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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One) |
☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 1-34354

ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its Charter)

Luxembourg |  | 98-0554932
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

33, Boulevard Prince Henri
L-1724 Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(352) 2060 2055
(Address and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value |  | ASPS |  | NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☑ | Smaller reporting company ☑
| Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☐ No ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 was $55,147,580 based on the closing share price as quoted on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on that day and the assumption that all directors and executive officers of the Company are affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other purpose.
As of March 1, 2024, there were 26,569,887 outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock (excluding 3,392,861 shares held as treasury stock).
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed subsequent to the date hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 30, 2023 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the conclusion of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
FORM 10-K

|  |  | Page
PART I |
| ITEM 1. | BUSINESS | 3
| ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS | 10
| ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 28
| ITEM 1C. | CYBERSECURITY | 28
| ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES | 29
| ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 30
| ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 30
PART II |
| ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 31
| ITEM 6 | [RESERVED] | 31
| ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 32
| ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 51
| ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 52
| ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 86
| ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 86
| ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION | 86
| ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURES REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 86
PART III |
| ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 87
| ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 87
| ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 87
| ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 87
| ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES | 87
PART IV |
| ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 88
| SIGNATURES | 94

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K and certain information incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may relate to, among other things, future events or our future performance or financial condition. Words such as “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “plan,” “estimate,” “believe,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms and comparable terminology are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements are based on expectations as to the future and are not statements of historical fact. Furthermore, forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the risks discussed in Item 1A of Part I “Risk Factors.” We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements which reflect our view only as of the date of this report. We are under no obligation (and expressly disclaim any obligation) to update or alter any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.
PART I
Except as otherwise indicated or unless the context requires otherwise “Altisource,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” mean Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., a Luxembourg société anonyme, or public limited liability company, and its subsidiaries.
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The Company
Altisource® is an integrated service provider and marketplace for the real estate and mortgage industries. Combining operational excellence with a suite of innovative services and technologies, Altisource helps solve the demands of the ever-changing markets we serve.
We are publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ASPS.” We are organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
Reportable Segments
Our reportable segments are as follows:
Servicer and Real Estate segment provides loan servicers and real estate investors with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage and real estate lifecycle. Within the Servicer and Real Estate segment we provide:
Solutions
Our Solutions business includes property preservation and inspection services, title insurance (as an agent) and settlement services, real estate valuation services, foreclosure trustee services, and residential and commercial construction inspection and risk mitigation services.
Marketplace
Our Marketplace business includes the Hubzu® online real estate auction platform and real estate auction, real estate brokerage and asset management services.
Technology and software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) Products
Our Technology and SaaS Products business includes Equator® (a SaaS-based technology to manage real estate owned (“REO”), short sales, foreclosure, bankruptcy and eviction processes), Vendorly Invoice (a vendor invoicing and payment system), RentRange® (a single and multi-family rental data, analytics and rent-based valuation solution), REALSynergy® (a commercial loan servicing platform), and NestRange TM (an automated residential valuation model and analytics solution).
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Origination segment provides originators with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage origination lifecycle. Within the Origination segment we provide:
Solutions
Our Solutions business includes title insurance (as an agent) and settlement services, real estate valuation services, and loan fulfillment, certification and certification insurance services.
Lenders One
Our Lenders One business includes management services provided to the Best Partners Mortgage Cooperative, Inc., doing business as Lenders One® (“Lenders One”), and certain loan manufacturing and capital markets services provided to the members of the Lenders One cooperative.
Technology and SaaS Products
Our Technology and SaaS Products business includes Vendorly Monitor (a vendor management platform), Lenders One Loan Automation (“LOLA”) (a marketplace to order services and a tool to automate components of the loan manufacturing process), TrelixAI TM (technology to manage the workflow and automate components of the loan fulfillment, pre and post-close quality control and service transfer processes), and ADMS (a document management and data analytics delivery platform).
Corporate and Others includes interest expense and costs related to corporate functions including executive, infrastructure and certain technology groups, finance, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities, risk management and eliminations between reportable segments.
We classify revenue in three categories: service revenue, revenue from reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests. In evaluating our performance, we focus on service revenue. Service revenue consists of amounts attributable to our fee-based services. Reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests are pass-through items for which we earn no margin. Reimbursable expenses consist of amounts we incur on behalf of our customers in performing our fee-based services that we pass directly on to our customers without a markup. Non-controlling interests represent the earnings of Lenders One. Lenders One is a mortgage cooperative managed, but not owned, by Altisource. The Lenders One members’ earnings are included in revenue and reduced from net income to arrive at net income attributable to Altisource.
2023 Highlights
Company, Corporate and Financial:
•Improved total Company loss from operations by $16.4 million in 2023 compared to 2022 by (1) improving operating income as a percentage of service revenue in the Servicer and Real Estate and Origination segments (together, “Business Segments”) to 19.1% in 2023 from 13.2% in 2022, and (2) reducing Corporate and Others operating loss as a percentage of total Company service revenue to (31.4)% in 2023 from (36.1)% in 2022, primarily through efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures
•Amended the senior secured term loans (“SSTL”) and revolving credit facility to, among other things, extend the maturity dates to April 2025, with options to extend both to April 2026, subject to certain terms and conditions
•Generated $38.8 million in net proceeds from the sale of common stock and used $30 million to partially repay the SSTL
•Ended the year with $32.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, $15.0 million available under a revolving credit facility and $191.6 million of net debt
Business Segments:
•In the face of serious market headwinds for both Business Segments, service revenue in the Servicer and Real Estate segment was only down 4% and service revenue in the Origination segment outperformed the overall market with a decline of 11% compared to a 36% decline in industrywide residential origination volume
•Improved income from operations in the Business Segments by $7.0 million to $26.1 million, representing 19.1% of service revenue, in 2023 compared to $19.0 million, representing 13.2% of service revenue, in 2022, primarily through efficiency and cost cutting initiatives
•Ended 2023 with a weighted average sales pipeline between $43 million and $53 million of potential estimated revenue on a stabilized basis based upon forecasted probability of closing (comprised of between $27 million and $33 million in the Servicer and Real Estate segment and between $16 million and $20 million in the Origination segment)
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•Generated 2023 sales wins which we estimate represent potential annualized revenue on a stabilized basis of $58.4 million for the Servicer and Real Estate segment and $10.3 million for the Origination segment
Industry:
•Industrywide foreclosure initiations were 4% lower in 2023 compared to 2022 (and 31% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019)
•Industrywide foreclosure sales were 8% higher in 2023 compared to 2022 (and 46% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019)
•Industrywide early-stage mortgage delinquencies (30-days late) increased by 15% and borrowers who have missed two payments (60-days past due) increased by 16% in December 2023 compared to December 2022
•Industrywide mortgage origination volume decreased by 36% in 2023 compared to 2022
•Industrywide seriously delinquent mortgage rate (90+ day past due and loans in foreclosure) decreased to 1.3% in December 2023 compared to 1.6% in December 2022
Customers
Overview
Our customers include large financial institutions, government-sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”), banks, asset managers, servicers, investors, property management firms, real estate brokerages, insurance companies, mortgage bankers, originators, correspondent and private money lenders.
Customer Concentration
Ocwen
Ocwen Financial Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Ocwen”) is a residential mortgage loan servicer of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) it owns, including those MSRs in which others have an economic interest, and a subservicer of loans owned by others.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, Ocwen was our largest customer, accounting for 44% of our total revenue. Ocwen purchases certain mortgage services from us under the terms of services agreements and amendments thereto (collectively, the “Ocwen Services Agreements”) with terms extending through August 2030. Certain of the Ocwen Services Agreements contain a “most favored nation” provision and also grant the parties the right to renegotiate pricing, among other things.
Revenue from Ocwen primarily consists of revenue earned from the loan portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when Ocwen engages us as the service provider, and revenue earned directly from Ocwen, pursuant to the Ocwen Services Agreements. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Ocwen of $63.2 million and $63.5 million, respectively. Revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of segment and consolidated revenue was as follows:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Servicer and Real Estate |  | 55 | % |  | 53 | %
Origination |  | — | % |  | — | %
Corporate and Others |  | — | % |  | — | %
Consolidated revenue |  | 44 | % |  | 41 | %

We earn additional revenue related to the portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when a party other than Ocwen or the MSRs owner selects Altisource as the service provider. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $9.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, of such revenue. These amounts are not included in deriving revenue from Ocwen and revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of revenue discussed above.
As of December 31, 2023, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $3.4 million, $2.2 million of which was billed and $1.2 million of which was unbilled. As of December 31, 2022, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $4.0 million, $3.2 million of which was billed and $0.8 million of which was unbilled.
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Rithm
Rithm Capital Corp. (individually, together with one or more of its subsidiaries or one or more of its subsidiaries individually, “Rithm”) (formerly New Residential Investment Corp.) is an asset manager focused on the real estate and financial services industries.
Ocwen has disclosed that Rithm is a significant client of Ocwen’s. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen reported that approximately 16% of loans serviced and subserviced by Ocwen (measured in unpaid principal balance (“UPB”)) and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services were related to Rithm MSRs or rights to MSRs (the “Subject MSRs”).
Rithm purchases brokerage services for REO exclusively from us, irrespective of the subservicer, subject to certain limitations, for certain MSRs set forth in and pursuant to the terms of a Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, as amended, and related letter agreement (collectively, the “Brokerage Agreement”) with terms extending through August 2025.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Rithm of $2.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively, under the Brokerage Agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized additional revenue of $12.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, relating to the Subject MSRs when a party other than Rithm selects Altisource as the service provider.
Other
Our services are provided to customers predominantly located in the United States.
Sales and Marketing
We believe our sales and marketing team has extensive relationship management and industry experience. These individuals cultivate and maintain relationships throughout the industry sectors we serve. We sell our suite of services to mortgage servicers, mortgage originators, GSEs, buyers and sellers of homes for investment use and financial services firms.
Our primary sales and marketing focus areas are to:
•Expand relationships with existing customers by cross-selling additional services and growing the volume of existing services we provide. We believe our customer relationships represent meaningful growth opportunities for us.
•Develop new customer relationships by leveraging our comprehensive suite of services, performance and controls. We believe there are meaningful growth opportunities to sell our suite of services to new customers.
Given the highly regulated nature of the industries we serve, and the comprehensive purchasing process that our institutional customers and prospects follow, the time and effort we spend in expanding relationships or winning new relationships is significant. For example, it can often take more than one year from the request for proposal or qualified lead stage to the selection of Altisource as a service provider. Furthermore, following the selection of Altisource, it is not unusual for it to take an additional six to twelve months or more to negotiate the services agreement(s), complete the implementation procedures and begin receiving referrals.
Intellectual Property and Data
We rely on a combination of contractual restrictions, internal security practices, patents, trademarks and copyrights to establish and protect our trade secrets, intellectual property, software, technology and expertise. We also own or, as we deem necessary and appropriate, have obtained licenses from third parties to intellectual property relating to our services, processes and businesses. These intellectual property rights are important factors in the success of our businesses.
As of December 31, 2023, we have been awarded five patents that expire in 2025, one patent that expires in 2026, one patent that expires in 2027, one patent that expires in 2029, one patent that expires in 2030. In addition, we have registered trademarks in a number of jurisdictions including the United States, the European Union (“EU”), India and five other jurisdictions. These trademarks generally can be renewed indefinitely, provided they are being used in commerce.
We actively protect our rights and intend to continue our policy of taking the measures we deem reasonable and necessary to develop and protect our patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights.
In addition, we may make use of data in connection with certain of our services. This data generally relates to mortgage information, real property information and consumer information. We gather this data from a variety of third party sources, including from governmental entities and, subject to licensed usage rights, we use this data in connection with the delivery of
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certain of our services, including combining it with proprietary data we generate to further enhance data and metrics in connection with our services.
Market and Competition
We sell our suite of services to mortgage servicers, mortgage originators, GSEs, buyers and sellers of homes for investment use and financial services firms. The mortgage and real estate markets are very large and are influenced by macroeconomic factors such as credit availability, interest rates, home prices, inflation, unemployment rates, consumer confidence, natural disasters and pandemics, and responses to such factors.
The markets for services provided to mortgage servicers and mortgage originators are highly competitive and generally consist of national companies, in-house providers and a large number of regional and local providers. We typically compete based upon product and service awareness and offerings, product performance and service delivery, quality and control environment, technology integration and support, national coverage, price, financial strength, reputation and customer service.
The markets for services provided to buyers and sellers of home for investment are highly competitive and generally consist of several national companies, a large number of regional and local providers and start-up companies. We typically compete based upon product and service awareness and offerings, product performance and service delivery, national coverage, ease of transacting, price, quality and control environment, technology integration and support, customer service and personal service.
Our competitors may have greater financial resources, brand recognition, alternative or disruptive products and technology and other competitive advantages. We cannot determine our market share with certainty, but believe for mortgage servicers we have a modest share of the market, and for the others we have a relatively small market share.
Public offerings of Common Stock
On February 14, 2023, Altisource closed on an underwritten public offering to sell 4,550,000 shares of its common stock, at a price of $5.00 per share, generating net proceeds of $20.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
On September 7, 2023, Altisource closed on an underwritten public offering to sell 5,590,277 shares of its common stock, at a price of $3.60 per share, generating net proceeds of $18.4 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
Term Loan Amendment
On February 9, 2023, we executed Amendment No. 2 (the “Second Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement effective February 14, 2023 (as amended by the Second Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”).
The following is a summary of certain key terms of the Second Amendment and the Amended Credit Agreement.
•The maturity date of the term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement is April 30, 2025
•If the amount of par paydown that we make on the term loans (excluding amortization and other required payments) in the aggregate using proceeds from issuances of equity interest or from junior indebtedness prior to February 14, 2024 ("Aggregate Paydowns”) is equal to or greater than $30 million, then (subject to the representations and warranties being true and correct as of such date and there being no default or event of default being in existence as of such date) the maturity date of the term loans may be extended to April 30, 2026, at our option subject to Company's payment of a 2% payment-in-kind extension fee.
•The principal amortization of the term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement is 1.00% per year through April 30, 2025 and, if the maturity date is extended, 1% per month during the 12 month extension period.
•The interest rate on the term loans will initially be Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5.00% per annum payable in cash plus 5.00% per annum payable in kind (“PIK”). The PIK component of the interest rate is subject to adjustment based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns as set forth in the table below:
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Aggregate Paydowns | PIK Component of Interest Rate
Less than $20 million | 5.00%
$20 million+ but less than below | 4.50%
$30 million+ but less than below | 3.75%
$40 million+ but less than below | 3.50%
$45 million+ but less than below | 3.00%
$50 million+ but less than below | 2.50%
$55 million+ but less than below | 2.00%
$60 million+ but less than below | 1.00%
$65 million+ but less than below | 0.50%
$70 million+ | 0.00%

•If, as of the end of any calendar quarter, (i) our amount of unencumbered cash and cash equivalents on a consolidated basis plus (ii) the undrawn commitment amount under our revolving credit facility is, or is forecast as of the end of the immediately subsequent calendar quarter to be, less than $35 million, then up to 2.00% in interest otherwise payable in cash in the following quarter may be paid in kind at our election
•The lenders under the Amended Credit Agreement received warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 3,223,851 shares of Altisource common stock (the “Warrant Shares”). The number of Warrant Shares is subject to reduction based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns as set forth in the table below.

Aggregate Paydowns | Warrant Shares
Less than $20 million | 3,223,851
$20 million+ but less than below | 2,578,743
$30 million+ | 1,612,705

•The exercise price per share of common stock under each Warrant is equal to $0.01. The Warrants may be exercised at any time on and after February 14, 2024 and prior to their expiration date. The Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis and are subject to customary anti-dilution provisions. The Warrants, if not previously exercised or terminated, will be automatically exercised on May 22, 2027. The Warrants are subject to a lock-up agreement, subject to customary exceptions, ending on February 16, 2024
•The lenders under the Amended Credit Agreement were paid an amendment fee equal to 1.0%, substantially all of which was paid in cash at closing
•Various of the affirmative and negative covenants, mandatory prepayments, events of default and other terms to which we are subject under the Amended Credit Agreement have been modified including in many cases to be more restrictive or to reduce certain permissions previously available to us
•Based on the $30 million of Aggregate Paydowns made by Company during the year ended December 31, 2023, the maturity date may be extended to April 30, 2026 at the Company's option (subject to conditions described above), the PIK component of the interest rate decreased to 3.75%, the number of Warrant Shares decreased to 1,612,705 and there is no contractual amortization due until the April 30, 2025 maturity date. If the maturity date is extended to April 30, 2026, the Company is required to make mandatory repayments of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2026 with the remaining balance due at the April 2026 maturity
•As of December 31, 2023 the outstanding amount of our SSTL was $224.1 million.
Revolver Amendment
On February 9, 2023, we entered into Amendment No. 1 (the “First Revolver Amendment”) to our revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) effective February 14, 2023. The First Revolver Amendment establishes the credit available under our revolving credit facility at $15 million, extends the facility termination and maturity date to coincide with the maturity date of the term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement, and increases the interest rate under our revolving credit facility to 10% per annum payable in cash and 3% per annum PIK. A usage fee of $0.75 million will be payable upon the initial drawing under our revolving credit facility following the effectiveness of the First Revolver Amendment. Our revolving credit facility is secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all of our assets, which lien will be pari passu with liens securing the term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement, and our revolving credit facility will continue to be guaranteed by Altisource and substantially all of our material subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, there are no outstanding amounts under the First Revolver Amendment and the First Amendment Revolver has never been drawn.
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Employees
As of December 31, 2023, we had the following number of employees:

|  | United States |  | India |  | Uruguay |  | Luxembourg |  | Consolidated Altisource
Total employees |  | 187 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1,071 |

