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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosures at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Estimates are used in several areas including, but not limited to, stock-based compensation, valuation of Public and Private Common Stock Warrants, indirect tax liabilities, the fair values of long-lived assets, including goodwill and intangible assets and the useful lives of the Company’s intangible assets. The Company bases these estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Revenue Recognition The Company generates substantially all its revenues by providing a service to game developers aimed at improving the monetization of their game content. The monetization service provided by Skillz allows developers to offer multi-player competition to their end-users which increases end-user retention and engagement. Skillz provides developers with a software development kit (“SDK”) that they can download and integrate with their existing games. The SDK serves as a data interface between Skillz and the game developers that enables Skillz to provide monetization services to the developer. The Company recognizes revenue for its services in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Revenues from Contracts with Customers The Company applies the five-step model to achieve the core principle of ASC 606. The Company determined that its customer in the provision of its technology platform and services is the game developer. The Company’s ordinary activities consist of providing game developers services through access to its technology platform using the Skillz SDK. The SDK acts as an application programming interface enabling communication of data between Skillz and the game developers, which when integrated with the developer’s game content, facilitates end-user registration into Competitions, managing and hosting end-user Competition accounts, matching players of similar skill levels, collecting end-user entry fees, distributing end-user prizes, resolving end-user disputes pertaining to their participation in Competitions, and running third-party marketing campaigns (“Monetization Services”). The Company provides Monetization Services to game developers enabling them to offer competitive games to their end-users. These activities are not distinct from each other as the Company provides an integrated service enabling the game developers to provide the competitive game service to the end-users, and as a result, they do not represent separate performance obligations. The Company is entitled to a revenue share based on total entry fees for paid Competitions, regardless of how they are paid, net of end-user prizes (i.e., winnings from the Competitions) and other costs to provide the Monetization Services. Entry fees used to enter paid competitions can include net cash deposits, cash from prior winnings, and end-user incentives. The game developers earn revenue share from monthly net cash deposits received from end-users, calculated based on paid entry fees attributable to their games as a percentage of total entry fees. End-user incentives are not paid for by game developers. In addition, the Company accounts for end-user incentives either as a reduction of revenue or as sales and marketing expense as noted below. The Company collects the entry fees and related charges from end-users on behalf of game developers using the end-user’s pre-authorized credit card or PayPal account and withholds its fees before making the remaining disbursement to the game developer; thus, the game developer’s ability and intent to pay the amounts withheld by the Company is not subject to significant judgment. Certain of the Company’s larger developer agreements provide the Company with the right to receive additional consideration from the game developer related to user acquisition costs incurred by the Company to provide its Monetization Services. The amount and timing of the additional consideration the Company expects to receive is uncertain and based on the future performance of the respective developer’s games. The Company has not included these amounts of additional consideration in the transaction price related to its Monetization Services as it is not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized related to these amounts will not occur. Revenue is recognized at the time the performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the promised service in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for the Monetization Services. The Company recognizes revenue upon completion of a game, which is when its performance obligation to the game developer is satisfied. The Company does not recognize contract assets or contract liabilities as the payment of the transaction price is concurrent with the fulfillment of the services. At the time of game completion, the Company has the right to receive payment for the services rendered. The Company’s agreements with game developers can generally be terminated for convenience by either party upon thirty days prior written notice, and in certain of the Company’s larger developer agreements, the developer, if required by the Company, must continue to make its games available on the platform for a period of up to twelve months. As the Company is able to terminate the developer agreements at its convenience, the Company has concluded the contract term for revenue recognition does not extend beyond the contractual notification period. The Company did not have any transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially satisfied) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Games provided by two developer partners accounted for 39% and 41% of the Company’s revenue from Monetization Services in the year ended December 31, 2022, 42% and 39% in the year ended December 31, 2021, and 59% and 28% in the year ended December 31, 2020. End-User Incentive Programs To drive traffic to the platform, the Company provides promotions and incentives to end-users in various forms. Evaluating whether a promotion or incentive is a payment to a customer may require significant judgment. Promotions and incentives which are consideration payable to a customer are recognized as a reduction of revenue at the later of when revenue is recognized or when the Company pays or promises to pay the incentive. Promotions and incentives recorded as sales and marketing expense are recognized when the related cost is incurred by the Company. The Company’s primary end-user incentive is Bonus Cash, which is a promotional