EX-3.2 3 skye_ex32.htm EX-3.2

EXHIBIT 3.2

AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

of

SKYE BIOSCIENCE, INC.

(a Nevada corporation)

ARTICLE I
OFFICES

Section 1.1 Principal Office. The principal office and place of business of Skye Bioscience, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Corporation”), shall be established from time to time by resolution of the board of directors of the Corporation (the “Board”).

Section 1.2 Other Offices. Other offices and places of business either within or without the State of Nevada may be established from time to time by resolution of the Board or as the business of the Corporation may require. The street address of the Corporation’s registered agent is the registered office of the Corporation in Nevada.

ARTICLE II
STOCKHOLDERS

Section 2.1 Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be held on such date and at such time as may be designated from time to time by the Board. At the annual meeting, directors shall be elected, and any other business may be transacted as may be properly brought before the meeting pursuant to these Amended and Restated Bylaws (as further amended from time to time, these “Bylaws”). Except as otherwise restricted by the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Corporation (as further amended from time to time, the “Articles of Incorporation”) or applicable law, the Board may postpone, reschedule or cancel any annual meeting of stockholders.

Section 2.2 Special Meetings.

(a) Special meetings of the stockholders may only be called in the manner provided in the Articles of Incorporation. Stockholders shall have no right to request or call a special meeting except as otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation. Except as otherwise restricted by the Articles of Incorporation or applicable law, the Board may postpone, reschedule or cancel any special meeting of stockholders.

(b) No business shall be acted upon at a special meeting of stockholders except as set forth in the notice of the meeting.

Section 2.3 Place of Meetings. Any meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation may be held at the Corporation’s registered office in the State of Nevada or at such other place in or out of the State of Nevada and the United States as may be designated in the notice of meeting. A waiver of notice signed by all stockholders entitled to vote thereat may designate any place for the holding of such meeting. The Board may, in its sole discretion, determine that any meeting of the stockholders shall be held using, or shall be held solely by means of, electronic communications or other available technology in accordance with Section 2.14.

Section 2.4 Notice of Meetings; Waiver of Notice.

(a) The chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the secretary, any assistant secretary, or any other individual designated by the Board shall sign and deliver or cause to be delivered written notice of any stockholders’ meeting to the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting (unless applicable law requires notice be given to all stockholders of record, in which case such notice shall be given in accordance with such law) not less than ten days, but not more than sixty days, before the date of such meeting. The notice shall state the place, date and time of the meeting, the means of electronic communication, if any, by which the stockholders entitled to vote or the proxies thereof shall be deemed to be present and vote and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. The notice shall be delivered in accordance with and shall contain or be accompanied by such additional information as may be required by the Nevada Revised Statutes (as amended from time to time, the “NRS”).

(b) In the case of an annual meeting, subject to Section 2.13, any proper business may be presented for action, except that (i) if a proposed plan of merger, conversion or exchange is submitted to a vote, the notice of the meeting must state that the purpose, or one of the purposes, of the meeting is to consider the plan of merger, conversion or exchange and must contain or be accompanied by a copy or summary of the plan; and (ii) if a proposed action creating dissenter’s rights is to be submitted to a vote, the notice of the meeting must state that the stockholders are or may be entitled to assert dissenter’s rights under NRS 92A.300 to 92A.500, inclusive, and be accompanied by a copy of those sections.

(c) A copy of the notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be personally delivered, mailed postage prepaid to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting (unless applicable law requires notice be given to all stockholders of record, in which case such notice shall be given in accordance with such law), at the address appearing on the records of the Corporation or as otherwise allowed under the NRS. Upon mailing, service of the notice is complete, and the time of the notice begins to run from the date upon which the notice is deposited in the mail or otherwise delivered. If the address of any stockholder does not appear upon the records of the Corporation or is incomplete, it will be sufficient to address any notice to such stockholder at the registered office of the Corporation. Notwithstanding the foregoing and in addition thereto, any notice to stockholders given by the Corporation pursuant to Chapters 78 or 92A of the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws may be given pursuant to the forms of electronic transmission listed herein, if such forms of transmission are consented to in writing by the stockholder receiving such electronically transmitted notice and such consent is filed by the secretary in the corporate records. Notice shall be deemed given (i) by facsimile when directed to a number consented to by the stockholder to receive notice, (ii) by e-mail when directed to an e-mail address consented to by the stockholder to receive notice, (iii) by posting on an electronic network together with a separate notice to the stockholder of the specific posting on the later of the specific posting or the giving of the separate notice or (iv) by any other electronic transmission as consented to by and when directed to the stockholder. The stockholder consent necessary to permit electronic transmission to such stockholder shall be deemed revoked and of no force and effect if (A) the Corporation is unable to deliver by electronic transmission two consecutive notices given by the Corporation in accordance with the stockholder’s consent and (B) the inability to deliver by electronic transmission becomes known to the secretary, any assistant secretary, transfer agent or other agent of the Corporation responsible for the giving of notice.

(d) The written certificate of an individual signing a notice of meeting, setting forth the substance of the notice or having a copy thereof attached thereto, the date the notice was mailed or personally delivered to the requisite stockholders and the addresses to which the notice was mailed, shall be prima facie evidence of the manner and fact of giving such notice and, in the absence of fraud, an affidavit of the individual signing a notice of a meeting on behalf of the Corporation that the notice thereof has been given by a form of electronic transmission shall be prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the affidavit.

(e) Any stockholder may waive notice of any meeting by a signed writing or by transmission of an electronic record, either before or after the meeting. Such waiver of notice shall be deemed the equivalent of the giving of such notice.

Section 2.5 Determination of Stockholders of Record.

(a) For the purpose of determining the stockholders entitled to (i) notice of and to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, (ii) receive payment of any distribution or the allotment of any rights, or (iii) exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not be more than sixty days nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting.

(b) If stockholder action by written consent is permitted under the Articles of Incorporation and these Bylaws, the Board may adopt a resolution prescribing a date upon which the stockholders of record entitled to give written consent must be determined. The date set by the Board must not precede or be more than ten days after the date the resolution setting such date is adopted by the Board. If the Board does not adopt a resolution setting a date upon which the stockholders of record entitled to give written consent must be determined, and (i) no prior action by the Board is required by the NRS, then the date shall be the first date on which a valid written consent is delivered to the Corporation in accordance with the NRS, the Articles of Incorporation and these Bylaws; or (ii) prior action by the Board is required by the NRS, then the date shall be the close of business on the date that the Board adopts the resolution.

