously delivered or filed on the Commission&#8217;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval system or any successor
system thereto (collectively, &#8220;<B>EDGAR</B>&#8221;)) to the Agent via e-mail in &#8220;.pdf&#8221; format on such filing
date to an e-mail account designated by the Agent and, at the Agent&#8217;s request, to also furnish copies of the Prospectus,
each Prospectus Supplement, any other amendments or supplements to the Prospectus and each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus to
each exchange or market on which sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>To
file timely all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act for so long as the delivery of a prospectus is
required (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 under the Act or any similar rule) in connection with the
offering or sale of the Shares, and during such same period to advise the Agent, promptly after the Company receives notice
thereof, (i) of the time when any amendment to the Registration Statement has been filed or has become effective or any
supplement to the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or any amended Prospectus has been filed with the
Commission; (ii)&nbsp;of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order or any order preventing or suspending the use of
any prospectus relating to the Shares or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose, pursuant to
Section 8A of the Act;; (iii) of the suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction
or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; (iv) of any request by the Commission for the
amendment of the Registration Statement or the amendment or supplementation of the Prospectus (in each case including any
documents incorporated by reference therein) or for additional information; (v) of the occurrence of any event as a result of
which the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as then amended or supplemented includes any untrue statement
of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus or any such Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading; and (vi) of the receipt by the Company of any notice of objection of
the Commission to the use of the Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>In the event of the issuance of any such stop order or of any such order preventing or suspending the use of any
such prospectus or suspending any such qualification, to use promptly its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain its withdrawal.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To furnish such information as may be required and otherwise cooperate in qualifying the Shares for offering and
sale under the securities or blue sky laws of such states or other jurisdictions as the Agent may reasonably designate and to maintain
such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Shares; provided that the Company shall not be required
to qualify as a foreign corporation, become a dealer of securities, or become subject to taxation in, or to consent to the service
of process under the laws of, any such state or other jurisdictions (except service of process with respect to the offering and
sale of the Shares); and to promptly advise the Agent of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension
of the qualification of the Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation of any proceeding for such purpose.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To make available to the Agent at its offices in New York City, without charge, as soon as reasonably practicable
after the Registration Statement becomes effective, and thereafter from time to time to furnish to the Agent, as many copies of
the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement (or of the Prospectus or Prospectus Supplement as amended or supplemented if the Company
shall have made any amendments or supplements thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein after the effective date
of the Registration Statement) and each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as the Agent may reasonably request for so long as the
delivery of a prospectus is required (whether physically or through compliance with Rule 172 under the Act or any similar rule);
and for so long as this Agreement is in effect, the Company will prepare and file promptly such amendment or amendments to the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as may be necessary to comply with the requirements
of Section 10(a)(3) of the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To furnish or make available to the Agent during the Term (i) copies of any reports or other communications which
the Company shall send to its shareholders or shall from time to time publish or publicly disseminate and (ii) copies of all annual,
quarterly and current reports filed with the Commission on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, or such other similar form as may be designated
by the Commission, and to furnish to the Agent from time to time during the Term such other information as the Agent may reasonably
request regarding the Company or its subsidiaries, in each case as soon as such reports, communications, documents or information
becomes available or promptly upon the request of the Agent, as applicable; provided, however, that the Company shall have no
obligation to provide the Agent with any document filed on EDGAR or included on the Company&#8217;s Internet website.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If, at any time during the Term, any event shall occur or condition shall exist as a result of which it is necessary
in the reasonable opinion of counsel for the Agent or counsel for the Company, to further amend or supplement the Prospectus or
any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as then amended or supplemented in order that the Prospectus or any such Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein
or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading, in light of the circumstances existing at the time the Prospectus
or any such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, or if it shall be necessary, in the reasonable opinion
of either such counsel, to amend or supplement the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus
in order to comply with the requirements of the Act, in the case of such a determination by counsel to the Company, immediate notice
shall be given, and confirmed in writing, to the Agent to cease the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in the Agent&#8217;s
capacity as agent, and, in either case, the Company will, subject to Section 4(a) above, promptly prepare and file with the Commission
such amendment or supplement, whether by filing documents pursuant to the Act, the Exchange Act or otherwise, as may be necessary
to correct such untrue statement or omission or to make the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any such Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus comply with such requirements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To generally make available to its security holders as soon as reasonably practicable, but not later than 16 months
after the first day of each fiscal quarter referred to below, an earnings statement (in form complying with the provisions of Section
11(a) under the Act and Rule 158 of the Commission promulgated thereunder) covering each twelve-month period beginning, in each
case, not later than the first day of the Company&#8217;s fiscal quarter next following each &#8220;effective date&#8221; (as defined
in such Rule 158) of the Registration Statement with respect to each sale of Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(j)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>To apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Shares in the manner described in the Prospectus Supplement under
the caption &#8220;Use of Proceeds.&#8221;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(k)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Not to, and to cause its subsidiaries not to, take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or result
in, or that constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security
of the Company, including any reference security, to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares, including but not limited to
any action which would or would reasonably be expected to violate Regulation M under the Exchange Act, and the Company will, and
shall cause each of its affiliates to, comply with all applicable provisions of Regulation M under the Exchange Act; provided that
nothing herein shall prevent the Company from filing or submitting reports under the Exchange Act or issuing press releases in
the ordinary course of business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(l)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Except as otherwise agreed between the Company and the Agent, to pay all costs, expenses, fees and taxes in connection
with (i) the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, and
any amendments or supplements thereto, and the printing and furnishing of copies of each thereof to the Agent and to dealers (including
costs of mailing and shipment), (ii) the registration, issue and delivery of the Shares, (iii) the qualification of the Shares
for offering and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of such states or other jurisdictions as the Agent may reasonably
designate as aforesaid (including filing fees and the reasonable and documented legal fees and disbursements of counsel to the
Agent in connection therewith) and the printing and furnishing of copies of any blue sky surveys to the Agent, (iv)&nbsp;the listing
of the Shares on the Exchange and any registration thereof under the Exchange Act, (v) any filing for review, and any review,
of the public offering of the Shares by FINRA (including filing fees and the reasonable and documented legal fees and disbursements
of counsel to the Agent in connection therewith), (vi) the fees and disbursements of counsel to the Company and of the Company&#8217;s
independent registered public accounting firm, (vii) the performance of the Company&#8217;s other obligations hereunder and under
any Terms Agreement and (viii) the documented out-of-pocket expenses of the Agent, including the reasonable fees and disbursements
of counsel to the Agent in connection with this Agreement and ongoing services in connection with the transactions contemplated
hereunder. The fees and disbursements of Agent&#8217;s counsel pursuant to subsections (iii), (v) and (viii) above shall not exceed
