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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with U.S. GAAP as established by the FASB to ensure consistent reporting of financial condition. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Siebert and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. Upon consolidation, all intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the Company and numbers are rounded for presentation purposes. Reclassification Certain amounts for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and certain cash flows within the Investing Activities section have been reclassified to conform to the presentation of the current period. The reclassification has not materially impacted the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and did not result in a change in total revenue, net income or cash flows from operations or investing activities for the periods presented. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Siebert and all other entities in which we have a controlling financial interest. The Company determines whether it has controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity (“VOE”) or a variable interest entity (“VIE”). Upon consolidation, all intercompany balances and transactions are eliminated. The Company’s ownership in RISE was 68% as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Refer to Note 5 – RISE for more information. For consolidated subsidiaries that are not wholly-owned, the third-party holdings of equity interests are referred to as noncontrolling interests. The net income or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for such subsidiaries is presented as net income or loss attributable to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated statements of operations. The portion of total equity that is attributable to noncontrolling interests for such subsidiaries is presented as noncontrolling interests in the consolidated statements of financial condition. For investments in entities in which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest but has significant influence over its operating and financial decisions, the Company applies the equity method of accounting with net income and losses recorded in earnings of equity method investment in related party. Voting Interest Entities The Company evaluates whether an entity qualifies as a VOE and determines the appropriateness of consolidation on a quarterly basis. The Company consolidates a VOE when it holds a majority voting interest, directly or indirectly, and has the power to direct the activities of the entity that most significantly impact its economic performance. When assessing consolidation under the voting interest model, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances, including its ability to exercise control through voting rights and the extent of its ownership interest. If the Company determines it holds a controlling financial interest in the VOE, the entity is consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. Variable Interest Entities The Company evaluates whether an entity is a VIE and determines if the primary beneficiary status is appropriate on a quarterly basis. The Company consolidates a VIE for which it is the primary beneficiary. When assessing the determination of the primary beneficiary, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances, including factors such as the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, the obligation to absorb the losses and/or the right to receive the expected returns of the VIE. If the Company determines that it is the primary beneficiary, the Company will consolidate the entity under the VIE model. Segment Information The Company operates and reports financial information in one operating segment, consistent with the way the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) allocates resources and evaluates performance. Operating segments are determined based on how management organizes the business for decision-making, and the CODM regularly reviews the Company’s financial information as a whole. The Company is engaged in a single line of business as a securities broker-dealer, providing various brokerage services, including custody and clearing of retail accounts, insurance and advisory services, principal transaction and proprietary trading, market making, and securities lending. In accordance with Topic 280, the Company discloses significant expense categories that are regularly reviewed by the CODM. The CODM evaluates performance primarily based on net income and considers excess net capital as an operational metric in maintaining capital adequacy. Since the Company has identified a single reportable segment, segment disclosures align with the consolidated financial statements, and duplicative information has been referenced where applicable. All of the Company’s revenues and substantially all of its assets are attributed to or located in the United States. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Accounting for Acquisitions FASB ASC Topic 805 – “Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 805”) is used for accounting in business acquisitions. Topic 805 requires that goodwill be recognized separately from assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill, as of the date of acquisition, is determined as the excess of the consideration transferred net of the acquisition date fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Fair value estimates at acquisition date may be assessed internally or externally using third parties. As part of the valuation and appraisal process, the third-party appraiser prepares a report assigning estimated acquisition date fair values to assets and liabilities. These fair values estimations are subjective and require careful consideration and sound judgement. Management reviews the third-party reports for fairness of the assigned values. Fair Value FASB ASC Topic 820 – “Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“Topic 820”) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and establishes a hierarchy of fair value inputs. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market. Valuation techniques that are consistent with the market, income, or cost approach, as specified by Topic 820, are used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels: Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company can assess at the measurement date. Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. The availability of observable inputs can vary from security to security and is affected by a variety of factors, such as the type of security, the liquidity of markets, and other characteristics particular to the security. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. As such, the degree of judgment exercised in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in level 3. The inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls in its entirety is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Company’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that the Company believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. A description of the valuation techniques applied to the Company’s major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows: Certificates of deposit: Certificates of deposit are included in investments which are recorded at fair value, which is determined based on estimates using observable market inputs like current market rates for similar deposits with comparable maturities. When certificates of deposit are held directly with banking institutions and issued directly to the Company, these are categorized within cash equivalents in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When certificates of deposit are available for trading, they are categorized within securities owned, at fair value in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Corporate bonds: The fair value of corporate bonds is determined using recently executed transactions, market price quotations (when observable), bond spreads, or credit default swap spreads obtained from independent external parties such as vendors and brokers, adjusted for any basis difference between cash and derivative instruments. The spread data used is for the same maturity as the bond. If the spread data does not reference the issuer, then data that references a comparable issuer is used. When position-specific external price data is not observable, fair value is determined based on either benchmarking to similar instruments or cash flow models with yield curves, bond, or single-name credit default swap spreads and recovery rates as significant inputs. Corporate bonds are generally categorized in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Equity securities: Equity securities are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange. To the extent these securities are actively traded, valuation adjustments are not applied, and they are categorized in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Securities quoted in inactive markets or with observable inputs are categorized into level 2. If there are no observable inputs or quoted prices, securities are categorized as level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 assets are not actively traded and subjective estimates based on managements’ assumptions are utilized for valuation. Municipal securities: Municipal securities are valued using recently executed transactions, market price quotations (when observable), bond spreads from independent external parties such as vendors and brokers, adjusted for any basis difference between cash and derivative instruments. The spread data used is for the same maturity as the bond. Municipal securities are generally categorized in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Options: Options are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange. To the extent these securities are actively traded, valuation adjustments are not applied, and they are categorized in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Securities quoted in inactive markets or with observable inputs are categorized into level 2. If there are no observable inputs or quoted prices, securities are categorized as level 3 assets in the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 assets are not actively traded and subjective estimates based on managements’ assumptions are utilized for valuation. U.S. government securities: U.S. government securities are valued using quoted market prices and as such, valuation adjustments are not applied. Accordingly, U.S. government securities are generally categorized in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents are all cash balances that are unrestricted. The Company has defined cash equivalents as highly liquid investments with original maturities of less than 90 days that are not held for sale in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not hold any cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company maintained its cash balances at various financial institutions. These balances are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 per institution. The Company is subject to credit risk to the extent that the financial institution with which it conducts business is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations and deposits exceed FDIC limits. Cash and Securities Segregated for Regulatory Purposes MSCO is subject to Exchange Act Rule 15c3-3, referred to as the “Customer Protection Rule,” which requires segregation of funds in a special reserve account for the exclusive benefit of customers. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $135.8 million in cash segregated for regulatory purposes and $68.8 million in qualified securities segregated for regulatory purposes. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $158.8 million in cash segregated for regulatory purposes and $115.5 million in qualified securities segregated for regulatory purposes. Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes are held in special reserve accounts for the benefit of customers for regulatory purposes. Current Expected Credit Losses The Company accounts for estimated credit losses on financial assets measured at an amortized cost basis and certain off-balance sheet credit exposures in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 326-20 – “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” (“Subtopic 326-20”). Subtopic 326-20 requires the Company to estimate expected credit losses over the life of its financial assets and certain off-balance sheet exposures as of the reporting date based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company records the estimate of expected credit losses as an allowance for credit losses. For financial assets measured at an amortized cost basis the allowance for credit losses is reported as a valuation account in the statement of financial condition that adjusts the asset’s amortized cost basis. Changes in the allowance for credit losses if any are reported in credit loss expense. Receivables from and Payables to Customers Receivables from and payables to customers include amounts due and owed on cash and margin transactions. Receivables from customers include margin loans to securities brokerage clients and other trading receivables. Margin loans are collateralized by customer securities and are carried at the amount receivable, net of an allowance for credit losses. Collateral is required to be maintained at specified