(c) If no record date is fixed, the record date for determining stockholders: (i) entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held; and (ii) for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution relating thereto. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall apply to any postponement of any meeting of stockholders to a date not more than sixty days after the record date or to any adjournment of the meeting; provided that the Board may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting and must fix a new record date if the meeting is adjourned to a date more than sixty days later than the meeting date set for the original meeting.

Section 2.6 Quorum; Adjourned Meetings.

(a) At any meeting of the stockholders, and unless the Articles of Incorporation require a different proportion, stockholders holding at least a majority of the voting power of the Corporation’s capital stock entitled to vote at such meeting, represented in person or by proxy (regardless of whether the proxy has authority to vote on all matters), are necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at such meeting. If, on any issue, voting by classes or series is required by the laws of the State of Nevada, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, at least a majority of the voting power, represented in person or by proxy (regardless of whether the proxy has authority to vote on all matters), within each such class or series is necessary to constitute a quorum of each such class or series.

(b) If a quorum is not represented, a majority of the voting power represented or the person presiding at the meeting may adjourn the meeting from time to time until a quorum shall be represented. At any such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be represented, any business may be transacted which might otherwise have been transacted at the adjourned meeting as originally called. When a stockholders’ meeting is adjourned to another time or place hereunder, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. However, if a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, notice of the adjourned meeting must be given to each stockholder of record as of the new record date. The stockholders present at a duly convened meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the departure of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum of the voting power.

Section 2.7 Voting.

(a) Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, or in the resolution providing for the issuance of preferred stock (or any series of preferred stock) adopted by the Board pursuant to authority expressly vested in it by the provisions of the Articles of Incorporation (including any certificate of designation relating to any series of preferred stock) if such authority is so vested, each stockholder of record, or such stockholder’s duly authorized proxy, shall be entitled to one (1) vote for each share of voting stock standing registered in such stockholder’s name at the close of business on the record date or the date established by the Board in connection with stockholder action by written consent, as applicable.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws, all votes with respect to shares (including pledged shares, unless in the pledge the pledgor has expressly empowered the pledgee to vote the stock) standing in the name of an individual at the close of business on the record date (or the date established by the Board in connection with stockholder action by written consent) shall be cast only by that individual or such individual’s duly authorized proxy. With respect to shares held by a representative of the estate of a deceased stockholder, or a guardian, conservator, custodian or trustee, even though the shares do not stand in the name of such holder, votes may be cast by such holder upon proof of such representative capacity. In the case of shares under the control of a receiver, the receiver may vote such shares even though the shares do not stand of record in the name of the receiver but only if and to the extent that the order of a court of competent jurisdiction which appoints the receiver contains the authority to vote such shares. If shares stand of record in the name of a minor, votes may be cast by the duly appointed guardian of the estate of such minor only if such guardian has provided the Corporation with written proof of such appointment.

(c) With respect to shares standing of record in the name of another corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other legal entity on the record date, votes may be cast: (i) in the case of a corporation, by such individual as the bylaws of such other corporation prescribe, by such individual as may be appointed by resolution of the Board of such other corporation or by such individual (including, without limitation, the officer making the authorization) authorized in writing to do so by the chairman of the Board, the chief executive officer, the president or any vice president of such corporation; and (ii) in the case of a partnership, limited liability company or other legal entity, by an individual representing such stockholder upon presentation to the Corporation of satisfactory evidence of her or his authority to do so.

(d) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in these Bylaws and except for the Corporation’s shares held in a fiduciary capacity, the Corporation shall not vote, directly or indirectly, shares of its own stock owned or held by it, and such shares shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares entitled to vote.

(e) Any holder of shares entitled to vote on any matter may cast a portion of the votes in favor of such matter and refrain from casting the remaining votes or cast the same against the proposal. If such holder entitled to vote does vote any of such stockholder’s shares affirmatively and fails to specify the number of affirmative votes, it will be conclusively presumed that the holder is casting affirmative votes with respect to all shares held.

(f) With respect to shares standing of record in the name of two or more persons, whether fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, spouses as community property, tenants by the entirety, voting trustees or otherwise and shares held by two or more persons (including proxy holders) having the same fiduciary relationship in respect to the same shares, votes may be cast in the following manner:

(i) If only one person votes, the vote of such person binds all.

(ii) If more than one person casts votes, the act of the majority so voting binds all.

(iii) If more than one person casts votes, but the vote is evenly split on a particular matter, the votes shall be deemed cast proportionately, as split.

(g) If a quorum is present, unless the Articles of Incorporation, these Bylaws, the NRS or other applicable law provide for a different proportion, action by the stockholders entitled to vote on a matter, other than the election of directors, is approved by and is the act of the stockholders if the number of votes cast in favor of the action exceeds the number of votes cast in opposition to the action, unless voting by classes or series is required for any action of the stockholders by the laws of the State of Nevada, the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, in which case the number of votes cast in favor of the action by the voting power of each such class or series must exceed the number of votes cast in opposition to the action by the voting power of each such class or series.

(h) If a quorum is present, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast.

Section 2.8 Proxies. At any meeting of stockholders, any holder of shares entitled to vote may designate, in a manner permitted by the laws of the State of Nevada, another person or persons to act as a proxy or proxies. If a stockholder designates two or more persons to act as proxies, then a majority of those persons present at a meeting has and may exercise all of the powers conferred by the stockholder or, if only one is present, then that one has and may exercise all of the powers conferred by the stockholder, unless the stockholder’s designation of proxy provides otherwise. Every proxy shall continue in full force and effect until its expiration or revocation in a manner permitted by the laws of the State of Nevada.