$75,000.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(m)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>With respect to the offering(s) contemplated by this Agreement or any Terms Agreement, the Company will not offer
shares of Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for shares of the Common Stock in a manner
in violation of the Act or the Exchange Act; and the Company will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offer
and sale of the Shares, other than the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus and any
amendments or supplements thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(n)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>
Unless the Company has given written notice to the Agent that the Company has suspended activity under this Agreement and
there are no pending Agency Transactions or Principal Transactions, the Company will not, without (A)&nbsp;giving the Agent
at least two Exchange Business Days&#8217; prior written notice specifying the nature of the proposed sale and the date of
such proposed sale and (B)&nbsp;the Agent suspending activity under this program for such period of time as requested by the
Company or deemed appropriate by the Agent in light of the proposed sale, (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any
option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase,
lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any shares of Common Stock or other equity securities of
the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable, redeemable or exchangeable for Common Stock or other equity
securities of the Company, or submit to, or file with, the Commission any registration statement under the Act with respect
to any of the foregoing (other than a registration statement on Form S&#45;8 or post-effective amendment to the Registration
Statement), or publicly announce the intention to undertake any of the foregoing, or (ii) enter into any swap or other
agreement that transfers, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of Common Stock or other equity
securities of the Company, whether any such transaction described in clause (i) or (ii) above is to be settled by delivery of
shares of Common Stock or other securities, in cash or otherwise. The foregoing sentence shall not apply to (A)&nbsp;Shares
offered and sold under this Agreement or any Terms Agreement or (B) securities issued pursuant to any of the Company&#8217;s
equity incentive plans described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or upon the exercise of options granted
thereunder. Any lock-up provisions relating to a Principal Transaction shall be set forth in the applicable Terms
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(o)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company will, pursuant to reasonable procedures developed in good faith, retain copies of each Permitted Free
Writing Prospectus that is not filed with the Commission in accordance with Rule 433 under the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(p)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company will use commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Shares to be listed on the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(q)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company consents to the Agent trading in the Common Stock for the Agent&#8217;s own account and for the account
of its clients at the same time as sales of the Shares occur pursuant to this Agreement or any Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(r)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If immediately prior to the third anniversary (the &#8220;<B>Renewal Deadline</B>&#8221;) of the initial effective
date of the Registration Statement, the aggregate Gross Sales Price of Shares sold by the Company is less than the Maximum Amount
and this Agreement has not expired or been terminated, the Company will, prior to the Renewal Deadline, file, if it has not already
done so and is eligible to do so, a new shelf registration statement relating to the Shares, in a form satisfactory to the Agent,
and will use its best efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective within 60 days after the Renewal Deadline.
The Company will take all other action necessary or appropriate to permit the issuance and sale of the Shares to continue as contemplated
in the expired registration statement relating to the Shares. References herein to the Registration Statement shall include such
new shelf registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Execution of Agreement</U>. The Agent&#8217;s obligations under this Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction
of the following conditions in connection with and on the date of the execution of this Agreement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>the Company shall have delivered to the Agent:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)</FONT></TD><TD>an officers&#8217; certificate signed by two officers of the Company (one of whom shall be the Chief Financial Officer or other
senior financial officer) certifying as to the matters set forth in Exhibit B hereto;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD>an opinion and, if not covered in such opinion, a negative assurance letter of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp; Garrison
LLP, counsel for the Company, addressed to the Agent and dated the date of this Agreement, in the form of Exhibit C hereto;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iii)</FONT></TD><TD>a &#8220;comfort&#8221; letter from <B>KPMG LLP</B>, addressed to the Agent and dated the date of this Agreement, addressing
such matters as the Agent may reasonably request;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iv)</FONT></TD><TD>a certificate signed by the Company&#8217;s Chief Financial Officer, in the form of Exhibit D hereto, certifying as to certain
financial, numerical and statistical data not covered by the &#8220;comfort&#8221; letter referred to in Section&nbsp;5(a)(iii)
hereof;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)</FONT></TD><TD>evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Agent and its counsel that the Shares have been approved for listing on the Exchange,
subject only to notice of issuance on or before the date hereof;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(vi)</FONT></TD><TD>resolutions duly adopted by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, and certified by an officer of the Company, authorizing
the Company&#8217;s execution of this Agreement and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby, including
the issuance and sale of the Shares; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(vii)</FONT></TD><TD>such other documents as the Agent shall reasonably request.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Agent shall have received a letter or letters, which shall include legal opinions and negative assurance statements,
of Latham &amp; Watkins LLP, counsel to the Agent, addressed to the Agent and dated the date of this Agreement, addressing such
matters as the Agent may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Additional Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company further covenants and agrees with the Agent as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Each Transaction Proposal made by the Company that is accepted by the Agent by means of a Transaction Acceptance
and each execution and delivery by the Company of a Terms Agreement shall be deemed to be (i) an affirmation that the representations,
warranties and agreements of the Company herein contained and contained in any certificate delivered to the Agent pursuant hereto
are true and correct at such Time of Acceptance or the date of such Terms Agreement, as the case may be, and (ii) an undertaking
that such representations, warranties and agreements will be true and correct on any applicable Time of Sale and Settlement Date,
as though made at and as of each such time (it being understood that such representations, warranties and agreements shall relate
to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the time
of such Transaction Acceptance or Terms Agreement, as the case may be).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>Each
time that (i) the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall be amended or
supplemented (including, except as noted in the proviso at the end of this Section 6(b), by the filing of any Incorporated
Document), (ii) there is a Principal Settlement Date pursuant to a Terms Agreement, or (iii) the Agent shall reasonably
request (each date referred to clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above, a &#8220;<B>Bring-Down Delivery Date</B>&#8221;), the
Company shall, unless the Agent agrees otherwise, furnish or cause to be furnished to the Agent certificates, dated as of
such Bring-Down Delivery Date and delivered within one Exchange Business Day after the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date
or, in the case of a Bring-Down Delivery Date resulting from a Principal Settlement Date, delivered on such Principal
Settlement Date, of the same tenor as the certificates referred to in Sections 5(a)(i) and 5(a)(iv) hereof, modified as
necessary to relate to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended and
supplemented to the time of delivery of such certificates and, in the case of the Chief Financial Officer&#8217;s
certificate, covering such other financial, numerical and statistical data that is not covered by the accountants&#8217;
&#8220;comfort&#8221; letter dated as of such Bring-Down Delivery Date as the Agent may reasonably request, or, in lieu of
such certificates, certificates to the effect that the statements contained in the certificates referred to in Sections
5(a)(i) and, unless the Agent shall have requested that the Chief Financial Officers&#8217; certificate cover different or
additional data as aforesaid, 5(a)(iv) hereof furnished to Agent are true and correct as of such Bring-Down Delivery Date as
though made at and as of such date (except that such statements shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement, the
Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the time of delivery of such certificate); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K will not constitute a Bring-Down Delivery Date under clause (i) above unless
either (A) (x) such Current Report on Form 8-K is filed at any time during which either a Transaction Acceptance is binding