incentive that cannot be withdrawn and can only be used by end-users to enter into paid-entry fee contests. Bonus Cash used as entry fees for paid Competitions can include newly issued Bonus Cash and/or Bonus Cash that had been returned from prior winnings to an end-user. The Company recognizes the entire cost of Bonus Cash as a sales and marketing expense or a reduction of revenue (as discussed below) only when the Bonus Cash is lost in a competition, as that is the point at which the Company incurs the cost of the Bonus Cash and when revenue is recognized from such Bonus Cash. When Bonus Cash used as entry fees for a paid Competition is returned to an end-user as winnings, the Company does not record a sales and marketing expense or a reduction of revenue for such Bonus Cash. Further, if the Bonus Cash is returned to an end-user and is used to enter subsequent competitions and the end-user continues to win, the Company does not record any sales and marketing expense or a reduction of revenue each time the Bonus Cash is returned to the winning end-user. •Marketing promotions and discounts accounted for as a reduction of revenue. These promotions are typically pricing actions in the form of discounts that reduce the end-user entry fees and are offered on behalf of the game developers. Although not required based on the Company’s agreement with its developers, the Company considers that the game developers have a valid expectation that certain incentives will be offered to end-users. The determination of a valid expectation is based on the evaluation of all information reasonably available to the game developers regarding the Company’s customary business practices, published policies and specific statements. An example of an incentive for which the game developer has a valid expectation is Ticketz, which are a virtual currency earned for every Competition played based on the amount of the entry fee (“Ticketz”). Ticketz can be redeemed for prizes, including Bonus Cash prizes. Another example is initial deposit Bonus Cash which is a promotional incentive that can be earned in fixed amounts when an end-user makes an initial deposit on the Skillz platform. Bonus Cash can only be used by end-users to enter into future paid-entry fee Competitions and cannot be withdrawn until it is won by another end-user. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized a reduction of revenue of $49.0 million, $74.1 million, and $51.3 million, respectively, related to these end-user incentives. •Marketing promotions accounted for as sales and marketing expense. When the Company concludes that the game developers do not have a valid expectation that the incentive will be offered, the Company records the related cost as sales and marketing expense. The Company’s assessment is based on an evaluation of all information reasonably available to the game developers regarding the Company’s customary business practices, published policies and specific statements. These promotions are offered to end-users to draw, re-engage, or generally increase end-users’ use of the Company’s platform. An example of this type of incentive is limited-time Bonus Cash offers, which are targeted to specific end-users, typically those who deposit more frequently or have not made a deposit recently, via email or in-app promotions. The Company targets groups of end-users differently, offering specific promotions it thinks will best stimulate engagement. Similar to Bonus Cash earned from a redemption of Ticketz or an initial deposit, limited-time Bonus Cash can only be used by end-users to enter into future paid entry fee competitions and cannot be withdrawn by end-users. The Company also hosts engagement marketing leagues run over a period of days or weeks, which award league prizes in the form of cash or luxury goods to end-users with the most medals at the end of the league. End-users accumulate medals by winning Skillz enabled paid entry fee competitions. Skillz determines whether or not to run a league, what prizes should be awarded, over what time period the league should run, and to which end-users the prizes should be paid, all at its discretion. The league parameters vary from one league to the next and are not reasonably known to the game developers. League prizes in the form of cash can be withdrawn or used by end-users to enter into future paid-entry fee competitions. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company recognized sales and marketing expense of $105.1 million, $176.1 million, and $91.5 million, respectively, related to these end-user incentives. From time to time, the Company issues credits or refunds to end-users that are unsatisfied by the level of service provided by the game developer. There is no contractual obligation for the Company to refund such end-users nor is there a valid expectation by the game developers for the Company to issue such credits or refunds to end-users on their behalf. The Company accounts for credits or refunds, which are not recoverable from the game developer, as sales and marketing expenses when incurred. Total marketing promotions accounted for as sales and marketing expense recognized in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $117.3 million, $189.4 million, and $102.1 million, respectively. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue primarily comprises of third-party payment processing fees, server costs, amortization of developed technology, personnel expenses, direct software costs, amortization of internal use software, hosting expenses, and allocation of shared facility and other costs. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, money market funds and commercial paper with maturities of three months or less when purchased. Restricted cash maintained under an agreement that legally restricts the use of such funds is not included within cash and cash equivalents and is reported within other long-term assets and other current assets as of December 31, 2022. Restricted cash is comprised of $2.9 million which is pledged in the form of a letter of credit for the Company’s San Francisco office lease. A reconciliation of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets to cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the consolidated statement of cash flows as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
| December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 362,516 |  |  | $ | 241,332 |
Restricted cash included in other long-term assets | 2,920 |  |  | 2,920 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 365,436 |  |  | $ | 244,252 |
Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and marketable securities. Although the Company deposits its cash with multiple well-established financial institutions, the deposits, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents. Marketable securities primarily consist of corporate debt securities, asset backed securities, commercial paper, and debt instruments issued by foreign governments. The Company limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. Management believes that the institutions are financially stable and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists. Accounts Receivable, Net Accounts receivable, net, is comprised of trade accounts receivable recorded at the invoiced amounts for programmatic media campaigns, net of an allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is recorded as an offset to accounts receivable and changes in such are classified as general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company assesses collectability by reviewing accounts receivable on a collective basis where similar characteristics exist and on an individual basis when there are specific customers with known disputes or collectability issues. In determining the amount of the allowance for credit losses, the Company considers historical collectability based on past due status and makes judgments about the creditworthiness of customers based on ongoing credit evaluations. The Company also considers customer-specific information, current market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions to inform adjustments to historical loss data. At December 31, 2022, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable was not significant to the consolidated financial statements. Fair Value Measurement The Company applies fair value accounting for financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as risks inherent in valuation techniques, transfer restrictions and credit risk. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: Level 1 — Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 — Inputs reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities; or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs reflecting management’s estimate of assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to determine fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Certain financial instruments, including debt, are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of debt was estimated using primarily level 2 inputs including quoted market prices or present value of future payments discounted by the market interest rates or the fixed rates based on current rates offered to the Company for debt with similar terms and maturities. Business Combinations The results of businesses acquired in a business combination are included in our consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. The Company uses the acquisition method of accounting and allocates the purchase price, including the fair value of any non-cash consideration, to the identifiable assets and liabilities of the relevant acquired business at their acquisition date fair values. Any excess consideration over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recognized as goodwill. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires the Company to perform valuations with significant judgment and estimates, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue, costs and cash flows, discount rates and selection of comparable companies. The Company engages the assistance of valuation specialists in concluding on fair value measurements in connection with determining fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred, and are included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the same or one level below the operating segment. The Company has one operating segment and a single reporting unit. The Company identifies its reporting unit by assessing whether there are components of its operating segment which constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and reviewed regularly by the segment manager and considers whether such components should be aggregated into a single reporting unit. The Company tests goodwill for impairment at least annually during the fourth fiscal quarter, or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist during the fiscal year. Events or circumstances which could trigger an impairment review include a significant decline in market capitalization, adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, loss of key customers, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of the Company’s use of the acquired assets or the strategy for the Company’s overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations. When testing goodwill for impairment, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment. If the Company determines it is not more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, then no further analysis is necessary. If the Company determines it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying amount, then the Company compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is not considered to be impaired. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the difference between the carrying value and the fair value would be recorded as an impairment loss. Any impairment loss is limited to the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The Company performs its goodwill impairment evaluation annually on November 1, 2022, and may perform additional interim impairment assessments if impairment indicators are identified. See Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for further details. Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and intangible assets with estimable useful lives subject to depreciation and amortization. Intangible assets consist of purchased intangible assets, including developed technology, customer relationships, trademarks and tradenames, and are amortized over their useful lives ranging from one to eight years using the straight-line method of amortization. Also included in the Company’s long-lived assets are its lease right-of-use (ROU) assets. The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. When impairment indicators are identified, the Company assesses its long-lived assets for impairment. Recoverability of an asset or asset group to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group. The Company has determined that it has two asset groups, Skillz and Aarki asset groups, which represent the lowest level of identifiable cash flows. The Company identified an impairment indicator and recorded impairment of its Aarki asset group during the third quarter of 2022. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2022, additional indicators of impairment for both the Skillz and Aarki asset groups were identified, most notably sharp declines in the Company’s stock price and overall market capitalization, near the end of 2022, and secondarily, a downward revision to the Aarki business forecast and related expected cash flows attributable to the Aarki asset group. As a result of these indicators of impairment, in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company reviewed the undiscounted future cash flows for the Skillz and Aarki asset groups, and the results of the analysis in each case indicated the carrying amount of the asset groups were not expected to be recovered. As a result, the Company performed analyses to estimate the fair value of the long-lived asset groups. The fair value of the Aarki asset group was estimated using an income approach. Under the income approach, a long-lived asset group’s fair value is equal to the present value of future economic benefits to be derived from ownership of the asset group. Indications of value are developed by discounting future net cash flows to their present value at market-based rates of return. Significant factors considered in the calculation of the fair value of the long-lived asset group were projected revenue, gross margins, operating expenses, the remaining economic life of the overall long-lived asset group based on the primary asset of the group, which was determined to be the developed technology, along with the discount rates used to derive the estimated present values of future cash flows. The Company applied judgment which involved the use of significant assumptions with respect to its income forecast such as the level and timing of future cash flows. The Company determined the fair value of the Aarki asset group was lower than its carrying values and recorded a long-lived asset impairment charge of $19.8 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022, and $71.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. For the Skillz asset group, the Company reviewed undiscounted future cash flows for the asset group, and the results of the analysis indicated the carrying amount of the asset group was not expected to be recovered. The Company’s ROU asset related to its San Francisco office lease was the most significant asset of the Skillz long-lived asset group with the remaining long-lived assets consisting of an immaterial amount of property and equipment. The Company performed analyses to estimate the fair values of the assets within the Skillz asset group. For the ROU asset, the fair value was estimated based on key assumptions made by the Company including required construction costs, market rental rates, and expected vacancy period. The Company also determined that the fair value of the Skillz lease ROU asset was lower than its carrying value and recorded a long-lived asset impairment charge of $11.5 million during the three months ended December 31, 2022. These non-cash charges were recorded within Impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There was no long-lived asset impairment recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. See Note 6, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, and Note 5, Balance Sheet Components, for further details. Investments The Company considers all highly liquid interest-earning investments with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The fair values of these investments approximate their carrying values. In general, investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year are classified as non-current marketable securities. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale and realized gains and losses are recorded using the specific identification method. Changes in fair value, excluding credit losses and impairments, are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Fair value is calculated based on publicly available market information or other estimates determined by management. If the cost of an investment exceeds its fair value, the Company evaluates, among other factors, general market conditions, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, and the extent to which the fair value is less than cost. To determine credit losses, the Company employs a systematic methodology that considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence. In addition, the Company considers specific adverse conditions related to the financial health of, and business outlook for, the investee. If the Company plans to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery, then a decline in fair value below cost is recorded as an impairment charge in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss and a new cost basis in the investment is established. If market, industry, and/or investee conditions deteriorate, the Company may incur future impairments. The Company has elected to measure its existing investments in non-marketable equity securities at cost, less impairments, with remeasurements to fair value only upon the occurrence of observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar securities of the same issuer (“measurement alternative”). This election is reassessed each reporting period to determine whether non-marketable equity securities have a readily determinable fair value, in which case they would no longer be eligible for this election and would be measured at fair value. The Company evaluates its non-marketable equity securities for impairment at each reporting period based on a qualitative assessment that considers various potential impairment indicators. Impairment indicators might include, but would not necessarily be limited to, a significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality, or business prospects of the investee, a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee, a bona fide offer to purchase, an offer by the investee to sell, or a completed auction process for the same or similar securities for an amount less than the carrying amount of the investments in those securities. If an impairment exists, a loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the investment. Gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of non-marketable equity securities, including impairment, are recorded through other income (expense), net in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company