Section 2.9 Stockholder Action Without A Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation may be taken without a meeting if, before or after the action, a written consent thereto is (a) signed by stockholders holding at least a majority of the voting power of the outstanding capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote on such action (except that if a greater proportion of the voting power would be required for such an action at a meeting, then that proportion of written consents is required), and (b) delivered to the Corporation by delivery to its registered office in the State of Nevada, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the Corporation having custody of the books in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Any such delivery made to the Corporation’s registered office shall be made by hand, overnight courier or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested. In no instance where action is duly and properly authorized by written consent need a meeting of stockholders be called or, unless otherwise required by applicable law or any certificate of designation relating to any series of Preferred Stock, notice given.

Section 2.10 Organization.

(a) Meetings of stockholders shall be presided over by the chairman of the Board, or, in the absence of the chairman of the Board, by the vice chairman of the Board, if any, or if there be no vice chairman or in the absence of the vice chairman, by the chief executive officer, if any, or if there be no chief executive officer or in the absence of the chief executive officer, by the president, or, in the absence of the president, or, in the absence of any of the foregoing persons, by a chairman designated by the Board, or by a chairman chosen at the meeting by the stockholders entitled to cast a majority of the votes which all stockholders present in person or by proxy are entitled to cast. The person acting as chairman of the meeting may delegate any or all of her or his authority and responsibilities as such to any director or officer of the Corporation present in person at the meeting. The secretary, or in the absence of the secretary, an assistant secretary, shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in the absence of the secretary and any assistant secretary, the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. The order of business at each such meeting shall be as determined by the chairman of the meeting. The chairman of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts and things as are necessary or desirable for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, (i) the establishment of procedures for the maintenance of order and safety, (ii) limitation on the time allotted for consideration of each agenda item and for questions or comments by meeting participants, (iii) restrictions on entry to such meeting and (iv) the opening and closing of the voting polls. The Board, in its discretion, or the chairman of the meeting, in her or his discretion, may require that any votes cast at such meeting shall be cast by written ballot.

(b) The chairman of the meeting may appoint one or more inspectors of elections. The inspector or inspectors may (i) ascertain the number of shares outstanding and the voting power of each; (ii) determine the number of shares represented at a meeting and the validity of proxies or ballots; (iii) count all votes and ballots; (iv) determine any challenges made to any determination made by the inspector(s); and (v) certify the determination of the number of shares represented at the meeting and the count of all votes and ballots.

(c) Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.12 shall be eligible to be elected at any meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in Section 2.12. If any proposed nomination or business was not made or proposed in compliance with Section 2.12 (including proper notice under Section 2.13 and including whether the stockholder or beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination or proposal is made solicited (or is part of a group which solicited) or did not so solicit, as the case may be, proxies in compliance with such stockholder’s representation pursuant to clause (a)(iv)(D) of Section 2.13), then, unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power to declare that such nomination shall be disregarded or that such proposed business shall not be transacted. If the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or proposed business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. For purposes of this Section 2.10, to be considered a qualified representative of the stockholder, a person must be a duly authorized officer, manager or partner of such stockholder or authorized by a writing executed by such stockholder (or a reliable reproduction or electronic transmission of the writing) delivered to the Corporation prior to the making of such nomination or proposal at such meeting by such stockholder stating that such person is authorized to act for such stockholder as proxy at the meeting of stockholders.

Section 2.11 Consent to Meetings. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person objects at the beginning of the meeting to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called, noticed or convened and except that attendance at a meeting is not a waiver of any right to object to the consideration of matters not included in the notice, to the extent such notice is required, if such objection is expressly made at the time any such matters are presented at the meeting. Neither the business to be transacted at nor the purpose of any regular or special meeting of stockholders need be specified in any written waiver of notice or consent, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws.

Section 2.12 Director Nominations and Business Conducted at Meetings of Stockholders.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, nominations of persons for election to the Board and the proposal of business to be considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of stockholders only (i) by or at the direction of the Board or the chairman of the Board, or (ii) by any stockholder of the Corporation who is entitled to vote on such matter at the meeting and who (A) has complied with the notice procedures set forth in Section 2.13 and (B) was a stockholder of record at the time such notice is delivered to the secretary of the Corporation.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation, nominations of persons for election to the Board may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting (i) by or at the direction of the Board or the chairman of the Board, or (ii) by any stockholder of the Corporation who is entitled to vote on such matter at the meeting and who (A) has complied with the notice procedures set forth in Section 2.13 and (B) was a stockholder of record at the time such notice is delivered to the secretary of the Corporation.

Section 2.13 Advance Notice of Director Nominations and Stockholder Proposals by Stockholders.

(a) For nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder and for nominations to be properly brought before a special meeting by a stockholder in each case pursuant to Section 2.12, the stockholder of record must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the secretary of the Corporation, and, in the case of business other than nominations, such other business must be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice shall be delivered to the secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 70 days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement (as defined below) of the date of such meeting is first made by the Corporation. In no event shall the public announcement of an adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a stockholder’s notice as described above. The notice must be provided by a stockholder of record and must set forth:

(i) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or re-election as a director all information relating to such person that is (i) required by paragraphs (a), (e) and (f) of Item 401 of Regulation S-K adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, and (ii) required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including such person’s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected;

(ii) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before an annual meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration and in the event that such business includes a proposal to amend the Bylaws, the language of the proposed amendment), the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any substantial interest (within the meaning of Item 5 of Schedule 14A under the Exchange Act) in such business of such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made;

(iii) as to the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made or the business is proposed: (A) the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, and the name and address of such beneficial owner, (B) the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation which are owned of record by such stockholder and such beneficial owner as of the date of the notice, and a representation that the stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing within five business days after the record date for such meeting of the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation owned of record by the stockholder and such beneficial owner as of the record date for the meeting, and (C) a representation that the stockholder intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such nomination or business;

