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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Apr. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Kewaunee Scientific Corporation and subsidiaries (collectively the "Company") design, manufacture, and install laboratory, healthcare, and technical furniture products. The Company's products include steel and wood casework, fume hoods, adaptable modular systems, moveable workstations, stand-alone benches, biological safety cabinets, and epoxy resin work surfaces and sinks. The Company's sales are made through purchase orders and contracts submitted by customers through its dealers, its subsidiaries in Singapore and India, and a national stocking distributor. See Note 12, Restructuring Costs for details on the closure status of the Company's China operations. The majority of the Company's products are sold to customers located in North America, primarily within the United States. The Company's laboratory products are used in chemistry, physics, biology and other general science laboratories in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, industrial, chemical, commercial, educational, government and health care markets. Technical products are used in facilities manufacturing computers and light electronics and by users of computer and networking furniture. Principles of Consolidation The Company's consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Kewaunee Scientific Corporation and its international subsidiaries. A brief description of each subsidiary, along with the amount of the Company's controlling financial interests, as of April 30, 2023 is as follows: (1) Kewaunee Labway Asia Pte. Ltd., a commercial sales organization for the Company's products in Singapore, is 100% owned by the Company; (2) Kewaunee Scientific Corporation Singapore Pte. Ltd., a holding company in Singapore, is 100% owned by the Company; (3) Kewaunee Labway India Pvt. Ltd., a design, installation, manufacturing, assembly and commercial sales operation for the Company's products in Bangalore, India, is 95% owned by the Company; (4) Koncepo Scientech International Pvt. Ltd., a laboratory design and strategic advisory and construction management services firm, located in Bangalore, India, is 80% owned by the Company; (5) Kequip Global Lab Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is 70% owned by Kewaunee Scientific Corporation Singapore Pte. Ltd. All intercompany balances, transactions, and profits have been eliminated. Included in the consolidated financial statements are net assets of $16,786,000 and $13,127,000 at April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of the Company's subsidiaries. Net sales by the Company's subsidiaries in the amounts of $72,778,000 and $42,024,000 were included in the consolidated statements of operations for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. During the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had cash deposits in excess of FDIC insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses from such deposits. The Company includes restricted cash along with the cash balance for presentation in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The reconciliation between the consolidated balance sheet and the consolidated statement of cash flows at April 30 is as follows:
$ in thousands |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 8,078 |  |  | $ | 4,433 |
Restricted cash |  | 5,737 |  |  | 2,461 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 13,815 |  |  | $ | 6,894 |
Restricted Cash Restricted cash includes bank deposits of subsidiaries used for performance guarantees against customer orders. Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivables are stated at the amount owed by the customer, net of allowances for estimated doubtful accounts. The Company evaluates the collectability of its trade accounts receivable based on a number of factors. In circumstances where management is aware of a customer's inability to meet its financial obligations to the Company, or a project dispute makes it unlikely that all of the receivable owed by a customer will be collected, a specific reserve for bad debts is estimated and recorded to reduce the recognized receivable to the estimated amount the Company believes will ultimately be collected. In addition to specific customer identification of potential bad debts, a reserve for bad debts is estimated and recorded based on past loss history and an overall assessment of past due trade accounts receivable amounts outstanding. Accounts are written off when it is clearly established that the receivable is a bad debt. Recoveries of receivables previously written off are recorded when received. The activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts for each of the years ended April 30 was:
$ in thousands |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 357 |  |  | $ | 636 |
Bad debt provision |  | 120 |  |  | 92 |
Doubtful accounts written off (net) |  | (1) |  |  | (371) |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | 357 |
Unbilled Receivables Accounts receivable include unbilled receivables that represent amounts earned which have not yet been billed in accordance with contractually stated billing terms, excluding retention, which is included in other assets. The amount of unbilled receivables, net of unbilled retention, at April 30, 2023 and 2022 was $13,459,000 and $9,287,000, respectively. Inventories The Company's inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value under the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method. Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is determined for financial reporting purposes principally on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the individual assets or, for leaseholds, over the terms of the related leases, if shorter. Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following at April 30:
$ in thousands |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Useful Life
Land |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | N/A
Building and improvements |  | 17,147 |  |  | 17,164 |  |  | 10-40 years
Machinery and equipment |  | 44,180 |  |  | 43,121 |  |  | 5-10 years
Total |  | 61,368 |  |  | 60,326 |  |  |
Less accumulated depreciation |  | (44,966) |  |  | (45,205) |  |  |
Net property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 16,402 |  |  | $ | 15,121 |  |  |