and the Company has not suspended the use thereof (and prior to the settlement of the Shares specified therein) or a
prospectus relating to the Shares is required to be delivered under the Act (whether physically or through compliance with
Rule 172 under the Act or any similar rule) or such Current Report on Form 8-K is filed at any time from and including the
date of a Terms Agreement through and including the related Settlement Date and (y) the Agent has reasonably requested that
such date be deemed to be a Bring-Down Delivery Date based upon the event or events reported in such Current Report on Form
8-K or (B) such Current Report on Form 8-K contains capsule financial information, historical or pro forma financial
statements, supporting schedules or other financial data, including any Current Report on Form 8-K or part thereof under Item
2.02 of Regulation S-K of the Commission that is considered &#8220;filed&#8221; under the Exchange Act; and <I>provided,
further,</I> that an amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the offering of
securities other than the Shares pursuant to the Registration Statement will not constitute a Bring-Down Delivery Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Each Bring-Down Delivery Date, the Company shall, unless the Agent agrees otherwise, cause to be furnished to Agent
(A) the written opinion and, if not included in such opinion, negative assurance letter of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp;
Garrison LLP, counsel to the Company, and the written opinion and, if not included in such opinion, negative assurance letter of
Latham &amp; Watkins LLP, counsel to the Agents, each dated as of the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date and delivered within
one Exchange Business Day after the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date or, in the case of a Bring-Down Delivery Date resulting
from a Principal Settlement Date, dated and delivered on such Principal Settlement Date, of the same tenor as the opinions and
letters referred to in Section 5(a)(ii) or Section 5(b) hereof, as applicable, but modified as necessary to relate to the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the time of delivery of such
opinions and letters, or, in lieu of such opinions and letters, each such counsel shall furnish the Agent with a letter substantially
to the effect that the Agent may rely on the opinion and letter of such counsel referred to in Section 5(a)(ii) or Section 5(b),
as applicable, furnished to the Agent, to the same extent as though they were dated the date of such letter authorizing reliance
(except that statements in such last opinion and letter of such counsel shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the time of delivery of such letters authorizing
reliance).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT> Each Bring-Down Delivery Date, the Company shall, unless the Agent agrees otherwise, cause <B>KPMG LLP</B> to furnish
to the Agent a &#8220;comfort&#8221; letter, dated as of the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date and delivered within one Exchange
Business Day after the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date or, in the case of a Bring-Down Delivery Date resulting from a Principal
Settlement Date, delivered on such Principal Settlement Date, of the same tenor as the letter referred to in Section 5(a)(iii)
hereof, but modified to relate to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as amended
and supplemented to the date of such letter, and, if the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus
shall include or incorporate by reference the financial statements of any entity or business (other than the consolidated financial
statements of the Company and its subsidiaries), the Company shall, if requested by the Agent, cause a firm of independent public
accountants to furnish to the Agent a &#8220;comfort&#8221; letter, dated as of the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date and delivered
within one Exchange Business Day after the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date or, in the case of a Bring-Down Delivery Date resulting
from a Principal Settlement Date, delivered on such Principal Settlement Date, addressing such matters as the Agent may reasonably
request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>(i) No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall be in effect, and no proceeding for
such purpose or pursuant to Section 8A under the Act shall be pending before or threatened by the Commission; the Prospectus and
each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall have been timely filed with the Commission under the Act (in the case of a Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus, to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Act); and all requests by the Commission for additional information
shall have been complied with to the satisfaction of the Agent and no suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offering
or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any of such purposes, shall have occurred
and be in effect at the time the Company delivers a Transaction Proposal to the Agent or the time the Agent delivers a Transaction
Acceptance to the Company; and (ii) the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall not
contain an untrue statement of material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading at the time the Company delivers
a Transaction Proposal to the Agent or the time the Agent delivers a Transaction Acceptance to the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Company shall reasonably cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review requested by the Agent or its counsel from time
to time in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby or any Terms Agreement, including, without limitation, (i) at
the commencement of each intended Purchase Date and any Time of Sale or Settlement Date, providing information and making
available appropriate documents and appropriate corporate officers of the Company and, upon reasonable request,
representatives of <B>KPMG LLP</B> (and, if the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus shall include or incorporate by reference the financial statements of any entity or business (other than the
consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries), representatives of the independent public accountants
that audited or reviewed such financial statements) for an update on diligence matters with representatives of the Agent and
(ii)&nbsp;at each Bring-Down Delivery Date and otherwise as the Agent may reasonably request, providing information and
making available documents and appropriate corporate officers of the Company and representatives of <B>KPMG LLP</B> (and, if
the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall include or incorporate by reference
the financial statements of any entity or business (other than the consolidated financial statements of the Company and its
subsidiaries), representatives of the independent public accountants that audited or reviewed such financial statements) for
one or more due diligence sessions with representatives of the Agent and its counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(g)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company shall disclose, in its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and in its annual report on Form 10-K and, if requested
by the Agent, in supplements to the Prospectus to be filed by the Company with the Commission from time to time, the number of
the Shares sold through the Agent under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, and the gross and net proceeds to the Company from
the sale of the Shares and the compensation paid by the Company with respect to sales of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement
during the relevant quarter or, in the case of any such prospectus supplement, such shorter period as the Agent may reasonably
request or, in the case of an Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the fiscal year covered by such Annual Report and the fourth quarter
of such fiscal year.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(h)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Notwithstanding the foregoing, the requirements (i) to provide the officers&#8217; certificate, opinions and letter
of counsel and accountants&#8217; &#8220;comfort&#8221; letter specified in Sections 6(b) through 6(d) and (ii) to reasonably cooperate
with any reasonable due diligence review specified in Section 6(f) shall be waived for any Bring-Down Delivery Date occurring at
a time at which no Transaction Proposal or offers to enter into a Terms Agreement is pending, which waiver shall continue until
the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Transaction Proposal or offers to enter into a Terms Agreement hereunder
(which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Bring-Down Delivery Date) and the next occurring Bring-Down Delivery Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">All opinions, letters and other documents
referred to in Sections 6(b) through (d) above shall be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Agent. The Agent will
provide the Company with such notice (which may be oral, and in such case, will be confirmed via e-mail as soon as reasonably practicable
thereafter) as is reasonably practicable under the circumstances when requesting an opinion, letter or other document referred
to in Sections 6(b) through (d) above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Conditions of the Agent&#8217;s Obligation</U>. The Agent&#8217;s obligation to solicit purchases on an agency
basis for the Shares or otherwise take any action pursuant to a Transaction Acceptance and to purchase the Shares pursuant to any
Terms Agreement shall be subject to the satisfaction of the following conditions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>At the Time of Acceptance, at the time of the commencement of trading on the Exchange on the Purchase Date(s) and
at the relevant Time of Sale and Agency Settlement Date, or with respect to a Principal Transaction pursuant to a Terms Agreement,
at the time of execution and delivery of the Terms Agreement by the Company and at the relevant Time of Sale and Principal Settlement
Date:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(i)</FONT></TD><TD>The representations, warranties and agreements on the part of the Company herein contained or contained in any certificate
of an officer or officers, general partner, managing member or other authorized representative of the Company or any subsidiary of