Seasonality
Certain of our revenues can be impacted by seasonality. More specifically, revenues from property sales, loan originations and certain property preservation services in Field Services typically tend to be at their lowest level during the fall and winter months and at their highest level during the spring and summer months. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related measures and the rapid rise in mortgage interest rates, the seasonal impact to revenue may not follow historical patterns.
Government Regulation
Our business and the business of our customers are or may be subject to extensive scrutiny and regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities including the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the CFPB, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), the Treasury Department, various federal and state banking, financial and consumer regulators and the state and local agencies that license or oversee certain of our auction, real estate brokerage, title insurance agency, appraisal management, valuation, property preservation and inspection, mortgage and debt collection, trustee, mortgage origination underwriter and broker, property and asset management, insurance and credit report reselling services. We also must comply with a number of federal, state and local laws, which may include, among others:
•the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”);
•the Bank Secrecy Act;
•the California Homeowner Bill of Rights (“CHBR”);
•the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography And Marketing Act (“CAN-SPAM”);
•the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”);
•the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (“FACTA”);
•the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”);
•the Fair Housing Act;
•the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTC Act”);
•the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”);
•the Home Affordable Refinance Program (“HARP”);
•the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (“HMDA”);
•the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (“HOEPA”);
•the National Housing Act;
•the New York Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law (“RPAPL”);
•the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”);
•the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing (“SAFE”) Act;
•the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (“SCRA”);
•the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”);
•the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”); and
•Unfair, Deceptive or Abusive Acts and Practices statutes (“UDAAP”); and
•Applicable state laws addressing consumer data privacy, use or disclosure.
We are also subject to the requirements of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and comparable foreign laws due to our activities in foreign jurisdictions.
In addition to federal and state laws regarding privacy and data security, we are also subject to data protection laws in the countries in which we operate. Additionally, certain of our entities are or may be subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”).
Legal requirements can and do change as statutes and regulations are enacted, promulgated or amended. One such enacted regulation is the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”). The Dodd-Frank Act is extensive and includes reform of the regulation and supervision of financial institutions, as well as the regulation of derivatives, capital market activities and consumer financial services. The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, created the CFPB, a
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federal entity responsible for regulating consumer financial services and products. Title XIV of the Dodd-Frank Act contains the Mortgage Reform and Anti-Predatory Lending Act (“Mortgage Act”). The Mortgage Act imposes a number of additional requirements on lenders and servicers of residential mortgage loans by amending and expanding certain existing regulations. The interpretation or enforcement by regulatory authorities of applicable laws and regulations also may change over time. In addition, the creation of new regulatory authorities or changes in the regulatory authorities overseeing applicable laws and regulations may also result in changing interpretation or enforcement of such laws or regulations.
Our failure or the failure of our customers or vendors to comply with applicable laws or regulations or changing interpretation of such laws or regulations could subject the Company to criminal or civil liability, significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs and consent orders affecting us or our customers that may curtail or restrict the business as it is currently conducted and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Furthermore, certain of our services are provided at the direction of, and pursuant to, the identified requirements of our customers. The failure of our customers to properly identify or account for regulatory requirements applicable to such services could expose us to significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs and consent orders that could have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
We are subject to licensing and regulation as a provider of certain services including, among others, auction, real estate brokerage, title insurance agency, appraisal management, valuation, property preservation and inspection, mortgage and debt collection, trustee, mortgage origination underwriter and broker, property and asset management, insurance and credit report reselling services in a number of jurisdictions. Our employees and subsidiaries may be required to be licensed by or registered with various jurisdictions for the particular type of service sold or provided and to participate in regular continuing education programs. Periodically, we are subject to audits, examinations and investigations by federal, state and local governmental authorities and receive subpoenas, civil investigative demands or other requests for information from such governmental authorities in connection with their regulatory or investigative authority. Due to the inherent uncertainty of such actions, it is often difficult to predict the potential outcome or estimate any potential financial impact in connection with any such inquiries.
Available Information
We file Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other information with the SEC. These filings are available to the public on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Our principal Internet address is www.altisource.com and we encourage investors to use it as a way to easily find information about us. We promptly make the reports we file or furnish with the SEC, corporate governance information (including our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics), select press releases and other related information available on this website. The contents of our website are available for informational purposes only and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in this report.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below address the most materials risks, of which we are currently aware but are not the only ones we face. Therefore, the following risk factors should not be considered a complete list of potential risks that we may face.
Any risk factor described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any of our other SEC filings, or any risk not currently known to us or that we currently anticipate to be immaterial may, by itself, or together with other factors, materially adversely affect our business, reputation, prospects, competitive position, liquidity, results of operations, capital position or financial condition, including by materially increasing our expenses or decreasing our revenues or profits, which could result in material losses. If any of these risks occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and investors could lose all or part of their investment.
While insurance coverage may be applicable to help address certain risks that may result in losses, recovery pursuant to our insurance policies may not be available, and available insurance may be insufficient to compensate for damages, expenses, fines, penalties, and other losses we may incur as a result of these and other risks.
In this ITEM 1A, unless the context otherwise clearly indicates, references to our “services” include any services, products or solutions provided, or made available, by us.
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Summary
•We may experience a significant and extended reduction in the demand for our default-related services due to the continued low number of residential mortgage foreclosures, extended time periods from foreclosure starts to sales, the reduction in rates of foreclosures starts converting to foreclosure sales and reduced supply of Real Estates Owned inventory resulting from loss mitigation and borrower relief measures, fiscal policies, and other relevant economic conditions.
•We earn a significant portion of our revenue in connection with providing services to two customers.
•Changes that reduce or limit the use of online default real estate auctions or otherwise reduce the volume or rate of success of such auctions can negatively impact us.
•If our agreement with Rithm is terminated, expires, is breached, or suffers a significant reduction in volume we could be adversely affected.
•Technology disruptions, failures, defects or inadequacies, delays or difficulties in implementing software or hardware changes, acts of vandalism or the introduction of harmful code could negatively impact us.
•We depend on our ability to use services, products, data and infrastructure provided by third parties to maintain and grow our businesses.
•We may not successfully detect fraudulent activity, which could impact our services, our clients or third parties and could adversely affect our reputation and our results of operations.
•The Company’s databases contain our proprietary information, the proprietary information of third parties and personal information of our customers, consumers, vendors and employees. Our failure to comply with applicable information management requirements or best practices or the legal rights of individuals about whom we collect or process personal information, or an unauthorized disclosure or processing of information, or our failure to comply with required disclosures or notifications related to unauthorized disclosure or processing of information, could subject us to adverse publicity, investigations, fines, costly government enforcement actions or private litigation and expenses.
•Our business continuity and disaster recovery plans and other adjustments to business may not be sufficient to anticipate impacts of, or address or adequately recover from, business interruptions or a pandemic.
•The insurance underwriting loss limitation methods we use may not be effective or sufficient.
•Under certain material agreements to which we are currently a party or into which we may enter in the future, the formation by shareholders of Altisource of a “group” with beneficial ownership of a defined percentage of the combined voting power or economic interest of Altisource capital stock exceeding a defined percentage may give rise to a termination event or an event of default.
•The majority of our employees and contractors work from locations other than our facilities, which could negatively impact our control environment or productivity and create additional risks.
•We rely on vendors for many aspects of our business. If our vendor oversight activities are ineffective, we may fail to meet customer or regulatory requirements. We may face difficulties sourcing required vendors or supplies or managing our relationships with vendors.
•We make extensive use of contractors in certain of our lines of business. If we are required to reclassify contractors as employees, we may incur fines and penalties and additional costs and taxes.
•There can be no guarantee that we will be able to continue to implement appropriate measures to manage potential conflicts of interest.
•Our success depends on the relevant industry experience and relationships of certain members of our Board of Directors, executive officers and other key personnel.
•We may face difficulties to attract, motivate and retain skilled employees.
•The presence of our operations in multiple countries subjects us to risks endemic to those countries.
•We may be unable to realize sales represented by our awarded business or sales pipeline.
•We may fail to adapt our services to changes in technology or in the marketplace related to mortgage servicing or origination, changing requirements of governmental authorities, GSEs and customers.
•Business expansion involves potential risks.
•Acquisitions to accelerate growth initiatives involve potential risks.
•Changes in economic and market conditions that reduce residential real estate sales or values or mortgage origination volumes could negatively impact demand for our services.
•A reduction in residential mortgage delinquencies, defaults or foreclosures in the United States can negatively affect demand for certain of our services.
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•Developments that impact residential foreclosures or the supply, sale price or sale of REO could negatively impact us.
•Changes to real estate brokerage commission structures or rates paid for residential property transactions could negatively impact us.
•We may never pay dividends on our common stock so any returns would be limited to the potential appreciation of our stock.
•We may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure requirements applicable to a “smaller reporting company” under Regulation S-K, and the information that we provide to stockholders may be different than they might receive from other public companies.
•The market price and trading volume of our stock may be volatile.
•If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or access the capital markets or our borrowing capacity is reduced, our liquidity and competitive position may be negatively affected.
•Our level of debt and the variable interest rate on our term loan makes us sensitive to the effects of our current financial performance and interest rate increases; our level of debt and provisions in our senior secured term loan and revolving credit facility could limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry.
•Our failure to comply with the covenants or terms contained in our senior secured term loan agreements or our credit facility, including as a result of events beyond our control, could result in an event of default.
•We may be unable to exercise the option to extend the maturity of our loan agreements (Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver) from April 2025 to April 2026. We may be unable to repay or refinance the balance of our loans under the Amended Credit Agreement or Revolver upon maturity, particularly if cash from operations fails to significantly improve, assets are not readily available for sale and sold or we are unable to timely refinance on favorable terms or at all.
•We have a significant net operating loss recognized by one of our Luxembourg subsidiaries. We may not be able to fully utilize this deferred tax asset before the net operating loss expires.
•Cash, cash equivalents and escrow funds we hold at financial institutions could be lost and not recoverable.
•The rights of shareholders under Luxembourg law may differ in certain respects from the rights afforded to shareholders of companies organized under laws in other jurisdictions.
•Luxembourg tax law could have a negative impact on us.
•Our business and the business of our customers are subject to extensive scrutiny and legal requirements.
•Failure to comply with US sanctions, including blocking certain activities in Sanctioned Countries, could expose the company to penalties and other adverse consequences.
•We are subject to licensing and regulation as a provider of certain services and our failure to maintain licensing or to comply with licensing or regulatory requirements could adversely impact our ability to continue performing the services in compliance with the applicable legal or contractual requirements.
•A violation by our customers of applicable legal requirements in the selection or use of our services could generate legal liability or additional expense for us.
•Certain of our customers are subject to governmental oversight, regulations, orders, judgments or settlements which may impose certain obligations and limitations on their use of our services.
•The tax regulations, and the interpretation thereof, in the countries, states and local jurisdictions in which we operate periodically change and our operations and intercompany arrangements are subject to the tax laws of various jurisdictions.
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
We may experience a significant and extended reduction in the demand for our default-related services due to the continued reduction in residential mortgage foreclosures, extended time periods from foreclosure starts to sales, the reduction in rates of foreclosure starts converting to foreclosure sales and reduced supply of REO inventory resulting from loss mitigation and borrower relief measures, fiscal policies, and other relevant economic conditions.
Actions taken by federal, state and local governments, GSEs and mortgage servicers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic continue to have a profound impact on our business, our customers, and the industries in which we operate. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, beginning in March 2020, various governmental entities and servicers implemented unprecedented foreclosure and eviction moratoriums, forbearance programs and loss mitigation measures to help mitigate the impact to borrowers and renters (collectively, “Relief Measures”). The Federal government’s foreclosure moratorium expired on July 1, 2021 and the CFPB’s temporary loss mitigation measures expired on December 31, 2021. Despite the expiration of
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these and certain other governmental measures, we believe servicers are proceeding slowly with foreclosure initiations for borrowers in default. Industrywide foreclosure starts were 4% lower in 2023 compared to 2022, and 31% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019. The average length of time loans in foreclosure have been delinquent extended to 34 months in 2023 from 29 months in 2019.
Industrywide foreclosure sales were 8% higher in 2023 compared to 2022, and 46% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019. Foreclosure sales as a percentage of foreclosure inventory has declined to 37% in 2023 from 51% in 2019. The decline in foreclosure initiations and foreclosure sales throughout the pandemic, partially offset by the restart of the default market, significantly decreased default related referrals to us and continues to negatively impact virtually all of our default related services revenue.
We anticipate that we will continue to experience significant impacts of the Relief Measures and cannot predict when those impacts may begin to abate. Based on the expirations of certain Relief Measures, we believe the demand for our Default business will grow, but our estimate may not be correct and is subject to macro and micro economic factors that could negatively impact us. We estimate that in today’s environment it typically takes on average two years to convert foreclosure initiations to foreclosure sales and six months to market and sell the REO, but multiple factors could impact this estimate. The extent and duration of the impact of the Relief Measures and societal responses will depend on future developments which remain highly uncertain. As a result, it is difficult to predict the impact on our business and the timing for the recovery of the default market, if it recovers at all.
Volatile or uncertain economic conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, as well as governmental fiscal policies and other relevant economic conditions, have and may continue to affect our customers and the markets we serve, causing customers to reduce, defer or eliminate spending on our services.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
We earn a significant portion of our revenue in connection with providing services to two customers.
A significant portion of our revenue is earned from providing services to Ocwen and Rithm. If either party substantially reduces the scope or volume of services acquired from us, or otherwise ceases using us as a vendor, it would negatively impact our business. For example, we could experience a reduction in scope or volume of business as a direct or indirect result of the existence or outcome of regulatory matters impacting one or more of these clients, a change in the servicing relationship between these clients, a reduction in the MSRs for which Ocwen or Rithm acts as a servicer or subservicer or controls the rights to designate service providers, or a change in the contractual relationship between Altisource and Ocwen or Rithm. In addition, providing services to these customers affords us the opportunity to provide certain services to third parties and the loss of these customers or reduction in the quantity of services provided to these customers would also result in the loss or reduction of these additional revenue streams. For example, we may have the opportunity to earn commissions or fees from, or we may be able to provide on-line auction services, title insurance and escrow services, or other services to, buyers on certain real estate transactions, and the loss or reduction in the number of these customers would also prevent us from offering these additional services related to the underlying transaction. Customer concentration also exposes us to concentrated credit risk, as a significant portion of our accounts receivable may be from one or both of these customers.
If the characteristics of the portfolios of properties on which we provide services for either of these customers were to significantly change, for example to become less delinquent, more rural or lower value, this could impact the type and volume of services that we provide, increase our costs of doing business, or reduce the value of commissions or fees we earn.
Our business concentration or relationships with these two customers may be viewed as a risk or otherwise negatively by other customers or potential customers, impeding our efforts to retain customers or obtain new customers.
Changes that reduce or limit the use of online default real estate auctions or otherwise reduce the volume or rate of success of such auctions can negatively impact our auction marketplace, real estate brokerage and related default services.
Governmental, GSE, servicer or investor actions or action by others that restrict online real estate auctions (foreclosure and REO), reduce the permissible fees or direct the use of auction providers other than us, could negatively impact demand for our auction marketplace, real estate brokerage and related services, and negatively impact our ability to meet certain contractual performance metrics, including those related to aging of assets, time on market and sale price compared to valuation. If we fail to satisfy applicable performance metrics or perform in a manner satisfactory to our customers, such customers may reduce the services they acquire from us or otherwise terminate us as a provider.
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We entered into a brokerage agreement with Rithm’s licensed brokerage subsidiary. If the agreement is terminated, expires, is breached or if there is a significant reduction in the volume of services that we provide pursuant to such agreement, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
On August 28, 2017, Altisource, through its licensed subsidiaries, entered into the Brokerage Agreement with Rithm which extends through August 2025 (“Brokerage Agreement”). Under this agreement and related amendments, Altisource is the exclusive provider (with certain exceptions) of brokerage services for REO associated with the certain MSR through August 2025, irrespective of the subservicer, as long as Rithm owns such MSRs. The Brokerage Agreement may be terminated by Rithm upon the occurrence of certain specified events. Termination events include, but are not limited to, a breach of the terms of the Brokerage Agreement (including, without limitation, the failure to meet performance standards and non-compliance with law in a material respect), the failure to maintain licenses which failure materially prevents performance of the contract, regulatory allegations of non-compliance resulting in an adversarial proceeding against Rithm, voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy, appointment of a receiver, disclosure in a Form 10-K or Form 10-Q that there is significant uncertainty about Altisource’s ability to continue as a going concern, failure to maintain a specified level of cash and an unapproved change of control. Rithm could decide to not renew or extend the term of the Brokerage Agreement upon its termination in August 2025, in which case Rithm may elect to use a brokerage service provider other than the Altisource subsidiaries for some or all of its REO. If any one of these termination events occurs and the Brokerage Agreement is terminated or if the Brokerage Agreement is not renewed or extended, Altisource’s business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In addition, Rithm operational changes, breach of the Brokerage Agreement or other actions that reduce the number of properties converting to REO status could: (i) reduce the volume of services that we provide on the applicable MSRs pursuant to our agreements with Ocwen, and (ii) reduce the volume of services that we provide pursuant to the Brokerage Agreement.
Technology disruptions, failures, defects or inadequacies, delays or difficulties in implementing software or hardware changes, acts of vandalism or the introduction of harmful code could damage our business operations and increase our costs.
We rely on critical technology to provide certain of our services. We rely on our proprietary technology in our Hubzu real estate marketing, Equator, Equator.com, NestRange, LOLA, REALSynergy, RentRange, Trelix TM Connect, Vendorly® and other platforms. Certain of our proprietary technology includes licensed open source and third-party code or may be created or maintained by using artificial intelligence, low-code or other coding techniques that contain inherent risks. We also leverage third-party technology to provide certain of our services, including using third-party order management and billing technology, and using third-party technology to access data or take actions, such as governmental filings, and externally hosted and managed data centers and operating environments. Disruptions, failures, defects or inadequacies in our technology or third-party technology or related services we utilize, delays or errors in developing or maintaining our technology, or acts of vandalism, misuse or malicious use of our solutions, system attacks or the introduction of malicious code in technology we utilize, the use of outdated or unsupported open source or third-party code, or the use of defective, compromised or insecure code may interrupt or delay our ability to provide products or services to our customers, impact our ability to satisfy performance requirements, or cause the loss, corruption or disclosure of data. We may be a target for network hackers or others with malicious intent due to our storage and processing of consumer information as part of providing our services or as a result of operating public-facing technology platforms, including, for example, our Hubzu marketing platform. Any sustained and repeated disruptions in these services may have an adverse impact on our and our customers’ business and results of operations and, in the case of acts of vandalism or introduction of harmful code, could necessitate improvements to our physical and cybersecurity practices that may require an investment of money, time and resources.
Many of our services and processes require effective interoperation with internal and external technology platforms and services, and failures in such interoperation could have a negative impact on our operations and the operations of our customers.
Further, our customers may require changes and improvements to the systems we provide to them to manage the volume and complexity, laws or regulations of their businesses, or to interoperate with other systems, which changes and improvements may be unfeasible, unsuccessful, costly or time-consuming to implement or may create disruptions in our provision of services to customers. Our customers may refuse to agree to modifications to technology or infrastructure that we provide to them or that interoperate with the technology or infrastructure we provide to them that we may believe are desirable to improve the reliability, performance, efficiency or cost in delivering. Additionally, the improper implementation or use of Altisource technology, such as Equator, by customers could adversely impact the operation of that technology, and potentially cause harm to our reputation, loss of customers, negative publicity or exposure to liability claims or government investigations or actions.
We depend on our ability to use services, products, data and infrastructure provided by third parties to maintain and grow our businesses.
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We rely on certain third parties to provide services, products and solutions including certain data, infrastructure, technology, systems and functionality including a third-party hosted and managed data center and operating environment (collectively, “Inputs”) critical to our services, including our Hubzu real estate marketing, Equator, Field Services, NestRange, RentRange, Trelix Connect, Vendorly, and other solutions. The failure of such third parties to provide or make available the Inputs in accordance with applicable requirements could negatively impact our ability to provide our services or perform transactions and to meet our obligations. In addition, these third parties could cease providing or reduce the availability, type, details or other aspects of the Inputs, and change the pricing, performance or functionality of the Inputs. If such Inputs become unavailable or too expensive and we are unable to obtain suitable alternatives and efficiently and effectively integrate these alternatives into our service offerings or infrastructure, we could experience service disruptions, increased costs and reduced quality of our services.
We may not successfully detect fraudulent activity, which could impact our services, our clients or third parties and could adversely affect our reputation and our results of operations.
Our provision of certain services in connection with real estate-related transactions relies upon information provided by employees and third parties, including our vendors, and upon certain technology systems. The provisions of such services could be negatively impacted by fraudulent or incorrect information provided by employees or third parties. Vulnerabilities in technology systems on which we rely to provide certain services could permit employees or third parties to introduce fraudulent information into those systems or otherwise compromise those systems, impacting our ability to provide services without error. If we are not able to detect that information on which we rely to provide services is inaccurate or fraudulent, or that systems are compromised, we may take actions in providing certain services which could damage third parties or our clients. Employees and third parties have in the past conducted, and may attempt in the future to conduct, fraudulent activity, which may result in, among others, transferring funds to fraudulent actors, paying for services which were not performed or failed to meet applicable requirements, disbursing construction funds when applicable conditions have not been satisfied, selling real estate for below market values, issuing title insurance based on fraudulent ownership documentation, underwriting mortgage applications based on fraudulent information and insuring fraudulent mortgages. Persistent and pervasive fraudulent activity may harm our client relationships and our reputation and could result in financial loss, thereby adversely affecting our business and results of operations.
The Company’s databases contain our proprietary information, the proprietary information of third parties and personal information of our customers, consumers, vendors and employees. Our failure to comply with applicable information management requirements or best practices or the legal rights of individuals about whom we collect or process personal information, or an unauthorized disclosure or processing of information, or our failure to comply with required disclosures or notifications related to unauthorized disclosure or processing of information, could subject us to adverse publicity, investigations, fines, costly government enforcement actions or private litigation and expenses.
As part of our business we collect, store, process, transfer and dispose in tangible and electronic forms customer, consumer, vendor and employee personal information (“PI”). We and our vendors rely on processes that are intended to provide necessary notices, processes and controls regarding the collection, storage, processing and destruction of PI, and to permit subjects to exercise their legal rights concerning their PI in our possession. If those notices, processes or controls are not sufficient, or our processes or controls experience an error or other disruption, we or our vendors may fail to comply with applicable requirements concerning PI. In addition, we rely on the security of our facilities, networks, databases, systems, processes and controls, and, in certain circumstances, third parties, such as vendors, to protect PI. If such facilities, networks, databases, systems, processes and controls, or those of our customers or vendors, are not effective, are outdated or compromised, or do not exist, or if we, our customers or vendors fail to detect or respond to attacks or intrusions, unauthorized parties may gain access to our networks or databases or information, or those of our customers or vendors with which we interconnect or share information, and they may be able to steal, publish, delete, or modify PI. In addition, employees may intentionally or inadvertently process PI in an unauthorized manner or cause data or security breaches that result in unauthorized release of such PI. Further, our efforts to process, delete or destroy PI may not be consistent with our disclosed policies or may not be successful, resulting in the theft or unintentional disclosure of PI, including when disposing of media on which PI may be stored. In such circumstances, our business could be harmed and we could be liable to our customers, employees or vendors, or to regulators, consumers or other parties, as well as be subject to disclosure or notification requirements, and regulatory or other actions for breaching applicable laws, failing to make or provide required disclosures or notifications, or failing to adequately protect such information. This could result in costly investigations and litigation, civil or criminal penalties, large scale remediation requirements, operational changes or other response measures, significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs, consent orders, loss of consumer confidence in our security measures and negative publicity.
The inadequacy, disruption or failure of our business continuity or disaster recovery plans and procedures in response to significant business or system disruption could adversely affect our business.
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Our business continuity and disaster recovery plans and other adjustments to business may not be sufficient to anticipate impacts of, or address or adequately recover from, business interruptions or a pandemic, or may not be implemented on a timely or error free basis in response to business interruptions or a pandemic, resulting in negative operational impacts and errors.
The insurance underwriting loss limitation methods we use may not be effective or sufficient.
Altisource, through its subsidiary Association of Certified Mortgage Originators Risk Retention Group, Inc., provides certified loan insurance to its customers. Altisource reduces a portion of its risk of insurance loss through third-party reinsurance. The incidence and severity of claims against insurance policies are inherently unpredictable. Although we attempt to manage our exposure to insurance underwriting risk through the use of disciplined underwriting controls and the purchase of third-party reinsurance, we maintain first loss exposure and the frequency and severity of claims could be greater than contemplated in our pricing and risk management methods and our controls and mitigation efforts may not be effective or sufficient.
We also face counterparty risk when purchasing reinsurance from third-party reinsurers. The insolvency or unwillingness of any of our present or future reinsurers to contract with us or make timely payments to us under the terms of our reinsurance agreements could have an adverse effect on us. Further, there is no certainty that we will be able to purchase the amount or type of reinsurance we desire in the future or that the reinsurance we desire will be available on terms we consider acceptable or with reinsurers with whom we want to do business.
Under certain material agreements to which we are currently a party or into which we may enter in the future, the formation by shareholders of Altisource of a “group” with beneficial ownership of a defined percentage of the combined voting power or economic interest of Altisource capital stock exceeding a defined percentage may give rise to a termination event or an event of default.
Under certain of our material agreements a change of control would be deemed to occur if, among other things, a “group” (as that term is used in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) is formed by shareholders holding beneficial ownership of a defined percentage of the combined voting power or economic interest of our capital stock. The Brokerage Agreement with Rithm’s licensed brokerage subsidiary contains a similar provision, and we may enter into material agreements in the future that contain similar provisions. The formation of a “group” could occur without the involvement of or input by us, and we are not in a position to prevent such an event from occurring. Such a change of control could constitute a termination event or an event of default under these agreements.
Risks Related to Human Capital
The majority of our employees and contractors work from locations other than in our facilities, which could negatively impact our control environment or productivity and create additional risks for our business, including increasing our risk for cybersecurity breaches or failures.
A significant portion of our workforce works from locations other than our facilities (“Remote Work Environment”). We may incur significant costs associated with the Remote Work Environment and we may not be able to increase our fees to cover the additional costs. Employing a Remote Work Environment could decrease workforce productivity, including due to a lower level of oversight, supervision or monitoring, increased distractions, impediments to real-time communication or other challenges to effective collaboration, use of slower residential internet connections, the instability, inadequacy or unavailability of our network, unstable electrical services or unreliable internet access. We also may face increased data privacy and security risks resulting from the use of non-Altisource networks to access information and to provide services.
Additional risks to our systems and data as well as customer, vendor and borrower data include increased phishing activities targeting our workforce, vendors and counterparties in transactions and the possibility of attacks on our systems or systems of our remote workforce. A Remote Work Environment could also negatively impact certain controls, such as our financial reporting systems, internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, and controls designed to detect or prevent misconduct. If any reduction in productivity or data privacy or cybersecurity failures or breaches or issues with our controls occurs, we may incur additional costs to address such issues and our financial condition and results may be adversely impacted.
In addition, our Remote Work Environment may result in difficulties creating and maintaining current and accurate records of where our employees are working. Such uncertainty in employee location may subject us to risks related to taxing jurisdictions or maintaining certain licenses.
We rely on vendors for many aspects of our business. If our vendor oversight activities are ineffective, we may fail to meet customer or regulatory requirements. We may face difficulties sourcing required vendors or supplies or managing our relationships with vendors.
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We rely on vendors to provide goods and services in relation to many aspects of our operations, including field services providers and certain providers of web-based services or software as services. Our dependence on these vendors makes our operations vulnerable to the unavailability of such vendors, the pricing and quality of services and products offered by such vendors, solvency of those vendors, security failures of those vendors, deficiencies and failures of business continuity and disaster recovery plans and efforts of such vendors, and such vendors’ failure to perform adequately under our agreements with them. In addition, where a vendor provides services or products that we are required to provide under a contract with a customer, we are generally responsible for such performance and could be held accountable by the customer for any failure of performance by our vendors or related defects. If our vendor sourcing efforts are not effective or if we are otherwise not able to secure an appropriate supply and quality of vendors, services or supplies, if vendors are unable to hire or retain employees or acquire supplies or are prohibited or prevented from performing the services or providing the products for which we contract, including as the result of restrictions imposed by state or local governments or health departments, we may be unable to provide services or compliant services or services may become more expensive. If our vendor oversight activities are ineffective, if a vendor fails to provide the services or products that we require or expect or fails to meet contractual requirements, such as service levels or compliance with applicable laws, or a vendor engages in misconduct, the failure or misconduct could negatively impact our business by adversely affecting our ability to serve our customers or subjecting us to litigation and regulatory risk for ineffective vendor oversight. Furthermore, the failure to obtain services or products at anticipated pricing could impact our cost structure and the prices of our services and we may not be able to increase our fees to cover the additional costs. In addition, Altisource may be contractually required by its customers or by applicable regulations to oversee its vendors and document procedures performed to demonstrate that oversight. If we fail to meet such customer or regulatory requirements, or we face difficulties managing our relationships with vendors, we may lose customers or may no longer be granted referrals for certain services or could be subject to adverse regulatory action.
We make extensive use of contractors in certain of our lines of business. If we are required to reclassify contractors as employees, we may incur fines and penalties and additional costs and taxes.
A significant number of contractors provide services in our operations for which we do not pay or withhold any federal, state or local employment tax or provide employee benefits. These contractors may be retained by us or retained by vendors providing services to us. There are a number of tests used in determining whether an individual is an employee or a contractor. There can be no assurance that we are in compliance, or that legislative, judicial or regulatory (including tax) authorities will not introduce proposals or assert interpretations of existing rules and regulations that would change, or at least challenge, the classification of our contractors. The United States Internal Revenue Service or other United States federal or state authorities or similar authorities of a foreign government may determine that we or our vendors have misclassified our contractors for employment tax or other purposes and, as a result, seek additional taxes from us, require us to pay certain compensation or benefits to wrongly classified employees, or attempt to impose fines or penalties. In addition, contractors, or contractors or employees of our vendors, may assert claims that they are our employees and seek to recover compensation, benefits, damages and penalties from us. If we are required to pay employer taxes, pay backup withholding compensation, benefits, damages or penalties with respect to or on behalf of our contractors or contractors or employees of our vendors, our operating costs will increase.
We could have conflicts of interest with Ocwen, Rithm, Deer Park Road Management Company L.P., or affiliates of the foregoing, and/or certain of our shareholders, members of management, employees and members of our Board of Directors, which may be resolved in a manner adverse to us.
We have significant business relationships with and provide services to Ocwen and to Rithm, and we have business relationships with certain companies in which William C. Erbey has invested. We also have a revolving credit facility with a fund managed by Deer Park Road Management Company L.P. (together with its affiliates and managed funds, “Deer Park”), and Deer Park owns Altisource debt as a lender pursuant to our senior secured term loan agreement, as amended and restated with an effective date of February 14, 2023 (the “Amended Credit Agreement”). Deer Park and William C. Erbey (directly or through trust or investment vehicles in which he has sole voting and investment power) have disclosed that they own equity interests in Altisource representing approximately 16% and 23%, respectively, of Altisource’s outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, Deer Park owned approximately 18% of Altisource’s debt under the Amended Credit Agreement and held 292 thousand warrants received in connection with the February 2023 debt amendment. Certain members of our management and independent members of our Board of Directors (or entities affiliated with such members of the Board of Directors) have direct or beneficial equity interests in one or more of Altisource, Ocwen and Rithm, including in one instance, equity interests in both Ocwen (estimated to be approximately 8%) and Altisource (approximately 16%) as well as debt of both of these companies. Such interests and relationships could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting us and Ocwen, Rithm, Deer Park, William C. Erbey or their affiliates. There can be no assurance that we will implement measures that will enable us to manage such potential conflicts. There can be no assurance that any current or future measures that may be implemented to manage potential conflicts will be effective or that we will be able to manage or resolve all potential conflicts with Ocwen, Rithm, Deer Park, William C. Erbey or their affiliates and,
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even if we do, that the resolution will be no less favorable to us than if we were dealing with another third-party that has none of the connections we have with Ocwen, Rithm, Deer Park or William C. Erbey. There can be no guarantee that we will be able to continue to implement appropriate measures to manage these potential conflicts of interest.
Our success depends on the relevant industry experience and relationships of certain members of our Board of Directors, executive officers and other key personnel.
Our success is dependent on the efforts and abilities of members of our Board of Directors, our executive officers and other key employees, many of whom have significant experience in the real estate and mortgage, financial services and technology industries or play a substantial role in our relationship with certain customers. We are dependent on the services of members of our Board of Directors and key executives at our corporate headquarters and personnel at each of our lines of business and support groups. In addition, certain members of our Board of Directors, executive officers or other key employees have relationships with certain customers or vendors that facilitate our business and operations. The loss of the services of any of these members of our Board of Directors, executives or key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations or relationships with certain customers or vendors.
To maintain our substance and leadership as a Luxembourg company, we seek to convene at least one Board of Directors meeting in Luxembourg each year and our executive management is largely based in Luxembourg. The travel required by our directors to Luxembourg, and potential future restrictions on and requirements for such travel, may serve as an impediment to attract and retain directors and director candidates. Our Luxembourg location can also make it difficult to attract and retain executive officers and other senior leadership and to achieve diversity and succession planning in such roles.
We may face difficulties to attract, motivate and retain skilled employees.
Our business is labor intensive and places significant importance on our ability to recruit, engage, train and retain skilled employees. Additionally, demand for qualified professionals with experience in certain businesses or technologies may exceed available supply. Our ability to recruit and train employees is critical to achieving our growth objective. Further, some of our business operations require recruiting and retaining employees with certain professional licenses, particularly in the United States. An increase in demand for professionals licensed to work in our origination, real estate brokerage and auction, and default business, and significant turnover in those areas, may negatively impact our ability to attract and retain such professionals. We face inflationary wage pressures which may continue for an extended period. We may continue to encounter significant challenges in attracting and retaining employees as needed to satisfy demand or growth expectations for our services, or to be able to limit compensation related costs to make operations economically viable. We may not be able to attract and retain skilled employees. We may face an increase in wages or other costs of attracting, training or retaining skilled employees. In addition, attrition of current employees may negatively impact our ability to provide services of a quality or volume that satisfy applicable contractual obligations or that support our planned growth or expansion of services.
The presence of our operations in multiple countries subjects us to risks endemic to those countries.
We have employees and operations outside of the United States, in countries such as Luxembourg, India and Uruguay. The occurrence of natural disasters, epidemics or other health emergencies, or political or economic instability impacting these countries, could interfere with work performed by these labor sources or could result in us having to replace or reduce these labor sources.
We operate in jurisdictions that have experienced corruption, bribery and other similar practices from time-to-time. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions, and the failure to comply with these laws could result in substantial penalties.
Furthermore, the practice of utilizing labor based in foreign countries has at times come under increased scrutiny in the United States. Governmental authorities could seek to impose financial costs or restrictions on foreign companies providing services to customers in the United States. Governmental authorities may attempt to prohibit or otherwise discourage our United States-based customers from sourcing services from foreign companies and, as a result, some of our customers may require us to use labor based in the United States or cease doing business with Altisource. In addition, some of our customers may require us to use labor based in the United States for other reasons. To the extent that we are required to use labor based in the United States, we may not be able to pass on the increased costs of higher-priced United States-based labor to our customers.
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Risks Related to Our Growth Strategy
We may be unable to realize sales represented by our awarded business or sales pipeline.
As part of our business and financial planning, we make assumptions about the quantity and timing of services that our customers and prospective customers will order from us. In many instances, however, our customers may not be obligated to acquire our services or may only be obligated to acquire our services to the extent the customer can make use of such services. Our volume of sales may not materialize to the extent our customers or prospect customers elect to use providers of services other than us, or if economic, industry or company specific conditions exist such that our customers or prospect customers do not require the assumed quantity of services or reduce the fees paid for the services. For example, economic conditions and restrictions instituted by governmental authorities, GSEs, servicers or investors, or the sale, consolidation or failure of current or potential customers, may negatively impact the quantity or timing of customer demand for our services despite the existence of an agreement. Our customers may use more than one provider for given services resulting in such customers varying over time the quantity or mix of services acquired from us versus other providers. Even in cases where our customer contracts require minimum purchases by a customer, we may be unable or we may determine that it is inadvisable for us to seek to enforce or collect upon the contractual minimums.
We may fail to adapt our services to changes in technology or in the marketplace related to mortgage servicing or origination, changing requirements of governmental authorities, GSEs and customers. Customers may seek to reduce reliance upon the number of service providers.
The markets for our services are characterized by constant technological and other changes, our customers’ and competitors’ frequent introduction of new services, and evolving industry standards and government regulations. We are currently in the process of, and from time to time will be, developing and introducing new services and technologies and improvements to existing services and technologies. Our future success will be significantly affected by our ability to complete our current efforts and in the future enhance, our services and technologies, and to develop and introduce new services that address changes in technology or applicable marketplaces or the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers and their customers, as well as our ability to reduce costs by relying on cloud architecture and other infrastructure advancements. These efforts may include implementing new real estate auction and marketing capabilities, as well as technological and other modifications to increase efficiency and flexibility in supplying our default-related and origination services. These initiatives carry the risks associated with any new technology or service development effort, including cost overruns, delays in delivery and performance effectiveness. There can be no assurance that we will continue with our current efforts and be successful in developing, enhancing, marketing, selling and implementing new and improved technology or services. In addition, we may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, enhancement, introduction and marketing of technologies or services. Our technology and services and their enhancements may also not adequately meet the demands of the marketplace or governmental authorities and achieve market acceptance.
Customers of our default-related services and origination services may seek to reduce the number of service providers employed through vendor consolidation, insourcing (providing the services itself) or by other means. Such changes could reduce the demand for our services or control over the prices we are able to charge for our services.
Business expansion involves potential risks.
Entry into new business sectors, expansion beyond our core services, and organic growth initiatives may not result in the anticipated benefits, may take longer or be more costly than expected, which may adversely affect our financial results, ability to conduct investments in other businesses, reputation and growth prospects. We may not accurately identify market needs. New products and services may not function as intended or achieve anticipated rates of market adoption or commercial success. Because of the obligations to maintain a minimum cash threshold in the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement and restrictions in our Amended Credit Agreement, we may not be able to provide adequate funding to new initiatives.
Newly-developed businesses, products, services or initiatives may have lower or negative margins. Growth related investments may increase our costs and lower our margins in the short term and potentially over longer periods. We may not be able to recoup our investments in such initiatives or achieve anticipated financial returns, and such initiatives may negatively impact our ability to identify or pursue other potential opportunities.
Acquisitions to accelerate growth initiatives involve potential risks.
Historically, our strategy has included the acquisition of complementary businesses from time to time. In the future, we may consider acquisitions of or merger with other businesses that we believe could complement our business, offer us greater access in our current markets or offer us greater access and expertise in other asset types and markets that are related to ours, but we do not currently serve. Our ability to pursue additional acquisitions in the future depends on our access to sufficient capital (equity
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and/or debt) to fund the acquisition and subsequent integration. Because of the obligations to maintain a minimum cash threshold in the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement and restrictions in our Amended Credit Agreement, we may not be able to secure adequate capital as needed on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.
When we acquire new businesses, we may face a number of integration risks, including a loss of focus on our daily operations, the need for additional management, constraints on operating resources, constraints on financial resources from integration and system conversion costs, and the inability to maintain key pre-acquisition relationships with customers, suppliers and employees. We may have particular integration risks as we are a Luxembourg-domiciled company, resulting in numerous changes that may need to be made immediately or promptly following closing of such an acquisition. In addition, any acquisition may result in the incurrence of additional amortization expense of related intangible assets, which could reduce our profitability.
Failure to properly and timely integrate any acquired business may result in our inability to realize the expected value from the acquisition, which can lead us to generate less revenue and/or earnings than anticipated, and/or sell or otherwise dispose of the acquired business at a loss.
Risks Related to Our Industry
Changes in economic and market conditions that reduce residential real estate sales or values or mortgage origination volumes could negatively impact demand for our services.
Economic or market fluctuations such as a decrease in sales or sales prices of residential properties or an increase in sales transaction timelines could reduce the demand for certain of our services related to marketing and real estate sale transactions, including services ancillary to such transactions, such as closing services and title insurance services. Typically, the volume of residential property sales decline and transaction timelines increase as residential mortgage interest rates increase, financing options and availability for borrowers decline or consumer confidence falls. A reduction in the volume of real estate transactions or the sales price of real estate could negatively impact our residential real estate brokerage and auction businesses which earn commission fees that are generally set as a percentage based on the property sale price. Demand for services from other businesses, such as mortgage origination, valuation, title and closing, may also decline as a result of a reduction in real estate transaction volumes including from increasing residential mortgage interest rates. Home price appreciation typically increases equity in the borrowers’ homes providing borrowers with more options to avoid foreclosure and, therefore, reducing foreclosure auction and REO referrals and ancillary services such as closing and title insurance services.
Economic or market fluctuations that reduce the volume or value of residential mortgage origination or re-financings could decrease the demand for our mortgage origination and mortgage insurance related services, including those provided to members of the Lenders One mortgage cooperative. An increase in residential mortgage interest rates or a decline in financing available for borrowers as a result of an inflationary environment or government action responding to the same could result in a decrease in such demand. Increasing housing prices could also reduce the number of sale transactions resulting in a decrease in new mortgage origination.
A reduction in residential mortgage delinquencies, defaults or foreclosures in the United States can negatively affect demand for certain of our services.
We provide certain services to residential mortgage servicers and subservicers, as well as government sponsored entities, federal agencies and others, to protect, preserve, manage and potentially dispose of properties securing residential mortgage loans, when such loans become delinquent, default, undergo foreclosure or become a REO asset. Rates of residential mortgage delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures can be negatively impacted by numerous factors, including strengthening economic conditions, increasing housing equity from rising home values, decreasing residential mortgage interest rates, a reduction in the number of residential mortgages outstanding or a reduction in home ownership levels or governmental or servicer action. National servicing standards, federal and state government scrutiny and regulation, requirements specifying loan loss mitigation, modification and foreclosure procedures, rules instituted by governmental authorities, GSEs, servicers or investors preventing actions related to loan delinquencies and foreclosures, including moratoriums on foreclosures and mortgage payment forbearance plans, may also reduce the number of mortgage loans entering the foreclosure process or suspend pending foreclosure and eviction actions. Such conditions could negatively impact demand for our default services. Reductions in the rates of residential mortgage delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures and REO would likely reduce demand for our services related to non-judicial foreclosures, inspecting, maintaining, valuing, marketing and selling such assets.
If faced with an extended period of decline in demand for and revenue from certain of our services as a result of economic conditions, borrower loss mitigation or relief measures, or due to government, GSE, servicer or investor restrictions related to loan delinquencies and foreclosures, including moratoriums on foreclosures and mortgage payment forbearance plans, we may
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be unable to sufficiently adjust our cost structure, in our operations that provide such impacted services or at the corporate level, to avoid negative impacts to net revenue or profits. We also may be unable to maintain our ability to offer such services in the future. The expiration dates of certain requirements, loss mitigation or relief measures that impact demand for our services may be indefinite or extended in the future making it difficult to predict when such requirements or measures may end. In response to such conditions, we may be required to modify or suspend such operations which could negatively impact our ability to timely respond to an increase in demand for such services or to provide such services in the future, or which could cause us to incur significant expense to restart or scale such services in response to an increase in demand.
Developments that impact residential foreclosures or the supply, sale price or sale of REO could negatively affect demand for certain of our default-related services and negatively impact our ability to meet certain contractual performance metrics.
Reduction in residential foreclosures or the supply or sales of REO in the United States could reduce the demand for and volume of certain of our services, including foreclosure trustee, foreclosure auction, REO asset management, REO property inspection and preservation, real estate brokerage, real estate auction and marketing services, as well as sales of REO, especially in cases where more loans are resolved prior to foreclosure or sold at foreclosure auctions and therefore do not convert to REO. The reduced supply of REO or sales of REO could also impact our ability to meet certain contractually required service metrics, including those metrics tied to satisfying certain conversion percentage requirements as the size of the applicable population declines and the population of REO that remains is often the most difficult to sell. Reduced volumes may make it more difficult to provide services in an economic manner, undermine beneficial efficiencies, and increase the risks and costs of securing vendors to provide required services and products on a smaller scale.
We may not be able to effectively manage rapid or unanticipated increases in foreclosures or the supply, sale price or sale of REO which could negatively impact our ability to satisfy service level metrics that are tied to conversion rates or other percentage requirements. For example, if a service metric specifies that a certain percentage of the total population of REO is to be sold within a defined period of time, a rapid increase in the total REO population may increase the risk of failing to meet the defined percentage metric during the period required to prepare the newly added REO to be marketed.
Some of the service metrics which may be impacted include those related to REO conversion rates, aging of REO, time on market and sale price compared to valuation. If we fail to satisfy applicable performance metrics or perform in a manner satisfactory to our customers, such customers may reduce the services they acquire from us or otherwise terminate us as a service provider.
Changes to real estate brokerage commission structures or rates paid for residential property transactions could negatively impact us.
Changes to real estate brokerage commission structures or rates paid for residential property transactions as a result of litigation, claims, settlements, governmental regulations or other reasons, which reduce real estate brokerage compensation or limit commission sharing or cooperative commissions amongst among brokerages or brokers, could negatively impact the value of commissions to which we are entitled or receive and could negatively impact certain contractual obligations.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
We may never pay dividends on our common stock so any returns would be limited to the potential appreciation of our stock.
We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate we will declare or pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of applicable debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the potential appreciation of their stock.
We may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure requirements applicable to a “smaller reporting company” under Regulation S-K, and the information that we provide to stockholders may be different than they might receive from other public companies.
We are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined under Regulation S-K. As a smaller reporting company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, among other things, scaled disclosure requirements, including simplified executive compensation disclosures in our filings, exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that an
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independent registered accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and certain other decreased disclosure obligations in our SEC filings.
We intend to continue to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosure requirements of smaller reporting companies. We may continue to take advantage of these allowances until we are no longer a smaller reporting company. Therefore, the information that we provide stockholders may be different than one might get from other public companies. Further, if some investors find our shares of common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our shares of common stock and the market price of such shares of common stock may be more volatile.
Although we are currently eligible to file new short form registration statements on Form S-3, we cannot guarantee we will remain eligible to do so. If we were to lose such eligibility, it may impair our ability to raise capital on terms favorable to us, in a timely manner or at all.
Form S-3 permits eligible issuers to conduct registered offerings using a short form registration statement that allows the issuer to incorporate by reference its past and future filings and reports made under the Exchange Act. In addition, Form S-3 enables eligible issuers to conduct primary offerings “off the shelf” under Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The shelf registration process, combined with the ability to forward incorporate information, allows issuers to avoid delays and interruptions in the offering process and to access the capital markets in a more expeditious and efficient manner than raising capital in a standard registered offering pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1. The ability to newly register securities for resale may also be limited as a result of the loss of Form S-3 eligibility with respect to such registrations.
SEC regulations limit the amount of funds we may raise during any 12-month period pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3
Our public float was less than $75 million as of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As a result, under General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3, the amount of funds we can raise through primary public offerings of securities, in any 12-month period using our registration statement on Form S-3 is limited to one-third of the aggregate market value of the shares of our common stock held by our non-affiliates. We are subject to this limitation until such time as our public float exceeds $75 million. If we are required to file a new registration statement on another form, we may incur additional costs and be subject to delays due to review by the SEC. As of January 23, 2024, our public float (i.e., the aggregate market value of our outstanding equity securities held by non-affiliates) was approximately $48.8 million, based on 15.3 million shares of outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates and on the closing price of $3.20 per share of our common stock as reported on Nasdaq on January 23, 2024 (a date within 60 days of the date hereof), as calculated in accordance with General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3. In addition, during the 12 calendar month period that ends on the date of this filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we had offered and sold $20.1 million of our common stock pursuant to the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2023. After giving effect to the $16.3 million offering limit imposed by General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, and after deducting the shares we sold within the preceding 12 months, as of the date of filing this Annual Report, we may sell $0 shares of our common stock at this time under our shelf registration statement.
The market price and trading volume of our stock may be volatile.
The market price of our common stock could be subject to significant fluctuations. Stock markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies or our sector. These broad market fluctuations, in addition to our operating performance, may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
If we issue common stock, warrants or other securities, the trading price of our common stock or other Company securities could experience significant volatility or be negatively impacted.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could significantly impact our profitability and reputation.
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Owners of our securities could be diluted.
We may issue new shares of common stock or other forms of securities which could dilute the economic and voting interests of current shareholders. We may issue warrants and holders of outstanding warrants may exercise their warrant rights to acquire Company securities, which actions would dilute the economic and voting interests of current shareholders.
Risks Related to Financing, Our Indebtedness and Capital Structure
If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or access the capital markets or our borrowing capacity is reduced, our liquidity and competitive position will be negatively affected.
An extended period of reduced demand for all or certain of our default-related services could negatively impact our cash flow such that we may need to use unrestricted cash on hand to satisfy our obligations, which would reduce our cash balance negatively impacting our liquidity.
In addition, our liquidity would be adversely affected by any inability to access the capital markets, volatility in the capital markets, unforeseen outflows of cash, funding for contingencies and increased regulatory liquidity requirements.
Our ability to borrow money could be limited, or our cost of borrowing could increase, due to volatility in the capital markets, worsening terms on which credit is available or limitations in our loan agreements. In addition, our financial results, reduced revenue or cash flow, or volatility in the markets which we support, could negatively impact our customer and prospective customer relationships, as well as our ability to borrow or our ability to continue to satisfy the covenants and terms of our loan agreements. If we were to have a default under our loan agreements, we would not be able borrow additional funds under our existing agreements and our lenders could seek to enforce the remedies available to them under our loan agreements. A reduction in our ability to borrow funds to support our operations or a reduction in cash flow would also reduce our ability to pursue our business strategy to diversify and grow our customer base.
Our level of debt and the variable interest rate on our term loan makes us sensitive to the effects of our current financial performance and interest rate increases; our level of debt and provisions in our Amended Credit Agreement and revolving credit facility could limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry.
Our term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement make us more vulnerable to changes in our results of operations because a portion of our cash flows from operations and current cash on the balance sheet is dedicated to servicing our debt and is not available for other purposes. Our term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement, and the Revolver (amended with an effective date of February 14, 2023) are secured by virtually all of our assets. From time to time, our debt under the Amended Credit Agreement may trade at a substantial discount to face value.
Our ability to raise additional debt is limited, and in many circumstances is subject to lender approval and could require modification of certain of the loan agreements. The provisions of our Amended Credit Agreement could have other negative consequences to us including the following:
•limiting our ability to borrow money for our working capital, capital expenditures and debt service requirements or other general corporate purposes;
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our operations, our business or the industry in which we compete;
•requiring us to use 50% of our excess cash flow, as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement, to repay debt;
•requiring us to use 75% of the first $50 million of net proceeds received from equity issuances or capital contributions to repay debt; and
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage by limiting our ability to invest in our business
Our ability to make payments on our indebtedness depends on our ability to generate cash in the future. As a result of the low default, foreclosure and REO levels and declining origination volumes in the recent rising interest rate environment, our cash flows were and remain severely impacted. There can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve historical levels of revenues and cash flows (adjusted for businesses sold or discontinued). If we do not generate sufficient cash flows and do not have sufficient cash on hand to meet our debt service and working capital requirements, we may need to seek additional financing, raise equity or sell assets, and our ability to take these actions may be limited by the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, Revolver or the market. We may not be able to refinance our existing indebtedness when it becomes due or obtain alternative financing on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. Without any such financing, we could be forced to sell assets or reduce costs under unfavorable circumstances to make up for any shortfall in our payment obligations. Even if necessary, we may not be able to sell assets or reduce costs quickly enough or for sufficient amounts to enable us to meet our obligations.
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Failure to meet our debt service requirements could result in an event of default under our loans agreement which, if not cured or waived, would result in the holders of the defaulted debt causing all outstanding amounts with respect to that debt to be immediately due and payable and potentially permitting lenders to execute applicable security interests, negatively impacting our future operations or ability to engage in other favorable business activities. An event of default under the loan agreements would provide certain of our customers, including Ocwen and Rithm, with the ability to terminate our agreements.
In addition, our Amended Credit Agreement contains covenants that limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to changes in, our business and our industry, including limitations on incurring additional indebtedness, making investments, adding new product lines, disposing or selling of assets, granting liens and merging or consolidating with other companies. Complying with these covenants may impair our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs or to engage in other favorable business activities.
Our failure to comply with the covenants or terms contained in our Amended Credit Agreement or Revolver, including as a result of events beyond our control, could result in an event of default.
Our Amended Credit Agreement requires us to comply with various operational, reporting and other covenants or terms including, among other things, limiting us from engaging in certain types of transactions. If we do not have appropriate controls, or the controls we implement fail or are not effective, we could experience an event of default under our Amended Credit Agreement or Revolver. If we experience an event of default under our Amended Credit Agreement or Revolver that is not cured or waived, it could result in the debt being called and immediately due and payable in full. a going concern uncertainty, which in turn could provide certain of our customers the ability to terminate our agreements and allow the holders of the defaulted debt to cause all amounts outstanding with respect to that debt to be immediately due and payable or choose to execute on applicable security interests. Our assets or cash flows may not be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver if accelerated upon an event of default and we may not be able to refinance or restructure the payments on the borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver.
We may be unable to exercise the option to extend the maturity of our Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver from April 2025 to April 2026. We may be unable to repay or refinance the balance of our loans under the Amended Credit Agreement or Revolver upon maturity, particularly if cash from operations fails to significantly improve, assets are not readily available for sale and sold or we are unable to timely refinance on favorable terms or at all.
Our loan agreements require us to repay the outstanding balance due in April 2025, with an option to extend to April 2026 if we make par paydowns from the proceeds of issuances of equity interests or from junior indebtedness totaling at least $30 million on or before February 13, 2024, and there is no continuing default of the loan agreements. We satisfied the $30 million paydown requirement through a par paydown in the amount of $20 million in February 2023 and an additional par paydown of $10 million in September 2023 each from the proceeds of equity issuances, providing us with the option to be able to extend the maturity date of our debt to April 2026. However, there can be no assurance that we will be permitted under our Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver to exercise the option to extend the maturity of our Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver to April 2026.
If our cash from operations fails to significantly improve, there can be no assurance that our cash balances and other assets readily available for sale and sold would be sufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding Amended Credit Agreement and Revolver upon maturity, or that we will be able to refinance the remaining portion of the debt sufficiently prior to the due date or on terms acceptable to us. If we were to default on our debt, our lenders could take action adverse to our interests under the terms of the loan agreements, including seeking to take possession of the applicable collateral. In addition, a default under the loan agreements could constitute a termination event under certain of our client or vendor agreements, which could adversely impact our revenue or cash flow or our ability to provide products and services. Under such circumstances, if we are not able to agree upon a resolution with our lenders, we might seek applicable legal protections including under bankruptcy law, which further could provide certain of our customers or vendors the ability to terminate our agreements. If we refinance the loans under less favorable terms, we may be required to accept a higher interest rate and debt-related costs, as well as additional restrictions and covenants which constrain our ability to finance and operate our business.
We have a significant net operating loss recognized by one of our Luxembourg subsidiaries, Altisource S.à r.l. We may not be able to fully utilize this deferred tax asset before the net operating loss expires.
In connection with a merger of two of the Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries in December 2017, which was recognized at fair value, a net operating loss of $1.3 billion with a 17-year life was generated, creating a deferred tax asset of $342.6 million. During 2019, the Company recognized a full valuation allowance with respect to this deferred tax asset. If Altisource S.à r.l. is unable to generate sufficient pretax income by 2034, the Company may not be able to fully utilize this deferred tax asset. In
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addition, changes in our structure or operations could prevent us from fully realizing some or all of the benefit of such deferred tax asset.
We have significant investments in goodwill and intangible assets recorded as a result of prior acquisitions and an impairment of these assets would require a write-down that would reduce our net income.
As a result of prior investments, we have significant goodwill and intangible assets recorded in our financial statements. Goodwill and intangible assets are assessed for impairment annually or sooner if circumstances indicate a possible impairment. Factors that could lead to impairment of goodwill and intangible assets include significant under-performance relative to historical or projected future operating results, a significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization and negative industry or economic trends, among other indications of impairment. If the recorded values of goodwill and intangible assets are impaired, any such impairment would be charged to earnings in the period of impairment. In the event of significant volatility in the capital markets or a worsening of current economic conditions, we may be required to record an impairment charge, which would adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Cash, cash equivalents and escrow funds we hold at financial institutions could be lost and not recoverable.
We hold our cash and cash equivalents, including customer deposits held in escrow accounts pending completion of certain real estate activities, at various financial institutions. These cash balances expose us to purposeful misappropriation of cash by employees or others and unintentional mistakes resulting in a loss of cash which may not be recoverable.
Amounts that are held in escrow accounts for limited periods of time are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We may become liable for funds owed to third parties as a result of purposeful misappropriation of cash by employees or others, unintentional mistakes or the failure of one or more of these financial institutions. There is no guarantee we would recover the funds deposited, whether through Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation coverage, private insurance or otherwise.
Foreign Exchange
We have operations in India, Luxembourg and Uruguay which may result in us being party to transactions denominated, or incurring obligations, in currencies other than the United States dollar, including, for example, payroll, taxes, facilities-related expenses. Weakness of the United States dollar in relation to these applicable currencies (e.g., Euro, Indian rupee, Uruguayan peso) may increase our costs.
Risks Relating to Luxembourg Organization and Ownership of Our Shares
We are a Luxembourg company. The rights of shareholders under Luxembourg law may differ in certain respects from the rights afforded to shareholders of companies organized under laws in other jurisdictions. It may also be difficult to obtain and enforce judgments against us or our directors and executive officers.
We are a public limited liability company (société anonyme) organized and existing under the laws of, and headquartered in, Luxembourg. As a result, Luxembourg law and our amended and restated articles of incorporation, as amended from time to time (“Articles”) govern the rights of shareholders. The rights of shareholders under Luxembourg law may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in other jurisdictions. A significant portion of our assets are owned outside of the United States. It may be difficult for our investors to obtain and enforce, in the United States, judgments obtained in United States courts against us or our directors based on the civil liability provisions of the United States securities laws or to enforce, in Luxembourg, judgments obtained in other jurisdictions including the United States.
A significant challenge of the Luxembourg tax regime or of its interpretation by the Luxembourg tax authorities, or its application of us or our business could have a negative impact us.
We received and historically operated under a tax ruling from the Luxembourg tax authorities, which would have expired in 2019 unless extended or renewed. In connection with an internal reorganization by the Company during 2017, we no longer operate under this tax ruling. The European Commission (“EC”) has initiated investigations into several EU member states, including Luxembourg, to determine whether these EU member states have provided tax advantages to companies pursuant to tax rulings or otherwise on a basis not allowed by the EU. While the EC’s investigations continue, it has concluded that certain companies in certain EU member states, including Luxembourg, have been provided such tax advantages. The EC is requiring these EU member states to recover from certain companies the prior year tax benefits they received.
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Risks Relating to Regulation
Our business and the business of our customers are subject to extensive scrutiny and legal requirements. We, or our services, may fail or be perceived as failing to comply with applicable legal requirements.
Our business and the business of our customers are subject to extensive scrutiny and regulation by federal, state and local governmental authorities including the FTC, the CFPB, the SEC, HUD and state and local agencies, including those which license or oversee certain of our auction, real estate brokerage, mortgage services, trustee services, residential mortgage origination services, title insurance and other insurance services, as well as collection and use of personal information. We also must comply with a number of federal, state and local consumer protection laws. We are subject to various foreign laws and regulations based on our operations or the location of our affiliates as well, including those pertaining to data protection, such as the GDPR. These foreign, federal, state and local requirements can and do change as statutes and regulations are enacted, promulgated or amended. Furthermore, the interpretation or enforcement by regulatory authorities of these requirements may change over time or may not be predictable or consistent with our interpretations or expectations. The creation of new regulatory authorities or changes in the regulatory authorities overseeing applicable laws and regulations may also result in changing interpretation or enforcement of such laws or regulations.
If governmental authorities impose new or more restrictive requirements or enhanced oversight related to our services or operations, we may be required to increase or decrease our prices, modify our contracts or course of dealing and/or we may incur significant additional costs to comply with such requirements. Additionally, we may be unable to adapt our services or operations to conform to the new laws and regulations.
Periodically, we are subject to audits and examinations by federal, state and local governmental authorities and receive subpoenas, civil investigative demands or other requests for information from such governmental authorities in connection with their regulatory or investigative authority. Responding to audits, examinations and inquiries will cause us to incur costs, including legal fees or other charges, which may be material in amount, and in addition, may result in management distraction or may cause us to modify or terminate certain services we currently offer. If any such audits, examinations or inquiries result in allegations or findings of non-compliance, we could incur significant penalties, fines, settlements, costs and consent orders that may curtail, restrict or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business.
Regulatory inquiries or determinations of failures to comply with applicable requirements could increase our costs and expose us to sanctions which could include limitations on our ability to provide services, or otherwise reduce demand for our services. Furthermore, even if we believe we comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may choose to settle such allegations in order to avoid the potentially significant costs of defending such allegations and to further avoid the risk of increased damages if we ultimately were to receive an unfavorable outcome, but such settlements may also result in further claims or create issues for existing and potential customers. Such settlements and additional actions could increase costs, place limitations on our services, and result in a reduction in demand.
From time to time, we may be subject to costly and time-consuming regulatory or legal proceedings that claim legal violations or wrongful conduct, including claims for violations of consumer protection laws, laws concerning PI or third-party intellectual property rights. These proceedings may involve regulators, customers, our customers’ clients, vendors, competitors, third parties or other large groups of plaintiffs and, if resulting in findings of violations, could result in substantial damages or indemnification obligations. Additionally, we may be forced to settle some claims and change our existing practices, services processes or technologies that are currently revenue generating. Certain regulations to which we are subject provide for potentially significant penalties such that even if we believe we have no liability for the alleged regulatory or legal violations or wrongful conduct, we may choose to settle such regulatory or legal proceedings in order to avoid the potentially significant costs of defending such allegations and to further avoid the risk of increased damages if we ultimately were to receive an unfavorable outcome; however, such settlements may also result in further claims or create issues for existing and potential customers. Such proceedings and settlement could increase our costs and expose us to sanctions, including limitations on our ability to provide services, or otherwise reduce demand for our services.
Failure to comply with US sanctions, including blocking certain activities in Sanctioned Countries, could expose us to penalties and other adverse consequences.
Our business activities may be subject to U.S. sanctions laws administered and maintained by the US government, including restrictions or prohibitions on transactions with, or on dealing in funds transfers to/ from certain embargoed jurisdictions (currently, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba, and the Crimea, so-called- Donetsk People’s Republic, and so-called Luhansk People’s Republic regions of Ukraine). We have implemented internet protocol (“IP”) address blocking and screening mechanisms to promote compliance with US sanctions rules and regulations, although the blocking and screening mechanisms may not be able to completely block all unwanted IP access. A determination that we have failed to comply with US sanctions,
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whether knowingly or inadvertently, could result in the imposition of substantial penalties, including enforcement actions, fines, and civil and/or criminal penalties, and may adversely affect our business.
If we fail to timely make required disclosure filings with the U.S. Department of Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, we could be subject to fines and penalties.
We operate as a title insurance agent through one or more subsidiaries. As a title insurance agent, we are contractually required by certain insurance underwriters to make Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Currency Transaction Report filings with the U.S. Department of the Treasury in connection with cash real estate transactions in specified United States jurisdictions which satisfy certain requirements (the “Filing Requirements”). Filings pursuant to the Filing Requirements must be made within a specified time period after a subject transaction closes and must be accompanied by certain information concerning the applicable transaction. If our procedures fail to identify transactions which are subject to the Filing Requirements, or if we fail to make required filings or fail to provide the required transaction information, we could be subject to civil, criminal and monetary penalties. The failure to satisfy the Filing Requirements could also cause us to be in breach of our agreements with the title insurance underwriter and could subject us to liability and lead to termination of such agreements.
We are subject to licensing and regulation as a provider of certain services. If we fail to maintain our licenses or if our licenses are suspended or terminated, we may not be able to provide certain of our services. In addition, the lack of certain licenses in one or more jurisdictions could cause us to breach applicable contracts.
We are required to have and maintain licenses as a provider of certain product and services including, among others, services as a residential mortgage origination underwriter, valuation provider, appraisal management company, asset manager, property manager, title insurance agent, insurance broker and underwriter, real estate broker, auctioneer, foreclosure trustee and credit report provider in a number of jurisdictions. Our employees and subsidiaries may be required to be licensed by various state or regulatory commissions or bodies for the particular type of product or service provided and to participate in regular continuing education programs. If one or more of our licenses are lost, revoked, expire or limited, or if we fail to maintain or otherwise surrender one or more such license, we may be prohibited from doing business in certain markets. Further, certain of our agreements require that we possess and maintain certain licenses. The failure to hold such licenses may result in us breaching certain agreements, which could cause us to be subject to claims for damages, termination of applicable agreements or unable to obtain inputs required for certain of our services.
A violation by our customers of applicable legal requirements in the selection or use of our services could generate legal liability for us.
Certain of our services are provided at the direction and pursuant to the identified requirements of our customers, including property preservation, inspection, title, valuations, brokerage, auction, foreclosure and eviction services that are triggered by information provided by our customers. The failure of our customers to properly identify or account for regulatory requirements applicable to the use of our services, in selecting appropriate services for the intended purposes, or in specifying how services are rendered could expose us to significant penalties, fines, litigation, settlements, costs and consent orders.
Certain of our customers are subject to governmental oversight, regulations, orders, judgments or settlements which may impose certain obligations and limitations on their use of our services.
Participants in the industries in which we operate are subject to a high level of oversight and regulation. The failure of our services to meet applicable legal requirements could subject us to civil and criminal liability, loss of licensure, damage to our reputation, significant penalties, fines, settlements, adverse publicity, litigation, including class action lawsuits or administrative enforcement actions, costs and consent orders against us or our customers that may curtail or restrict our business as it is currently conducted. Such failures could also cause customers to reduce or cease using our services.
Certain of our customers are subject to vendor oversight requirements. As such, we are subject to oversight by our customers. If we do not meet the standards established by or imposed upon our customers, regulators allege that products or services provided by Altisource fail to meet applicable legal requirements, or if any other oversight procedures result in a negative outcome for Altisource, we may lose customers, may no longer be granted referrals for certain services, or may have to conform our business to address these standards.
The tax regulations, and the interpretation thereof, in the countries, states and local jurisdictions in which we operate periodically change, which may adversely affect our results due to higher taxes, interest and penalties, or our inability to utilize tax credits available to us.
Certain of our subsidiaries provide services in the United States and several other countries. Those jurisdictions are subject to changing tax environments, which may result in higher operating expenses or taxes and which may introduce uncertainty as to
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the application of tax laws and regulations to our operations. Furthermore, we may determine that we owe additional taxes or may be required to pay taxes for services provided in prior periods as interpretations of tax laws and regulations are clarified or revised. Changes in laws concerning sales tax, gross recipient tax, dividends, retained earnings, application of operating or other losses, and intercompany transactions and loans, among others, could impact us. We may not be able to raise our prices to customers or pass-through such taxes to our customers or vendors in response to changes, which could adversely affect our results of operations. If we fail to accurately anticipate or apply tax laws and regulations to our operations, we could be subject to liabilities and penalties. We may be unable to take advantage of operating losses or other tax credits to the full extent available or at all due to changes in tax regulations or our results of operations.
Our operations and intercompany arrangements are subject to the tax laws of various jurisdictions, and we could be obligated to pay additional taxes, which would harm our results of operations.
We conduct our operations in several countries, states and local jurisdictions and may be required to report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The amount of taxes paid in different jurisdictions may depend on the application of the tax laws of the various jurisdictions to our business activities, changes in tax rates, new or revised tax laws or interpretations of existing tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations.
We are subject to income, withholding, transaction and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Significant judgment will be required in evaluating our tax positions and our worldwide provision for taxes. During the ordinary course of our business, there are many activities and transactions for which the ultimate tax determination may be uncertain. We may be audited in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may assess additional taxes, sales taxes and value added taxes against it. Even if we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of any tax audits or litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations or cash flows in the period or periods for which a determination is made.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
The Board of Directors is responsible for the Company’s risk management strategy and overseeing the Company’s risk management program, of which cybersecurity is a critical element. The Chief Strategy and Technology Officer (“CSTO”) and the Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) are responsible for designing, implementing and administering the Company’s cybersecurity risk management policies, processes and practices, business continuity planning and disaster recovery functions and activities. The CSTO and CISO meet on a quarterly basis with other members of Management as the Technology and Information Security Committee (“TIS Committee”) to review the Company’s cybersecurity risk management, business continuity planning and disaster recovery strategy and performance.
The Company’s cybersecurity policies, standards, processes, and practices are based on recognized frameworks established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”), the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”), applicable industry standards, and applicable data privacy and cybersecurity regulations. Annual technology and cybersecurity risk assessments are conducted to identify and evaluate applicable risks and controls designed to address such risks. In general, the Company seeks to identify, assess and manage material cybersecurity risks through a company-wide approach addressing the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the Company’s information systems and the information that the Company collects and processes.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
The Company’s cybersecurity risk management strategy focuses on several areas:
•Identification and Reporting: The Company has controls and procedures designed to identify, assess, manage and respond to cybersecurity threats and incidents, including fulfilling potential public disclosure or reporting requirements as may be applicable.
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•Technical Safeguards: The Company implements and maintains technical safeguards designed to protect the Company’s information systems and data from cybersecurity threats, including perimeter and web application firewalls, proxy, intrusion prevention and detection systems, anti-malware, endpoint detection response functionality, data loss prevention systems, security incident event management, geo-blocking and access controls. Such safeguards are generally evaluated through internal security testing, third party penetration testing and vulnerability assessments, as well as outside audits and certifications, and revised as warranted. The Company seeks to comply with the cybersecurity framework guidelines issued by the NIST and ISO.
•Education and Awareness: The Company provides periodic, mandatory training for all levels of employees regarding information security, cybersecurity threats, business continuity planning and disaster recovery to equip Company employees with tools to address cybersecurity threats, and to communicate the Company’s evolving information security policies, standards, processes and practices.
•Incident Response and Recovery Planning: The Company’s Security Operations Center (“SOC”), reporting to the CISO, provides 24x7 incident monitoring. If an incident occurs which SOC determines qualifies as a “critical risk” according to predetermined criteria, the SOC engages an incident management team to assist with evaluating, responding to and managing the response of the incident. The Company has established and maintains comprehensive incident identification, containment, response and business continuity plans designed to respond to potential cybersecurity incidents. The Company conducts periodic drills and tabletop exercises to test these.
•Third-Party Risk Management: The Company conducts initial, and on a periodic basis, subsequent risk evaluations of vendors that satisfy certain preestablished criteria classifying such vendors as presenting higher potential cybersecurity risks based upon vendor access to or provision of information systems or data to the Company that present significant potential risks.
The Company conducts periodic assessments of the Company’s policies, standards, processes and practices. Summary results of such assessments are evaluated by the CISO to assist the Company in adjusting its cybersecurity policies, standards, processes and practices; the CISO reviews critical results with the TIS Committee.
Governance
The Board of Directors oversees the Company’s risk management program, including the management of cybersecurity threats. The Board of Directors receives regular reports from the CTSO on cybersecurity threats and the Company’s strategy to manage the risks associated with such threats. The TIS Committee provides Management oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management, business continuity planning and disaster recovery strategy and performance.
To facilitate the success of the Company’s cybersecurity program, cross-functional teams work with the CISO and SOC to address cybersecurity threats and respond to cybersecurity incidents. Through ongoing communications with these teams, the CISO and Management are informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity threats and incidents and report such threats and incidents to the Board of Directors, as appropriate.
The CISO has served in various roles in information technology, information security, and business continuity for over 20 years. The CISO holds undergraduate and graduate degrees in Information Systems Management and has attained the professional certification of Certified Information Security Manager from the Information Systems Audit and Control Association.
Material Effects of Cybersecurity Incidents
Previous cybersecurity incidents did not have, and are not reasonably likely to have, a material effect on the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Our principal executive offices are located in leased office space in Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Our principal leased offices in other countries as of December 31, 2023 include two offices in the United States and one office each in India and Uruguay.
We do not own any office facilities. We consider these facilities to be suitable and currently adequate for the management and operations of our businesses.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We may become, from time to time, involved in various disputes, litigation, regulatory inquiry, audit, examinations and investigation matters that arise in the course of business. Given the inherent unpredictability of these proceedings, it is possible that future adverse outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Litigation
We are currently involved in legal actions in the course of our business, most of which seek monetary damages. Although the outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that their outcome, both individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Regulatory Matters
Periodically, we are subject to audits, examinations and investigations by governmental authorities and receive subpoenas, civil investigative demands or other requests for information from such governmental authorities in connection with their regulatory or investigative authority. We are currently responding to such inquiries from governmental authorities relating to certain aspects of our business. We believe it is premature to predict the potential outcome or to estimate any potential financial impact in connection with these inquiries.
Our businesses are also subject to extensive regulation which may result in regulatory proceedings or actions against us. For further information, see Item 1A of Part I, “Risk Factors” above and Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “ASPS.”
The number of holders of record of our common stock as of March 1, 2024 was 304. We believe the number of beneficial shareholders is substantially greater than the number of holders as a large portion of our common stock is held through brokerage firms.
Dividends
We have not historically declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, but may declare dividends in the future. Under Luxembourg law, shareholders need to approve certain dividends. Such approval typically occurs during a company’s annual meeting of shareholders. Luxembourg law imposes limits on our ability to pay dividends based on annual net income and net income carried forward, less any amounts placed in reserve. The provisions of our senior secured term loan agreement, as amended, also limit our ability to pay dividends.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On May 16, 2023, our shareholders approved the renewal and amendment of the share repurchase program previously approved by the shareholders on May 15, 2018. Under the program, we are authorized to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock, based on a limit of 15% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the date of approval, at a minimum price of $1.00 per share and a maximum price of $25.00 per share, for a period of five years from the date of approval. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3.1 million shares of common stock remain available for repurchase under the program. There were no purchases of shares of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Luxembourg law limits share repurchases to the balance of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. (unconsolidated parent company) retained earnings, less the value of shares repurchased. As of December 31, 2023, we can repurchase up to approximately $116 million of our common stock under Luxembourg law. Under the Amended Credit Agreement, we are not permitted to repurchase shares except for limited circumstances.
ITEM 6. [Reserved]
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) is a supplement to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of management on our businesses, current developments, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Significant sections of the MD&A are as follows:
Overview. This section, beginning below, provides a description of recent developments we believe are important in understanding our results of operations and financial condition as well as understanding anticipated future trends. It also provides a brief description of significant transactions and events that affect the comparability of financial results and a discussion of the progress being made on our strategic initiatives.
Consolidated Results of Operations. This section, beginning on page 37, provides an analysis of our consolidated results of operations for the two years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Segment Results of Operations. This section, beginning on page 40, provides analysis of our business segments’ results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section, beginning on page 45, provides an analysis of our cash flows for the two years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We also discuss restrictions on cash movements, future commitments and capital resources.
Critical Accounting Policies, Estimates and Recent Accounting Pronouncements. This section, beginning on page 48, identifies those accounting principles we believe are most important to our financial results and that require significant judgment and estimates on the part of management in application. We provide all of our significant accounting policies in Note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
Other Matters. This section, beginning on page 50, provides a discussion of customer concentration.
OVERVIEW
Our Business
We are an integrated service provider and marketplace for the real estate and mortgage industries. Combining operational excellence with a suite of innovative services and technologies, Altisource helps solve the demands of the ever-changing markets we serve.
We conduct our operations through two reportable segments: Servicer and Real Estate and Origination. In addition, we report Corporate and Others separately.
The Servicer and Real Estate segment provides loan servicers and real estate investors with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage and real estate lifecycle. Within the Servicer and Real Estate segment we provide:
Solutions
Our Solutions business includes property preservation and inspection services, title insurance (as an agent) and settlement services, real estate valuation services, foreclosure trustee services, and residential and commercial construction inspection and risk mitigation services.
Marketplace
Our Marketplace business includes the Hubzu online real estate auction platform and real estate auction, real estate brokerage and asset management services.
Technology and SaaS Products
Our Technology and SaaS Products business includes Equator (a SaaS-based technology to manage REO, short sales, foreclosure, bankruptcy and eviction processes), Vendorly Invoice (a vendor invoicing and payment system), RentRange (a single and multi-family rental data, analytics and rent-based valuation solution), REALSynergy (a commercial loan servicing platform), and NestRange (an automated valuation model and analytics solution).
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The Origination segment provides originators with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage origination lifecycle. Within the Origination segment we provide:
Solutions
Our Solutions business includes title insurance (as an agent) and settlement services, real estate valuation services, and loan fulfillment, certification and certification insurance services.
Lenders One
Our Lenders One business includes management services provided to the Best Partners Mortgage Cooperative, Inc., doing business as Lenders One, and certain loan manufacturing and capital markets services provided to the members of the Lenders One cooperative.
Technology and SaaS Products
Our Technology and SaaS Products business includes Vendorly Monitor (a vendor management platform), LOLA (a marketplace to order services and a tool to automate components of the loan manufacturing process), TrelixAI (technology to manage the workflow and automate components of the loan fulfillment, pre and post-close quality control and service transfer processes), and ADMS (a document management and data analytics delivery platform).
Corporate and Others includes interest expense and costs related to corporate functions including executive, infrastructure and certain technology groups, finance, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities, risk management and eliminations between reportable segments.
We classify revenue in three categories: service revenue, revenue from reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests. In evaluating our performance, we focus on service revenue. Service revenue consists of amounts attributable to our fee-based services. Reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests are pass-through items for which we earn no margin. Reimbursable expenses consist of amounts we incur on behalf of our customers in performing our fee-based services that we pass directly on to our customers without a markup. Non-controlling interests represent the earnings of Lenders One. Lenders One is a mortgage cooperative managed, but not owned, by Altisource. The Lenders One members’ earnings are included in revenue and reduced from net income to arrive at net income attributable to Altisource.
Strategy and Core Businesses
We are focused on becoming the premier provider of mortgage and real estate marketplaces and related technology enabled solutions to a broad and diversified customer base of residential real estate and loan investors, servicers, and originators. The real estate and mortgage marketplaces represent very large markets, and we believe our scale and suite of offerings provide us with competitive advantages that could support our growth. As we navigate the continuing unsettled nature of the housing and mortgage servicing markets in the wake of governmental mandates taken in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and other macro-economic trends, we continue to evaluate our strategy and core businesses and seek to position our businesses to provide long term value to our customers and shareholders.
Each of our business segments provides Altisource the potential to grow and diversify our customer and revenue base. We believe these business segments address very large markets and directly leverage our core competencies and distinct competitive advantages. Our business segments and strategic initiatives follow:
Servicer and Real Estate:
Through our offerings that support residential real estate and loan investors and forward and reverse servicers, we provide a suite of solutions and technologies intended to meet their growing and evolving needs. We are focused on growing referrals from our existing customer base and attracting new customers to our offerings. We have a customer base that includes GSEs, asset managers, and several large bank and non-bank servicers including Ocwen and Rithm. We believe we are one of only a few providers with a broad suite of solutions, nationwide coverage and scalability. Further, we believe we are well positioned to gain market share from existing and new customers if they consolidate to larger, full-service providers or outsource services that have historically been performed in-house.
Origination:
Through our offerings that support mortgage loan originators (or other similar mortgage market participants), we provide a suite of solutions and technologies to meet the evolving and growing needs of lenders, mortgage purchasers and securitizers. We are focused on growing business from our existing customer base, attracting new customers to our offerings and developing new
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offerings. We have a customer base that includes the Lenders One cooperative members, which includes independent mortgage bankers, credit unions, and banks, as well as bank and non-bank loan originators. We believe our suite of services, technologies and unique access to the members of the Lenders One mortgage cooperative position us to grow our relationships with our existing customer base by growing membership of Lenders One, increasing member adoption of existing solutions and developing and cross-selling new offerings. Further, we believe we are well positioned to gain market share from existing and new customers as customers and prospects look to Lenders One to help them improve their profitability and better compete.
Corporate and Others includes interest expense and costs related to corporate functions including executive, infrastructure and certain technology groups, finance, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities, risk management and eliminations between reportable segments.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
Actions taken by federal, state and local governments, GSEs and mortgage servicers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic continue to have a profound impact on our business, our customers, and the industries in which we operate. Despite the expiration of certain such measures, we believe servicers are proceeding slowly with foreclosure initiations for borrowers in default and foreclosure initiations may not convert to foreclosure sales and REO at the same pace as prior to the pandemic due to improved home equity and borrower relief options. The decline in foreclosure initiations and foreclosure sales throughout the pandemic, partially offset by the restart of the default market, significantly decreased default related referrals to Altisource and continues to negatively impact virtually all of Altisource’s default related services revenue.
While we cannot predict whether the default market will return to a pre-pandemic operating environment, we believe the demand for our Default business will grow. We estimate that in today’s environment it typically takes on average two years to convert foreclosure initiations to foreclosure sales and six months to market and sell the REO. The foreclosure timelines could vary significantly based upon, for example, upon the state where the property is located and whether the foreclosure is contested. The REO sale timelines could also vary significantly based upon, for example, the local real estate market, whether the home is located in a redemption state and whether the home is occupied post foreclosure.
During 2022 and 2023, to address lower revenue, we worked to (1) reduce our cost structure, (2) maintain the infrastructure to deliver default related services for our customer base and support the anticipated increase in demand following the expiration of the moratoriums and forbearance plans and CFPB’s rules on temporary loss mitigation measures, and (3) add new Lenders One members, launch new solutions and increase customer adoption of our solutions to accelerate the growth of our origination business.
Share Repurchase Program
On May 16, 2023, our shareholders approved the renewal and amendment of the share repurchase program previously approved by the shareholders on May 15, 2018. Under the program, we are authorized to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock, based on a limit of 15% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the date of approval, at a minimum price of $1.00 per share and a maximum price of $25.00 per share, for a period of five years from the date of approval. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3.1 million shares of common stock remain available for repurchase under the program. There were no purchases of shares of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Luxembourg law limits share repurchases to the balance of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. (unconsolidated parent company) retained earnings, less the value of shares repurchased. As of December 31, 2023, we can repurchase up to approximately $116 million of our common stock under Luxembourg law. Under the Amended Credit Agreement, we are not permitted to repurchase shares except for limited circumstances.
Ocwen Related Matters
During the year ended December 31, 2023, Ocwen was our largest customer, accounting for 44% of our total revenue. Additionally, 6% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was earned on the loan portfolios serviced by Ocwen, when a party other than Ocwen or the MSR owner selected Altisource as the service provider.
Ocwen has disclosed that it is subject to a number of ongoing regulatory examinations, consent orders, inquiries, subpoenas, civil investigative demands, requests for information and other actions and is subject to pending and threatened legal proceedings, some of which include claims against Ocwen for substantial monetary damages. Previous regulatory actions against Ocwen have subjected Ocwen to independent oversight of its operations and placed certain restrictions on its ability to acquire servicing rights or proceed with default-related actions on the loans it services. Existing or future similar matters could result in adverse regulatory or other actions against Ocwen. In addition to the above, Ocwen may become subject to future adverse regulatory or other actions.
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Ocwen has disclosed that Rithm is a significant client of Ocwen’s. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen reported that approximately 16% of loans serviced and subserviced by Ocwen (measured in UPB) and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services were related to Rithm MSRs or rights to MSRs.
The existence or outcome of Ocwen regulatory matters or the termination of Ocwen’s sub-servicing agreements with Rithm or other significant Ocwen clients may have significant adverse effects on Ocwen’s business. For example, Ocwen may be required to alter the way it conducts business, including the parties it contracts with for services, it may be required to seek changes to its existing pricing structure with us, it may lose its non-GSE servicing rights or subservicing arrangements or may lose one or more of its state servicing or origination licenses. Additional regulatory actions or adverse financial developments may impose additional restrictions on or require changes in Ocwen’s business that could require it to sell assets or change its business operations. Any or all of these effects and others could result in our eventual loss of Ocwen as a customer or a reduction in the number and/or volume of services it purchases from us or the loss of other customers.
If any of the following events occurred, Altisource’s revenue could be significantly reduced and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected, including from the possible impairment or write-off of goodwill, intangible assets, property and equipment, other assets and accounts receivable:
•Altisource loses Ocwen as a customer or there is a significant reduction in the volume of services it purchases from us
•Ocwen loses, sells or transfers a significant portion of its GSE or Federal Housing Administration servicing rights or subservicing arrangements or remaining other servicing rights or subservicing arrangements and Altisource fails to be retained as a service provider
•The contractual relationship between Ocwen and Rithm changes significantly, including Ocwen’s sub-servicing arrangement with Rithm expiring without renewal, and this change results in a change in our status as a provider of services related to the Subject MSRs
•Ocwen loses state servicing licenses in states with a significant number of loans in Ocwen’s servicing portfolio
•Ocwen is subject to stays, moratoriums, suspensions or other restrictions that limit or delay default-related actions on the loans it services
•The contractual relationship between Ocwen and Altisource changes significantly or there are significant changes to our pricing to Ocwen for services from which we generate material revenue
•Altisource otherwise fails to be retained as a service provider and/or there is a reduction in referral volumes
The foregoing list is not intended to be exhaustive. Management cannot predict whether any of these events or other events will occur or the amount of any impact they may have on Altisource. We are seeking to diversify and grow our revenue and customer base and we have a sales and marketing strategy to support these efforts. Moreover, in the event one or more of these events materially negatively impact Altisource, we believe the variable nature of our cost structure would allow us to realign our cost structure to address some of the impact to revenue and that current liquidity would be sufficient to meet our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service and other cash needs. There can be no assurance that our plans will be successful or our operations will be profitable.
Factors Affecting Comparability
The following items impact the comparability of our results:
•Industrywide foreclosure initiations were 4% lower in 2023, compared to 2022, and 31% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019
•Industrywide foreclosure sales were 8% higher in 2023, compared to 2022, and 46% lower than the same pre-COVID-19 period in 2019
•The interest rate on the Company’s senior secured term loans was 14.24% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 7.67% for the same period in 2022
•On February 14, 2023, Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altisource S.à r.l., entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement. In connection with Amendment No. 2, the Company paid $3.4 million to advisors and recorded these payments as other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss
•The Company recognized an income tax provision of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven primarily by income tax expense on transfer pricing income from India and the United States, reduction in deferred tax assets related to intangible assets, no tax benefit on the pretax loss from our Luxembourg operating company and uncertain tax positions
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•The Company recognized an income tax provision of $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 was driven by income tax expense on transfer pricing income from India, no tax benefit on the pretax loss from our Luxembourg operating company, uncertain tax positions and anticipated withholding tax on current year earnings in India
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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. For a more detailed discussion of the factors that affected the results of our business segments in these periods, see “Segment Results of Operations” below.
The following table sets forth information on our consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | % Increase (decrease) |  | 2022
Service revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicer and Real Estate |  | $ | 107,779 |  |  | (4) |  |  | $ | 112,132 |
Origination |  | 28,786 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 32,364 |
Total service revenue |  | 136,565 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 144,496 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 8,273 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,039 |
Non-controlling interests |  | 228 |  |  | (61) |  |  | 585 |
Total revenue |  | 145,066 |  |  | (5) |  |  | 153,120 |
Cost of revenue |  | 115,414 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 131,305 |
Gross profit |  | 29,652 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 21,815 |
Operating expense (income): |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 46,420 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 54,755 |
Loss on sale of business |  | — |  |  | (100) |  |  | 242 |
Loss from operations |  | (16,768) |  |  | 49 |  |  | (33,182) |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (36,103) |  |  | 117 |  |  | (16,639) |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  | 1,145 |  |  | N/M |  | — |
Debt amendment costs |  | (3,410) |  |  | N/M |  | — |
Other income (expense), net |  | 2,788 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 2,254 |
Total other income (expense), net |  | (35,580) |  |  | (147) |  |  | (14,385) |
Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | (52,348) |  |  | (10) |  |  | (47,567) |
Income tax provision |  | (3,714) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (5,266) |
Net loss |  | (56,062) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (52,833) |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |  | (228) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (585) |
Net loss attributable to Altisource |  | $ | (56,290) |  |  | (5) |  |  | $ | (53,418) |
Margins: |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit / service revenue |  | 22 | % |  |  |  | 15 | %
Loss from operations / service revenue |  | (12) | % |  |  |  | (23) | %
Loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | 24 |  |  | $ | (3.32) |
Diluted |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | 24 |  |  | $ | (3.32) |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 22,418 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 16,070 |
Diluted |  | 22,418 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 16,070 |
_____________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |
N/M — not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |

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Revenue
We recognized service revenue of $136.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 5% decrease compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 is driven by lower revenue in both segments. Revenue was lower in the Servicer and Real Estate segment from the exit of a low margin customer care business in the fourth quarter 2022 and the apparent decline in a customer’s propensity to order services in two of our lower margin Solutions businesses within the Servicer and Real Estate segment, partially offset by growth in our foreclosure trustee business in the Solutions business within the Servicer and Real Estate segment. Revenue was lower in the Origination segment from the overall market decline in mortgage originations partially offset by Lenders One growth driven by our new reseller products.
We recognized reimbursable expense revenue of $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 3% increase compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in reimbursable expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by an increase in property preservation services in the Solutions business within the Servicer and Real Estate segment partially offset by lower asset resolution and asset management activities in the Marketplace business within the Servicer and Real Estate segment.
Certain of our revenues can be impacted by seasonality. More specifically, revenues from property sales, loan originations and certain property preservation services in Field Services typically tend to be at their lowest level during the fall and winter months and at their highest level during the spring and summer months. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related measures and the rapid rise in mortgage interest rates, the seasonal impact to revenue may not follow historical patterns.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
Cost of revenue principally includes payroll and employee benefits associated with personnel employed in customer service, operations and technology roles, fees paid to external providers related to the provision of services, reimbursable expenses, technology and telecommunications costs as well as depreciation and amortization of operating assets.
Cost of revenue consists of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | % Increase (decrease) |  | 2022
Outside fees and services |  | $ | 55,858 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 55,979 |
Compensation and benefits |  | 35,396 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 48,064 |
Technology and telecommunications |  | 14,196 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 16,937 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 8,273 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,039 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,691 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 2,286 |
Total |  | $ | 115,414 |  |  | (12) |  |  | $ | 131,305 |