minimum levels at all times. The Company monitors margin levels and requires customers to provide additional collateral, or reduce margin positions, to meet minimum collateral requirements if the fair value of the collateral changes. The Company expects the borrowers will continually replenish the collateral as necessary because the Company subjects the borrowers to an internal qualification process to align investing objectives and risk tolerance in addition to monitoring customer activity. Receivables from and payables to customers amounts include any amounts received from interest on credit balances or paid on margin debit balances. The Company elected the practical expedient for FASB ASC Topic 326 – “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” (“Topic 326”) which permits it to compare the amortized cost basis of the loaned amount with the fair value of collateral received at the reporting date to measure the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company had no expectation of credit losses for its receivables from customers as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Management actively monitors its exposure to credit risk through daily reviews of customer receivables and all transactions are either fully collateralized or subject to credit risk management protocols, ensuring that no material unsecured or uncollateralized balances exist. Additionally, the Company has no historical material credit losses and has not incurred any material credit losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Securities beneficially owned by customers, including those that collateralize margin or other similar transactions, are not reflected in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Receivables from and Payables to Non-Customers Receivables from and payables to non-customers include amounts due and owed on cash and margin transactions on non-customer accounts owned and controlled by principal officers and directors of MSCO. Receivables from non-customers include margin loans to securities brokerage clients and other trading receivables. Margin loans are collateralized by non-customer securities and are carried at the amount receivable, net of an allowance for credit losses. Collateral is required to be maintained at specified minimum levels at all times. The Company monitors margin levels and requires non-customers to provide additional collateral, or reduce margin positions, to meet minimum collateral requirements if the fair value of the collateral changes. The Company expects the borrowers will continually replenish the collateral as necessary because the Company subjects the borrowers to an internal qualification process to align investing objectives and risk tolerance in addition to monitoring non-customer activity. Receivables from and payables to non-customers amounts include any amounts received from interest on credit balances or paid on margin debit balances. The Company elected the practical expedient for Topic 326 which permits it to compare the amortized cost basis of the loaned amount with the fair value of collateral received at the reporting date to measure the estimate of expected credit losses. The Company has no expectation of credit losses for its receivables from non-customers as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Securities beneficially owned by non-customers, including those that collateralize margin or other similar transactions, are not reflected in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Receivables from, Payables to, and Deposits with Broker-Dealers and Clearing Organizations Receivables from and payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations includes amounts receivables from or payables to MSCO and RISE clearing broker-dealers, fail-to-deliver and fail-to-receive items, and amounts receivable for unsettled regular-way transactions. Deposits with broker-dealers and clearing organizations include amounts held on deposit with broker-dealers and clearing organizations. Amounts payables to broker-dealers and clearing organizations are offset against corresponding amounts receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations. Receivables from these broker-dealers and clearing organizations are subject to clearing agreements and include the net receivable from net monthly revenues as well as cash on deposit. MSCO customer transactions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were both self-cleared and cleared on a fully disclosed basis through NFS. RISE maintained a fully disclosed clearing agreement with MSCO for customer transactions for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023; however, there were no customer transactions related to this clearing agreement during those years. Receivables from and deposits with broker-dealers and clearing organizations are in scope of the amended guidance for Topic 326. The Company continually reviews the credit quality of its counterparties and historically has not experienced a default. A portion of the Company’s trades and contracts are cleared through a clearing organization and settled daily between the clearing organization and the Company. Because of this daily settlement, the amount of unsettled credit exposures is limited to the amount owed to the Company for a very short period of time. The Company continually reviews the credit quality of its counterparties. Further, management reassessed the risk characteristics of its receivables and applied the collateral maintenance practical expedient for the secured receivables in line with the CECL guidance. As a result, the Company had no expectation of credit losses for these arrangements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned Securities borrowed transactions are recorded at the amount of cash collateral delivered to the counterparty. Securities loaned transactions are recorded at the amount of cash collateral received. For securities borrowed and loaned, the Company monitors the market value of the securities and obtains or refunds collateral as necessary. The Company can elect to use an approach to measure the allowance for credit losses using the fair value of collateral where the borrower is required to, and reasonably expected to, continually adjust and replenish the amount of collateral securing the instrument to reflect changes in the fair value of such collateral. The Company has elected to use this approach for its allowance for credit losses on securities borrowed. As a result of this election, and the fully collateralized nature of these arrangements, the Company had no expectation of credit losses on its securities borrowed balances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Netting of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Substantially all of the Company’s securities borrowing and securities lending activity is transacted under master agreements that may allow for net settlement in the ordinary course of business, as well as offsetting of all contracts with a given counterparty in the event of default by one of the parties. However, for financial statement purposes, the Company does not net securities borrowed and securities loaned and these items are presented on a gross basis in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company accounts for securities lending transactions in accordance with FASB ASC Subtopic 210-20 – “Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” (“Subtopic 210-20”). Refer to Note 19 – Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk for further detail. Securities Owned and Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased at Fair Value Securities owned, at fair value represent marketable securities owned by the Company at trade-date valuation. Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value represent marketable securities sold by the Company prior to purchase at trade-date valuation. These securities are classified as trading securities and in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 940 – “Financial Services – Brokers and Dealers” (“Topic 940”), these securities are measured initially at fair value and any realized or unrealized gains or losses to fair value are included in profit or loss. Below is a table with further detail on the Company’s securities.
Type of Security |  | Classification |  | Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition |  | Recording of Realized and Unrealized Gain or Loss
Certificates of deposit, Corporate bonds, municipal securities, options |  | Trading |  | Securities owned, at fair value |  | Principal transactions and proprietary trading
Equities |  | Trading |  | Securities owned, at fair value; Securities sold, not yet purchased at fair value |  | Market making, Principal transactions and proprietary trading
U.S. government securities |  | Trading |  | Securities owned, at fair value |  | Principal transactions and proprietary trading
U.S. government securities |  | Trading |  | Cash and securities segregated for regulatory purposes |  | Principal transactions and proprietary trading
Property, Office Facilities, and Equipment, Net Property, office facilities, and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation for property, office facilities, and equipment are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Estimated useful lives are as follows:
Type |  | Useful Life
Property |  | 40 years
Property improvements |  | 10 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of useful life or lease term
Office facilities and equipment |  | 4 to 5 years
Software, Net The Company capitalizes certain costs for certain software and amortizes them over their useful life, generally not exceeding five years. Depending on the terms of the contract, the Company either records costs from software hosting arrangements as prepaid assets and amortizes them over the contract term, or the costs are expensed as incurred. The Company enters into certain software hosting arrangements where the associated professional development services work is capitalized and then amortized over the term of the contract. Other software costs such as routine maintenance and various data services are expensed as incurred. Leases The Company reviews all relevant contracts to determine if the contract contains a lease at its inception date. A contract contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an underlying asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. If the Company determines that a contract contains a lease, it recognizes, in the consolidated statements of financial condition, a lease liability and a corresponding right-of-use asset on the commencement date of the lease. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term using the rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate. An operating lease right-of-use asset is initially measured at the value of the lease liability minus any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred plus any prepaid rent. The Company’s leases are classified as operating leases and consist of real estate leases for office space, data centers and other facilities. Each lease liability is measured using the Company’s secured incremental borrowing rate, which is based on an internally developed rate based on the Company’s size, growth, risk profile and a duration similar to the lease term. The Company’s leases have remaining terms of approximately 1 to 5 years as of December 31, 2024. The Company does not include renewal options as the renewal options are not reasonably certain to be exercised; however, the Company continues to monitor the lease renewal options. The Company’s operating leases contain both lease components and non-lease components. Non-lease components are distinct elements of a contract that are not related to securing the use of the underlying assets, such as common area maintenance and other management costs. The Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components, and as such, the variable lease cost primarily represents variable payments such as common area maintenance and utilities which are usually determined by the leased square footage in proportion to the overall office building. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is included in line item “Rent and occupancy” in the consolidated statements of operations. Equity Method Investments Investments in which the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in the line item “Equity method investment in related party” in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Under this method of accounting, the Company’s share of the net income or loss of the investee is presented before the income before provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company evaluates its equity method investments whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If the impairment is determined to be other-than-temporary, the Company will recognize an impairment loss equal to the difference between the expected realizable value and the carrying value of the investment. Investments, Cost Investments in equity shares without a readily determinable fair value and for which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for at cost adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer, and impairments. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no investments. Other Intangible Assets, Net The Company accounts for intangible assets acquired in business combinations or asset acquisitions in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350 – “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” (“Topic 350”). Certain identifiable intangible assets acquired by the Company, including artist contracts, are recognized at fair value at the acquisition date and are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. The estimated useful lives of these intangible assets are determined based on contractual terms. The Company assesses intangible assets for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Additionally, the Company reviews the estimated useful lives of intangible assets annually or whenever circumstances suggest that the remaining amortization period should be revised. If a change in useful life is necessary, the asset’s remaining carrying amount is amortized prospectively over the revised useful life. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess purchase price of businesses acquired over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but rather is evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change indicating it would more likely than not result in a reduction of the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value, including goodwill. Goodwill may be evaluated for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment. This qualitative assessment considers various financial, macroeconomic, industry, and reporting unit specific qualitative factors. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill, or, if for any other reason the Company determines to it be appropriate, then a quantitative assessment will be performed. The quantitative assessment process utilizes an income and market approach to arrive at an indicated fair value range for the reporting unit. The fair value calculated for the reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount, including goodwill, to ascertain if goodwill impairment exists. If the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, including goodwill for the reporting unit, it is not considered impaired. If the fair value is below the carrying amount, including goodwill for the reporting unit, then an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the calculated fair value, up to but not exceeding the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company’s annual impairment test date is December 31. The Company completed a qualitative assessment for its reporting unit during its most recent annual impairment review. The Company concluded that it has one reportable segment and tests goodwill on a consolidated basis. Based on this qualitative assessment, the Company determined that there was no evidence of impairment to the balance of its goodwill as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Drafts Payable Drafts payable represent checks drawn by the Company against customer accounts which remained outstanding and had not cleared the bank as of the end of the period. Deferred Contract Incentive The Company entered into an amendment with its agreement with NFS whereby the Company received a one-time business development credit of $3 million, and NFS will pay the Company four annual credits of $100,000, which are both recorded in the line item “Deferred contract incentive” in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Annual credits shall be paid on the anniversary of the date on which the first credit was paid. The business development credit and annual credits will be recognized as contra expense over four years and one year, respectively, in the line item “Clearing fees, including execution costs” in the consolidated statements of operations. Contract Termination Liability The Company entered into a settlement agreement with Kakaopay whereby it will pay Kakaopay $5 million, payable in ten quarterly installments that began in the first quarter of 2024. The Company accounted for this transaction as an exit or disposal cost obligation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420 – “Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations” (“Topic 420”). Accordingly, the Company recognized the liability at fair value by using a present value technique that used a discount rate equivalent to the bank prime rate as of the date of the agreement. The liability is recorded on the line item “Contract termination liability” in the consolidated statements of financial condition. The expense was recorded in the line item “Transaction termination costs” in the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 6 – Transaction with Kakaopay for further detail. Revenue Recognition The Company generated a significant portion of its revenue from financial instruments comprising of margin revenue, securities lending, principal transactions and proprietary trading, and interest revenue. These net interest and other revenues are not within the scope of FASB ASC Topic 606 – “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”), because they are generated from financial instruments covered by various other areas of GAAP. Market making activities are not within the scope of Topic 606, as they do not meet the definition of a contract with a customer under the standard. Consequently, revenue and expenses related to market making activity are accounted for separately and not included in the revenue figures presented in accordance with Topic 606. The Company also has fee revenue and transaction revenue which are within the scope of Topic 606. Revenue from contracts with customers includes commission income charged to retail clients for executing transactions, markups on riskless principal transactions charged to retail clients for executing transactions, distribution income received from mutual funds for client transactions, stock locate fees charged to counterparties for providing locate services, payment for order flow received for executing transactions, and administrative fees to retail clients including for maintenance and other ancillary services. Under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, requires that an entity recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance requires an entity to follow a five-step model to (a) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (b) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (c) determine the transaction price, (d) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (e) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In determining the transaction price, an entity may include variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized would not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The table below presents detailed information on the Company’s recognition of revenue from contracts with customers as well as revenues from financial instruments, which are outside the scope of Topic 606, by major types of services for the periods indicated.