(iv) as to the stockholder giving the notice or, if the notice is given on behalf of a beneficial owner on whose behalf the nomination is made or the business is proposed, as to such beneficial owner, and if such stockholder or beneficial owner is an entity, as to each director, executive, managing member or control person of such entity (any such person, a “control person”): (A) the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation which are beneficially owned (as defined below) by such stockholder or beneficial owner and by any control person as of the date of the notice, and a representation that the stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing within five business days after the record date for such meeting of the class and number of shares of stock of the Corporation beneficially owned by such stockholder or beneficial owner and by any control person as of the record date for the meeting, (B) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding with respect to the nomination or other business between or among such stockholder or beneficial owner or control person and any other person, including without limitation any agreements that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 5 or Item 6 of Exchange Act Schedule 13D (regardless of whether the requirement to file a Schedule 13D is applicable to the stockholder, beneficial owner or control person) and a representation that the stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing within five business days after the record date for such meeting of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of the record date for the meeting, (C) a description of any agreement, arrangement or understanding (including any derivative or short positions, profit interests, options, hedging transactions, and borrowed or loaned shares) that has been entered into as of the date of the stockholder’s notice by, or on behalf of, such stockholder or beneficial owner and by any control person or any other person acting in concert with any of the foregoing, the effect or intent of which is to mitigate loss, manage risk or benefit from changes in the share price of any class of the Corporation’s stock, or maintain, increase or decrease the voting power of the stockholder or beneficial owner with respect to shares of stock of the Corporation, and a representation that the stockholder will notify the Corporation in writing within five business days after the record date for such meeting of any such agreement, arrangement or understanding in effect as of the record date for the meeting, (D) a representation whether the stockholder or the beneficial owner, if any, and any control person will engage in a solicitation with respect to the nomination or business and, if so, the name of each participant (as defined in Item 4 of Schedule 14A under the Exchange Act) in such solicitation and whether such person intends or is part of a group which intends to deliver a proxy statement and/or form of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the Corporation’s outstanding stock required to approve or adopt the business to be proposed (in person or by proxy) by the stockholder; and

(v) a certification that the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner(s), if any, on whose behalf the nomination is made or the business is proposed, has or have complied with all applicable federal, state and other legal requirements in connection with such stockholder’s and/or each such beneficial owner’s acquisition of shares of capital stock or other securities of the Corporation and/or such stockholder’s and/or each such beneficial owner’s acts or omissions as a stockholder of the Corporation, including, without limitation, in connection with such nomination or proposal.

(b) The Corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information as may reasonably be required by the Corporation to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a director of the Corporation, including information relevant to a determination whether such proposed nominee can be considered an independent director.

(c) For purposes of Section 2.13(a), a “public announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated Press or a comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Sections 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. For purposes of clause (a)(iv)(A) of this Section 2.13, shares shall be treated as “beneficially owned” by a person if the person beneficially owns such shares, directly or indirectly, for purposes of Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Regulations 13D and 13G thereunder or has or shares pursuant to any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether or not in writing): (i) the right to acquire such shares (whether such right is exercisable immediately or only after the passage of time or the fulfillment of a condition or both), (ii) the right to vote such shares, alone or in concert with others and/or (iii) investment power with respect to such shares, including the power to dispose of, or to direct the disposition of, such shares.

(d) This Section 2.13 shall not apply to notice of a proposal to be made by a stockholder if the stockholder has notified the Corporation of her or his intention to present the proposal at an annual or special meeting only pursuant to and in compliance with Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and such proposal has been included in a proxy statement that has been prepared by the Corporation to solicit proxies for such meeting.

(e) If the stockholder does not provide the information required under clause (a)(iii)(B) and clauses (a)(iv)(A)-(C) of this Section 2.13 to the Corporation within the time frames specified, or if the stockholder (or a qualified representative of the stockholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of stockholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or proposed business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation. The chairman of the meeting shall have the power to determine whether notice of a nomination or of any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was properly made in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 2.13. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions hereof, a stockholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth herein.

Section 2.14 Meetings Through Electronic Communications. Stockholders may participate in a meeting of the stockholders by any means of electronic communications, videoconferencing, teleconferencing or other available technology permitted under the NRS (including, without limitation, a telephone conference or similar method of communication by which all individuals participating in the meeting may hear each other). If any such means are utilized, the Corporation shall, to the extent required under the NRS, implement reasonable measures to (a) verify the identity of each person participating through such means as a stockholder and (b) provide the stockholders a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the stockholders, including an opportunity to communicate, and to read or hear the proceedings of the meeting in a substantially concurrent manner with such proceedings. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 2.14 constitutes presence in person at the meeting.

ARTICLE III
DIRECTORS

Section 3.1 General Powers; Performance of Duties. The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board, except as otherwise provided in the NRS or the Articles of Incorporation.

Section 3.2 Number, Tenure, and Qualifications. The Board shall consist of at least two individuals and not more than nine individuals, with the number of directors within the foregoing fixed minimum and maximum established and changed from time to time as provided by resolutions adopted by the Board. Each director shall hold office until her or his successor shall be elected or appointed and qualified or until her or his earlier death, retirement, disqualification, resignation or removal. No reduction of the number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director prior to the expiration of her or his term of office. No provision of this Section 3.2 shall restrict the right of the Board (or, to the extent permitted under the Articles of Incorporation, the stockholders) to fill vacancies or the right of the stockholders entitled to vote thereon to remove directors, each as provided in the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

Section 3.3 Chairman of the Board. The Board shall elect a chairman of the Board from the members of the Board, who shall preside at all meetings of the Board and stockholders at which she or he shall be present and shall have and may exercise such powers as may, from time to time, be assigned to her or him by the Board, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 3.4 Vice Chairman of the Board. The Board may elect a vice chairman of the Board from the members of the Board who shall preside at all meetings of the Board and stockholders at which she or he shall be present, and the chairman is not present and shall have and may exercise such powers as may, from time to time, be assigned to her or him by the Board, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 3.5 Elections. The directors shall be elected in accordance with the Articles of Incorporation and the NRS.

Section 3.6 Removal and Resignation of Directors. Any director may be removed from such position as provided in, and in accordance with, the Articles of Incorporation and the NRS. Any director may resign effective upon giving written notice, unless the notice specifies a later time for effectiveness of such resignation, to the chairman of the Board, the president or the secretary, or in the absence of all of them, any other officer of the Corporation.

Section 3.7 Vacancies; Newly Created Directorships. Vacancies on the Board, including vacancies resulting from newly created directorships, shall be filled as provided in, and in accordance with, the Articles of Incorporation and the NRS.