the Company delivered pursuant to the provisions hereof shall be true and correct in all respects.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD>The Company shall have performed and observed its covenants and other obligations hereunder and/or under any Terms Agreement,
as the case may be, in all material respects.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iii)</FONT></TD><TD>In the case of an Agency Transaction, from the Time of Acceptance until the Agency Settlement Date, or, in the case of a Principal
Transaction pursuant to a Terms Agreement, from the time of execution and delivery of the Terms Agreement by the Company until
the Principal Settlement Date, trading in the Common Stock on the Exchange shall not have been suspended.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(iv)</FONT></TD><TD>From the date of this Agreement, no event or condition of a type described in Section 3(e) hereof shall have occurred or shall
exist, which event or condition is not described in a Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (excluding any amendment or supplement
thereto) or the Prospectus (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) and the effect of which in the judgment of the Agent
makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Shares on the applicable Settlement
Date on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, any Terms Agreement, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus
and the Prospectus.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(v)</FONT></TD><TD>Subsequent to the relevant Time of Acceptance or, in the case of a Principal Transaction, subsequent to execution of the applicable
Terms Agreement, (A) no downgrading shall have occurred in the rating accorded any debt securities or preferred equity securities
of or guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries by any &#8220;nationally recognized statistical rating organization&#8221;,
as such term is defined by the Commission for purposes of Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act and (B) no such organization shall
have publicly announced that it has under surveillance or review, or has changed its outlook with respect to, its rating of any
debt securities or preferred equity securities of or guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries (other than an announcement
with positive implications of a possible upgrading) in each case that has not been described in any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus
issued prior to any related Time of Sale.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(vi)</FONT></TD><TD>The Shares to be issued pursuant to the Transaction Acceptance or pursuant to a Terms Agreement, as applicable, shall have
been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(vii)</FONT></TD><TD>(A) No action shall have been taken and no statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been enacted, adopted or issued by
any federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that
would, as of the relevant Settlement Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Shares and (B) no injunction or order of any federal,
state or foreign court shall have been issued that would, as of the relevant Settlement Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the
Shares.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(viii)</FONT></TD><TD>(A) No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall be in effect and no proceeding for such purpose
or pursuant to Section 8A of the Act shall be pending before or threatened by the Commission; (B) the Prospectus and each Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus shall have been timely filed with the Commission under the Act (in the case of any Permitted Free Writing
Prospectus, to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Act); (C) all requests by the Commission for additional information shall
have been complied with to the satisfaction of the Agent; and (D) no suspension of the qualification of the Shares for offering
or sale in any jurisdiction, and no initiation or threatening of any proceedings for any of such purposes, shall have occurred
and be in effect. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall not contain an untrue
statement of material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein,
in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading at the time the Agent delivers a Transaction Acceptance
to the Company or the Company and the Agent execute a Terms Agreement, as the case may be.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ix)</FONT></TD><TD>No amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus shall have
been filed to which the Agent shall have reasonably objected in writing.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Within one Exchange Business Day after the applicable Bring-Down Delivery Date or, in the case of a Bring-Down Delivery
Date resulting from a Principal Settlement Date, on such Principal Settlement Date, the Agent shall have received the officer&#8217;s
certificates, opinions and negative assurance letters of counsel and &#8220;comfort&#8221; letters and other documents provided
for under Sections 6(b) through (d), inclusive. For purposes of clarity and without limitation to any other provision of this Section&nbsp;7
or elsewhere in this Agreement, the parties hereto agree that the Agent&#8217;s obligations, if any, to solicit purchases of Shares
on an agency basis or otherwise take any action pursuant to a Transaction Acceptance shall, unless otherwise agreed in writing
by the Agent, be suspended during the period from and including a Bring-Down Delivery Date through and including the time that
the Agent shall have received the documents described in the preceding sentence.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Termination</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(i)</TD>
                                                                                                                             <TD>The Company may terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time upon prior written notice to the Agent. Any such termination
shall be without liability of any party to any other party, except that (A) with respect to any pending sale, the obligations
of the Company, including in respect of compensation of the Agent, shall remain
in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination; and (B) the provisions of Sections 3, 4 (except that if no Shares have
been previously sold hereunder or under any Terms Agreement, only Section&nbsp;4(l)), 9, 13, 14 and 16 of this Agreement shall
remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD>In the case of any sale by the Company pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the obligations of the Company pursuant to such Terms
Agreement and this Agreement may not be terminated by the Company without the prior written consent of the Agent.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(i) </TD>
                                                                                                                               <TD>The Agent may terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time upon giving prior written notice to the Company. Any
such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party, except that the provisions of Sections 3, 4 (except
that if no Shares have been previously sold hereunder or under any Terms Agreement, only Section 4(l)), 9, 13, 14 and 16 of this
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 72pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 31.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(ii)</FONT></TD><TD>In the case of any purchase by the Agent pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the obligations of the Agent pursuant to such Terms
Agreement shall be subject to termination by the Agent at any time prior to or at the Principal Settlement Date if (A) since the
time of execution of the Terms Agreement or the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, (i)&nbsp;trading generally shall have been suspended or materially limited
on or by any of the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq Stock Market, the Chicago Board Options Exchange, the Chicago Mercantile
Exchange or the Chicago Board of Trade; (ii)&nbsp;trading of any securities issued or guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries
shall have been suspended on any exchange or in any over-the counter market, (iii) a general moratorium on commercial banking activities
shall have been declared by federal or New York state authorities, (iv) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of
hostilities or any change in financial markets or any calamity or crisis, either within or outside the United States, that, solely
in the case of events and conditions described in this clause (iv), in the Agent&#8217;s judgment, is material and adverse and
makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Shares on the terms and in the manner
contemplated in the Prospectus or such Terms Agreement. If the Agent elects to terminate its obligations pursuant to this Section
8(b)(ii), the Company shall be notified promptly in writing.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>This
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect until the earliest of (A)&nbsp;termination of the Agreement pursuant to
Section 8(a) or 8(b) above or otherwise by mutual written agreement of the parties, (B) such date that the Maximum Amount of
Shares has been sold in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and any Terms Agreements and (C) the third anniversary of
the date of this Agreement, in each case except that the provisions of Sections 3, 4 (except that if no Shares have been
previously sold hereunder or under any Terms Agreement, only Section 4(l)), 9, 13, 14 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain
in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided</I>
that, notwithstanding the foregoing, such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt
of such notice by the Agent or the Company, as the case may be, or such later date as may be required pursuant to Sections&nbsp;8(a)
or 8(b). If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Shares, such sale shall settle in accordance
with the provisions of Section 2 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">9.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Indemnity and Contribution</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.2in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Agent, its affiliates, directors and officers and each person,