We recognized cost of revenue of $115.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 12% decrease compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Compensation and benefits for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased primarily due to efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures taken in 2022 and 2023. Technology and telecommunications for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased primarily due to the renegotiation of certain contracts and lower overall headcount. Depreciation and amortization was lower from the completion of the depreciation periods of certain premises and equipment and the reduction in capital expenditures.
Gross profit increased to $29.7 million, representing 22% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $21.8 million, representing 15% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit as a percentage of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to margin expansion in both the Servicer and Real Estate segment and the Origination segment from efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures and lower corporate costs as a percentage of revenue.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses includes payroll for personnel employed in executive, sales and marketing, finance, technology, law, compliance, audit, human resources, vendor management, facilities and risk management roles. This category also includes professional services fees, occupancy costs, marketing costs, depreciation and amortization of non-operating assets and other expenses.
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SG&A expenses consist of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | % Increase (decrease) |  | 2022
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 20,879 |  |  | (9) |  |  | $ | 22,973 |
Professional services |  | 7,885 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 11,595 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,182 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,129 |
Occupancy related costs |  | 4,917 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 5,000 |
Marketing costs |  | 1,977 |  |  | (36) |  |  | 3,107 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 701 |  |  | (39) |  |  | 1,154 |
Other |  | 4,879 |  |  | (16) |  |  | 5,797 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 46,420 |  |  | (15) |  |  | $ | 54,755 |