Section 3.8 Annual and Regular Meetings. Within five business days after the conclusion of the annual meeting of the stockholders or any special meeting of the stockholders at which directors are elected, the Board, including directors newly elected, shall hold its annual meeting without call or notice, other than this provision, to transact such business as may be necessary or appropriate. The Board may provide by resolution the place, date, and hour for holding regular meetings between annual meetings, and if the Board so provides with respect to a regular meeting, notice of such regular meeting shall not be required.

Section 3.9 Special Meetings. Subject to any rights of the holders of preferred stock, if any, and except as otherwise required by law or the Articles of Incorporation, special meetings of the Board may be called only by the chairman of the Board, or if there be no chairman of the Board, by the chief executive officer, or by the president or the secretary, and shall be called by the chairman of the Board, the chief executive officer, the president, or the secretary upon the request of a majority of the Board. If the chairman of the Board, or if there be no chairman of the Board, each of the chief executive officer, the president, and the secretary, fails for any reason to call such special meeting, a special meeting may be called by a notice signed by a majority of the Board.

Section 3.10 Place of Meetings. Any regular or special meeting of the Board may be held at such place as the Board, or in the absence of such designation, as the notice calling such meeting, may designate. A waiver of notice signed by the directors may designate any place for the holding of such meeting.

Section 3.11 Notice of Meetings. Except as otherwise provided in Section 3.8, there shall be delivered to each director at the address appearing for her or him on the records of the Corporation, at least twenty-four hours before the time of such meeting, a copy of a written notice of any meeting (i) by delivery of such notice personally, (ii) by mailing such notice postage prepaid, (iii) by overnight courier or (v) by electronic transmission or electronic writing, including, without limitation, e-mail. If mailed to an address inside the United States, the notice shall be deemed delivered five business days following the date the same is deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid. If mailed to an address outside the United States, the notice shall be deemed delivered seven business days following the date the same is deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid. If sent via overnight courier, the notice shall be deemed delivered the business day following the delivery of such notice to the courier. If sent by electronic transmission (including, without limitation, e-mail), the notice shall be deemed delivered when directed to the e-mail address of the director appearing on the records of the Corporation, and otherwise pursuant to the applicable provisions of the NRS. If the address of any director is incomplete or does not appear upon the records of the Corporation, it will be sufficient to address any notice to such director at the registered office of the Corporation. Any director may waive notice of any meeting, and the attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute waiver of notice of the meeting unless such director objects, prior to the transaction of any business, that the meeting was not lawfully called, noticed or convened. Attendance for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of business thereat because the meeting was not properly called or convened shall not constitute presence or a waiver of notice for purposes hereof.

Section 3.12 Quorum; Adjourned Meetings.

(a) A majority of the directors is necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any meeting of the Board.

(b) At any meeting of the Board where a quorum is not present, a majority of those present may adjourn, from time to time, until a quorum is present, and no notice of such adjournment shall be required. At any adjourned meeting where a quorum is present, any business may be transacted which could have been transacted at the meeting originally called.

Section 3.13 Manner of Acting. The affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present is an act of the Board.

Section 3.14 Meetings Through Electronic Communications. Members of the Board or of any committee designated by the Board may participate in a meeting of the Board or such committee by any means of electronic communications, videoconferencing, teleconferencing or other available technology permitted under the NRS (including, without limitation, a telephone conference or similar method of communication by which all individuals participating in the meeting can hear each other). If any such means are utilized, the Corporation shall, to the extent required under the NRS, implement reasonable measures to (a) verify the identity of each person participating through such means as a director or member of the committee, as the case may be, and (b) provide the directors or members of the committee a reasonable opportunity to participate in the meeting and to vote on matters submitted to the directors or members of the committee, including an opportunity to communicate, and to read or hear the proceedings of the meeting in a substantially concurrent manner with such proceedings. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 3.14 constitutes presence in person at the meeting.

Section 3.15 Action Without Meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the Board or of a committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if, before or after the action, a written consent thereto is signed by all of the members of the Board or the committee, except that such consent need not be signed by any director who is not required to sign pursuant to the NRS. The written consent may be signed manually or electronically (or by any other means then permitted under the NRS), and may be so signed in counterparts, including, without limitation, email counterparts, and shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board or committee.

Section 3.16 Powers and Duties.

(a) Except as otherwise restricted by the NRS or the Articles of Incorporation, the Board has full control over the business and affairs of the Corporation. The Board may delegate any of its authority to manage, control or conduct the business of the Corporation to any standing or special committee, or to any officer or agent, and to appoint any persons to be agents of the Corporation with such powers, including the power to subdelegate, and upon such terms as it deems fit.

(b) The Board, in its discretion, or the chairman presiding at a meeting of stockholders, in her or his discretion, may submit any contract or act for approval or ratification at any annual meeting of the stockholders or any special meeting properly called and noticed for the purpose of considering any such contract or act, provided a quorum is present.

(c) The Board may, by resolution passed by a majority of the Board, designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation, provided that the Board may also appoint additional natural persons who are not directors to serve on any committee. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Subject to applicable law and to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board, any such committee shall have and may exercise all the powers of the Board in the management of the business and affairs of the Corporation as the Board delegates. Such committee or committees shall have such name or names as may be determined from time to time by resolution adopted by the Board. The committees shall keep regular minutes of their proceedings and report the same to the Board when requested.

Section 3.17 Compensation. The Board, without regard to personal interest, may establish the compensation of directors for services in any capacity. If the Board establishes the compensation of directors pursuant to this Section 3.17, such compensation is presumed to be fair to the Corporation unless proven unfair by a preponderance of the evidence.

Section 3.18 Organization. Meetings of the Board shall be presided over by the chairman of the Board, or in the absence of the chairman of the Board by the vice chairman, or in her or his absence by a chairman chosen at the meeting. The secretary, or in the absence of the secretary, an assistant secretary, shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in the absence of the secretary and any assistant secretary, the chairman of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the meeting. The order of business at each such meeting shall be as determined by the chairman of the meeting.

ARTICLE IV
OFFICERS

Section 4.1 Election. The Board shall elect or appoint a president, a secretary, a treasurer or the equivalents of such officers. Such officers shall serve until their respective successors are elected and appointed and shall qualify or until their earlier resignation or removal. The Board may from time to time, by resolution, elect or appoint such other officers and agents as it may deem advisable, who shall hold office at the pleasure of the Board, and shall have such powers and duties and be paid such compensation as may be directed by the Board. Any individual may hold two or more offices.