if any, who controls the Agent within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, from and against
any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, reasonable out of pocket legal fees and other
expenses incurred in connection with any suit, action or proceeding or any claim asserted, as such fees and expenses are incurred),
that arise out of, or are based upon, (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the
Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto) or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact
required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, not misleading or (ii) any untrue statement
or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), any &#8220;issuer information&#8221; filed or required to be
filed pursuant to Rule 433(d) under the Act or any road show as defined in Rule 433(h) under the Act (a &#8220;<B>road show</B>&#8221;),
or caused by any omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein,
in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in each case except insofar as such losses, claims, damages
or liabilities arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in
reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to the Agent furnished to the Company in writing by the Agent expressly
for use therein, it being understood and agreed that the only such information furnished by the Agent consists of the information
described as such in subsection (b) below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>The
Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement
and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Act or Section 20 of the Exchange
Act to the same extent as the indemnity set forth in paragraph (a) above, but only with respect to any losses, claims,
damages or liabilities that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or
omission made in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to the Agent furnished to the Company in
writing by the Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), the Prospectus (or any
amendment or supplement thereto), any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any road
show, it being understood and agreed upon that such information shall consist solely of the following: the information
appearing in the third sentence of the second paragraph and the first sentence of the fourth paragraph under the caption
 &#8220;Plan of Distribution&#8221; in the Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT>If
any suit, action, proceeding (including any governmental or regulatory investigation), claim or demand shall be brought or
asserted against any person in respect of which indemnification may be sought pursuant to either Section&nbsp;9(a) or 9(b)
above, such person (the &#8220;<B>Indemnified Person</B>&#8221;) shall promptly notify the person against whom such
indemnification may be sought (the &#8220;<B>Indemnifying Person</B>&#8221;) in writing; <U>provided</U> that the failure to
notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under this Section&nbsp;9 except to
the extent that it has been materially prejudiced (through the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses) by such failure;
and <U>provided</U>, <U>further</U>, that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any
liability that it may have to an Indemnified Person otherwise than under this Section&nbsp;9. If any such proceeding shall be
brought or asserted against an Indemnified Person and it shall have notified the Indemnifying Person thereof, the
Indemnifying Person shall retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person (who shall not, without the
consent of the Indemnified Person, be counsel to the Indemnifying Person) to represent the Indemnified Person and any others
entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Section 9 that the Indemnifying Person may designate in such proceeding and
shall pay the fees and expenses of such counsel related to such proceeding, as incurred. In any such proceeding, any
Indemnified Person shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the
expense of such Indemnified Person unless (i) the Indemnifying Person and the Indemnified Person shall have mutually agreed
to the contrary; (ii)&nbsp;the Indemnifying Person has failed within a reasonable time to retain counsel reasonably
satisfactory to the Indemnified Person; (iii)&nbsp;the Indemnified Person shall have reasonably concluded that there may be
legal defenses available to it that are different from or in addition to those available to the Indemnifying Person; or
(iv)&nbsp;the named parties in any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties) included both the Indemnifying Person
and the Indemnified Person and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or
potential differing interests between them. It is understood and agreed that the Indemnifying Person shall not, in connection
with any proceeding or related proceeding in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees and expenses of more
than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for (A)&nbsp;the Agent and its affiliates, directors and officers
and its control persons, if any, or (B)&nbsp;the Company, its directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement
and its control persons, if any, as the case may be, and that all such reasonable fees and expenses shall be paid or
reimbursed as they are incurred. Any such separate firm for the Agent and its affiliates, directors and officers and its
control persons, if any, shall be designated in writing by the Agent, and any such separate firm for the Company, its
directors, its officers who signed the Registration Statement and its control persons, if any, shall be designated in writing
by the Company. The Indemnifying Person shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written
consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the Indemnifying Person agrees
to indemnify each Indemnified Person from and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement or judgment. No
Indemnifying Person shall, without the written consent of the Indemnified Person, effect any settlement of any pending or
threatened proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified Person is or could have been a party and indemnification is or
could have been sought hereunder by such Indemnified Person, unless such settlement (x) includes an unconditional release of
such Indemnified Person, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such Indemnified Person, from all liability on
claims that are the subject matter of such proceeding and (y) does not include any statement as to or any admission of fault,
culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any Indemnified Person. Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any
time an Indemnified Person shall have requested an Indemnifying Person to reimburse the Indemnified Person for fees and
expenses of counsel as contemplated by this Section 9(c), the Indemnifying Person agrees that it shall be liable for any
settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 30 days
after receipt by such Indemnifying Person of the aforesaid request and (ii) such Indemnifying Person shall not have
reimbursed the Indemnified Person in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>If the indemnification provided for in Sections&nbsp;9(a) and 9(b) above is unavailable to an Indemnified Person
or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages or liabilities referred to therein, then each Indemnifying Person under
such Sections, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Person thereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such
Indemnified Person as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (i) in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect
the relative benefits received by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other, from the offering of the Shares pursuant
to this Agreement and any Terms Agreements or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) is not permitted by applicable law,
in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) but also the relative
fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other, in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted
in such losses, claims, damages or liabilities, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received
by the Company, on the one hand, and the Agent, on the other, shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the net
proceeds (before deducting expenses) received by the Company from the sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement and any Terms
Agreements and the total discounts and commissions received by the Agent in connection therewith bear to the aggregate Gross Sales
Price of such Shares. The relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and Agent, on the other, shall be determined by reference
to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to
state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company, on the one hand, or by Agent, on the other hand, and the
parties&#8217; relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(e)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The Company and the Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section&nbsp;9
were determined by <U>pro</U>&nbsp; <U>rata</U> allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of
the equitable considerations referred to in Section&nbsp;9(d) above. The amount paid or payable by an Indemnified Person as a
result of the losses, claims, damages and liabilities referred to in Section&nbsp;9(d) above shall be deemed to include, subject
to the limitations set forth above, any reasonable legal or other expenses incurred by such Indemnified Person in connection with
any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section&nbsp;9, in no event shall the Agent be required to contribute
any amount in excess of the amount by which the total discounts and commissions received by the Agent with respect to the offering
of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement and any Terms Agreements exceeds the amount of any damages that the Agent has otherwise
been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged omission. No person guilty of
fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person
who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(f)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT>The remedies provided for in this Section&nbsp;9 are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or remedies which