SG&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $46.4 million decreased by 15% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by lower compensation and benefits, professional services and marketing costs. Compensation and benefits and marketing costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased from efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures. Professional services for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased primarily due to lower legal and litigation fees.
Loss from Operations
Loss from operations was $(16.8) million, representing (12)% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to loss from operations of $(33.2) million, representing (23)% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Loss from operations as a percentage of service revenue improved for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily as a result of higher gross profit margins and the percentage reduction in SG&A expenses in excess of the percentage change in revenue.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net, principally includes interest expense and other non-operating gains and losses.
Other income (expense), net was $(35.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $(14.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by higher interest expense and debt amendment costs, partially offset by a gain on the change in fair value of the warrant liability and higher interest and other income. The higher interest expense was driven by higher interest rates due to the increase in SOFR and the increase in the SOFR spread on our amended SSTL and higher amortization of debt discount and debt issuance and amendment costs.
Income Tax Provision
We recognized an income tax provision of $3.7 million and $5.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven primarily by income tax expense on transfer pricing income from India and the United States, reduction in deferred tax assets related to intangible assets, no tax benefit on the pretax loss from our Luxembourg operating company and uncertain tax positions.
The income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2022 was driven by income tax expense on transfer pricing income from India, no tax benefit on the pretax loss from our Luxembourg operating company, uncertain tax positions and anticipated withholdings tax on current year earnings in India.
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SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following section provides a discussion of pretax results of operations of our business segments. Transactions between segments are accounted for as third party arrangements for purposes of presenting segment results of operations.
Financial information for our segments was as follows:

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2023
(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Consolidated Altisource
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue |  | $ | 107,779 |  |  | $ | 28,786 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 136,565 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 7,688 |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,273 |
Non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | 228 |  |  | — |  |  | 228 |
|  | 115,467 |  |  | 29,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 145,066 |
Cost of revenue |  | 73,746 |  |  | 27,946 |  |  | 13,722 |  |  | 115,414 |
Gross profit (loss) |  | 41,721 |  |  | 1,653 |  |  | (13,722) |  |  | 29,652 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 9,622 |  |  | 7,693 |  |  | 29,105 |  |  | 46,420 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 32,099 |  |  | (6,040) |  |  | (42,827) |  |  | (16,768) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,580) |  |  | (35,580) |
Income (loss) before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | $ | 32,099 |  |  | $ | (6,040) |  |  | $ | (78,407) |  |  | $ | (52,348) |
Margins: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit (loss) / service revenue |  | 39 | % |  | 6 | % |  | N/M |  | 22 | %
Income (loss) from operations / service revenue |  | 30 | % |  | (21) | % |  | N/M |  | (12) | %
_____________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
N/M — not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Consolidated Altisource
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue |  | $ | 112,132 |  |  | $ | 32,364 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144,496 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 7,529 |  |  | 510 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,039 |
Non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | 585 |  |  | — |  |  | 585 |
|  | 119,661 |  |  | 33,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 153,120 |
Cost of revenue |  | 81,148 |  |  | 32,052 |  |  | 18,105 |  |  | 131,305 |
Gross profit (loss) |  | 38,513 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | (18,105) |  |  | 21,815 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 12,057 |  |  | 8,825 |  |  | 33,873 |  |  | 54,755 |
Gain on sale of business |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 242 |  |  | 242 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 26,456 |  |  | (7,418) |  |  | (52,220) |  |  | (33,182) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,389) |  |  | (14,385) |
Income (loss) before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | $ | 26,460 |  |  | $ | (7,418) |  |  | $ | (66,609) |  |  | $ | (47,567) |
Margins: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross profit (loss) / service revenue |  | 34 | % |  | 4 | % |  | N/M |  | 15 | %
Income (loss) from operations / service revenue |  | 24 | % |  | (23) | % |  | N/M |  | (23) | %
_____________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
N/M — not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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Servicer and Real Estate
Revenue
Revenue by line of business was as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Service revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Solutions |  | $ | 67,946 |  |  | $ | 71,686 |  |  | (5) |
Marketplace |  | 27,878 |  |  | 29,020 |  |  | (4) |
Technology and SaaS Products |  | 11,955 |  |  | 11,426 |  |  | 5 |
Total service revenue |  | 107,779 |  |  | 112,132 |  |  | (4) |
Reimbursable expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Solutions |  | 3,551 |  |  | 3,203 |  |  | 11 |
Marketplace |  | 4,137 |  |  | 4,326 |  |  | (4) |
Total reimbursable expenses |  | 7,688 |  |  | 7,529 |  |  | 2 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 115,467 |  |  | $ | 119,661 |  |  | (4) |

We recognized service revenue of $107.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 4% decrease compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. We also recognized reimbursable expense revenue of $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 2% increase compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was driven by the exit of a low margin customer care business within the Solutions business in the fourth quarter 2022 and the apparent decline in a customer’s propensity to order services in two of our lower margin businesses within the Solutions business, partially offset by growth in our foreclosure trustee business in the Solutions business.
Certain of our Servicer and Real Estate businesses are impacted by seasonality. Revenues from property sales and certain property preservation services are generally lowest during the fall and winter months and highest during the spring and summer months. However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related measures and the rapid rise in mortgage interest rates, the seasonal impact to revenue may not follow historical patterns.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
Cost of revenue consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Outside fees and services |  | $ | 35,962 |  |  | $ | 40,235 |  |  | (11) |
Compensation and benefits |  | 22,214 |  |  | 25,786 |  |  | (14) |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 7,688 |  |  | 7,529 |  |  | 2 |
Technology and telecommunications |  | 7,138 |  |  | 6,627 |  |  | 8 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 744 |  |  | 971 |  |  | (23) |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 73,746 |  |  | $ | 81,148 |  |  | (9) |

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $73.7 million decreased by 9% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
The decrease in cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by lower compensation and benefits primarily due to efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures and outside fees and services from lower revenue, partially offset by higher technology and telecommunications in the Solutions business from a prior year credit received related to the renegotiation of a vendor agreement for property management technologies.
Gross profit increased to $41.7 million, representing 39% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $38.5 million, representing 34% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit as a percentage of
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service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased primarily due to efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures. Our margins can vary substantially depending upon the service revenue mix.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
SG&A expenses consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Amortization of intangible assets |  | $ | 2,960 |  |  | $ | 2,970 |  |  | — |
Compensation and benefits |  | 2,311 |  |  | 2,594 |  |  | (11) |
Professional services |  | 1,734 |  |  | 2,711 |  |  | (36) |
Marketing costs |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | (17) |
Occupancy related costs |  | 631 |  |  | 931 |  |  | (32) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 2 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (83) |
Other |  | 726 |  |  | 1,315 |  |  | (45) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 9,622 |  |  | $ | 12,057 |  |  | (20) |

SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $9.6 million decreased by 20% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.
The decrease in SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily due to lower professional services, marketing costs, compensation and benefits, occupancy related costs and other expenses. Professional services for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased primarily due to lower legal fees. Compensation and benefits, occupancy related costs, marketing costs and other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased from efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures.
Income from operations
Income from operations increased to $32.1 million, representing 30% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $26.5 million, representing 24% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in operating income as a percentage of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily the result of higher gross profit margins and a percentage reduction in SG&A in excess of the percentage reduction in revenue.
Origination
Revenue
Revenue by business unit was as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Service revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |
Lenders One |  | $ | 22,644 |  |  | $ | 20,027 |  |  | 13 |
Solutions |  | 5,507 |  |  | 11,610 |  |  | (53) |
Technology and SaaS Products |  | 635 |  |  | 727 |  |  | (13) |
Total service revenue |  | 28,786 |  |  | 32,364 |  |  | (11) |
Reimbursable expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Solutions |  | 585 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 15 |
Total reimbursable expenses |  | 585 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 15 |
Non-controlling interests |  | 228 |  |  | 585 |  |  | (61) |
Total revenue |  | $ | 29,599 |  |  | $ | 33,459 |  |  | (12) |

We recognized service revenue of $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an 11% decrease compared to the year
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ended December 31, 2022. We also recognized reimbursable expense revenue of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a 15% increase compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in service revenue in the Origination segment for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by the overall market decline in mortgage originations partially offset by Lenders One growth with our new reseller products. The decline in the Solutions business revenue was greater than the overall market decline as a greater percentage of revenue in some of our Solutions businesses was derived from refinance transactions which declined at a greater rate than the overall market.
Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit
Cost of revenue consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Outside fees and services |  | $ | 19,896 |  |  | $ | 15,744 |  |  | 26 |
Compensation and benefits |  | 6,320 |  |  | 13,955 |  |  | (55) |
Technology and telecommunications |  | 1,108 |  |  | 1,806 |  |  | (39) |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 585 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 15 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |  |  | — |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 27,946 |  |  | $ | 32,052 |  |  | (13) |

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $27.9 million decreased by 13% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by the alignment of compensation and benefits and technology and telecommunications with lower service revenue discussed above, partially offset by the increase in outside fees and services from Lenders One revenue growth.
Gross profit increased to $1.7 million, representing 6% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $1.4 million, representing 4% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit as a percentage of service revenue increased from margin expansion from efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
SG&A expenses consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 2,194 |  |  | $ | 2,887 |  |  | (24) |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 2,222 |  |  | 2,159 |  |  | 3 |
Professional services |  | 894 |  |  | 815 |  |  | 10 |
Marketing costs |  | 728 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | (54) |
Occupancy related costs |  | 302 |  |  | 543 |  |  | (44) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | N/M
Other |  | 1,352 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 59 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 7,693 |  |  | $ | 8,825 |  |  | (13) |
_____________________________________ |  |  |  |  |  |
N/M — not meaningful. |  |  |  |  |  |

SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $7.7 million decreased by 13% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to lower marketing costs and compensation and benefits from efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures and lower occupancy related costs.
Income from Operations
Loss from operations was $(6.0) million, representing (21)% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to loss from operations of $(7.4) million, representing (23)% of service revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2022. The improvement in operating loss as a percentage of service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily
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from higher gross profit margins and from a greater percentage reduction in SG&A expenses than the percentage change in revenue.
Corporate and Others
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 6,862 |  |  | $ | 8,323 |  |  | (18) |
Technology and telecommunications |  | 5,950 |  |  | 8,504 |  |  | (30) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 910 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | (29) |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 13,722 |  |  | $ | 18,105 |  |  | (24) |

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $13.7 million decreased by 24% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by lower technology and telecommunications and compensation and benefits due to efficiency initiatives and cost savings initiatives.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
SG&A in Corporate and Others include costs related to the corporate functions including executive, finance, technology, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities, risk management and eliminations between reportable segments.
SG&A expenses consisted of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | % Increase (decrease)
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 16,374 |  |  | $ | 17,492 |  |  | (6) |
Professional services |  | 5,257 |  |  | 8,069 |  |  | (35) |
Occupancy related costs |  | 3,984 |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | 13 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 698 |  |  | 1,142 |  |  | (39) |
Marketing costs |  | (9) |  |  | 14 |  |  | (164) |
Other |  | 2,801 |  |  | 3,630 |  |  | (23) |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 29,105 |  |  | $ | 33,873 |  |  | (14) |

SG&A for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $29.1 million decreased by 14% compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily driven by lower professional services, compensation and benefits and other expenses. Professional services for the year ended December 31, 2023 decreased due to lower insurance, legal and audit related expenses. The decrease in compensation and benefits was driven by efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other Income (Expense), net principally includes interest expense and other non-operating gains and losses.
Other Income (Expense), net was $(35.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to $(14.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by higher interest expense and debt amendment costs, partially offset by a gain on the change in fair value of the warrant liability and higher interest and other income. The higher interest expense was driven by higher interest rates, higher interest rates on our amended SSTL and higher amortization of debt discount and debt issuance and amendment costs.
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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Liquidity
Our primary source of liquidity has historically been cash flow from operations, cash proceeds from sales of businesses, cash proceeds from the sale of equity securities and cash on hand. However, due to governmental and market responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, revenue has declined significantly. The lower revenue, partially offset by efficiency initiatives and cost savings measures, resulted in negative operating cash flow from operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. We believe our anticipated revenue growth from the return of the default market, on-boarding sales wins, and revenue mix together with our reduced cost structure, should help reduce negative operating cash flow. We seek to deploy cash generated in a disciplined manner. Principally, we intend to use cash to develop and grow complementary services and businesses that we believe will generate attractive margins in line with our core capabilities and strategy and fund negative operating cash flow. We also use cash for repayments of our long-term debt and capital investments. In addition, from time to time we consider and evaluate business acquisitions, dispositions, closures, sales of equity securities or other similar actions that are aligned with our strategy.
Senior Secured Term Loans
In April 2018, Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altisource S.à r.l., entered into a credit agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and certain lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). Under the Credit Agreement, Altisource borrowed $412 million in the form of the SSTL. Effective February 14, 2023, Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and Altisource S.à r.l. entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement (as amended by Amendment No. 2, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its subsidiaries, subject to the applicable exclusions in the Amended Credit Agreement, are guarantors on the SSTL (collectively, the “Guarantors”). Effective June 1, 2023, the administrative agent and collateral agent of the Amended Credit Agreement changed to Wilmington Trust, N.A.
The maturity date of the Amended Credit Agreement is April 30, 2025. If Aggregate Paydowns under the Amended Credit Agreement are equal to or greater than $30 million by February 13, 2024, then (subject to the representations and warranties being true and correct as of such date and there being no default or event of default being in existence as of such date) the maturity date of the SSTL may be extended at the Company’s option to April 30, 2026. Such extension is conditioned upon the Company’s payment of a 2% payment-in-kind extension fee on or before April 30, 2025.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, Company made $30 million of Aggregate Paydowns.
All amounts outstanding under the SSTL become due on the earlier of (i) the maturity date, and (ii) the date on which the loans are declared to be due and owing by the administrative agent at the request (or with the consent) of the Required Lenders (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement; other capitalized terms, unless defined herein, are defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) or as otherwise provided in the Amended Credit Agreement upon the occurrence of any event of default. There are no mandatory repayments of the SSTL, except as set forth herein, until the April 30, 2025 maturity when the balance is due. If the maturity date is extended to April 30, 2026, the Company is required to make mandatory repayments of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2026 with the remaining balance due at the April 2026 maturity.
In addition to the scheduled principal payments, subject to certain exceptions, the SSTL is subject to mandatory prepayment upon issuances of debt, certain casualty and condemnation events and sales of assets, as well as 50% of Consolidated Excess Cash Flow, as calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Amended Credit Agreement.
Altisource may incur incremental indebtedness under the Amended Credit Agreement from one or more incremental lenders, which may include existing lenders, in an aggregate incremental principal amount not to exceed $50 million, subject to certain conditions set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement. The lenders have no obligation to provide any incremental indebtedness.
Through March 29, 2023, the SSTL’s interest rate was the Adjusted Eurodollar Rate plus 4.00%. Beginning March 30, 2023, the SSTL bears interest at rates based upon, at our option, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or the Base Rate, as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement. If the Company selects SOFR, the term loans initially bear interest at a rate per annum equal to SOFR plus 5.00% payable in cash plus 5.00% payable in kind (“PIK”). If the Company selects Base Rate, the loans initially bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Base Rate plus 4.00% payable in cash plus 5.00% PIK. Base Rate term loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of (i) the greater of (x) the Base Rate and (y) 2.00% plus (ii) 4.00%. The PIK component of the interest rate is subject to adjustment based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns as set forth in the table below. The PIK component of the interest rate was 3.75% for the six months ended December 31, 2023 and
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4.50% for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The interest rate as of December 31, 2023, including the PIK component, was 14.24%.

Aggregate Paydowns | PIK Component of Interest Rate
Less than $20 million | 5.00%
$20 million+ but less than below | 4.50%
$30 million+ but less than below | 3.75%
$40 million+ but less than below | 3.50%
$45 million+ but less than below | 3.00%
$50 million+ but less than below | 2.50%
$55 million+ but less than below | 2.00%
$60 million+ but less than below | 1.00%
$65 million+ but less than below | 0.50%
$70 million+ | 0.00%

If, as of the end of any calendar quarter, (i) the amount of unencumbered cash and cash equivalents of Altisource S.à r.l. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries on a consolidated basis plus (ii) the undrawn commitment amount under the Revolver is, or is forecast as of the end of the immediately subsequent calendar quarter to be, less than $35 million, then up to 2.00% in interest otherwise payable in cash in the following quarter may be paid in kind at the Company’s election.
The payment of all amounts owing by Altisource under the Amended Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Guarantors and is secured by a pledge of all equity interests of certain subsidiaries of Altisource, as well as a lien on substantially all of the assets of Altisource S.à r.l. and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions.
The Amended Credit Agreement includes covenants that restrict or limit, among other things, our ability, subject to certain exceptions and baskets, to incur additional debt, pay dividends and repurchase shares of our common stock. Under the Amended Credit Agreement, we are not permitted to repurchase shares except for limited circumstances. In the event we require additional liquidity, our ability to obtain it may be limited by the Amended Credit Agreement.
As of December 31, 2023, the outstanding principal balance of the SSTL was $224 million.
Revolver
On June 22, 2021 Altisource S.à r.l, a subsidiary of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., entered into a revolving credit facility with a related party, STS Master Fund, Ltd. (“STS”) (the “Revolver”). STS is an investment fund managed by Deer Park. Deer Park owns approximately 16% of Altisource’s common stock as of December 31, 2023 and owns Altisource debt as a lender under the Amended Credit Agreement. Deer Park’s Chief Investment Officer and managing partner was a member of Altisource’s Board of Directors until his resignation on March 1, 2022. The replacement director appointed by the Board of Directors and subsequently elected by shareholders is a current employee of Deer Park. The Revolver was amended effective February 14, 2023 (the “Amended Revolver”). Under the terms of the Amended Revolver, STS will make loans to Altisource from time to time, in amounts requested by Altisource and Altisource may voluntarily prepay all or any portion of the outstanding loans at any time. The Amended Revolver provides Altisource the ability to borrow a maximum amount of $15.0 million. Amounts that are repaid may be re-borrowed in accordance with the limitations set forth below.
The maturity date of the Amended Revolver coincides with the maturity date of the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement, as it may be extended. The outstanding balance on the Amended Revolver is due and payable on such maturity date.
Borrowings under the Amended Revolver bear interest of 10.00% per annum in cash and 3.00% per annum PIK and are payable quarterly on the last business day of each March, June, September and December. In connection with the Amended Revolver, Altisource is required to pay a usage fee equal to $0.75 million at the initial extension of credit pursuant to the Amended Revolver.
Altisource’s obligations under the Amended Revolver are secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company, which lien will be pari passu with liens securing the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement.
The Amended Revolver contains additional representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions customary for transactions of this type, that restrict or limit, among other things, our ability to use the proceeds of credit only for general corporate purposes.
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As of December 31, 2023, there was no outstanding debt under the Amended Revolver and since obtaining the Amended Revolver, the Company has not borrowed any amount under the Amended Revolver.
Cash Flows
The following table presents our cash flows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | % Increase (decrease) |  | 2022
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (21,833) |  |  | (51) |  |  | $ | (44,888) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | — |  |  | (100) |  |  | (767) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 2,976 |  |  | 234 |  |  | (2,221) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (18,857) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (47,876) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period |  | 54,273 |  |  | (47) |  |  | 102,149 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period |  | $ | 35,416 |  |  | (35) |  |  | $ | 54,273 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities generally consist of the cash effects of transactions and events that enter into the determination of net loss. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in operating activities was $(21.8) million compared to net cash used in operating activities of $(44.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the decrease in cash used in operating activities was driven by a $17.9 million improvement in cash provided by (used for) working capital and a $11.5 million increase in non-cash interest expense (amortization of debt discount and amortization of debt issuance and amendment costs), partially offset by a $3.2 million increase in net loss and a $2.1 million decrease in non-cash depreciation and deferred income tax expenses. The increase in net loss was primarily due to higher interest expense driven by higher interest rates on our Amended Credit Agreement and debt amendment costs, partially offset by lower corporate costs and higher operating income in the Servicer and Real Estate segment from our cash cost savings measures. The improvement in cash provided by (used for) changes in working capital was primarily driven by the $3.8 million net collection of taxes receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a net payment of taxes of $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, a $2.0 million return of surety bonds, and no cash bonuses paid in the year ended December 31, 2023. Non-cash interest expense increased as a result of the February 2023 Amended Credit Agreement. Operating cash flows can be negatively impacted because of the nature of some of our services and the mix of services provided. Certain services are performed immediately following or shortly after the referral, but the collection of the receivable does not occur until a specific event occurs (e.g., the foreclosure is complete, the REO asset is sold, etc.). Furthermore, lower margin services generate lower income and cash flows from operations. Consequently, our cash flows from operations may not be comparable from one period to another.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Cash flows from investing activities generally include additions to premises and equipment and proceeds from the sale of businesses. Net cash used in investing activities was $(0.8) million for the year ended 2022 (no comparable amount for the year ended December 31, 2023). We used $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 (no comparable amount for the year ended December 31, 2023), for additions to premises and equipment primarily related to the purchase of technology hardware.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Cash flows from financing activities primarily included payments of tax withholding on issuance of restricted share units and restricted shares, distributions to non-controlling interests, proceeds from the sale of equity securities, debt repayments and debt amendment costs. Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities were $3.0 million and $(2.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received $38.8 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs and used $30.0 million of the proceeds for repayment of debt. Also during the year ended December 31, 2023, we paid $4.9 million to lenders or others on behalf of the lenders related to the debt amendment. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we made payments of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations on the issuance of restricted share units and restricted shares. These payments were made to tax authorities, at the employees’ direction, to satisfy the employees’ tax obligations rather than issuing a portion of vested restricted share units and restricted shares to employees. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we distributed $0.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, to non-controlling interests.
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Future Uses of Cash
Our significant future liquidity obligations primarily pertain to the maturity of the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement, interest expense under the Amended Credit Agreement (see Liquidity section above), and operating lease payments on certain of our premises and equipment.
Significant future uses of cash include the following:

|  |  |  | Payments Due by Period
(in thousands) |  | Total |  | 2024 |  | 2025-2026 |  | 2027-2028
Senior secured term loans (1) |  | $ | 235,741 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 235,741 |  |  | $ | — |
Interest expense payments (2) |  | 31,880 |  |  | 23,752 |  |  | 8,128 |  |  | — |
Lease payments |  | 3,785 |  |  | 1,762 |  |  | 2,023 |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 271,406 |  |  | $ | 25,514 |  |  | $ | 245,892 |  |  | $ | — |

______________________________________
(1) The outstanding balance of our SSTL as of December 31, 2023 is $224 million and is due on April 30, 2025. If Aggregate Paydowns are equal to or greater than $30 million, then (subject to a payment of a 2% payment-in-kind extension fee on or before April 30, 2025 and subject to the representations and warranties being true and correct as of such date and there being no default or event of default being in existence as of such date) the maturity date of the SSTL may be extended at the Company’s option to April 30, 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Company made $30 million of Aggregate Paydowns. The table herein reflects a maturity of April 2025. The increase in outstanding balance is from the PIK component of our interest expense and is assumed to be paid in kind through the April 2025 maturity date.
(2) Estimated future interest payments based on the SOFR interest rate as of December 31, 2023 and the April 30, 2025 maturity date. Based on the April 30, 2025 maturity date, no interest expense has been included beyond April 30, 2025.
We anticipate funding future liquidity requirements with a combination of existing cash balances, cash anticipated to be generated by operating activities and, as needed, proceeds from the Amended Revolver. For further information, see Note 11 and Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Our off-balance sheet arrangements consist of escrow arrangements.
We hold customers’ assets in escrow accounts at various financial institutions pending completion of certain real estate activities. These amounts are held in escrow accounts for limited periods of time and are not included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Amounts held in escrow accounts were $21.6 million and $13.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES, ESTIMATES AND RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In applying many of these accounting principles, we need to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. These assumptions, estimates and judgments, however, are often subjective. Actual results may be negatively affected based on changing circumstances. If actual amounts are ultimately different from our estimates, the revisions are included in our results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known.
We have identified the critical accounting policies and estimates addressed below. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of assumptions, estimates and judgments that are significant to understanding our results. For additional information, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements. Although we believe that our assumptions, estimates and judgments are reasonable, they are based upon information presently available. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.
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Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of a product or service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. This revenue can be recognized at a point in time or over time. We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred revenue or other current liabilities), as appropriate.
Descriptions of our principal revenue generating activities are as follows:
Servicer and Real Estate
•For property preservation and inspection services and payment management technologies, we recognize transactional revenue when the service is provided
•For vendor management transactions, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the services. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•For loan disbursement review services, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the processing services with full recognition upon completion of the disbursements
•For foreclosure trustee services, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the related services, with full recognition upon completion and/or recording the related foreclosure deed. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•For the real estate auction platform, real estate auction and real estate brokerage services, we recognize revenue on a net basis (i.e., commission and/or auction fee, as applicable, on the sale) at the closing of the sale of the REO as we perform services as an agent without assuming the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset and the commission earned on the sale is a fixed percentage or amount
•For SaaS based technology to manage REO, we recognize revenue over the estimated average number of months the REO are on the platform or ratably over the contract period. We generally recognize revenue for professional services as services are provided. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•For loan servicing technologies, we generally recognize revenue based on the number of loans on the system. We generally recognized revenue from professional services as services are provided. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•Reimbursable expenses revenue related to property preservation and inspection services, real estate sales, title services and foreclosure trustee services is included in revenue with an equal amount recognized in cost of revenue. These amounts are recognized on a gross basis, principally because generally we have control over selection of vendors and the vendor relationships are with us, rather than with our customers
Origination
•For the majority of the services we provide, we recognize transactional revenue when the service is provided. We recognize membership fees from Lender One members ratably over the term of membership
•For vendor management oversight SaaS, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the services. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services.
Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets
Goodwill
We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change in a manner that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value as a basis for determining whether we need to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Only if we determine, based on qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value will we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of the reporting units using discounted cash flows and market comparisons. The discounted cash flow method is based on the present value of projected cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our estimate of future sales and operating expenses, based primarily on estimated pricing, sales volumes, market segment share, cost trends and general economic conditions. The estimated cash flows are discounted using a rate that
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represents our estimated weighted average cost of capital. The market comparisons include an analysis of revenue and earnings multiples of guideline public companies compared to the Company.
Identifiable Intangible Assets
Identified intangible assets consist primarily of customer related intangible assets, operating agreements, trademarks and trade names and other intangible assets. We determine the useful lives of our identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors we consider when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any arrangements, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for use of the asset and other economic factors. We amortize intangible assets that we deem to have definite lives in proportion to actual and expected customer revenues or on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, generally ranging from 4 to 20 years.
We perform tests for impairment if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. When facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of intangible assets determined to have definite lives may not be recoverable, management assesses the recoverability of the carrying value by preparing estimates of cash flows of discrete intangible assets generally consistent with models utilized for internal planning purposes. If the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying value, we recognize an impairment to the extent the carrying amount exceeds fair value.
Income Taxes
We record income taxes in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). We account for certain income and expense items differently for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes. We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for these differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities as well as expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and credit carryforwards. The most significant temporary differences relate to accrued compensation, amortization, loss carryforwards and valuation allowances. We measure deferred income tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we anticipate recovery or settlement of those temporary differences. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period when the change is enacted. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions including evaluating uncertainties under ASC Topic 740. We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with management’s expectations could have a material impact on our results of operations.
Recently Adopted and Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the recent adoption of a new accounting pronouncements and the future adoption of new accounting pronouncements.
OTHER MATTERS
Customer Concentration
Ocwen
Revenue from Ocwen primarily consists of revenue earned from the loan portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when Ocwen engages us as the service provider, and revenue earned directly from Ocwen, pursuant to the Ocwen Services Agreements. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Ocwen of $63.2 million and $63.5 million, respectively. Revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of segment and consolidated revenue was as follows:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Servicer and Real Estate |  | 55 | % |  | 53 | %
Origination |  | — | % |  | — | %
Corporate and Others |  | — | % |  | — | %
Consolidated revenue |  | 44 | % |  | 41 | %