The Company reviews the carrying value of property, plant and equipment for impairment annually or whenever changes in circumstances or events indicate that such carrying value may not be recoverable. If projected undiscounted cash flows are not sufficient to recover the carrying value of the potentially impaired asset, the carrying value is reduced to estimated fair value. There were no impairments in fiscal years 2023 or 2022. Other Assets Other assets at April 30, 2023 and 2022 included $1,191,000 and $1,293,000, respectively, of unbilled retainage, $2,352,000 and $2,480,000, respectively, of assets held in a trust account for non-qualified benefit plan, and $111,000 and $110,000, respectively, of cash surrender values of life insurance policies. Life insurance policies are recorded at the amount that could be realized under the insurance contract as of the date of the Company's consolidated balance sheets with the change in cash surrender or contract value being recorded as income or expense during each period. Use of Estimates The presentation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Significant estimates impacting the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the allowance for uncollectible accounts receivable, self-insurance reserves, income taxes, and pension liabilities. Variable Interest Entity On December 22, 2021, the Company entered into an Agreement for Purchase and Sale of Real Property with CAI Investments Sub-Series 100 LLC (the "Buyer"), for the Company’s headquarters and manufacturing facilities (the "Property") located in Statesville, North Carolina (the "Sale Agreement") in exchange for $30,275,000 in sales proceeds, $14,864,000 of which was payable in redeemable preferred shares in CAI Investments Medical Products I Parent, LLC ("Parent"), an affiliate of Buyer. At April 30, 2022, the carrying value of the redeemable preferred shares was $13.5 million. The Sale Agreement was finalized on March 24, 2022 and coincided with a 20-year lease, effective on such date between the Company and CAI Investments Medical Products I Master Lessee LLC ("Lessor"), an affiliate of Buyer, for the Property (the "Lease Agreement"). At the same time, the Buyer and its affiliates formed a new, debt-financed affiliate CAI Investments Medical Products I, DST ("Trust") and contributed the Property to the Trust. According to the terms of the lease, the Trust leased the Property to its affiliated Lessor, which in turn sub-leased the Property to the Company (together with the Sale Agreement, the "Sale-Leaseback Arrangement"). For additional information on the accounting for the Sale-Leaseback Arrangement, refer to Note 5, Sale-Leaseback Financing Transaction. The Company concluded as of April 30, 2022 that Parent and its direct affiliates, including the Trust, are designed primarily to acquire and manage the Property and constitute a variable interest entity because the Trust lacks sufficient equity on its own to finance its operations. The Company evaluated its lease arrangement and redeemable preferred shares in Parent as variable interests. Based on its evaluation, the Company concluded it should not consolidate Parent or its affiliates under the variable interest model or the voting interest model of ASC 810, Consolidation. The Company recorded the redeemable preferred shares as a Note Receivable, classified as held to maturity at amortized cost, on its Consolidated Balance Sheet, rather than as an investment in preferred equity, due to the mandatory redemption feature of the preferred shares. As of June 22, 2022, the Company had fully redeemed all shares and converted the Note Receivable to cash. The Company's maximum exposure to the Buyer and its affiliates as of April 30, 2023 was limited to the Company’s lease payments and right to use the Property. Fair Value of Financial Instruments A financial instrument is defined as cash equivalents, evidence of an ownership interest in an entity, or a contract that creates a contractual obligation or right to deliver or receive cash or another financial instrument from another party. The Company's financial instruments consist primarily of cash and equivalents, mutual funds, cash surrender value of life insurance policies, a note receivable and corresponding sale-leaseback financing liability, term loans and short-term borrowings. The carrying value of these assets and liabilities approximate their fair value. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Expanded disclosures about instruments measured at fair value require the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The fair value hierarchy is based on three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value as follows: Level 1 Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Level 2 Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Level 3 Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. The following tables summarize the Company's fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of April 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities held in non-qualified compensation plans (1) | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,105 |
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (1) | — |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,358 |
Total | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | 1,358 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,463 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-qualified compensation plans (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,910 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,910 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,910 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,910 |
| 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trading securities held in non-qualified compensation plans (1) | $ | 1,219 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,219 |
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies (1) | — |  |  | 1,371 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,371 |
Total | $ | 1,219 |  |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,590 |
Financial Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-qualified compensation plans (2) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,003 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,003 |