may otherwise be available to any Indemnified Person at law or in equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Notices</U>. All notices and other communications under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement shall be in writing
and shall be deemed to have been duly given if mailed or transmitted and confirmed by any standard form of communication, and,
if to the Agent, shall be sufficient in all respects if delivered or sent to J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, 383 Madison Avenue, 7<SUP>th</SUP>
Floor, New York, New York 10179, to the attention of Special Equities Group, Stephanie Little (email stephanie.y.little@jpmorgan.com),
with a copy to Marc D. Jaffe and Ian Schuman, Latham &amp; Watkins LLP, 885 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022, and, if to
the Company, shall be sufficient in all respects if delivered or sent to it at 6312 S. Fiddler&#8217;s Green Circle, Suite 200N,
Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111, Attn: Michael L. Kaplan (email MKaplan@redrobin.com). Notwithstanding the foregoing, Transaction
Proposals shall be delivered by the Company to the Agent by telephone or email to Stephanie Little (telephone number (312) 732-3229;
email stephanie.y.little@jpmorgan.com); and Transaction Acceptances shall be delivered by the Agent to the Company by email to
Michael L. Kaplan (email MKaplan@redrobin.com).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">11.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></FONT><U>No Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Agent is acting solely in the capacity
of an arm&#8217;s length contractual counterparty to the Company with respect to the offering of Shares contemplated hereby and
any Terms Agreements (including in connection with determining the terms of the offering) and not as a financial advisor or a fiduciary
to, or an agent of, the Company or any other person. Additionally, the Agent is not advising the Company or any other person as
to any legal, tax, investment, accounting or regulatory matters in any jurisdiction. The Company shall consult with its own advisors
concerning such matters and shall be responsible for making its own independent investigation and appraisal of the transactions
contemplated hereby, and the Agent shall have no responsibility or liability to the Company with respect thereto. Any review by
the Agent of the Company, the transactions contemplated hereby or other matters relating to such transactions will be performed
solely for the benefit of the Agent and shall not be on behalf of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></FONT><U>Adjustments for Stock Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share related numbers contained in
this Agreement, any Transaction Proposal and any Transaction Acceptance shall be adjusted to take into account any stock split
effected with respect to the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">13.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Miscellaneous</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><I>Governing Law</I>. This Agreement, any Terms Agreement and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or
relating to this Agreement or any Terms Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State
of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></FONT><I>Submission
to Jurisdiction</I>. The Company hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. federal and New York state courts
in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York in any suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or
the transactions contemplated hereby. The Company waives any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of
venue of any such suit or proceeding in such courts. The Company agrees that final judgment in any such suit, action or
proceeding brought in such court shall be conclusive and binding upon the Company and may be enforced in any court to the
jurisdiction of which Company is subject by a suit upon such judgment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><I>Waiver of Jury Trial.</I> Each of the parties hereto hereby waives any right to trial by jury in any suit or proceeding
arising out of or relating to this Agreement and any Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">14.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Persons Entitled to Benefit of Agreement</U>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement shall inure to the benefit
of and be binding upon the parties hereto and thereto, respectively, and their respective successors and the officers, directors,
affiliates and controlling persons referred to in Section 9 hereof. Nothing in this Agreement or any Terms Agreement is intended
or shall be construed to give any other person any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement
or any such Terms Agreement or any provision contained herein or therein. No purchaser of Shares from or through the Agent shall
be deemed to be a successor merely by reason of purchase.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Counterparts</U>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement may be signed in counterparts (which may include counterparts
delivered by any standard form of telecommunication), each of which shall be an original and all of which together shall constitute
one and the same instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Survival</U>. The respective indemnities, rights of contribution, representations, warranties and agreements of
the Company and the Agent contained in this Agreement or any Terms Agreement or made by or on behalf of the Company or the Agent
pursuant to this Agreement or any Terms Agreement or any certificate delivered pursuant hereto or thereto shall survive the delivery
of and payment for the Shares and shall remain in full force and effect, regardless of any termination of this Agreement or any
Terms Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of the Company or the Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">17.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Certain Defined Terms</U>. For purposes of this Agreement, except where otherwise expressly provided, the term
 &#8220;affiliate&#8221; has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under Act; the term &#8220;business day&#8221; means any day other
than a day on which banks are permitted or required to be closed in New York City; and the term &#8220;subsidiary&#8221; has the
meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">18.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Recognition of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity and becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer
from the Agent of this Agreement or any Terms Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement or any Terms
Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if
this Agreement or any Terms Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or
a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
the event that the Agent is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of the Agent and becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S.
Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement or any Terms Agreement that may be exercised against the Agent are
permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime
if this Agreement or any Terms Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">As used in this Section 18:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in">&#8220;BHC Act Affiliate&#8221;
has the meaning assigned to the term &#8220;affiliate&#8221; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &sect;
1841(k).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#8220;Covered Entity&#8221; means any of the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">(i) a &#8220;covered entity&#8221;
as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 252.82(b);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">(ii) a &#8220;covered bank&#8221;
as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 47.3(b); or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">(iii) a &#8220;covered FSI&#8221;
as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 382.2(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in">&#8220;Default Right&#8221; has
the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect;&sect; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1,
as applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#8220;U.S. Special Resolution Regime&#8221; means
each of (i) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii) Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall
Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">19.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Compliance with USA Patriot Act</U>. In accordance with the requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of
Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)), the Agent is required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies
its clients, including the Company, which information may include the name and address of its clients, as well as other information
that will allow the Agent to properly identify its clients.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">20.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Amendments or Waivers</U>. No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any Terms Agreement, nor
any consent or approval to any departure therefrom, shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be in writing and signed
by the parties hereto or thereto as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT></FONT><U>Headings</U>. The headings herein and in any Terms Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and
are not intended to be part of, or to affect the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement or any Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>[</B>Signature Page Follows<B>]</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the
understanding between the Company and the Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this
letter and your acceptance shall constitute a binding agreement among the Company and the Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>RED ROBIN GOURMET BURGERS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Michael L. Kaplan</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Michael L. Kaplan</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: Executive Vice President, Chief
    Legal Officer and Secretary</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>