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We earn additional revenue related to the portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when a party other than Ocwen or the MSRs owner selects Altisource as the service provider. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $9.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, of such revenue. These amounts are not included in deriving revenue from Ocwen and revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of revenue discussed above.
As of December 31, 2023, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $3.4 million, $2.2 million of which was billed and $1.2 million of which was unbilled. As of December 31, 2022, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $4.0 million, $3.2 million of which was billed and $0.8 million of which was unbilled.
Rithm
Ocwen has disclosed that Rithm is a significant client of Ocwen’s. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen reported that approximately 16% of loans serviced and subserviced by Ocwen (measured in UPB) and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services were related to Rithm MSRs or rights to MSRs.
Rithm purchases brokerage services for REO exclusively from us, irrespective of the subservicer, subject to certain limitations, for certain MSRs set forth in and pursuant to the terms of a Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, as amended, and related letter agreement (collectively, the “Brokerage Agreement”) with terms extending through August 2025.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Rithm of $2.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively, under the Brokerage Agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized additional revenue of $12.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, relating to the Subject MSRs when a party other than Rithm selects Altisource as the service provider.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk
Our financial market risk consists primarily of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, the initial interest rate charged on the SSTL is SOFR (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement), with a minimum floor of 1.00%, plus 5.00% paid in cash plus 5.00% PIK. Based on par paydowns of $30 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, the PIK component was reduced to 3.75% and may be further reduced on a prospective basis based on the Aggregate Paydowns made prior to February 14, 2024.
Based on the principal amount outstanding and SOFR as of December 31, 2023, a one percentage point increase in SOFR above the minimum floor would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $2.2 million. There would be a $2.2 million decrease in our annual interest expense if there was a one percentage point decrease in SOFR.
Currency Exchange Risk
We are exposed to currency risk from potential changes in currency values of our non-United States dollar denominated expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Our most significant currency exposure relates to the Indian rupee. Based on expenses incurred in Indian rupees for the year ended December 31, 2023, a one percentage point increase or decrease in value of the Indian rupee in relation to the United States dollar would increase or decrease our annual expenses by approximately $0.1 million.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 49) | 53
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 55
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 56
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 57
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 | 58
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 59

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, equity (deficit), and cash flows for the years then ended and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Emphasis of a Matter
As discussed in Notes 3, 14, and 22 to the financial statements, the Company has a concentration of revenue associated with its largest customer, Ocwen Financial Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, Ocwen). The Company has disclosed various uncertainties associated with Ocwen.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Accounting for Income Taxes
As described in Notes 2 and 20 to the financial statements, the Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and a number of foreign jurisdictions. Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions, including evaluating uncertainties. The Company recorded $5.0 million of net deferred tax assets, $9.0 million of net deferred tax liabilities, and $18.1 million of total unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2023. The Company also recorded a $3.7 million income tax provision for the year ending December 31, 2023.
We identified the accounting for income taxes as a critical audit matter because of the specialized expertise and high degree of auditor judgment required in auditing the income tax provision due to the Company’s presence in foreign jurisdictions, transfer pricing determinations, and evaluating the reasonableness of uncertain tax positions.
Our audit procedures related to the Company’s accounting for income taxes included the following, among others:
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•We tested components of the income tax provision for significant jurisdictions, including evaluating permanent and temporary differences between book and tax reporting balances, and tested the application of statutory tax rates;
•With the assistance of our tax professionals, including international tax professionals, we:
–Evaluated the reasonableness of management’s estimates by considering the application of foreign tax jurisdiction laws and regulations;
–Evaluated the transfer pricing analyses provided by the Company and tested certain transfer pricing computations;
–Evaluated the completeness of uncertain tax positions and the reasonableness of the outcomes and measurements.
/s/ RSM US LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.
Jacksonville, Florida
March 7, 2024
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
ASSETS
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 32,522 |  |  | $ | 51,025 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $3,123 and $4,363, respectively |  | 11,682 |  |  | 12,989 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 11,336 |  |  | 23,544 |
Total current assets |  | 55,540 |  |  | 87,558 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 1,709 |  |  | 4,222 |
Right-of-use assets under operating leases |  | 3,379 |  |  | 5,321 |
Goodwill |  | 55,960 |  |  | 55,960 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 26,548 |  |  | 31,730 |
Deferred tax assets, net |  | 4,992 |  |  | 5,048 |
Other assets |  | 6,730 |  |  | 5,429 |
Total assets |  | $ | 154,858 |  |  | $ | 195,268 |
LIABILITIES AND DEFICIT
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  | $ | 30,088 |  |  | $ | 33,507 |
Deferred revenue |  | 3,195 |  |  | 3,711 |
Other current liabilities |  | 2,477 |  |  | 2,867 |
Total current liabilities |  | 35,760 |  |  | 40,085 |
Long-term debt |  | 215,615 |  |  | 245,493 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net |  | 9,028 |  |  | 9,028 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 19,510 |  |  | 19,536 |
Commitments, contingencies and regulatory matters (Note 22) |  |  |  |
Deficit: |  |  |  |
Common stock ($1.00 par value; 100,000 shares authorized, 29,963 issued and 26,496 outstanding as of December 31, 2023; 25,413 issued and 16,129 outstanding as of December 31, 2022) |  | 29,963 |  |  | 25,413 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 177,278 |  |  | 149,348 |
(Accumulated deficit) retained earnings |  | (180,162) |  |  | 118,948 |
Treasury stock, at cost (3,467 shares as of December 31, 2023 and 9,284 shares as of December 31, 2022) |  | (152,749) |  |  | (413,358) |
Altisource deficit |  | (125,670) |  |  | (119,649) |
Non-controlling interests |  | 615 |  |  | 775 |
Total deficit |  | (125,055) |  |  | (118,874) |
Total liabilities and deficit |  | $ | 154,858 |  |  | $ | 195,268 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | For the years ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue |  | $ | 145,066 |  |  | $ | 153,120 |
Cost of revenue |  | 115,414 |  |  | 131,305 |
Gross profit |  | 29,652 |  |  | 21,815 |
Operating expense (income): |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 46,420 |  |  | 54,755 |
Loss on sale of business |  | — |  |  | 242 |
Loss from operations |  | (16,768) |  |  | (33,182) |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  | (36,103) |  |  | (16,639) |
Change in fair value of warrant liability |  | 1,145 |  |  | — |
Debt amendment costs |  | (3,410) |  |  | — |
Other income (expense), net |  | 2,788 |  |  | 2,254 |
Total other income (expense), net |  | (35,580) |  |  | (14,385) |
Loss before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | (52,348) |  |  | (47,567) |
Income tax provision |  | (3,714) |  |  | (5,266) |
Net loss |  | (56,062) |  |  | (52,833) |
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |  | (228) |  |  | (585) |
Net loss attributable to Altisource |  | $ | (56,290) |  |  | $ | (53,418) |
Loss per share: |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | $ | (3.32) |
Diluted |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | $ | (3.32) |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 22,418 |  |  | 16,070 |
Diluted |  | 22,418 |  |  | 16,070 |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |
Comprehensive loss, net of tax |  | (56,062) |  |  | (52,833) |
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests |  | (228) |  |  | (585) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to Altisource |  | $ | (56,290) |  |  | $ | (53,418) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit)
(in thousands)

| Altisource Deficit |  |  |  |
| Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | (Accumulated deficit) retained earnings |  |  |  | Treasury stock, at cost |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total
| Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, January 1, 2022 | 25,413 |  |  | $ | 25,413 |  |  | $ | 144,298 |  |  | $ | 186,592 |  |  |  |  | $ | (426,445) |  |  | $ | 1,272 |  |  | $ | (68,870) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53,418) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 585 |  |  | (52,833) |
Distributions to non-controlling interest holders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,082) |  |  | (1,082) |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,050 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,050 |
Issuance of restricted share units and restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,747) |  |  |  |  | 9,747 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Treasury shares withheld for the payment of tax on restricted share unit and restricted share issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,479) |  |  |  |  | 3,340 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,139) |
Balance, December 31, 2022 | 25,413 |  |  | 25,413 |  |  | 149,348 |  |  | 118,948 |  |  |  |  | (413,358) |  |  | 775 |  |  | (118,874) |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (56,290) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 228 |  |  | (56,062) |
Distributions to non-controlling interest holders | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (388) |  |  | (388) |
Reclassification of warrant liability to equity | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,951 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,951 |
Share-based compensation expense | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,068 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,068 |
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | 4,550 |  |  | 4,550 |  |  | 15,911 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,461 |
Sale of treasury stock, net of transaction costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (228,322) |  |  |  |  | 246,643 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,321 |
Issuance of restricted share units and restricted shares | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,071) |  |  |  |  | 10,071 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Treasury shares withheld for the payment of tax on restricted share unit and restricted share issuances | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,427) |  |  |  |  | 3,895 |  |  | — |  |  | (532) |
Balance, December 31, 2023 | 29,963 |  |  | $ | 29,963 |  |  | $ | 177,278 |  |  | $ | (180,162) |  |  |  |  | $ | (152,749) |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  | $ | (125,055) |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)

| For the years ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (56,062) |  |  | $ | (52,833) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,392 |  |  | 3,440 |
Amortization of right-of-use assets under operating leases | 1,771 |  |  | 2,730 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 5,182 |  |  | 5,129 |
PIK accrual | 6,881 |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense | 5,068 |  |  | 5,050 |
Bad debt expense | 858 |  |  | 885 |
Amortization of debt discount | 3,777 |  |  | 661 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 2,446 |  |  | 932 |
Deferred income taxes | 45 |  |  | 1,098 |
Loss on disposal of fixed assets | 121 |  |  | 10 |
Loss on sale of business | — |  |  | 242 |
Change in fair value of warrant liability | (1,145) |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 449 |  |  | 4,134 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 12,231 |  |  | (1,922) |
Other assets | (1,667) |  |  | 341 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses | (3,419) |  |  | (12,964) |
Current and non-current operating lease liabilities | (1,777) |  |  | (2,911) |
Other current and non-current liabilities | 1,016 |  |  | 1,090 |
Net cash used in operating activities | (21,833) |  |  | (44,888) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Additions to premises and equipment | — |  |  | (863) |
Proceeds from the sale of business | — |  |  | 346 |
Other investing activities | — |  |  | (250) |
Net cash used in investing activities | — |  |  | (767) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | 20,461 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from sale of treasury stock, net of transaction costs | 18,321 |  |  | — |
Debt issuance and amendment costs | (4,886) |  |  | — |
Repayments of long-term debt | (30,000) |  |  | — |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | (388) |  |  | (1,082) |
Payments of tax withholding on issuance of restricted share units and restricted shares | (532) |  |  | (1,139) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 2,976 |  |  | (2,221) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (18,857) |  |  | (47,876) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period | 54,273 |  |  | 102,149 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period | $ | 35,416 |  |  | $ | 54,273 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 22,876 |  |  | $ | 14,962 |
Income taxes (refunded) paid, net | (3,775) |  |  | 3,299 |
Acquisition of right-of-use assets with operating lease liabilities | 500 |  |  | 920 |
Reduction of right-of-use assets from operating lease modifications or reassessments | (671) |  |  | (463) |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Net decrease in payables for purchases of premises and equipment | $ | — |  |  | $ | (64) |
Warrants issued in connection with Amended Credit Agreement | 8,096 |  |  | — |
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of cash flows as of December 31:
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 32,522 |  |  | $ | 51,025 |
Restricted cash | 2,894 |  |  | 3,248 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the statements of cash flows | $ | 35,416 |  |  | $ | 54,273 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION
Description of Business
Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., together with its subsidiaries (which may be referred to as “Altisource,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), is an integrated service provider and marketplace for the real estate and mortgage industries. Combining operational excellence with a suite of innovative services and technologies, Altisource helps solve the demands of the ever-changing markets we serve.
NOTE 2 — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Accounting and Presentation
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain amounts disclosed in prior period statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Principles of Consolidation
The financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and those entities in which we have a variable interest and are the primary beneficiary.
Altisource consolidates Best Partners Mortgage Cooperative, Inc., which is managed by The Mortgage Partnership of America, L.L.C. (“MPA”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Altisource. Best Partners Mortgage Cooperative, Inc. is a mortgage cooperative doing business as Lenders One® (“Lenders One”). MPA provides services to Lenders One under a management agreement that ends on December 31, 2025 (with renewals for three successive five-year periods at MPA’s option).
The management agreement between MPA and Lenders One, pursuant to which MPA is the management company, represents a variable interest in a variable interest entity. MPA is the primary beneficiary of Lenders One as it has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the cooperative’s economic performance and the right to receive benefits from the cooperative. As a result, Lenders One is presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements on a consolidated basis and the interests of the members are reflected as non-controlling interests. As of December 31, 2023, Lenders One had total assets of $0.4 million and total liabilities of $0.6 million. As of December 31, 2022, Lenders One had total assets of $1.2 million and total liabilities of $1.1 million.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures of contingent liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, determining share-based compensation, income taxes, collectability of receivables, valuation of acquired intangibles and goodwill, depreciable lives and valuation of fixed assets and contingencies. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We classify all highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase as cash equivalents.
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We monitor and estimate the allowance for credit losses based on our historical write-offs, historical collections, our analysis of past due accounts based on the contractual terms of the receivables, relevant market and industry reports and our assessment of the economic status of our customers, if known. The carrying value of accounts receivable, net, approximates fair value.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Premises and Equipment, Net
We report premises and equipment, net at cost or estimated fair value at acquisition for premises and equipment recorded in connection with a business combination and depreciate these assets over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method as follows:

Furniture and fixtures | 5 years
Office equipment | 5 years
Computer hardware | 3-5 years
Computer software | 3-7 years
Leasehold improvements | Shorter of useful life, 10 years or the term of the lease

Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. We capitalize expenditures for significant improvements and new equipment and depreciate the assets over the shorter of the capitalized asset’s life or the life of the lease.
We review premises and equipment for impairment following events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount that the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group.
Computer software includes the fair value of software acquired in business combinations, capitalized software development costs and purchased software. Capitalized software development and purchased software are recorded at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Software acquired in business combinations is recorded at fair value and amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life.
Business Combinations
We account for acquisitions using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations. The purchase price of an acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed using their fair value as of the acquisition date.
Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change in a manner that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value as a basis for determining whether we need to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. Only if we determine, based on qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value will we calculate the fair value of the reporting unit. We would then test goodwill for impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the fair value is determined to be less than its carrying amount, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows and market comparisons. The discounted cash flow method is based on the present value of projected cash flows. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our estimate of future sales and operating expenses, based primarily on estimated pricing, sales volumes, market segment share, cost trends and general economic conditions. The estimated cash flows are discounted using a rate that represents our estimated weighted average cost of capital. The market comparisons include an analysis of revenue and earnings multiples of guideline public companies compared to the Company.
Intangible Assets, Net
Identified intangible assets consist primarily of customer related intangible assets, operating agreements, trademarks and trade names and other intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations are recorded based on their fair values at the date of acquisition. We determine the useful lives of our identifiable intangible assets after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors we consider when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any arrangements, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for use of the asset and other economic factors. We amortize intangible assets that we deem to have definite lives in proportion to actual and expected customer revenues or on a straight-line basis over their useful lives, generally ranging from 4 to 20 years.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
We perform tests for impairment if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. When facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of intangible assets determined to have definite lives may not be recoverable, management assesses the recoverability of the carrying value by preparing estimates of cash flows of discrete intangible assets generally consistent with models utilized for internal planning purposes. If the sum of the undiscounted expected future cash flows is less than the carrying value, we recognize an impairment to the extent the carrying amount exceeds fair value.
Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt is reported net of applicable discount or premium and net of debt issuance costs. The debt discount or premium and debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense through maturity of the related debt using the effective interest method.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value, which prioritizes the inputs used in the methodologies of measuring fair value for assets and liabilities, is as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of assets or liabilities.
Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurements requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.
Functional Currency
The currency of the primary economic environment in which our operations are conducted is the United States dollar. Therefore, the United States dollar has been determined to be our functional and reporting currency. Non-United States dollar transactions and balances have been measured in United States dollars in accordance with ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. All transaction gains and losses from the measurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-United States dollar currencies are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as income or expenses, as appropriate.
Defined Contribution 401(k) Plan
Some of our employees participate in a defined contribution 401(k) plan under which we may make matching contributions equal to a discretionary percentage determined by us. We recorded expenses of $0.2 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to our discretionary contributions.
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of a product or service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. This revenue can be recognized at a point in time or over time. We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred revenue or other current liabilities), as appropriate. A description of our principal revenue generating activities are as follows:
Servicer and Real Estate
•For property preservation and inspection services and payment management technologies, we recognize transactional revenue when the service is provided.
•For vendor management transactions, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the services. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•For loan disbursement review services, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the processing services with full recognition upon completion of the disbursements.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
•For foreclosure trustee services, we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the related services, with full recognition upon completion and/or recording the related foreclosure deed. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services.
•For the real estate auction platform, real estate auction and real estate brokerage services, we recognize revenue on a net basis (i.e., the commission on the sale) at the closing of the sale of the REO as we perform services as an agent without assuming the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset and the commission earned on the sale is a fixed percentage or amount.
•For SaaS based technology to manage REO, we recognize revenue over the estimated average number of months the REO are on the platform or ratably over the contract period. We generally recognize revenue for professional services as services are provided. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•For loan servicing technologies, we generally recognize revenue based on the number of loans on the system. We generally recognized revenue from professional services as services are provided. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
•Reimbursable expenses revenue related to property preservation and inspection services, real estate sales title services and foreclosure trustee services is included in revenue with an equal amount recognized in cost of revenue. These amounts are recognized on a gross basis, principally because generally we have control over selection of vendors and the vendor relationships are with us, rather than with our customers.
Origination
•For the majority of the services we provide, we recognize transactional revenue when the service is provided. We recognize membership fees from Lender One members ratably over the term of membership.
•For vendor management oversight software-as-a-service (“SaaS”), we recognize revenue over the period during which we perform the services. We use judgment to determine the period over which we recognize revenue for certain of these services
Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation is accounted for under the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC Topic 718”). Under ASC Topic 718, the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments is generally measured based on the grant date fair value of the award. Share-based awards that do not require future service are expensed immediately. Share-based awards that require future service are recognized over the relevant service period. The Company has made an accounting policy election to account for forfeitures in compensation expense as they occur.
Income Taxes
We record income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). We account for certain income and expense items differently for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes. We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for these differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities as well as expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and credit carryforwards. The most significant temporary differences relate to accrued compensation, interest expense, amortization, loss carryforwards and valuation allowances. We measure deferred income tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we anticipate recovery or settlement of those temporary differences. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period when the change is enacted. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions including evaluating uncertainties under ASC Topic 740. We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with management’s expectations could have a material impact on our results of operations.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Earnings Per Share
We compute earnings per share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to Altisource by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share reflects the assumed conversion of all dilutive securities using the treasury stock method.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncement
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This standard updates reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are part of an entity’s segment measure of profit or loss and regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. In addition, it adds or makes clarifications to other segment-related disclosures, such as clarifying that the disclosure requirements in ASC 280 are required for entities with a single reportable segment and that an entity may disclose multiple measures of segment profit and loss. This standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of this standard is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This standard amends the Codification to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures, to provide information to better assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. This standard will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption of this standard is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this guidance may have on its consolidated financial statements.
NOTE 3 — CUSTOMER CONCENTRATION
Ocwen
Ocwen Financial Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Ocwen”) is a residential mortgage loan servicer of mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) it owns, including those MSRs in which others have an economic interest, and a subservicer of loans owned by others.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, Ocwen was our largest customer, accounting for 44% of our total revenue. Ocwen purchases certain mortgage services from us under the terms of services agreements and amendments thereto (collectively, the “Ocwen Services Agreements”) with terms extending through August 2030. Certain of the Ocwen Services Agreements contain a “most favored nation” provision and also grant the parties the right to renegotiate pricing, among other things.
Revenue from Ocwen primarily consists of revenue earned from the loan portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when Ocwen engages us as the service provider, and revenue earned directly from Ocwen, pursuant to the Ocwen Services Agreements. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Ocwen of $63.2 million and $63.5 million, respectively. Revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of segment and consolidated revenue was as follows for the years ended December 31:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Servicer and Real Estate |  | 55 | % |  | 53 | %
Origination |  | — | % |  | — | %
Corporate and Others |  | — | % |  | — | %
Consolidated revenue |  | 44 | % |  | 41 | %

We earn additional revenue related to the portfolios serviced and subserviced by Ocwen when a party other than Ocwen or the MSRs owner selects Altisource as the service provider. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $9.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, of such revenue. These amounts are not included in deriving revenue from Ocwen and revenue from Ocwen as a percentage of revenue discussed above.
As of December 31, 2023, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $3.4 million, $2.2 million of which was billed and $1.2 million of which was unbilled. As of December 31, 2022, accounts receivable from Ocwen totaled $4.0 million, $3.2 million of which was billed and $0.8 million of which was unbilled.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Rithm
Rithm Capital Corp. (individually, together with one or more of its subsidiaries or one or more of its subsidiaries individually, “Rithm”) (formerly New Residential Investment Corp.) is an asset manager focused on the real estate and financial services industries.
Ocwen has disclosed that Rithm is a significant client of Ocwen’s. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen reported that approximately 16% of loans serviced and subserviced by Ocwen (measured in unpaid principal balance (“UPB”)) and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services were related to Rithm MSRs or rights to MSRs (the “Subject MSRs”).
Rithm purchases brokerage services for real estate owned (“REO”) exclusively from us, irrespective of the subservicer, subject to certain limitations, for certain MSRs set forth in and pursuant to the terms of a Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, as amended, and related letter agreement (collectively, the “Brokerage Agreement”) with terms extending through August 2025.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Rithm of $2.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively, under the Brokerage Agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized additional revenue of $12.6 million and $13.0 million, respectively, relating to the Subject MSRs when a party other than Rithm selects Altisource as the service provider.
NOTE 4 — ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET
Accounts receivable, net consists of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Billed |  | $ | 9,826 |  |  | $ | 11,993 |
Unbilled |  | 4,979 |  |  | 5,359 |
|  | 14,805 |  |  | 17,352 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses |  | (3,123) |  |  | (4,363) |
Total |  | $ | 11,682 |  |  | $ | 12,989 |

Unbilled accounts receivable consist primarily of certain real estate asset management, REO sales, title and closing services for which we generally recognize revenue when the service is provided but collect upon closing of the sale, and foreclosure trustee services, for which we generally recognize revenues over the service delivery period but bill following completion of the service. We also include amounts in unbilled accounts receivable that are earned during a month and billed in the following month.
We are exposed to credit losses through our sales of products and services to our customers which are recorded as accounts receivable, net on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. We monitor and estimate the allowance for credit losses based on our historical write-offs, historical collections, our analysis of past due accounts based on the contractual terms of the receivables, relevant market and industry reports and our assessment of the economic status of our customers, if known. Estimated credit losses are written off in the period in which the financial asset is determined to be no longer collectible. There can be no assurance that actual results will not differ from estimates or that consideration of these factors in the future will not result in an increase or decrease to our allowance for credit losses.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Changes in the allowance for expected credit losses consist of the following:

|  |  |  | Additions |
(in thousands) |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  | Charged to Expenses |  | Charged to Other Accounts Note(1) |  | Deductions Note(2) |  | Balance at End of Period
Allowance for expected credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 4,363 |  |  | $ | 858 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,098 |  |  | $ | 3,123 |
Year ended December 31, 2022 |  | 5,297 |  |  | 885 |  |  | (260) |  |  | 1,559 |  |  | 4,363 |
______________________________________
(1) Primarily includes amounts previously written off which were credited directly to this account when recovered.
(2) Amounts written off as uncollectible or transferred to other accounts or utilized.

NOTE 5 — PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 3,722 |  |  | $ | 5,165 |
Income taxes receivable |  | 325 |  |  | 7,031 |
Indemnity escrow receivable from Pointillist sale |  | 3,201 |  |  | 3,223 |
Maintenance agreements, current portion |  | 1,327 |  |  | 1,498 |
Surety bond collateral |  | — |  |  | 4,000 |
Restricted cash |  | 23 |  |  | — |
Other current assets |  | 2,738 |  |  | 2,627 |
Total |  | $ | 11,336 |  |  | $ | 23,544 |

NOTE 6 — PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Premises and equipment, net consists of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Computer hardware and software |  | $ | 46,519 |  |  | $ | 49,339 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 1,011 |  |  | 5,794 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 102 |  |  | 3,832 |
Office equipment and other |  | 17 |  |  | 346 |
|  | 47,649 |  |  | 59,311 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (45,940) |  |  | (55,089) |
Total |  | $ | 1,709 |  |  | $ | 4,222 |

Depreciation and amortization expense amounted to $2.4 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in cost of revenue for operating assets and in selling, general and administrative expenses for non-operating assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Premises and equipment, net consist of the following by country as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Luxembourg |  | $ | 1,131 |  |  | $ | 2,455 |
India |  | 492 |  |  | 1,129 |
United States |  | 64 |  |  | 586 |
Uruguay |  | 22 |  |  | 52 |
Total |  | $ | 1,709 |  |  | $ | 4,222 |

NOTE 7 — RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS UNDER OPERATING LEASES, NET
Right-of-use assets under operating leases, net consists of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Right-of-use assets under operating leases |  | $ | 7,242 |  |  | $ | 11,808 |
Less: Accumulated amortization |  | (3,863) |  |  | (6,487) |
Total |  | $ | 3,379 |  |  | $ | 5,321 |

Amortization of operating leases was $1.8 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is included in cost of revenue for operating assets and in selling, general and administrative expenses for non-operating assets in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
NOTE 8 — GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
Goodwill
The following is a summary of goodwill by segment:

(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 |  | $ | 30,681 |  |  | $ | 25,279 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,960 |

We determined that each reportable segment represents a reporting unit. Goodwill was allocated to each reporting unit based on the relative fair value of each of our reporting units.
Intangible Assets, net
Intangible assets, net consist of the following as of December 31:

|  | Weighted average estimated useful life (in years) |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net book value
(in thousands) |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Definite lived intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer related intangible assets |  | 9 |  | $ | 214,307 |  |  | $ | 214,307 |  |  | $ | (200,656) |  |  | $ | (197,594) |  |  | $ | 13,651 |  |  | $ | 16,713 |
Operating agreement |  | 20 |  | 35,000 |  |  | 35,000 |  |  | (24,354) |  |  | (22,604) |  |  | 10,646 |  |  | 12,396 |
Trademarks and trade names |  | 16 |  | 9,709 |  |  | 9,709 |  |  | (7,458) |  |  | (7,088) |  |  | 2,251 |  |  | 2,621 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 259,016 |  |  | $ | 259,016 |  |  | $ | (232,468) |  |  | $ | (227,286) |  |  | $ | 26,548 |  |  | $ | 31,730 |

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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Amortization expense for definite lived intangible assets was $5.2 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Forecasted annual definite lived intangible asset amortization expense for 2024 through 2028 is $5.1 million, $5.1 million, $4.9 million, $4.7 million and $4.4 million, respectively.
NOTE 9 — OTHER ASSETS
Other assets consist of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Restricted cash |  | $ | 2,871 |  |  | $ | 3,248 |
Security deposits |  | 397 |  |  | 596 |
Surety bond collateral |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 1,462 |  |  | 1,585 |
Total |  | $ | 6,730 |  |  | $ | 5,429 |

NOTE 10 — ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consist of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accounts payable |  | $ | 15,275 |  |  | $ | 14,981 |
Accrued expenses - general |  | 8,637 |  |  | 11,858 |
Accrued salaries and benefits |  | 5,048 |  |  | 5,501 |
Income taxes payable |  | 1,128 |  |  | 1,167 |
Total |  | $ | 30,088 |  |  | $ | 33,507 |

Other current liabilities consist of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,570 |  |  | $ | 2,097 |
Other |  | 907 |  |  | 770 |
Total |  | $ | 2,477 |  |  | $ | 2,867 |

NOTE 11 — LONG-TERM DEBT
Long-term debt consists of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Senior secured term loans |  | $ | 224,085 |  |  | $ | 247,204 |
Less: Debt issuance and amendment costs, net |  | (3,318) |  |  | (878) |
Less: Unamortized discount, net |  | (5,152) |  |  | (833) |
Net Senior secured term loans |  | 215,615 |  |  | 245,493 |
Total Long-term debt |  | $ | 215,615 |  |  | $ | 245,493 |

Senior Secured Term Loans
In April 2018, Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altisource S.à r.l., entered into a credit agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and certain lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). Under the Credit Agreement, Altisource borrowed $412 million in the form of senior secured term loans (“SSTL”). Effective February 14, 2023, Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and Altisource S.à r.l. entered into Amendment No.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
2 to the Credit Agreement (as amended by Amendment No. 2, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and its subsidiaries, subject to the applicable exclusions in the Amended Credit Agreement, are guarantors on the SSTL (collectively, the “Guarantors”). Effective June 1, 2023, the administrative agent and collateral agent of the Amended Credit Agreement changed to Wilmington Trust, N.A.
The maturity date of the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement is April 30, 2025. If the aggregate amount of par paydowns on the SSTL made prior to February 14, 2024 using proceeds from issuances of equity interests or from junior indebtedness (“Aggregate Paydowns”) are equal to or greater than $30 million, then the maturity date of the SSTL may be extended at the Company’s option to April 30, 2026. Such extension is conditioned upon the Company’s payment of a 2% payment-in-kind extension fee on or before April 30, 2025 and subject to the representations and warranties being true and correct as of such date and there being no default or event of default being in existence as of such date. During 2023, Company made $30 million of Aggregate Paydowns.
All amounts outstanding under the SSTL will become due on the earlier of (i) the maturity date, and (ii) the date on which the loans are declared to be due and owing by the administrative agent at the request (or with the consent) of the Required Lenders (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement; other capitalized terms, unless defined herein, are defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) or as otherwise provided in the Amended Credit Agreement upon the occurrence of any event of default. There are no mandatory repayments of the SSTL, except as set forth herein, until the April 30, 2025 maturity when the balance is due. If the maturity date is extended to April 30, 2026, the Company is required to make mandatory repayments of $5.2 million in the first quarter of 2026 with the remaining balance due at the April 2026 maturity.
In addition to the scheduled principal payments, subject to certain exceptions, the SSTL is subject to mandatory prepayment upon issuances of debt, certain casualty and condemnation events and sales of assets, as well as 50% of Consolidated Excess Cash Flow, as calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Amended Credit Agreement.
Altisource may incur incremental indebtedness under the Amended Credit Agreement from one or more incremental lenders, which may include existing lenders, in an aggregate incremental principal amount not to exceed $50 million, subject to certain conditions set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement. The lenders have no obligation to provide any incremental indebtedness.
Through March 29, 2023, the SSTL’s interest rate was the Adjusted Eurodollar Rate plus 4.00%. Beginning March 30, 2023, the SSTL bears interest at rates based upon, at our option, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or the Base Rate, as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement. If the Company selects SOFR, the term loans initially bear interest at a rate per annum equal to SOFR plus 5.00% payable in cash plus 5.00% payable in kind (“PIK”). If the Company selects Base Rate, the loans initially bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Base Rate plus 4.00% payable in cash plus 5.00% PIK. Base Rate term loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the sum of (i) the greater of (x) the Base Rate and (y) 2.00% plus (ii) 4.00%. The PIK component of the interest rate is subject to adjustment based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns as set forth in the table below. The PIK component of the interest rate was 3.75% for the six months ended December 31, 2023 and 4.50% for the three months ended June 30, 2023. The interest rate as of December 31, 2023, including the PIK component, was 14.24%.