Section 4.2 Removal; Resignation. Any officer or agent elected or appointed by the Board may be removed by the Board with or without cause. Any officer may resign at any time upon written notice to the Corporation. Any such removal or resignation shall be subject to the rights, if any, of the respective parties under any contract between the Corporation and such officer or agent.

Section 4.3 Vacancies. Any vacancy in any office because of death, resignation, removal or otherwise may be filled by the Board.

Section 4.4 Chief Executive Officer. The Board may elect a chief executive officer who, subject to the supervision and control of the Board, shall have the ultimate responsibility for the management and control of the business and affairs of the Corporation and perform such other duties and have such other powers which are delegated to her or him by the Board, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 4.5 President. The president, subject to the supervision and control of the Board, shall in general actively supervise and control the business and affairs of the Corporation. The president shall keep the Board fully informed as the Board may request and shall consult the Board concerning the business of the Corporation. The president shall perform such other duties and have such other powers which are delegated and assigned to her or him by the Board, the chief executive officer, these Bylaws or as provided by law. The president shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation unless the Board shall elect or appoint different individuals to hold such positions.

Section 4.6 Vice Presidents. The Board may elect one or more vice presidents. In the absence or disability of the president, or at the president’s request, the vice president or vice presidents, in order of their rank as fixed by the Board, and if not ranked, the vice presidents in the order designated by the Board, or in the absence of such designation, in the order designated by the president, shall perform all of the duties of the president, and when so acting, shall have all the powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions on the president. Each vice president shall perform such other duties and have such other powers which are delegated and assigned to her or him by the Board, the chief executive officer, the president, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 4.7 Secretary. The secretary shall attend all meetings of the stockholders, the Board and any committees thereof, and shall keep, or cause to be kept, the minutes of proceedings thereof in books provided for that purpose. She or he shall keep, or cause to be kept, a register of the stockholders of the Corporation and shall be responsible for the giving of notice of meetings of the stockholders, the Board and any committees, and shall see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law. The secretary shall be custodian of the corporate seal, if any, the records of the Corporation, the stock certificate books, transfer books and stock ledgers, and such other books and papers as the Board or any appropriate committee may direct. The secretary shall perform all other duties commonly incident to her or his office and shall perform such other duties which are assigned to her or him by the Board, the chief executive officer, the president, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 4.8 Assistant Secretaries. The Corporation may have one or more assistant secretaries. An assistant secretary shall, at the request of the secretary, or in the absence or disability of the secretary, perform all the duties of the secretary. He or she shall perform such other duties as are assigned to him or her by the Board, the chief executive officer, if any, the president, these Bylaws or as provided by law.

Section 4.9 Treasurer. The treasurer, subject to the order of the Board, shall have the care and custody of, and be responsible for, all of the money, funds, securities, receipts and valuable papers, documents and instruments of the Corporation, and all books and records relating thereto. The treasurer shall keep, or cause to be kept, full and accurate books of accounts of the Corporation’s transactions, which shall be the property of the Corporation, and shall render financial reports and statements of condition of the Corporation when so requested by the Board, the chairman of the Board, the chief executive officer, or the president. The treasurer shall perform all other duties commonly incident to her or his office and such other duties as may, from time to time, be assigned to her or him by the Board, the chief executive officer, the president, these Bylaws or as provided by law. If a chief financial officer of the Corporation has not been appointed, the treasurer may be deemed the chief financial officer of the Corporation.

Section 4.11 Execution of Negotiable Instruments, Deeds and Contracts. All (i) checks, drafts, notes, bonds, bills of exchange, and orders for the payment of money of the Corporation, (ii) deeds, mortgages, proxies, powers of attorney and other written contracts, documents, instruments and agreements to which the Corporation shall be a party and (iii) assignments or endorsements of stock certificates, registered bonds or other securities owned by the Corporation shall be signed in the name of the Corporation by such officers or other persons as the Board may from time to time designate. The Board may authorize the use of the electronic signatures of any such persons. Any officer of the Corporation shall be authorized to attend, act and vote, or designate another officer or an agent of the Corporation to attend, act and vote, at any meeting of the owners of any entity in which the Corporation may own an interest or to take action by written consent in lieu thereof. Such officer or agent, at any such meeting or by such written action, shall possess and may exercise on behalf of the Corporation any and all rights and powers incident to the ownership of such interest.

ARTICLE V
CAPITAL STOCK

Section 5.1 Issuance. Shares of the Corporation’s authorized capital stock shall, subject to any provisions or limitations of the laws of the State of Nevada, the Articles of Incorporation or any contracts or agreements to which the Corporation may be a party, be issued in such manner, at such times, upon such conditions and for such consideration as shall be prescribed by the Board.

Section 5.2 Stock Certificates and Uncertificated Shares.

(a) Every holder of stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name of the Corporation by (i) the chief executive officer, the president, or a vice president, and (ii) the secretary, an assistant secretary, the treasurer or the chief financial officer of the Corporation (or any other two officers or agents so authorized by the Board), certifying the number of shares of stock owned by him, her or it in the Corporation; provided that the Board may authorize the issuance of uncertificated shares of some or all of any or all classes or series of the Corporation’s stock. Any such issuance of uncertificated shares shall have no effect on existing certificates for shares until such certificates are surrendered to the Corporation, or on the respective rights and obligations of the stockholders. Whenever any such certificate is countersigned or otherwise authenticated by a transfer agent or a transfer clerk and by a registrar (other than the Corporation), then a facsimile of the signatures of any corporate officers or agents, the transfer agent, transfer clerk or the registrar of the Corporation may be printed or lithographed upon the certificate in lieu of the actual signatures. In the event that any officer or officers who have signed, or whose facsimile signatures have been used on any certificate or certificates for stock cease to be an officer or officers because of death, resignation or other reason, before the certificate or certificates for stock have been delivered by the Corporation, the certificate or certificates may nevertheless be adopted by the Corporation and be issued and delivered as though the person or persons who signed the certificate or certificates, or whose facsimile signature or signatures have been used thereon, had not ceased to be an officer or officers of the Corporation.

