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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Income Taxes  
Income Taxes

Note 8 – Income Taxes

Income tax expense as a percentage of pre-tax income/loss was 3.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2024 versus 18.9% for the same quarter in the prior year, and was 3.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus 47.4% for the first half of the prior year. Our income tax expense is impacted by the mix of domestic and foreign pre-tax earnings and losses, permanent differences between book income/loss and taxable income/loss, and our ability to utilize net operating loss carryovers (“NOLs”). Accordingly, our effective tax rate typically will vary from the U.S. statutory tax rate of 21% from quarter to quarter. The effective tax rates for each of the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were impacted by the amount of our foreign pre-tax income and the tax expense thereon while not realizing a benefit on our domestic pre-tax loss due to the valuation allowance on our domestic NOLs.

We experienced an ownership change under IRC Section 382 in 2010. In general, a Section 382 ownership change occurs if there is a cumulative change in our ownership by “5% shareholders” (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. An ownership change generally affects the rate at which NOLs and potential other deferred tax assets are permitted to offset future taxable income. Certain state jurisdictions within which we operate contain similar provisions and limitations. As of June 30, 2024, all of the remaining federal and state NOLs are subject to annual limitations due to the 2010 ownership change.

Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize the existing deferred tax assets. We analyzed our need to record a valuation allowance against our otherwise recognizable net deferred tax assets in the federal, state and foreign jurisdictions, and we determined that a valuation allowance on federal and state deferred tax assets was necessary at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, while no valuation allowance on foreign deferred tax assets was necessary at both June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable could be adjusted in future periods if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased, or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence such as our projections for future profitability.

The Internal Revenue Code includes a provision, referred to as Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”), which provides for a 10.5% tax on certain income of controlled foreign corporations. We have elected to account for GILTI as a period cost if and when incurred, rather than recognizing deferred taxes for basis differences expected to reverse.

Of our $4.0 million of cash at June 30, 2024, $2.3 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. If these funds are needed for our operations in the U.S. or for acquisitions, we have several methods to repatriate the funds without significant tax effects, including repayment of intercompany loans or distributions of previously taxed income. Other distributions may require us to incur U.S. or foreign taxes to repatriate these funds.