Aggregate Paydowns | PIK Component of Interest Rate
Less than $20 million | 5.00%
$20 million+ but less than below | 4.50%
$30 million+ but less than below | 3.75%
$40 million+ but less than below | 3.50%
$45 million+ but less than below | 3.00%
$50 million+ but less than below | 2.50%
$55 million+ but less than below | 2.00%
$60 million+ but less than below | 1.00%
$65 million+ but less than below | 0.50%
$70 million+ | 0.00%

If, as of the end of any calendar quarter, (i) the amount of unencumbered cash and cash equivalents of Altisource S.à r.l. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries on a consolidated basis plus (ii) the undrawn commitment amount under the Revolver is, or is forecast as of the end of the immediately subsequent calendar quarter to be, less than $35 million, then up to 2.00% in interest otherwise payable in cash in the following quarter may be paid in kind at the Company’s election.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The payment of all amounts owing by Altisource under the Amended Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Guarantors and is secured by a pledge of all equity interests of certain subsidiaries of Altisource, as well as a lien on substantially all of the assets of Altisource S.à r.l. and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions.
The Amended Credit Agreement includes covenants that restrict or limit, among other things, our ability, subject to certain exceptions and baskets, to incur indebtedness; incur liens on our assets; sell, transfer or dispose of assets; make Restricted Junior Payments including share repurchases, dividends and repayment of junior indebtedness; make investments; dispose of equity interests of any Material Subsidiaries; engage in a line of business substantially different than existing businesses and businesses reasonably related, complimentary or ancillary thereto; amend material debt agreements or other material contracts; engage in certain transactions with affiliates; enter into sale/leaseback transactions; grant negative pledges or agree to such other restrictions relating to subsidiary dividends and distributions; make changes to our fiscal year; and engage in mergers and consolidations.
The Amended Credit Agreement contains certain events of default including (i) failure to pay principal when due or interest or any other amount owing on any other obligation under the Amended Credit Agreement within five days of becoming due, (ii) material incorrectness of representations and warranties when made, (iii) breach of certain other covenants, subject to cure periods described in the Amended Credit Agreement, (iv) failure to pay principal or interest on any other debt that equals or exceeds $5 million when due, (v) default on any other debt that equals or exceeds $5 million that causes, or gives the holder or holders of such debt the ability to cause, an acceleration of such debt, (vi) occurrence of a Change of Control, (vii) bankruptcy and insolvency events, (viii) entry by a court of one or more judgments against us in an aggregate amount in excess of $10 million that remain unbonded, undischarged or unstayed for a certain number of days after the entry thereof, (ix) the occurrence of certain ERISA events, (x) the failure of certain Loan Documents to be in full force and effect and (xi) failure to comply in any material respects with the terms of the Warrants or the Warrant Purchase Agreement. If any event of default occurs and is not cured within applicable grace periods set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement or waived, all loans and other obligations could become due and immediately payable and the facility could be terminated.
The lenders under the Amended Credit Agreement received Warrants to purchase shares of Altisource common stock. The number of Warrant Shares is subject to reduction based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns (see Note 12 for additional information). The fair value of the Warrants on February 14, 2023 was $8.1 million and was recorded as an increase in debt discount.
In connection with Amendment No. 2, the Company paid $4.9 million to the lenders and to third parties on behalf of the lenders. The $4.9 million payment was recorded as an increase in debt issuance and amendment costs. In connection with Amendment No. 2, the Company paid $3.4 million to advisors and recorded these payments as other expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Deer Park Road Management Company, LP (“Deer Park”), a related party, owns approximately 16% and 24% of Altisource’s common stock as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $40.6 million of Altisource debt under the Amended Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2023 (no comparative amount as of December 31, 2022). Deer Park’s Chief Investment Officer and managing partner was a member of Altisource’s Board of Directors until his resignation on March 1, 2022. The replacement director appointed by the Board of Directors and subsequently elected by shareholders is a current employee of Deer Park. In connection with the Amended Credit Agreement, Deer Park received 292 thousand Warrants. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Deer Park received interest of $4.1 million from the Altisource SSTL (no comparative amount for the year ended December 31, 2022).
As of December 31, 2023, debt issuance and amendment costs were $3.3 million, net of $6.1 million of accumulated amortization. As of December 31, 2022, debt issuance costs were $0.9 million, net of $3.6 million of accumulated amortization.
Interest expense on the SSTL, including amortization of debt issuance costs and the net debt discount, totaled $32.6 million and $16.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, maturities of our long-term debt are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Maturities
2024 |  | $ | — |
2025 |  | 224,085 |
|  | $ | 224,085 |

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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Revolver
On June 22, 2021 Altisource S.à r.l, a subsidiary of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., entered into a revolving credit facility with STS Master Fund, Ltd. (“STS”) (the “Revolver”). STS is an investment fund managed by Deer Park.
The Revolver was amended effective February 14, 2023 (the “Amended Revolver”). Under the terms of the Amended Revolver, STS will make loans to Altisource from time to time, in amounts requested by Altisource and Altisource may voluntarily prepay all or any portion of the outstanding loans at any time. The Amended Revolver provides Altisource the ability to borrow a maximum amount of $15.0 million. Amounts that are repaid may be re-borrowed in accordance with the limitations set forth below.
The maturity date of the Amended Revolver coincides with the maturity date of the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement, as it may be extended. The outstanding balance on the Amended Revolver is due and payable on such maturity date.
Borrowings under the Amended Revolver bear interest of 10.00% per annum in cash and 3.00% per annum PIK and are payable quarterly on the last business day of each March, June, September and December. In connection with the Amended Revolver, Altisource is required to pay a usage fee equal to $0.75 million at the initial extension of credit pursuant to the Amended Revolver.
Altisource’s obligations under the Amended Revolver are secured by a first-priority lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company, which lien will be pari passu with liens securing the SSTL under the Amended Credit Agreement.
The Amended Revolver contains additional representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions customary for transactions of this type, that restrict or limit, among other things, our ability to use the proceeds of credit only for general corporate purposes.
The Amended Revolver contains certain events of default including (i) failure to pay principal when due or interest or any other amount owing on any other obligation under the Amended Revolver within three business days of becoming due, (ii) failure to perform or observe any material provisions of the Amended Revolver Documents to be performed or complied with and such failure continues for a period of 30 days after written notice is given by the Lender to the Borrower, (iii) material incorrectness of representations and warranties when made, (iv) default on any other debt that equals or exceeds $40.0 million that causes, or gives the holder or holders of such debt the ability to cause, an acceleration of such debt, (v) entry by a court of one or more judgments against us in an aggregate amount in excess of $40.0 million that remain unbonded, undischarged or unstayed for a certain number of days after the entry thereof, (vi) occurrence of a Change of Control, (vii) bankruptcy and insolvency events. If any event of default occurs and is not cured within applicable grace periods set forth in the Amended Revolver or waived, all loans and other obligations could become due and immediately payable and the facility could be terminated.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no outstanding debt under the Amended Revolver and Revolver, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, debt issuance costs were $0.2 million, net of $0.4 million of accumulated amortization. As of December 31, 2022, debt issuance costs were $0.3 million, net of $0.3 million of accumulated amortization. Debt issuance costs for the Amended Revolver and Revolver are included in other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
NOTE 12 — WARRANTS
On February 14, 2023, the lenders under the Amended Credit Agreement (see Note 11 for additional information) received warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 3,223,851 shares of Altisource common stock (the “Warrant Shares”). The number of Warrant Shares is subject to reduction based on the amount of Aggregate Paydowns as set forth in the table below.

Aggregate Paydowns | Warrant Shares
Less than $20 million | 3,223,851
$20 million+ but less than below | 2,578,743
$30 million+ | 1,612,705

During 2023, the Company made $30 million of Aggregate Paydowns. As a result, the number of Warrant Shares as of December 31, 2023 is 1,612,705.
The exercise price per share of common stock under each Warrant is equal to $0.01. The Warrants may be exercised at any time on and after February 14, 2024 and prior to their expiration date. The Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis and are subject to customary anti-dilution provisions. The Warrants, if not previously exercised or terminated, will be automatically
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
exercised on May 22, 2027. The Warrants are subject to a lock-up agreement, subject to customary exceptions, ending on February 16, 2024.
The Warrants are free standing financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement. At inception, the Warrants were not considered to be indexed to the Company’s stock because the number of Warrant Shares varied based on Aggregate Paydowns. Pursuant to ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging–Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, the outstanding Warrants were recognized as a warrant liability on the balance sheet based on their inception date fair value and subsequently re-measured at each reporting period with changes recorded as a component of other income (expense) in the statement of operations. On September 18, 2023, the Company reached the $30 million in Aggregate Paydowns threshold and the number of Warrant Shares was no longer variable. As a result, the Warrants are considered to be indexed to the Company’s stock and the Warrant Liability was reclassified to equity.
The fair value of the warrant liability was based on the number of Warrant Shares that were expected to be exercisable on and after February 14, 2024 and the Altisource share price less $0.01 at the measurement date.
The fair value of the warrant liability at each of the respective valuation dates is summarized below:

Warrant Liability | Warrant Shares based on Aggregate Paydowns | Expected Warrant Shares that will be exercisable on February 14, 2024 | Fair Value per Warrant Share | Fair Value (in thousands)
Fair value at initial measurement date of February 14, 2023 | 3,223,851 | 1,612,705 | $5.02 | $ | 8,096 |
Gain on change in fair value of warrant liability |  |  |  | (1,145) |
Fair value at September 18, 2023 | 1,612,705 | 1,612,705 | $4.31 | $ | 6,951 |

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a gain on changes in fair value of warrant liability of $1.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, there were no warrant liabilities outstanding.
NOTE 13 — OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Other non-current liabilities consist of the following as of December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Income tax liabilities |  | $ | 17,506 |  |  | $ | 16,079 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 1,950 |  |  | 3,371 |
Deferred revenue |  | 9 |  |  | 82 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 45 |  |  | 4 |
Total |  | $ | 19,510 |  |  | $ | 19,536 |

NOTE 14 — FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS AND FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The following table presents the carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments and certain liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The following fair values are estimated using market information and what the Company believes to be appropriate valuation methodologies under GAAP:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) |  | Carrying amount |  | Fair value |  | Carrying amount |  | Fair value
|  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 32,522 |  |  | $ | 32,522 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 51,025 |  |  | $ | 51,025 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Restricted cash |  | 2,894 |  |  | 2,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,248 |  |  | 3,248 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term receivable |  | 3,201 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,201 |  |  | 3,223 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,223 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Senior secured term loan |  | 224,085 |  |  | — |  |  | 177,027 |  |  | — |  |  | 247,204 |  |  | — |  |  | 200,235 |  |  | — |

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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash are carried at amounts that approximate their fair values due to the highly liquid nature of these instruments and are measured using Level 1 inputs.
The fair value of our SSTL is based on quoted market prices. Based on the frequency of trading, we do not believe that there is an active market for our debt. Therefore, the quoted prices are considered Level 2 inputs.
In connection with the sale of Pointillist on December 1, 2021, $3.5 million was deposited into an escrow account to satisfy certain indemnification claims that may arise on or prior to the first anniversary of the sale closing. The deposit was recorded as a short-term receivable. We measure short-term receivables without a stated interest rate based on the present value of the future payments.
There were no transfers between different levels during the periods presented.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that subject us to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Our policy is to deposit our cash and cash equivalents with larger, highly rated financial institutions. The Company derived 44% of its revenue from Ocwen for the year ended December 31, 2023 (see Note 3 for additional information on Ocwen revenues and accounts receivable balance). The Company strives to mitigate its concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable by actively monitoring past due accounts and the economic status of larger customers, if known.
NOTE 15 — SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2023, we had 100.0 million shares authorized, 30.0 million issued and 26.5 million shares of common stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2022, we had 100.0 million shares authorized, 25.4 million shares issued and 16.1 million shares of common stock outstanding. The holders of shares of Altisource common stock generally are entitled to one vote for each share on all matters voted on by shareholders, and the holders of such shares generally will possess all voting power.
Equity Incentive Plan
Our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) provides for various types of equity awards, including stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock purchase rights, restricted shares, restricted share units and other awards, or a combination of any of the above. Under the Plan, we may grant up to 8.4 million Altisource share-based awards to officers, directors, employees and to employees of our affiliates. As of December 31, 2023, 1.8 million share-based awards were available for future grant under the Plan. Expired and forfeited awards are available for reissuance.
Share Repurchase Program
On May 16, 2023, our shareholders approved the renewal and amendment of the share repurchase program previously approved by the shareholders on May 15, 2018. Under the program, we are authorized to purchase up to 3.1 million shares of our common stock, based on a limit of 15% of the outstanding shares of common stock on the date of approval, at a minimum price of $1.00 per share and a maximum price of $25.00 per share, for a period of five years from the date of approval. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 3.1 million shares of common stock remain available for repurchase under the program. There were no purchases of shares of common stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Luxembourg law limits share repurchases to the balance of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. (unconsolidated parent company) retained earnings, less the value of shares repurchased. As of December 31, 2023, we can repurchase up to approximately $116 million of our common stock under Luxembourg law. Under the Amended Credit Agreement, we are not permitted to repurchase shares except for limited circumstances.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Public offerings of Common Stock
On February 14, 2023, Altisource closed on an underwritten public offering to sell 4,550,000 shares of its common stock, at a price of $5.00 per share, generating net proceeds of $20.5 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
On September 7, 2023, Altisource closed on an underwritten public offering to sell 5,590,277 shares of its common stock, at a price of $3.60 per share, generating net proceeds of $18.4 million, after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
Share-Based Compensation
We issue share-based awards in the form of stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units for certain employees, officers and directors. We recognized share-based compensation expense of $5.1 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, estimated unrecognized compensation costs related to share-based awards amounted to $2.1 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted average remaining requisite service period of approximately 1.14 years.
Stock Options
Stock option grants are composed of a combination of service-based, market-based and performance-based options.
Service-Based Options. These options generally vest over three or four years with equal annual vesting and generally expire on the earlier of ten years after the date of grant or following termination of service. A total of 182 thousand service-based options were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Market-Based Options. These option grants generally have two components, each of which vests only upon the achievement of certain criteria. The first component, which we refer to as “ordinary performance” grants, generally consists of two-thirds of the market-based grant and begins to vest if the stock price is at least double the exercise price, as long as the stock price realizes a compounded annual gain of at least 20% over the exercise price. The remaining third of the market-based options, which we refer to as “extraordinary performance” grants, generally begins to vest if the stock price is at least triple the exercise price, as long as the stock price realizes a compounded annual gain of at least 25% over the exercise price. Market-based options generally vest in three or four year installments with the first installment vesting upon the achievement of the criteria and the remaining installments vesting thereafter in equal annual installments. Market-based options generally expire on the earlier of ten years after the date of grant or following termination of service, unless the performance criteria is met prior to termination of service or in the final three years of the option term, in which case vesting will generally continue in accordance with the provisions of the award agreement. A total of 96 thousand market-based options were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Performance-Based Options. These option grants generally will vest if certain specific financial measures are achieved; typically with one-fourth vesting on each anniversary of the grant date. The award of performance-based options is adjusted based on the level of achievement specified in the award agreements. If the performance criteria achieved is above threshold performance levels, participants generally have the opportunity to vest in 50% to 200% of the option grants, depending upon performance achieved. If the performance criteria achieved is below a certain threshold, the options are canceled. The options generally expire on the earlier of ten years after the date of grant or following termination of service, unless the performance criteria is met prior to termination of service in which case vesting will generally continue in accordance with the provisions of the award agreement. There were 461 thousand performance-based options outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
There were no stock option grants during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company granted 120 thousand stock options (at a weighted average exercise price of $11.86 per share) for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The fair values of the performance-based options are determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The following assumptions were used to determine the fair values as of the grant date for the year ended December 31:

|  | 2022
|  | Black-Scholes
Risk-free interest rate (%) |  | 1.62 - 4.20
Expected stock price volatility (%) |  | 67.75 - 67.99
Expected dividend yield |  | — |
Expected option life (in years) |  | 6
Fair value |  | $7.27 - $7.63

We determined the expected option life of all service-based stock option grants using the simplified method, determined based on the graded vesting term plus the contractual term of the options, divided by two. We use the simplified method because we believe that our historical data does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected option life.
The following table summarizes the grant date fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31:

(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted per share |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8.25 |
Intrinsic value of options exercised |  | — |  |  | — |
Grant date fair value of stock options that vested |  | $ | 98 |  |  | $ | 1,031 |

The following table summarizes the activity related to our stock options:

| Number of options |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average contractual term (in years) |  | Aggregate intrinsic value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 745,277 |  |  | $ | 27.03 |  |  | 4.83 |  | $ | — |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (6,088) |  |  | 25.26 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | 739,189 |  |  | 27.04 |  |  | 3.84 |  | — |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | 544,951 |  |  | 25.24 |  |  | 3.26 |  | — |

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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2023:

|  | Options outstanding |  | Options exercisable
Exercise price range (1) |  | Number |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Number |  | Weighted average remaining contractual life (in years) |  | Weighted average exercise price
$10.01 — $20.00 |  | 245,100 |  |  | 4.70 |  | $ | 15.40 |  |  | 129,187 |  |  | 1.73 |  | $ | 18.35 |
$20.01 — $30.00 |  | 410,610 |  |  | 3.15 |  | 24.83 |  |  | 385,258 |  |  | 3.16 |  | 24.80 |
$30.01 — $40.00 |  | 28,479 |  |  | 2.65 |  | 33.21 |  |  | 16,756 |  |  | 2.65 |  | 33.61 |
$80.01 — $90.00 |  | 25,000 |  |  | 0.60 |  | 86.69 |  |  | 6,250 |  |  | 0.60 |  | 86.69 |
$90.01 — $100.00 |  | 30,000 |  |  | 0.75 |  | 96.87 |  |  | 7,500 |  |  | 0.75 |  | 96.87 |
|  | 739,189 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 544,951 |  |  |  |  |
______________________________________
(1) These options contain market-based and performance-based components as described above.

The following table summarizes the market prices necessary in order for the market-based options to begin to vest:

|  | Market-based options
Vesting price |  | Ordinary performance |  | Extraordinary performance
$50.01 — $60.00 |  | 7,581 |  |  | 4,162 |
$60.01 — $70.00 |  | 7,815 |  |  | 6,250 |
$80.01 — $90.00 |  | — |  |  | 3,791 |
$90.01 — $100.00 |  | — |  |  | 3,908 |
$170.01 — $180.00 |  | 12,500 |  |  | — |
Over $190.00 |  | 15,000 |  |  | 13,750 |
Total |  | 42,896 |  |  | 31,861 |
Weighted average share price |  | $ | 69.98 |  |  | $ | 53.85 |

Other Share-Based Awards
The Company’s other share-based and similar types of awards are comprised of restricted shares and restricted share units. The restricted shares and restricted share units are comprised of a combination of service-based awards, performance-based awards, market-based awards and performance and market-based awards.
Service-Based Awards. These awards generally vest over one-to-four year periods. A total of 884 thousand service-based awards were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Performance-Based Awards. These awards generally vest if certain specific financial measures are achieved; generally one-third vests on each anniversary of the grant date or cliff-vest on the third anniversary of the grant date. The number of performance-based restricted shares and restricted share units that may vest is based on the level of achievement as specified in the award agreements. If the performance criteria achieved is above certain financial performance levels and Altisource’s share performance is above certain established criteria, participants have the opportunity to vest in up to 150% of the restricted share unit award for certain awards. If the performance criteria achieved is below certain thresholds, the award is canceled. A total of 141 thousand performance-based awards were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Market-Based Awards. 50% of these awards generally vest if certain specific market conditions are achieved over a 30-day period and the remaining 50% of these awards generally vest on the one year anniversary of the initial vesting. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of these awards using a lattice (binomial) model. A total of 112 thousand market-based awards were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
Performance-Based and Market-Based Awards. These awards generally vest if certain specific financial measures are achieved and if certain specific market conditions are achieved. If the performance criteria achieved is above certain
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ALTISOURCE PORTFOLIO SOLUTIONS S.A.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
financial performance levels and Altisource’s share performance is above certain established criteria, participants have the opportunity to vest in up to 300% of the restricted share unit award for certain awards. If the performance criteria or the market criteria is below certain thresholds, the award is canceled. The Company estimates the grant date fair value of these awards using a Monte Carlo simulation model. A total of 125 thousand performance-based and market-based awards were outstanding as of December 31, 2023.
The Company granted 891 thousand restricted share units (at a weighted average grant date fair value of $4.82 per share) during the year ended December 31, 2023. These grants include 57 thousand performance-based awards and 57 thousand awards that include both a performance condition and a market condition. The Company granted 501 thousand restricted share units (at a weighted average grant date fair value of $10.33 per share) during the year ended December 31, 2022. These grants include 46 thousand performance-based awards and 46 thousand awards that include both a performance condition and a market condition.
The following table summarizes the activity related to our restricted shares and restricted share units:

| Number of restricted shares and restricted share units
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 | 755,006 |
Granted | 890,810 |
Issued | (227,182) |
Forfeited / canceled | (155,892) |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023 | 1,262,742 |

The following assumptions were used to determine the fair values for the awards that include both a performance condition and a market condition for the years ended December 31:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Risk-free interest rate (%) |  | 4.18 |  |  | 1.04 |
Expected stock price volatility (%) |  | 62.13 |  |  | 59.90 |
Expected dividend yield |  | — |  |  | — |
Expected life (in years) |  | 3 |  | 3
Fair value |  | $9.63 |  |  | $— |

NOTE 16 — REVENUE
We classify revenue in three categories: service revenue, revenue from reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests. Service revenue consists of amounts attributable to our fee-based services. Reimbursable expenses and non-controlling interests are pass-through items for which we earn no margin. Reimbursable expenses consist of amounts we incur on behalf of our customers in performing our fee-based services that we pass directly on to our customers without a markup. Non-controlling interests represent the earnings of Lenders One, a consolidated entity that is a mortgage cooperative managed, but not owned, by Altisource. The Lenders One members’ earnings are included in revenue and reduced from net income to arrive at net income attributable to Altisource (see Note 2). Our services are provided to customers located in the United States. The components of revenue were as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Service revenue |  | $ | 136,565 |  |  | $ | 144,496 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 8,273 |  |  | 8,039 |
Non-controlling interests |  | 228 |  |  | 585 |
Total |  | $ | 145,066 |  |  | $ | 153,120 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Disaggregation of Revenue
Disaggregation of total revenue by segment and major source was as follows for the years ended December 31:

|  | 2023
(in thousands) |  | Revenue recognized when services are performed or assets are sold |  | Revenue related to technology platforms and professional services |  | Reimbursable expenses revenue |  | Total revenue
Servicer and Real Estate |  | $ | 95,643 |  |  | $ | 12,136 |  |  | $ | 7,688 |  |  | $ | 115,467 |
Origination |  | 28,379 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 29,599 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 124,022 |  |  | $ | 12,771 |  |  | $ | 8,273 |  |  | $ | 145,066 |

|  | 2022
(in thousands) |  | Revenue recognized when services are performed or assets are sold |  | Revenue related to technology platforms and professional services |  | Reimbursable expenses revenue |  | Total revenue
Servicer and Real Estate |  | $ | 100,477 |  |  | $ | 11,655 |  |  | $ | 7,529 |  |  | $ | 119,661 |
Origination |  | 32,223 |  |  | 726 |  |  | 510 |  |  | 33,459 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 132,700 |  |  | $ | 12,381 |  |  | $ | 8,039 |  |  | $ | 153,120 |