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Revenues from Contracts with Customers |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal transactions and proprietary trading |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Riskless principal transactions with customers |  | $ | 14,130,000 |  |  | $ | 9,096,000 |
Commissions and fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Brokerage commissions |  |  | 7,629,000 |  |  |  | 5,927,000 |
Distribution fees |  |  | 1,365,000 |  |  |  | 1,167,000 |
Insurance commissions |  |  | 621,000 |  |  |  | 447,000 |
Stock borrow / stock loan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail fees (rebates) |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | (78,000 | )
Stock locate services |  |  | 16,892,000 |  |  |  | 12,901,000 |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Administrative fees |  |  | 1,888,000 |  |  |  | 519,000 |
Payment for order flow |  |  | 1,454,000 |  |  |  | 1,114,000 |
Other commissions |  |  | 48,000 |  |  |  | 265,000 |
Advisory fees |  |  | 2,369,000 |  |  |  | 1,928,000 |
Total revenues from contracts with customers |  | $ | 46,391,000 |  |  | $ | 33,286,000 |
Revenue outside the scope of Topic 606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal transactions and proprietary trading |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proprietary trading |  |  | 486,000 |  |  |  | 3,997,000 |
Interest, marketing and distribution fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Margin interest |  |  | 15,440,000 |  |  |  | 16,236,000 |
Interest income |  |  | 14,933,000 |  |  |  | 11,618,000 |
Marketing and distribution fees |  |  | 2,034,000 |  |  |  | 1,724,000 |
Stock borrow / stock loan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock rebate revenue |  |  | 2,362,000 |  |  |  | 3,349,000 |
Market making |  |  | 2,255,000 |  |  |  | 1,304,000 |
Total revenue outside the scope of Topic 606 |  |  | 37,510,000 |  |  |  | 38,228,000 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 83,901,000 |  |  | $ | 71,514,000 |
The primary sources of revenue for the Company are as follows: Principal Transactions and Proprietary Trading Principal transactions and proprietary trading primarily represent two revenue streams. The first revenue stream is riskless transactions in which the Company, after executing a solicited order, buys or sells securities as principal and at the same time buys or sells the securities with a markup or markdown to satisfy the order. Principal transactions and proprietary trading related to riskless principal transactions are recognized at a point in time on the trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied. The performance obligation is satisfied on the trade date because that is when the underlying financial instrument or purchaser is identified, the pricing is agreed upon, and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to / from the customer or trading counterparty. The second revenue stream is proprietary trading whereby the company enters into transactions where securities are traded by the Company as investments and for use as collateral for depositories or customer reserve requirements. Proprietary trading consists of trading in securities classified as trading securities and in accordance with Topic 940, these securities are measured initially at fair value and any realized or unrealized gains or losses to fair value are included in profit or loss. Commissions and Fees The Company earns commission revenue for executing trades for clients in individual equities, options, insurance products, futures, fixed income securities, as well as certain third-party mutual funds and ETFs. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, is recognized at a point in time on the trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied. The performance obligation is satisfied on the trade date because that is when the underlying financial instrument or purchaser is identified, the pricing is agreed upon, and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to / from the customer. The Company enters into arrangements with managed accounts of other pooled investment vehicles (funds) to distribute shares to investors (“distribution fees”). The Company may receive distribution fees paid by the fund up front, over time, upon the investor’s exit from the fund (that is, a contingent deferred sales charge), or as a combination thereof. The Company believes that its performance obligation is the sale of securities to investors and as such this is fulfilled on the trade date. Any fixed amounts are recognized on the trade date and variable amounts are recognized to the extent it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur until the uncertainty is resolved. For variable amounts, as the uncertainty is dependent on the value of the shares at future points in time as well as the length of time the investor remains in the fund, both of which are highly susceptible to factors outside the Company’s influence, the Company recognizes revenue once the market value of the fund and the investor activities are known, which are usually monthly or quarterly. Distribution fees recognized in the current period are primarily related to performance obligations that have been satisfied in prior periods. Stock Borrow / Stock Loan The Company borrows securities on behalf of retail clients to facilitate short trading, loans excess margin and fully-paid securities from client accounts, facilitates borrow and loan contracts for broker-dealer counterparties. The