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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Income Taxes  
Income Taxes

12.            Income Taxes

An income tax benefit of $1.7 million was recorded for the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to an income tax expense of $11 thousand in the same prior year period.

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An income tax benefit of $1.5 million was recorded for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 compared to an income tax expense of $28 thousand in the same prior year period.

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The Company undertakes a review of its valuation allowance at each financial statement period, reviewing the positive and negative evidence to help determine whether it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the future tax benefits from its deferred tax balances. In the year ended September 30, 2020, the Company established a partial valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets in light of results at the time, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the resulting economic fallout, and established a full valuation during the year ended September 30, 2021. Since that time, the COVID-19 pandemic has ended, and the Company’s Technology Solutions business has grown in fiscal years 2022 and 2023, which provided strong financial results including growth in product and software sales, third party maintenance sales, and recurring managed services and cloud software sales. The backlog continues to be strong as of June 30, 2023. As a result, the Company has determined that it is more likely than not that substantially all of its net deferred tax assets in the U.S. jurisdiction will be utilized and that associated valuation allowances should be reversed during the three months ended June 30, 2023. The valuation reversed during the period resulted in a $1.8 million benefit. The Company separately analyzed the realizability of its federal and state credits and determined $731 thousand (net of federal benefit) of state credits are expected to expire unutilized and kept a valuation allowance against these credits. The Company will continue to maintain a valuation allowance against certain state tax credits in the U.S. and a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax assets in the U.K. jurisdiction.

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The income tax provision for interim periods is generally determined based upon the expected effective income tax rate for the full year and the tax rate applicable to certain discrete transactions in the interim period. To determine the annual effective income tax rate, we must estimate both the total income (loss) before income tax for the full year and the jurisdictions in which that income (loss) is subject to tax. The actual effective income tax rate for the full year may differ from these estimates if income (loss) before income tax is greater than or less than what was estimated or if the

allocation of income (loss) to jurisdictions in which it is taxed is different from the estimated allocations. With the economic uncertainty surrounding the Company’s business settling since previous quarters, we have been able to produce more accurate forecasts of our full year earnings and small changes in ordinary income no longer result in significant changes to the annualized effective tax rates. As a result, the Company has resumed using the annualized effective tax rate method to calculate income taxes as prescribed under ASC 740 for the three months ended June 30, 2023.

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The estimated annualized effective income tax rate for the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was 21.99%. Other differences between our effective income tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate are the impact of state taxes and tax credits that we expect to be able utilize against federal and state taxes.

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The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2023 was a benefit of (205.8%) and (64.5%), respectively, which was primarily driven by the release of the valuation against the Company's deferred tax assets. The income tax expense for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily driven by minimum state tax expenses due to the full valuation allowance in place during the period.

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As of June 30, 2023, management assessed the balances of its deferred tax assets and liabilities to determine if any uncertain tax positions existed that would require a reserve under ASC 740-10. It determined that a reserve was required against federal and state research and development credits of $117 thousand and $118 thousand, respectively. Management will continue to evaluate the need for reserves under ASC 740-10 in future reporting periods.

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