Transactions with Related Parties
In May 2022, John G. Aldridge, Jr., the Managing Partner of Aldridge Pite LLP (“Aldridge Pite”), joined the Board of Directors of Altisource. Aldridge Pite provides eviction and other real estate related services to the Company. The Company recognized less than $0.1 million for both the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, of service revenue relating to services provided to Aldridge Pite.
Contract Balances
Our contract assets consist of unbilled accounts receivable (see Note 4). Our contract liabilities consist of current deferred revenue and other non-current liabilities as reported on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability at the beginning of the period was $3.5 million and $4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
NOTE 17 — COST OF REVENUE
Cost of revenue principally includes payroll and employee benefits associated with personnel employed in customer service, operations and technology roles, fees paid to external providers related to the provision of services, reimbursable expenses, technology and telecommunications costs as well as depreciation and amortization of operating assets. The components of cost of revenue were as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Outside fees and services |  | $ | 55,858 |  |  | $ | 55,979 |
Compensation and benefits |  | 35,396 |  |  | 48,064 |
Technology and telecommunications |  | 14,196 |  |  | 16,937 |
Reimbursable expenses |  | 8,273 |  |  | 8,039 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 1,691 |  |  | 2,286 |
Total |  | $ | 115,414 |  |  | $ | 131,305 |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Transactions with Related Parties
The Company recognized $0.7 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively of reimbursable expenses relating to services provided to Aldridge Pite. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no payable to Aldridge Pite.
NOTE 18 — SELLING, GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
Selling, general and administrative expenses include payroll and employee benefits associated with personnel employed in executive, sales and marketing, finance, technology, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities and risk management roles. This category also includes professional services fees, occupancy costs, marketing costs, depreciation and amortization of non-operating assets and other expenses. The components of selling, general and administrative expenses were as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Compensation and benefits |  | $ | 20,879 |  |  | $ | 22,973 |
Professional services |  | 7,885 |  |  | 11,595 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 5,182 |  |  | 5,129 |
Occupancy related costs |  | 4,917 |  |  | 5,000 |
Marketing costs |  | 1,977 |  |  | 3,107 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 701 |  |  | 1,154 |
Other |  | 4,879 |  |  | 5,797 |
Total |  | $ | 46,420 |  |  | $ | 54,755 |

NOTE 19 — OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET
Other income (expense), net consists of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Interest income (expense) |  | $ | 1,314 |  |  | $ | 665 |
Other, net |  | 1,474 |  |  | 1,589 |
Total |  | $ | 2,788 |  |  | $ | 2,254 |

NOTE 20 — INCOME TAXES
The components of loss before income taxes and non-controlling interests consist of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Domestic - Luxembourg |  | $ | (56,506) |  |  | $ | (47,432) |
Foreign - U.S. |  | (453) |  |  | 912 |
Foreign - non-U.S. |  | 4,611 |  |  | (1,047) |
Total |  | $ | (52,348) |  |  | $ | (47,567) |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The income tax provision consists of the following for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current: |  |  |  |
Domestic - Luxembourg |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (570) |
Foreign - U.S. federal |  | (1,014) |  |  | 547 |
Foreign - U.S. state |  | (206) |  |  | 497 |
Foreign - non-U.S. |  | (2,449) |  |  | (4,642) |
|  | $ | (3,669) |  |  | $ | (4,168) |
Deferred: |  |  |  |
Domestic - Luxembourg |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Foreign - U.S. federal |  | 257 |  |  | (495) |
Foreign - U.S. state |  | (11) |  |  | (400) |
Foreign - non-U.S. |  | (291) |  |  | (203) |
|  | $ | (45) |  |  | $ | (1,098) |
Income tax provision |  | $ | (3,714) |  |  | $ | (5,266) |

We operate in a Uruguay free trade zone that provides an indefinite future tax benefit. The tax holiday is conditioned upon our meeting certain employment and investment thresholds. The impact of these tax holidays decreased foreign taxes by $0.1 million (less than $0.01 per diluted share) and $0.1 million ($0.01 per diluted share) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company accounts for certain income and expense items differently for financial reporting purposes and income tax purposes. We recognize deferred income tax assets and liabilities for these differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities as well as expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss and credit carryforwards. We measure deferred income tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which we expect to recover or settle those temporary differences.
A summary of the tax effects of the temporary differences is as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Non-current deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 481,741 |  |  | $ | 383,908 |
U.S. federal and state tax credits |  | 228 |  |  | 282 |
Other non-U.S. deferred tax assets |  | 12,487 |  |  | 12,775 |
Share-based compensation |  | 1,420 |  |  | 1,317 |
Accrued expenses |  | 1,931 |  |  | 1,369 |
Capital loss carryforward |  | 10,046 |  |  | 10,112 |
Depreciation |  | 8 |  |  | 144 |
Non-current deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  | (9,122) |  |  | (9,082) |
Other non-U.S. deferred tax liability |  | (433) |  |  | (420) |
Other |  | (415) |  |  | (244) |
|  | 497,891 |  |  | 400,161 |
Valuation allowance |  | (501,927) |  |  | (404,141) |
Non-current deferred tax liabilities, net |  | $ | (4,036) |  |  | $ | (3,980) |

A valuation allowance is provided when it is deemed more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is needed requires an extensive analysis of positive and negative
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
evidence regarding realization of the deferred tax assets and, inherent in that, an assessment of the likelihood of sufficient future taxable income. When there is a cumulative pretax loss for financial reporting for the current and two preceding years (i.e., a three year cumulative loss), this is a significant element of negative evidence that would be difficult to overcome on a more likely than not or any other basis. Therefore, the Company’s valuation allowance was $501.9 million and $404.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Company does not recognize deferred taxes on cumulative earnings of its U.S. subsidiaries because the Company intends for those earnings to be indefinitely reinvested. The other non-Luxembourg earnings that are indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2023 were approximately $4.2 million, which if distributed would result in no additional tax due.
The Company had a deferred tax asset of $481.7 million as of December 31, 2023 relating to Luxembourg, U.S. federal, state and foreign net operating losses compared to $383.9 million as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, a valuation allowance of $481.0 million and $383.1 million, respectively, has been established related to Luxembourg net operating loss (“NOL”). The gross amount of net operating losses available for carryover to future years is approximately $1,930.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and approximately $1,537.7 million as of December 31, 2022. These losses are scheduled to expire between the years 2024 and 2043.
In addition, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $0.8 million and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, relating to state tax credits. Some of the state tax credit carryforwards have an indefinite carryforward period.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act signed into law on March 27, 2020 allowed the Company to utilize a five year carryback of the full $14.8 million net operating loss generated in the U.S. in 2020. The Company’s income tax receivable related to such carryback was $5.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company received the full receivable in the first quarter of 2023.
The effective tax rate differs from the Luxembourg statutory tax rate due to tax rate differences on foreign earnings, increases in uncertain tax positions, state taxes, a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits, tax exempt income primarily from the sale of Pointillist and a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets the Company believes it is more likely than not will not be realized
The following table reconciles the Luxembourg statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate for the years ended December 31:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Statutory tax rate |  | 24.94 | % |  | 24.94 | %
Change in valuation allowance |  | (186.89) |  |  | (32.14) |
State tax expense |  | (0.33) |  |  | (0.01) |
Uncertain tax positions |  | (2.98) |  |  | (6.80) |
Tax rate differences on foreign earnings |  | (1.58) |  |  | (1.21) |
Tax exempt income |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.19 |
Provision to return |  | — |  |  | 3.45 |
Loss on treasury shares |  | 160.11 |  |  | 3.91 |
Other |  | (0.54) |  |  | (3.40) |
Effective tax rate |  | (7.09) | % |  | (11.07) | %

The Company follows ASC Topic 740 which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in tax positions. We analyzed our tax filing positions in the domestic and foreign tax jurisdictions where we are required to file income tax returns as well as for all open tax years subject to audit in these jurisdictions. The Company has open tax years in the United States (2016 through 2022), India (2011 through 2023) and Luxembourg (2016 through 2022).
Under Luxembourg legal and regulatory requirements, the public offering of common stock and the share-based compensation are issued out of treasury shares. The difference between the cost of the own shares when acquired and when reissued results in tax deductible losses on owned shares of $336.0 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
The following table summarizes changes in unrecognized tax benefits during the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the beginning of the year |  | $ | 9,015 |  |  | $ | 9,023 |
Decreases as a result of tax positions taken in a prior period |  | (65) |  |  | (1,595) |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken in a prior period |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Increases as a result of tax positions taken in the current period |  | 258 |  |  | 1,576 |
Amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of the end of the year |  | $ | 9,208 |  |  | $ | 9,015 |

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits including interest and penalties that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate is $18.1 million and $16.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company recognizes interest, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had recorded accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits of $8.9 million and $7.6 million, respectively.
NOTE 21 — LOSS PER SHARE
Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. In accordance with ASC 260, penny warrants are included in the calculation of weighted average basic and diluted loss per share for the period that they are classified as equity. For the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, 0.5 million penny warrants have been included in the calculation of weighted average basic and diluted loss per share. Diluted net loss per share excludes all dilutive securities because their impact would be anti-dilutive, as described below.
Basic and diluted loss per share are calculated as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands, except per share data) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Net loss attributable to Altisource |  | $ | (56,290) |  |  | $ | (53,418) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic |  | 22,418 |  |  | 16,070 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted |  | 22,418 |  |  | 16,070 |
Loss per share: |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | $ | (3.32) |
Diluted |  | $ | (2.51) |  |  | $ | (3.32) |

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 1.6 million and 1.3 million, respectively, stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units were excluded from the computation of loss per share, as a result of the following:
•For the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, 0.4 million and 0.2 million, respectively, stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units were anti-dilutive and have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because the Company incurred a net loss
•For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 0.3 million and 0.2 million, respectively, stock options were anti-dilutive and have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share because their exercise price was greater than the average market price of our common stock.
•For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 0.9 million and 0.9 million, respectively, stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units, which begin to vest upon the achievement of certain market criteria related to our common stock price, performance criteria and a total shareholder return compared to the market benchmark, that have not yet been met in each period have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
NOTE 22 — COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND REGULATORY MATTERS
We record a liability for contingencies if an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated, including expected insurance coverage. For proceedings where the reasonable estimate of loss is a range, we record a best estimate of loss within the range.
Litigation
We are currently involved in legal actions in the course of our business, most of which seek monetary damages. Although the outcome of these proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, we currently believe that their outcome, both individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Regulatory Matters
Periodically, we are subject to audits, examinations and investigations by governmental authorities and receive subpoenas, civil investigative demands or other requests for information from such governmental authorities in connection with their regulatory or investigative authority. We are currently responding to such inquiries from governmental authorities relating to certain aspects of our business. We believe it is premature to predict the potential outcome or to estimate any potential financial impact in connection with these inquiries.
Ocwen Related Matters
As discussed in Note 3, during the year ended December 31, 2023, Ocwen was our largest customer, accounting for 44% of our total revenue. Additionally, 6% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was earned on the loan portfolios serviced by Ocwen, when a party other than Ocwen or the MSRs owner selected Altisource as the service provider.
Ocwen has disclosed that it is subject to a number of ongoing regulatory examinations, consent orders, inquiries, subpoenas, civil investigative demands, requests for information and other actions and is subject to pending and threatened legal proceedings, some of which include claims against Ocwen for substantial monetary damages. Previous regulatory actions against Ocwen have subjected Ocwen to independent oversight of its operations and placed certain restrictions on its ability to acquire servicing rights or proceed with default-related actions on the loans it services. Existing or future similar matters could result in adverse regulatory or other actions against Ocwen. In addition to the above, Ocwen may become subject to future adverse regulatory or other actions.
Ocwen has disclosed that Rithm is a significant client of Ocwen’s. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen reported that approximately 16% of loans serviced and subserviced by Ocwen (measured in UPB) and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services were related to Rithm MSRs or rights to MSRs.
The existence or outcome of Ocwen regulatory matters or the termination of Ocwen’s sub-servicing agreements with Rithm, or other significant Ocwen clients may have significant adverse effects on Ocwen’s business. For example, Ocwen may be required to alter the way it conducts business, including the parties it contracts with for services, it may be required to seek changes to its existing pricing structure with us, it may lose its non-government-sponsored enterprise (“GSE”) servicing rights or subservicing arrangements or may lose one or more of its state servicing or origination licenses. Additional regulatory actions or adverse financial developments may impose additional restrictions on or require changes in Ocwen’s business that could require it to sell assets or change its business operations. Any or all of these effects and others could result in our eventual loss of Ocwen as a customer or a reduction in the number and/or volume of services it purchases from us or the loss of other customers.
If any of the following events occurred, Altisource’s revenue could be significantly reduced and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected, including from the possible impairment or write-off of goodwill, intangible assets, property and equipment, other assets and accounts receivable:
•Altisource loses Ocwen as a customer or there is a significant reduction in the volume of services it purchases from us
•Ocwen loses, sells or transfers a significant portion of its GSE or Federal Housing Administration servicing rights or subservicing arrangements or remaining other servicing rights or subservicing arrangements and Altisource fails to be retained as a service provider
•The contractual relationship between Ocwen and Rithm changes significantly, including Ocwen’s sub-servicing arrangement with Rithm expiring without renewal, and this change results in a change in our status as a provider of services related to the Subject MSRs
•Ocwen loses state servicing licenses in states with a significant number of loans in Ocwen’s servicing portfolio
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
•Ocwen is subject to stays, moratoriums, suspensions or other restrictions that limit or delay default-related actions on the loans it services
•The contractual relationship between Ocwen and Altisource changes significantly or there are significant changes to our pricing to Ocwen for services from which we generate material revenue
•Altisource otherwise fails to be retained as a service provider.
The foregoing list is not intended to be exhaustive. Management cannot predict whether any of these events or other events will occur or the amount of any impact they may have on Altisource.
Leases
We lease certain premises and equipment, primarily consisting of office space and information technology equipment. Certain of our leases include options to renew at our discretion or terminate leases early, and these options are considered in our determination of the expected lease term. Certain of our lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Our lease agreements generally do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. We sublease certain office space to third parties. Sublease income was $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The amortization periods of right-of-use assets are generally limited by the expected lease term. Our leases generally have expected lease terms at adoption of one to six years.
Information about our lease terms and our discount rate assumption were as follows as of December 31:

|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) |  | 2.27 |  | 2.99
Weighted average discount rate |  | 6.44 | % |  | 5.68 | %

Our lease activity was as follows for the years ended December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease costs: |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  | $ | 2,127 |  |  | $ | 2,787 |
Cost of revenue |  | — |  |  | 265 |
Cash used in operating activities for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  | $ | 2,127 |  |  | $ | 2,198 |
Short-term (twelve months or less) lease costs |  | 2,127 |  |  | 1,183 |

Maturities of our lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating lease obligations
2024 |  | $ | 1,762 |
2025 |  | 1,385 |
2026 |  | 638 |
2027 |  | — |
2028 |  | — |
Total lease payments |  | 3,785 |
Less: interest |  | (265) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 3,520 |

We have executed no standby letters of credit related to office leases that are secured by restricted cash balances.
Escrow Balances
We hold customers’ assets in escrow accounts at various financial institutions pending completion of certain real estate activities. These amounts are held in escrow accounts for limited periods of time and are not included in the accompanying
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
consolidated balance sheets. Amounts held in escrow accounts were $21.6 million and $13.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
NOTE 23 — SEGMENT REPORTING
Our business segments are based upon our organizational structure, which focuses primarily on the services offered, and are consistent with the internal reporting used by our Chief Executive Officer (our chief operating decision maker) to evaluate operating performance and to assess the allocation of our resources.
We conduct our operations through two reportable segments: Servicer and Real Estate and Origination. In addition, we report Corporate and Others separately.
The Servicer and Real Estate segment provides loan servicers and real estate investors with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage and real estate lifecycle. The Origination segment provides originators with solutions and technologies that span the mortgage origination lifecycle. Corporate and Others includes interest expense and costs related to corporate functions including executive, infrastructure and certain technology groups, finance, law, compliance, human resources, vendor management, facilities, risk management, and eliminations between reportable segments.
Financial Information
Financial information for our segments is as follows:

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2023
(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Consolidated Altisource
Revenue |  | $ | 115,467 |  |  | $ | 29,599 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 145,066 |
Cost of revenue |  | 73,746 |  |  | 27,946 |  |  | 13,722 |  |  | 115,414 |
Gross profit (loss) |  | 41,721 |  |  | 1,653 |  |  | (13,722) |  |  | 29,652 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 9,622 |  |  | 7,693 |  |  | 29,105 |  |  | 46,420 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 32,099 |  |  | (6,040) |  |  | (42,827) |  |  | (16,768) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (35,580) |  |  | (35,580) |
Income (loss) before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | $ | 32,099 |  |  | $ | (6,040) |  |  | $ | (78,407) |  |  | $ | (52,348) |

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2022
(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Consolidated Altisource
Revenue |  | $ | 119,661 |  |  | $ | 33,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 153,120 |
Cost of revenue |  | 81,148 |  |  | 32,052 |  |  | 18,105 |  |  | 131,305 |
Gross profit (loss) |  | 38,513 |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | (18,105) |  |  | 21,815 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | 12,057 |  |  | 8,825 |  |  | 33,873 |  |  | 54,755 |
Gain on sale of business |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 242 |  |  | 242 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | 26,456 |  |  | (7,418) |  |  | (52,220) |  |  | (33,182) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,389) |  |  | (14,385) |
Income (loss) before income taxes and non-controlling interests |  | $ | 26,460 |  |  | $ | (7,418) |  |  | $ | (66,609) |  |  | $ | (47,567) |

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
Total Assets
Total assets for our segments are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Servicer and Real Estate |  | Origination |  | Corporate and Others |  | Consolidated Altisource
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 57,535 |  |  | $ | 50,431 |  |  | $ | 46,892 |  |  | $ | 154,858 |
December 31, 2022 |  | 63,696 |  |  | 53,984 |  |  | 77,588 |  |  | 195,268 |

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
As of December 31, 2023, an evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based on this evaluation, such officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2023.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. As a result of this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Limitations on Controls
Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. Management does not expect, however, that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURES REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of shareholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) |  | The following documents are filed as part of this annual report.
1. |  | Financial Statements
|  | See Item 8 above.
2. |  | Financial Statement Schedules:
|  | Financial statements schedules are omitted because they are not required or applicable or the required information is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
3. |  | Exhibits:
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description
2.1 |  | Form of Separation Agreement between Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant’s Form 10-12B/A — Amendment No. 1 to Form 10 as filed with the Commission on June 29, 2009)
2.2 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and among Altisource Portfolio Solutions, Inc., Altisource Solutions S.à r.l., Ocwen Financial Corporation, Homeward Residential, Inc. and Power Valuation Services, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
2.3 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of August 19, 2013, by and among Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and the Equity Interestholders of Equator, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 21, 2013)
2.4 ** |  | Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of October 6, 2021 by and among Genesys Cloud Services, Inc., Altisource S.à r.l., Pointillist, Inc,. and other holders of the outstanding capital stock of Pointillist, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 7, 2021)
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on August 9, 2017)
4.1 |  | Description of Securities
4.2 |  | Form of Warrant issued February 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2023)
10.1 |  | Separation Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.2 |  | Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.3 |  | Transition Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.4 |  | Employee Matters Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.5 |  | Technology Products Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.6 |  | Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.7 |  | Data Center and Disaster Recovery Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)

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10.8 |  | Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Ocwen Financial Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 13, 2009)
10.9 † |  | Employment Contract between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and William B. Shepro (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. as filed with the Commission on June 29, 2009)
10.10 † |  | Employment Contract between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Kevin J. Wilcox (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 10.11 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form 10 of Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. as filed with the Commission on June 29, 2009)
10.11 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated as of February 12, 2010, by and among Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., and the Equity Interest Holders of The Mortgage Partnership of America, L.L.C. and the Management Owners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Company’s 10-K as filed with the Commission on March 17, 2010)
10.12 † |  | Form of Put Option Agreements (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s 10-K as filed with the Commission on March 17, 2010)
10.13 † |  | Form of Non-qualified Stock Option Agreement, pursuant to the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Company’s 10-K as filed with the Commission on February 18, 2011)
10.14 |  | First Amendment to the Transition Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2011, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K as filed with the Commission on August 16, 2011)
10.15 |  | Support Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 16, 2012)
10.16 † |  | First Amendment to the Employment Contract dated as of August 15, 2012 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and William B. Shepro (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 20, 2012)
10.17 † |  | First Amendment to the Employment Contract dated as of August 15, 2012 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Kevin J. Wilcox (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 20, 2012)
10.18 |  | Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.19 |  | Technology Products Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.20 |  | Data Center and Disaster Recovery Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.21 |  | Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.22 |  | First Amendment to Support Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.23 |  | First Amendment to Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.24 |  | First Amendment to Technology Products and Services Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.25 |  | First Amendment to Data Center and Disaster Recovery Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)

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10.26 |  | First Amendment to Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2012, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 5, 2012)
10.27 |  | Support Services Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Residential Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.28 |  | Support Services Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Asset Management Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.29 |  | Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Residential Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.30 |  | Tax Matters Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Asset Management Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.31 ** |  | Master Services Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Residential Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.32 |  | Trademark License Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2012, between Altisource Asset Management Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.33 |  | Technology Products Services Agreement, between Altisource Asset Management Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on December 28, 2012)
10.34 |  | Second Amendment to Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.35 |  | Second Amendment to Technology Products Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.36 |  | Second Amendment to Data Center and Disaster Recovery Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.37 |  | Second Amendment to Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.38 |  | First Amendment to Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.39 |  | First Amendment to Technology Products Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.40 |  | First Amendment to Data Center and Disaster Recovery Services Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.41 |  | First Amendment to Intellectual Property Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2013, by and between Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2013)
10.42 |  | Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2013, by and among Altisource Solutions S.à r.l., Ocwen Financial Corporation and Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 18, 2013)
10.43 † |  | Form of Cash Retention Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2015)

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10.44 † |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on July 23, 2015)
10.45 † |  | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement effective as of October 1, 2014 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Gregory J. Ritts (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.63 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on March 15, 2016)
10.46 † |  | Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement between the Company and Gregory J. Ritts dated as of August 29, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on October 27, 2016)
10.47 † |  | Form of Director Restricted Share Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 24, 2016)
10.48 |  | Amendment and Waiver Agreement dated September 30, 2016 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Altisource Residential Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on October 3, 2016)
10.49 † |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (2017 Performance-Based Stock Options) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017)
10.50 † |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (Service Revenue Stock Options) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017)
10.51 † |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (2017 Performance-Based Restricted Shares) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017)
10.52 † |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement (Service-Based Restricted Shares) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2017)
10.53 ** |  | Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2017, between REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and New Residential Sales Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on October 26, 2017)
10.54 ** |  | Letter Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2017, between New Residential Investment Corp., New Residential Mortgage LLC, REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on October 26, 2017)
10.55 ** |  | First Amendment to the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, dated as of November 16, 2017, between REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and New Residential Sales Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.71 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2018)
10.56 ** |  | Second Amendment to the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2018, between REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and New Residential Sales Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.72 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 22, 2018)
10.57 |  | Third Amendment to the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, dated as of March 23, 2018, between REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and New Residential Sales Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 26, 2018)
10.58 † |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (2018 Performance-Based Stock Options) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 26, 2018)
10.59 † |  | Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement (2018 Service-Based Restricted Share Units) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 26, 2018)
10.60 |  | Credit Agreement, dated April 3, 2018 among Altisource S.à r.l. and Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2018)
10.61 † |  | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement (2018 Performance-Based Stock Options) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on July 26, 2018)
10.62 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Credit Agreement dated as of June 27, 2018 among Altisource S.à r.l. and Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on July 26, 2018)

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10.63 |  | Omnibus Amendment to Master Services Agreement, Waiver Agreement, Services Letter and Fee Letter, dated August 8, 2018 among Altisource S.à r.l. and Front Yard Residential Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on August 9, 2018)
10.64 |  | Fourth Amendment to the Cooperative Brokerage Agreement, dated as of September 11, 2018, between REALHome Services and Solutions, Inc., REALHome Services and Solutions - CT, Inc. and New Residential Sales Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on October 25, 2018)
10.65 † |  | Second Amended and Restated Employment Contract dated as of November 6, 2018 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l. and Gregory J. Ritts (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.78 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019)
10.66 † |  | Employment Agreement effective as of August 1, 2017 between Altisource Solutions S.à r.l and Marcello Mastioni (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.79 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019)
10.67 † |  | Non-Qualified Stock Option Award Agreement between the Company and Marcello Mastioni dated as of August 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.80 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019)
10.68 † |  | Restricted Share Award Agreement between the Company and Marcello Mastioni dated as of August 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.81 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019)
10.69 † |  | Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, dated as of November 12, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.82 of the Company’s Form 10-K filed on February 26, 2019)
10.70 ** |  | Binding Term Sheet dated as of February 22, 2019 between Altisource S.à r.l., Ocwen Financial Corporation and Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.71 † |  | Amended and Restated Employment Contract of Indefinite Duration dated as of March 22, 2019 between Altisource S.à r.l. and Marcello Mastioni (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.72 ** † |  | Separation Agreement and Release dated as of March 22, 2019 between Indroneel Chatterjee and Altisource Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.73 ** † |  | Side Letter to Separation Agreement and Release by and between Indroneel Chatterjee and Altisource Solutions, Inc. dated as of March 22, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.74† |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to Altisource’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and 2019 Long Term Equity Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.75 † |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to Altisource’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and 2018 Annual Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 25, 2019)
10.76 † |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement Pursuant to Altisource’s 2009 Equity Incentive Plan and 2019 Long Term Equity Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on July 25, 2019)
10.77 † |  | Agreement dated as of October 11, 2019 between Altisource S.à r.l. and Kevin J. Wilcox (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on October 24, 2019)
10.78 |  | Binding Term Sheet dated as of May 5, 2021 between Altisource S.à r.l., Ocwen Financial Corporation and and Ocwen USVI Services, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May10, 2021)
10.79 |  | Settlement Agreement and Full Release dated as of April 28, 2021 between Marcello Mastioni and Altisource S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May10, 2021)
10.80 |  | Post-Separation Covenant Agreement dated as of April 28, 2021 between Marcello Mastioni and Altisource S.à r.l. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on May10, 2021)
10.81 |  | Credit Agreement, dated June 22, 2021 among Altisource S.à r.l. and STS Master Fund, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on July 23, 2021)

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10.82 |  | Director Restricted Share Award Agreement dated as of April 13, 2022 between Mary C. Hickok and Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 10-Q filed on April 28, 2022)
10.83 |  | Transaction Support Agreement (including the Term Sheet) dated as of February 2, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 3, 2023)
10.84 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated February 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2023)
10.85 |  | Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated February 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed on February 21, 2023)
10.86 * ** |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated February 9, 2023 among Altisource S.à r.l. and Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A., Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as Administrative Agent and Collateral Agent, and the Lenders party thereto
10.87 * |  | Amended Credit Agreement dated February 9, 2023 by among Altisource S.à r.l and STS Master Fund, Ltd
21.1 * |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant.
23.1 * |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (RSM US LLP).
31.1 * |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a).
31.2 * |  | Section 302 Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a).
32.1 * |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101* |  | Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following financial information from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 is formatted in Inline XBRL interactive data files: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023 (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023; (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements; and (vi) Financial Statement Schedule.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

______________________________________

* |  | Filed herewith
** |  | Portions of this exhibit have been redacted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment. The non-public information has been filed separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
† |  | Denotes management contract or compensatory arrangement

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: March 7, 2024

|  | Altisource Portfolio Solutions S.A.
| By: | /s/ William B. Shepro
|  | Name: | William B. Shepro
|  | Title: | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
| By: | /s/ Michelle D. Esterman
|  | Name: | Michelle D. Esterman
|  | Title: | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ William B. Shepro |  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer |  | March 7, 2024
William B. Shepro |  | (Principal Executive Officer) |  |
/s/ Joseph L. Morettini |  | Director |  | March 7, 2024
Joseph L. Morettini |  |  |  |
/s/ Roland Müller-Ineichen |  | Director |  | March 7, 2024
Roland Müller-Ineichen |  |  |  |
/s/ John G. Aldridge |  | Director |  | March 7, 2024
John G. Aldridge |  |  |  |
/s/ Mary Hickok |  | Director |  | March 7, 2024
Mary Hickok |  |  |  |
/s/ Michelle D. Esterman |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | March 7, 2024
Michelle D. Esterman |  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  |

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