(b) Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated shares, the Corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof a written statement certifying the number and class (and the designation of the series, if any) of the shares owned by such stockholder in the Corporation and any restrictions on the transfer or registration of such shares imposed by the Articles of Incorporation, these Bylaws, any agreement among stockholders or any agreement between the stockholders and the Corporation, and, at least annually thereafter, the Corporation shall provide to such stockholders of record holding uncertificated shares, a written statement confirming the information contained in such written statement previously sent. Except as otherwise expressly provided by the NRS, the rights and obligations of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be identical whether or not their shares of stock are represented by certificates.

(c) Each certificate representing shares shall state the following upon the face thereof: the name of the state of the Corporation’s organization; the name of the person to whom issued; the number and class of shares and the designation of the series, if any, which such certificate represents; the par value of each share, if any, represented by such certificate or a statement that the shares are without par value. Certificates of stock shall be in such form consistent with law as shall be prescribed by the Board. No certificate shall be issued until the shares represented thereby are fully paid. In addition to the foregoing, all certificates evidencing shares of the Corporation’s stock or other securities issued by the Corporation shall contain such legend or legends as may from time to time be required by the NRS, the Exchange Act or such other federal, state or local laws or regulations then in effect.

Section 5.3 Surrendered; Lost or Destroyed Certificates. All certificates surrendered to the Corporation, except those representing shares of treasury stock, shall be canceled and no new certificate shall be issued until the former certificate for a like number of shares shall have been canceled, except that in case of a lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated certificate, a new one may be issued therefor. However, any stockholder applying for the issuance of a stock certificate in lieu of one alleged to have been lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated shall, prior to the issuance of a replacement, provide the Corporation with his, her or its affidavit of the facts surrounding the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation and, if required by the Board, an indemnity bond in an amount not less than twice the current market value of the stock, and upon such terms as the treasurer or the Board shall require which shall indemnify the Corporation against any loss, damage, cost or inconvenience arising as a consequence of the issuance of a replacement certificate.

Section 5.4 Replacement Certificate. When the Articles of Incorporation are amended in any way affecting the statements contained in the certificates for outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation or it becomes desirable for any reason, in the discretion of the Board, including, without limitation, the merger of the Corporation with another Corporation or the conversion or reorganization of the Corporation, to cancel any outstanding certificate for shares and issue a new certificate therefor conforming to the rights of the holder, the Board may order any holders of outstanding certificates for shares to surrender and exchange the same for new certificates within a reasonable time to be fixed by the Board. The order may provide that a holder of any certificate(s) ordered to be surrendered shall not be entitled to vote, receive distributions or exercise any other rights of stockholders of record until the holder has complied with the order, but the order operates to suspend such rights only after notice and until compliance.

Section 5.5 Transfer of Shares. No transfer of stock shall be valid as against the Corporation except on surrender and cancellation of any certificate(s) therefor accompanied by an assignment or transfer by the registered owner made either in person or under assignment. Whenever any transfer shall be expressly made for collateral security and not absolutely, the collateral nature of the transfer shall be reflected in the entry of transfer in the records of the Corporation.

Section 5.6 Transfer Agent; Registrars. The Board may appoint one or more transfer agents, transfer clerks and registrars of transfer and may require all certificates for shares of stock to bear the signature of such transfer agents, transfer clerks and/or registrars of transfer.

Section 5.7 Miscellaneous. The Board shall have the power and authority to make such rules and regulations not inconsistent herewith as it may deem expedient concerning the issue, transfer, and registration of certificates for shares of the Corporation’s stock.

Section 5.8 Inapplicability of Controlling Interest Statutes. Notwithstanding any other provision in the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws to the contrary, and in accordance with the provisions of NRS 78.378, the provisions of NRS 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive, or any successor statutes, relating to acquisitions of controlling interests in the Corporation, shall not apply to the Corporation or to any acquisition of any shares of the Corporation’s capital stock.

ARTICLE VI
DISTRIBUTIONS

Distributions may be declared, subject to the provisions of the laws of the State of Nevada and the Articles of Incorporation, by the Board and may be paid in money, shares of corporate stock, property or any other medium not prohibited under applicable law. The Board may fix in advance a record date, in accordance with and as provided in Section 2.5, prior to the distribution for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to receive any distribution.

ARTICLE VII
RECORDS AND REPORTS; CORPORATE SEAL; fiscal year

Section 7.1 Records. All original records of the Corporation shall be kept at the principal office of the Corporation by or under the direction of the secretary or at such other place or by such other person as may be prescribed by these Bylaws or the Board.

Section 7.2 Corporate Seal. The Board may, by resolution, authorize a seal, and the seal may be used by causing it, or a facsimile, to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise. Except when otherwise specifically provided in these Bylaws, the Board may authorize any officer of the Corporation the authority to affix the seal to any document requiring it.

Section 7.3 Fiscal Year-End. The fiscal year-end of the Corporation shall be such date as may be fixed from time to time by resolution of the Board.

ARTICLE VIII
INDEMNIFICATION

Section 8.1 Indemnification and Insurance.

(a) Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

(i) For purposes of this Article, (A) “Indemnitee” shall mean each director or officer who was or is a party to, or is threatened to be made a party to, or is otherwise involved in, any Proceeding (as hereinafter defined), by reason of the fact that she or he is or was a director, officer, employee, consultant or agent (including, without limitation, as a trustee, fiduciary, administrator or manager) of the Corporation or any predecessor entity thereof, or is or was serving in any capacity as a director, officer, employee, consultant or agent (including, without limitation, as a trustee, fiduciary, administrator, partner, member or manager) of, or in any other capacity for, another corporation or any partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, trust, or other enterprise; and (B) “Proceeding” shall mean any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, petition or proceeding (including, without limitation, an action, suit or proceeding by or in the right of the Corporation), whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative.