<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Accepted and agreed to as of the</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">date first above written:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By: </FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Stephanie Little</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name: Stephanie Little</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title: Executive Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2020982d5_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="tm2020982d5_ex5-1img01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">June 16, 2020</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc.<BR>
6312 S. Fiddler&rsquo;s Green Circle, Suite 200N<BR>
Greenwood Village, CO 80111<BR>
<BR>
</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">We have
acted as special counsel to Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), in connection
with the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-238806) (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;) filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;) pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Act&rdquo;),
and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &ldquo;Rules&rdquo;), which became effective on June 10, 2020. You have asked us
to furnish our opinion as to the legality of shares (the &ldquo;Shares&rdquo;) of common stock of the Company, par value $0.001
per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), having an aggregate offering price of up to $40,000,000, which are registered under
the Registration Statement and which are subject to sale pursuant to the Distribution Agreement (the &ldquo;Distribution Agreement&rdquo;),
dated as of June 16, 2020, by and among the Company and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as agent and/or principal.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="tm2020982d5_ex5-1img02.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 50%">2</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">In connection
with the furnishing of this opinion, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction,
of the following documents:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
Registration Statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
final prospectus supplement dated June 16, 2020 (the &ldquo;Final Prospectus&rdquo;); and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the
Distribution Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">In addition,
we have examined (i) such corporate records of the Company as we have considered appropriate, including a copy of the certificate
of incorporation, as amended, and by-laws, as amended, of the Company certified by the Company as in effect on the date of this
letter, and copies of resolutions of the board of directors of the Company relating to the issuance of the Shares, and (ii) such
other certificates, agreements and documents as we deemed relevant and necessary as a basis for the opinions expressed below.
We have also relied upon the factual matters contained in the representations and warranties of the Company made in the documents
reviewed by us and upon certificates of public officials and the officers of the Company.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="tm2020982d5_ex5-1img02.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 50%">3</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">In our
examination of the documents referred to above, we have assumed, without independent investigation, the genuineness of all signatures,
the legal capacity of all individuals who have executed any of the documents reviewed by us, the authenticity of all documents
submitted to us as originals, the conformity to the originals of all documents submitted to us as certified, photostatic, reproduced
or conformed copies of valid existing agreements or other documents, the authenticity of all such latter documents and that the
statements regarding matters of fact in the certificates, records, agreements, instruments and documents that we have examined
are accurate and complete.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">Based
upon the above, and subject to the stated assumptions, exceptions and qualifications, we are of the opinion that the Shares have
been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of the Company and, when issued, delivered and paid for as
contemplated in the Registration Statement and in accordance with the terms of the Distribution Agreement, the Shares will be
validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">The opinion
expressed above is limited to the Delaware General Corporation Law. Our opinion is rendered only with respect to the laws, and
the rules, regulations and orders under those laws, that are currently in effect.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="tm2020982d5_ex5-1img02.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 50%">4</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="vertical-align: 10pt">We hereby
consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Company&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company with the
Commission on the date hereof, and to the use of our name under the heading &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; contained in the base
prospectus included in the Registration Statement and in the Final Prospectus. In giving this consent, we do not thereby admit
that we come within the category of persons whose consent is required by the Act or the Rules.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.7in; text-indent: 1.3in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 4%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 46%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton &amp; Garrison LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">PAUL, WEISS, RIFKIND, WHARTON
    &amp; GARRISON LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
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<TEXT>
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<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 99.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>Red Robin Announces
At-The-Market Equity Offering Program</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Greenwood
Village, CO</B></FONT> &ndash; June 16, 2020 &ndash; Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (NASDAQ: RRGB) (&ldquo;Red Robin&rdquo; or
the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), a full-service restaurant chain serving an innovative selection of high-quality gourmet burgers in
a family-friendly atmosphere, today announced that it has filed a prospectus supplement with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(&ldquo;SEC&rdquo;), under which it may offer and sell shares of its common stock (the &ldquo;Shares&rdquo;) having an aggregate
offering price of up to $40,000,000 from time to time through an &ldquo;at-the-market&rdquo; equity offering program (the &ldquo;ATM
Program&rdquo;). The Company currently intends to use the net proceeds from sales of Shares under the ATM Program for general corporate
purposes, including repayment of indebtedness. The timing of any sales will depend on a variety of factors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The Shares will be offered through
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (&ldquo;J.P. Morgan&rdquo;), as distribution agent. J.P. Morgan may sell Shares by any method permitted
by law deemed to be an &ldquo;at-the-market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, by means of ordinary brokers&rsquo; transactions on the Nasdaq Global Select Market or into any other existing trading market for
the Shares and such other sales as agreed upon by the Company and J.P. Morgan, including to J.P. Morgan as principal for its
own account. Sales may be made at market prices prevailing at the time of the sale,
at prices related to prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices and, as a result, sales prices may vary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Company&rsquo;s prospectus supplement filed today with the
SEC adds to, updates or otherwise changes information contained in the accompanying prospectus contained in a shelf registration
statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-238806) for the offering of Shares. Prospective investors should read the prospectus, the prospectus
supplement and other documents the Company has filed with the SEC (some of which are incorporated by reference into the prospectus
and prospectus supplement) for more complete information about the Company, the ATM Program and the risks the Company currently
is facing due to the spread of COVID-19. You may obtain copies of the prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus relating
to the offering without charge by visiting the SEC&rsquo;s website at www.sec.gov or by contacting J.P. Morgan Securities, LLC, c/o Broadridge Financial Solutions, 1155 Long Island Avenue, Edgewood, New York
11717, Attention: Prospectus Group or by calling toll free at (866) 803-9204.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">This press release is for informational
purposes only and is not an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any Shares of the Company, which is made only
by means of a prospectus supplement and related prospectus. There will be no sale of Shares in any jurisdiction in which the offer,
solicitation of an offer to buy or sale would be unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>About Red Robin </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (www.redrobin.com), a casual
dining restaurant chain founded in 1969 that operates through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Red Robin International, Inc., and under
the trade name, Red Robin Gourmet Burgers and Brews, is the Gourmet Burger Authority&trade;, famous for serving more than two dozen
craveable, high-quality burgers with Bottomless Steak Fries&reg; in a fun environment welcoming to Guests of all ages. At Red Robin,
burgers are more than just something Guests eat; they&rsquo;re a bonding experience that brings together friends and families,
kids and adults. In addition to its many burger offerings, Red Robin serves a wide variety of salads, soups, appetizers, entrees,
desserts, and signature beverages. Red Robin offers a variety of options behind the bar, including its extensive selection of local
and regional beers, and cocktails. It&rsquo;s now easy to take Red Robin anywhere with online ordering for to-go and Gourmet Burger
Bar catering pickups through Yummm2Go. There are more than 452 Red Robin restaurants across the United States and Canada, including
those operating under franchise agreements. Red Robin&hellip; YUMMM&reg;! Connect with Red Robin on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Forward-Looking Statements</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Forward-looking statements in this press release regarding
potential sales of Shares pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s ATM Program, intended use of net proceeds from sales of the Shares under
the ATM Program, timing of sales, and all other statements that are not historical facts, are made under the safe harbor
provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on assumptions believed by the
Company to be reasonable and speak only as of the date on which such statements are made. Without limiting the generality of
the foregoing, words such as &ldquo;expect,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo; &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;intend,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;plan,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;will&rdquo; or &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo; or the negative or other variations
thereof or comparable terminology are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, the Company
undertakes no obligation to update such statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after such date and cautions
investors not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve risks and
uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the statements based on a number
of factors, including but not limited to the following: the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic or any other
epidemic, disease outbreak, or public health emergency, including the duration, spread, severity, and any recurrence of the
COVID-19 pandemic, the duration and scope of related government orders and restrictions, the impact on our Team Members,
economic, public health, and political conditions that impact consumer confidence and spending, including the impact of
COVID-19 and other health epidemics or pandemics on the global economy; the amount of cash tax refund received as a result of
the CARES act; the rapidly evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures, including the potential
for a complete shutdown of Company restaurants; changes in unemployment rate; the ability to achieve significant cost
savings; the Company&rsquo;s ability to defer lease or contract payments or otherwise obtain concessions from landlords,
vendors, and other parties in light of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; the economic health of the Company&rsquo;s
landlords and other tenants in retail centers in which its restaurants are located; the economic health of suppliers,
licensees, vendors, and other third parties providing goods or services to the Company; the Company&rsquo;s ability to
continue to increase sales; the impact of political protests and curfews imposed by state and local governments; the
effectiveness of the Company&rsquo;s marketing strategies and promotions and menu changes; the cost and availability of key
food products, distribution, labor, and energy; the effectiveness of the Company&rsquo;s strategic initiatives including
service model and technology solutions; the cost and availability of capital or credit facility borrowings; the ability to
obtain equity financing; general market conditions; the adequacy of cash flows or available debt resources to fund
operations; and other risk factors described from time to time in the Company&rsquo;s Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, and Form 8-K
reports (including all amendments to those reports); and the base prospectus and the prospectus supplement used for the
offering filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Contact:</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">ICR</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Raphael Gross, Managing Director</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(203) 682-8253</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>rrgb-20200616_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.20.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6638104704">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 16, 2020</div></th>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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GOURMET BURGERS, INC.<span></span>
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<td class="text">84-1573084<span></span>
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<td class="text">Suite 200N<span></span>
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<td class="text">Greenwood Village<span></span>
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<td class="text">303<span></span>
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<td class="text">846-6000<span></span>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.001 Par Value<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">RRGB<span></span>
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<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
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<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>17
<FILENAME>report.css
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
/* Updated 2009-11-04 */
/* v2.2.0.24 */