Company records revenues net of operating expenses related to stock borrow / stock loan. Stock borrow / stock loan also includes any revenues generated from the Company’s fully paid lending programs on a self-clearing or introducing basis. The Company does not utilize stock borrow / stock loan activities for the purpose of financing transactions. The Company also pays rebates and charges fees to/from retail clients for borrowing securities based on the daily balance of the securities borrowed. Revenue from fees charged to clients and rebates paid to clients are recognized over the term as services are provided. For the year ended December 31, 2024, stock borrow / stock loan revenue was $19,249,000 ($40,714,000 gross revenue less $21,465,000 expenses). For the year ended December 31, 2023, stock borrow / stock loan revenue was $16,172,000 ($47,166,000 gross revenue less $30,994,000 expenses). Securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions are recorded at the amount of cash collateral advanced or received, respectively, with all related securities, collateral, and cash both held at and moving through DTC or OCC as appropriate for each counterparty. Securities borrowed transactions require the Company to deposit cash or other collateral with the lender. Securities loaned transactions require the receipt of collateral by the Company in the form of cash in an amount generally in excess of the fair value of securities loaned. The Company monitors the fair value of securities borrowed and loaned daily, with additional collateral obtained or returned as necessary. Securities borrow and loan fees represent interest or (rebate) on the cash received or paid as collateral on the securities borrowed or loaned. The Company applies a practical expedient to Topic 326 regarding its securities borrowed and loaned balances and their underlying collateral. Inherent in this activity, the Company and its counterparties to securities borrowed and loaned transactions, mark to market the collateral, securing these transactions on a daily basis through DTC or OCC. The counterparty continually replenishes the collateral securing the asset in accordance with standard industry practice. Rates on securities lending programs are based on the current market demand for each security borrow or loan contract and are set on a per-contract basis. Based on the above factors, there is no material current expected credit loss under Topic 326 for securities borrowed and loaned transactions is not needed as of December 31, 2024. The Company also provides securities locate services to broker dealer counterparties. The Company charges a fee to their counterparties each time a locate is placed and the inventory is decremented by such locate quantity. The Company believes that the performance obligation is satisfied on the day that the security is located for the customer as that is when the underlying financial instrument or purchaser is identified, the pricing is agreed upon and the risks and rewards of locate identification have been transferred to the counterparty. Revenue is recognized at that point in time. Other Income Other income primarily represents fees generated from consulting services to a technology provider, payment for order flow, and transactional fees generated from client accounts. The performance obligation for consulting services to a technology provider is providing consulting services and is satisfied over time in line with the duration of the consulting contract. The performance obligation related to payment for order flow is providing financial services and is satisfied at a point in time. The performance obligation related to transactional fees generated from client accounts is providing financial services to clients and is satisfied over time. The Company also earns revenue from an agreement with JonesTrading Institutional Service, LLC (“JonesTrading”) whereby JonesTrading pays the Company a percentage of the net revenue produced by certain historical institutional customers less any related expenses. Revenue from JonesTrading is determined based on the factors outside of the Company’s control and the Company records the income amount on a monthly basis when the actual amount of income is known. Advisory Fees The Company earns advisory fees associated with managing client assets. The performance obligation related to this revenue stream is satisfied over time, as clients receive and consume the benefits as the services are provided. The advisory fees are variable and calculated as a percentage of the client’s total asset value, determined as of the last business day of each quarter. These fees are primarily billed in advance, based on the average daily balance of the previous quarter and recognized ratably over the period in which services are provided. For new accounts or terminated accounts, fees may be prorated based on the number of days the account was active during the quarter, in accordance with the advisory agreement. Interest, Marketing and Distribution Fees The Company earns interest from clients’ accounts, net of interest expense which consists of payments to clients’ accounts, and on the Company’s bank balances and securities. Interest income also includes interest payouts from introducing relationships related to short interest, net of charges. The Company also earns margin interest which is the net interest charged to customers for holding financed margin positions. Marketing and distribution fees consist of 12b-1 fees which are trailing payments from money market funds. The Company enters into