(ii) Each Indemnitee shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Nevada, against all expense, liability and loss (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, taxes, penalties, and amounts paid or to be paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by the Indemnitee in connection with any Proceeding; provided that such Indemnitee either is not liable pursuant to the NRS or acted in good faith and in a manner such Indemnitee reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation and, with respect to any Proceeding that is criminal in nature, had no reasonable cause to believe that her or his conduct was unlawful. The termination of any Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, does not, of itself, create a presumption that the Indemnitee is liable pursuant to the NRS or did not act in good faith and in a manner in which she or he reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or that, with respect to any criminal proceeding she or he had reasonable cause to believe that her or his conduct was unlawful. The Corporation shall not indemnify an Indemnitee for any claim, issue or matter as to which the Indemnitee has been adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction, after exhaustion of all appeals therefrom, to be liable to the Corporation or for any amounts paid in settlement to the Corporation, unless and only to the extent that the court in which the Proceeding was brought or other court of competent jurisdiction determines upon application that in view of all the circumstances of the case, the Indemnitee is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such amounts as the court deems proper. Except as so ordered by a court and for advancement of expenses pursuant to this Section, indemnification may not be made to or on behalf of an Indemnitee if a final adjudication establishes that her or his acts or omissions involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law and was material to the cause of action. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in these Bylaws, no director or officer may be indemnified for expenses incurred in defending any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, petition or proceeding (including without limitation, an action, suit or proceeding by or in the right of the Corporation), whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, that such director or officer incurred in her or his capacity as a stockholder.

(iii) Indemnification pursuant to this Section shall continue as to an Indemnitee who has ceased to be a director or officer of the Corporation or who has ceased to serve as a director, officer, employee, agent, trustee, fiduciary, administrator, partner, member or manager of, or in any other capacity for, another corporation or any partnership, joint venture, limited liability company, trust, or other enterprise, and such indemnification shall inure to the benefit of such Indemnitee’s heirs, executors and administrators.

(iv) The expenses of Indemnitees must be paid by the Corporation or through insurance purchased and maintained by the Corporation or through other financial arrangements made by the Corporation, as such expenses are incurred and in advance of the final disposition of the Proceeding, upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of such Indemnitee to repay the amount if it is ultimately determined by a court of competent jurisdiction that she or he is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation. To the extent that an Indemnitee is successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any Proceeding, or in the defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, the Corporation shall indemnify her or him against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred in by her or him in connection with the defense.

(b) Indemnification of Employees and Other Persons. The Corporation may, by action of its Board and to the extent provided in such action, indemnify employees and other persons as though they were Indemnitees.

(c) Non-Exclusivity of Rights. The rights to indemnification provided in this Article VIII shall not be exclusive of any other rights that any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or directors, or otherwise.

(d) Insurance. The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance or make other financial arrangements on behalf of any Indemnitee for any liability asserted against her or him and liability and expenses incurred by her or him in her or his capacity as a director, officer, employee, member, managing member or agent, or arising out of her or his status as such, whether or not the Corporation has the authority to indemnify her or him against such liability and expenses.

(e) Other Financial Arrangements. The other financial arrangements which may be made by the Corporation may include the following (i) the creation of a trust fund; (ii) the establishment of a program of self-insurance; (iii) the securing of its obligation of indemnification by granting a security interest or other lien on any assets of the Corporation; and (iv) the establishment of a letter of credit, guarantee or surety. No financial arrangement made pursuant to this subsection may provide protection for a person adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction, after exhaustion of all appeals therefrom, to be liable for intentional misconduct, fraud, or a knowing violation of law, except with respect to advancement of expenses or indemnification ordered by a court.

(f) Other Matters Relating to Insurance or Financial Arrangements. Any insurance or other financial arrangement made on behalf of a person pursuant to this Section 8.1 may be provided by the Corporation or any other person approved by the Board, even if all or part of the other person’s stock or other securities is owned by the Corporation. In the absence of fraud, (i) the decision of the Board as to the propriety of the terms and conditions of any insurance or other financial arrangement made pursuant to this Section 8.1 and the choice of the person to provide the insurance or other financial arrangement is conclusive; and (ii) the insurance or other financial arrangement is not void or voidable and does not subject any director approving it to personal liability for his action; even if a director approving the insurance or other financial arrangement is a beneficiary of the insurance or other financial arrangement.

Section 8.2 Amendment. The provisions of this Article VIII relating to indemnification shall constitute a contract between the Corporation and each of its directors and officers which may be modified as to any director or officer only with that person’s consent or as specifically provided in this Section 8.2. Notwithstanding any other provision of these Bylaws relating to their amendment generally, any repeal or amendment of this Article VIII which is adverse to any director or officer shall apply to such director or officer only on a prospective basis, and shall not limit the rights of an Indemnitee to indemnification with respect to any action or failure to act occurring prior to the time of such repeal or amendment. Notwithstanding any other provision of these Bylaws (including, without limitation, Article X), no repeal or amendment of these Bylaws shall affect any or all of this Article VIII so as to limit or reduce the indemnification in any manner unless adopted by (i) the unanimous vote of the directors of the Corporation then serving, or (ii) the stockholders as set forth in Article X; provided that no such amendment shall have a retroactive effect inconsistent with the preceding sentence.

ARTICLE IX
CHANGES IN NEVADA LAW

References in these Bylaws to the laws of the State of Nevada or the NRS or to any provision thereof shall be to such law as it existed on the date these Bylaws were adopted or as such law thereafter may be changed; provided that (i) in the case of any change which expands the liability of directors or officers or limits the indemnification rights or the rights to advancement of expenses which the Corporation may provide in Article VIII, the rights to limited liability, to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses provided in the Articles of Incorporation and/or these Bylaws shall, to the extent permitted by law, continue as in effect prior to such change; and (ii) if such change permits the Corporation, without the requirement of any further action by stockholders or directors, to limit further the liability of directors or limit further the liability of officers or to provide broader indemnification rights or rights to the advancement of expenses than the Corporation was permitted to provide prior to such change, then liability thereupon shall be so limited and the rights to indemnification and the advancement of expenses shall be so broadened to the extent permitted by law.

ARTICLE X
AMENDMENT OR REPEAL

Except as otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation: (a) the Board is expressly authorized (in furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by statute) to amend, repeal or rescind any provision of these Bylaws or to adopt new bylaws; or (b) the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding voting power of the Common Stock (as defined in the Articles of Incorporation) shall be required in order for the stockholders of the Corporation to amend, repeal or rescind, in whole or in part, any provision of these Bylaws (including, without limitation, this Article X) or to adopt any new provision of these Bylaws.