/* DefRef Styles */
..report table.authRefData{
	background-color: #def;
	border: 2px solid #2F4497;
	font-size: 1em;
	position: absolute;
}

..report table.authRefData a {
	display: block;
	font-weight: bold;
}

..report table.authRefData p {
	margin-top: 0px;
}

..report table.authRefData .hide {
	background-color: #2F4497;
	padding: 1px 3px 0px 0px;
	text-align: right;
}

..report table.authRefData .hide a:hover {
	background-color: #2F4497;
}

..report table.authRefData .body {
	height: 150px;
	overflow: auto;
	width: 400px;
}

..report table.authRefData table{
	font-size: 1em;
}

/* Report Styles */
..pl a, .pl a:visited {
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* table */
..report {
	background-color: white;
	border: 2px solid #acf;
	clear: both;
	color: black;
	font: normal 8pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	margin-bottom: 2em;
}

..report hr {
	border: 1px solid #acf;
}

/* Top labels */
..report th {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

..report th.void	{
	background-color: transparent;
	color: #000000;
	font: bold 10pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	text-align: left;
}

..report .pl {
	text-align: left;
	vertical-align: top;
	white-space: normal;
	width: 200px;
	white-space: normal; /* word-wrap: break-word; */
}

..report td.pl a.a {
	cursor: pointer;
	display: block;
	width: 200px;
	overflow: hidden;
}

..report td.pl div.a {
	width: 200px;
}

..report td.pl a:hover {
	background-color: #ffc;
}

/* Header rows... */
..report tr.rh {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
}

/* Calendars... */
..report .rc {
	background-color: #f0f0f0;
}

/* Even rows... */
..report .re, .report .reu {
	background-color: #def;
}

..report .reu td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

/* Odd rows... */
..report .ro, .report .rou {
	background-color: white;
}

..report .rou td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

..report .rou table td, .report .reu table td {
	border-bottom: 0px solid black;
}

/* styles for footnote marker */
..report .fn {
	white-space: nowrap;
}

/* styles for numeric types */
..report .num, .report .nump {
	text-align: right;
	white-space: nowrap;
}

..report .nump {
	padding-left: 2em;
}

..report .nump {
	padding: 0px 0.4em 0px 2em;
}

/* styles for text types */
..report .text {
	text-align: left;
	white-space: normal;
}

..report .text .big {
	margin-bottom: 1em;
	width: 17em;
}

..report .text .more {
	display: none;
}

..report .text .note {
	font-style: italic;
	font-weight: bold;
}

..report .text .small {
	width: 10em;
}

..report sup {
	font-style: italic;
}

..report .outerFootnotes {
	font-size: 1em;
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