(1)The Company maintains two non-qualified compensation plans which include investment assets in a rabbi trust. These assets consist of marketable securities, which are valued using quoted market prices multiplied by the number of shares owned, and life insurance policies, which are valued at their cash surrender value. (2)Plan liabilities are equal to the individual participants' account balances and other earned retirement benefits. Revenue Recognition Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. The Company recognizes revenue when control of a good or service promised in a contract (i.e., performance obligation) is transferred to a customer. Control is obtained when a customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from that good or service. The majority of the Company's revenues are recognized over time as the customer receives control as the Company performs work under a contract. However, a portion of the Company's revenues are recognized at a point-in-time as control is transferred at a distinct point in time per the terms of a contract. Sales taxes that are collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and therefore are excluded from net sales. Certain customers' cash discounts and volume rebates are offered as sales incentives. The discounts and volume rebates are recorded as a reduction in sales at the time revenue is recognized in an amount estimated based on historical experience and contractual obligations. Deferred revenue consists of customer deposits and advance billings of the Company's products where sales have not yet been recognized. Accounts receivable includes retainage in the amounts of $235,000 and $523,000 at April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of product sales. Because of the nature and quality of the Company's products, any warranty issues are determined in a relatively short period after the sale and are infrequent in nature, and as such, warranty costs are immaterial to the Company's consolidated financial position and results of operations and are expensed as incurred. Credit Concentration The Company performs credit evaluations of its customers. Revenues from three of the Company's domestic dealers represented in the aggregate approximately 36% and 38% of the Company's sales in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accounts receivable for two domestic customers represented approximately 23% and 21% of the Company's total accounts receivable as of April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Insurance The Company maintains a self-insured health-care program. The Company accrues estimated losses for claims incurred but not reported using assumptions based on historical loss experience. The Company has also purchased specific stop-loss insurance to limit claims above a certain amount. The Company adjusts insurance reserves, as needed, in the event that future loss experience differs from historical loss patterns. Income Taxes In accordance with ASC 740, "Income Taxes" ("ASC 740"), the Company uses the liability method in measuring the provision for income taxes and recognizing deferred income tax assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. ASC 740 clarifies the financial statement recognition threshold and measurement attribute of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Under ASC 740, the Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties. ASC 740 only allows the recognition of those tax benefits that have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. The Company did not have any significant uncertain tax positions at April 30, 2023 or 2022. Research and Experimentation Expenditures Research and experimentation expenditures are charged to cost of products sold in the periods incurred. Expenditures for research and experimentation expenditures were $1,012,000 and $990,000 for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred, and include trade shows, training materials, sales, samples, and other related expenses and are included in operating expenses. Advertising costs for the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2022 were $226,000 and $175,000, respectively. Foreign Currency Translation The financial statements of subsidiaries located in India and China are measured using the local currency as the functional currency. Effective May 1, 2022, Kewaunee Scientific Corporation Singapore Pte. Ltd. transitioned to using the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. The financial position and operating results of Kewaunee Labway Asia Pte. Ltd. are also measured using the U.S. dollar as its functional currency. Assets and liabilities of the Company's foreign subsidiaries using local currencies are translated into United States dollars at fiscal year-end exchange rates. Sales, expenses, and cash flows are translated at weighted average exchange rates for each period. Net translation gains or losses are included in other comprehensive income, a separate component of stockholders' equity. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions of these subsidiaries are included in operating expenses. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share reflects the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options and the conversion of restricted stock units ("RSUs") under the Company's various stock compensation plans, except when RSUs and stock options have an antidilutive effect. There were 33,900 antidilutive RSUs and stock options outstanding at April 30, 2023. There were 44,750 antidilutive RSUs and stock options outstanding at April 30, 2022. The following is a reconciliation of basic to diluted weighted average common shares outstanding:
Shares in thousands |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 2,824 |  |  | 2,786 |  |
Dilutive effect of stock options and RSUs |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted |  | 2,902 |  |  | 2,786 |  |
Accounting for Stock Options and Other Equity Awards Compensation costs related to stock options and other stock awards granted by the Company are charged against operating expenses during their vesting period, under ASC 718, "Compensation—Stock Compensation." Forfeitures are accounted for in the period in which the awards are forfeited. The Company granted 87,969 RSUs under the 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan in fiscal year 2023 and 67,750 RSUs in fiscal year 2022. There were no stock options granted during fiscal years 2023 and 2022. (See Note 7, Stock Options and Share-Based Compensation) New Accounting Standards In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," which replaces the current incurred loss method used for determining credit losses on financial assets, including trade receivables, with an expected credit loss method. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company will adopt this standard in fiscal year 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, "Income Taxes ("Topic 740"): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes." This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes through certain targeted improvements to various subtopics within Topic 740. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company adopted this standard effective May 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial position or results of operations.

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