arrangements with money market mutual funds to distribute shares to investors (“Marketing and Distribution Fees”). The Company may receive distribution fees paid by the fund over time. The Company receives Marketing and Distribution Fees based upon the total amount deposited with the money market mutual fund based on a published interest rate. Interest, marketing and distribution fees are recorded as earned. Market Making Market making revenue is generated from the buying and selling of securities. Market making transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis as the securities transactions occur. The performance obligation is satisfied on the trade date because that is when the underlying financial instrument or purchaser is identified, the pricing is agreed upon, and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to / from the counterparty. Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract; Other For the periods presented, there were no costs capitalized related to obtaining or fulfilling a contract with a customer, and thus the Company has no balances for contract assets or contract liabilities. Share-based Compensation The Company grants share-based compensation and accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 – “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“Topic 718”), which establishes accounting for share-based compensation to employees for services. Under the provisions of FASB ASC Subtopic 718-10-35 – “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (“Subtopic 718-10-35”), share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award on that date and is expensed at the grant date (for the portion that vests immediately) or on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, aligning with vesting conditions. The Company accounts for forfeitures based on actual experience rather than estimating them at grant date, recognizing adjustments as they occur. Changes in estimates or modifications to share-based awards, if any, are accounted for in accordance with Topic 718. Refer to Note 23 – Employee Benefit Plans for further detail. Advertising and Promotion Advertising and promotion costs are expensed as incurred and were $348,000 and $155,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the consolidated financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize deferred taxes in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with Topic 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the provision for income taxes line in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties would be included on the related tax liability line in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Capital Stock The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of a single class of common stock. Shares authorized were 100 million as of both December 31, 2024 and 2023. Per Share Data Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income available to the Company’s common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s Restricted Stock Awards (“RSA”s) and Restricted Stock Units (“RSU”s) do not receive dividends or dividend equivalents prior to vesting and are therefore not considered participating securities under FASB ASC Topic 260 – “Earnings Per Share” (“Topic 260”). Diluted EPS is calculated using the treasury stock method by dividing net income available to the Company’s common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the potential dilutive effect of unvested RSAs and RSUs, if applicable. New Accounting Standards In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). The ASU is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in the ASU address investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, though early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the presentational effect that ASU 2023-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements, but the Company expects considerable changes to its income tax footnote. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU “2024-03”, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures” (“ASU 2024-03”). The ASU is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income statement expense disclosures by requiring greater disaggregation of certain expense categories. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for us for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, though early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2024-03 will have on our consolidated financial statements and we anticipate the amendments will require significant changes to our expense disclosures. Accounting Standards Adopted in Fiscal 2024 In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Topic 280, which requires all public entities, including those with a single reportable segment, to disclose additional information about a reportable segment’s significant expense categories in interim and annual periods, as identified in the information regularly provided to the CODM, among other requirements. The new guidance does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The guidance also clarifies that when a single operating segment is identified, entities may reference primary financial statements for overlapping disclosures. This ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this guidance effective for the year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our financial condition or financial performance. Refer to Note 22 – Segment Reporting for further detail.

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