separately presents investments in non-marketable equity securities within long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Advertising and Promotional Expense Advertising and promotional expenses are included in sales and marketing expenses within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and are expensed when incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, advertising expenses, not including marketing promotions related to the Company’s end-user incentive programs, were $118.8 million, $241.9 million, and $136.8 million, respectively. Public and Private Common Stock Warrant Liabilities As part of FEAC’s initial public offering, FEAC issued to third party investors 69.0 million units, consisting of one share of Class A common stock of FEAC and one-fourth of one warrant, at a price of $10.00 per unit. Each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). Simultaneously with the closing of FEAC’s initial public offering, FEAC completed the private sale of 10,033,333 warrants to FEAC’s sponsor at a purchase price of $1.50 per warrant (the “Private Warrants”). In connection with the FEAC Business Combination, FEAC’s sponsor agreed to forfeit 5,016,666 Private Warrants. Each Private Warrant allows the sponsor to purchase one share of Class A common stock at $11.50 per share. Subsequent to the FEAC Business Combination, 17,249,977 Public Warrants and 5,016,666 Private Warrants remained outstanding as of December 31, 2020. There were zero Public warrants and 4,535,728 Private Warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The Private Warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Warrants are not transferable, assignable or salable, subject to certain limited exceptions. Additionally, the Private Warrants are exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis, and are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees. If the Private Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants. The Company evaluated the Public and Private Common Stock Warrants under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASC 815-40”), and concluded that they do not meet the criteria to be classified in stockholders’ equity. Specifically, the exercise of the Public and Private Common Stock Warrants may be settled in cash upon the occurrence of a tender offer or exchange that involves 50% or more of the Company’s Class A stockholders. As there are two classes of common stock, and not all of the stockholders need to participate in such tender offer or exchange to trigger the potential cash settlement and the Company does not control the occurrence of such an event, the Company concluded that the Public Warrants and Private Warrants do not meet the conditions to be classified in equity. Since the Public and Private Common Stock Warrants meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, the Company recorded these warrants as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss at each reporting date. Because the Public Warrants were publicly traded and thus had an observable market price in an active market, they were valued based on their trading price as of each reporting date. The Private Warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton Option (“BSM”) pricing model that is based on the individual characteristics of the warrants on the valuation date, which include the Company’s stock price and assumptions for expected volatility, expected life and risk-free interest rate, as well as the present value of the minimum cash payment component of the instrument for the warrants, when applicable. Changes in the assumptions used could have a material impact on the resulting fair value of each warrant. The primary inputs affecting the value of the warrant liability are the Company’s stock price and volatility in the Company's stock price, as well as assumptions about the probability and timing of certain events, such as a change in control or future equity offerings. Increases in the fair value of the underlying stock or increases in the volatility of the stock price generally result in a corresponding increase in the fair value of the warrant liability; conversely, decreases in the fair value of the underlying stock or decreases in the volatility of the stock price generally result in a corresponding decrease in the fair value of the warrant liability. Derivative Financial Instruments The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including its long-term debt, preferred stock and stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. Embedded derivatives must be separately measured from the host contract if all the requirements for bifurcation are met. The assessment of the conditions surrounding the bifurcation of embedded derivatives depends on the nature of the host contract. Bifurcated embedded derivatives and freestanding derivative financial instruments that are classified as assets or liabilities are recognized at fair value with changes in fair value recognized as a component of other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on estimated grant-date fair values recognized over the requisite service period. For awards that vest solely based on a service condition, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The compensation expense related to awards with performance conditions is recognized over the requisite service period when the performance conditions are probable of being achieved. The compensation expense related to awards with market conditions is recognized on an accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period identified as the derived service period over which the market conditions are expected to be achieved and is not reversed if the market condition is not satisfied. See Note 16, Stock-Based Compensation, for more information. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. If an employee stock-based award is canceled without the concurrent grant or offer of a replacement award, the cancellation is treated as a settlement for no consideration and any previously unrecognized compensation cost shall be recognized at the cancellation date. Stock-based awards granted to employees are primarily stock options and restricted stock units. The Company has primarily granted restricted stock units (“RSUs”), which have a service-based (and in certain circumstances, performance-based) vesting condition over a four-year period, to its employees and members of the Board of Directors since the start of 2021. The Board of Directors determines the fair value of each share of underlying common stock based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. For awards with market conditions, the Company determines the grant date fair value utilizing a Monte Carlo valuation model, which incorporates various assumptions including expected stock price volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rates, expected date of a qualifying event, expected capital raise percentage and market capitalization milestones. Given the Company’s limited market trading history, it has estimated the volatility of its common stock on the date of grant of awards with market conditions based on the weighted average historical stock price volatility of comparable publicly-traded companies in its industry group. The Company estimated the expected term of its awards with market conditions based on various exercise scenarios, as these awards are not considered “plain vanilla.” The Company utilized a risk-free interest rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The Company estimated the expected date of a qualifying event, the expected capital raise percentage and the expected achievement date of market capitalization milestones based on management’s expectations at the time of measurement of the award’s value. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the consolidated financial statements or in the Company’s tax returns. Deferred income taxes are recognized for differences between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities at the enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the net amount that the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considered historical levels of income, expectations of future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies. Because of the uncertainty of the realization of the deferred tax assets, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent primarily upon future U.S. taxable income. The Company utilizes a two-step approach to recognize and measure uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax positions for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon tax authority examination, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Although the Company believes it has adequately reserved for the Company’s uncertain tax positions, the Company can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. The Company evaluates its uncertain tax positions on a regular basis and evaluations are based on a number of factors, including changes in facts and circumstances, changes in tax law, correspondence with tax authorities during the course of an audit and effective settlement of audit issues. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition and operating results. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any accruals that the Company believes are appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties. The Company accounts for taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income under the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provision as a current-period expense when incurred. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the related asset, generally three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the term of the related lease. Maintenance and repairs that do not extend the life or improve the asset are expensed as incurred. Upon disposal of property and equipment, assets and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the related gain or loss is included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Property and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If property and equipment are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized equals the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. Refer to Long-lived Assets above for impairment of long-lived assets. The Company capitalizes certain costs related to developed or modified software solely for the Company’s internal use to deliver the Company’s services. The Company capitalizes costs during the application development stage once the preliminary project stage is complete, management authorizes and commits to funding the project, it is probable that the project will be completed, and that the software will be used to perform the function intended. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. The following table presents the estimated useful lives of the Company’s property and equipment:
Property and Equipment |  | Useful Life
Computer equipment and servers |  | 3 years
Capitalized internal-use software |  | 3 years
Office equipment and other |  | 5 years
Leased equipment and leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of estimated useful life or remaining lease term
Leases The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (ASU 2016-02) retroactively as of January 1, 2021, using the modified retrospective transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. Results and disclosure requirements for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2021 are presented under Topic 842, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historical accounting under Topic 840. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allowed it to carry forward its historical lease classification, the Company’s assessment on whether a contract was or contains a lease, and the Company’s assessment of initial direct costs for any leases that existed prior to January 1, 2021. The Company also elected to combine its lease and non-lease components and to keep leases with an initial term of 12 months or less off the balance sheet and recognize the associated lease payments in the in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, the Company applies a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating and finance lease ROU assets and lease liabilities. As of the adoption date, the Company recognized total ROU assets of $13.7 million, with corresponding lease liabilities of $14.6 million on the consolidated balance sheets. The ROU assets include adjustments for prepayments and accrued lease payments. The adoption did not impact our beginning accumulated deficit, or our prior year consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and statements of cash flows. Under Topic 842, the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. For this purpose, the Company considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, it uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The determination of an appropriate incremental borrowing rate requires judgment. The Company determines its incremental borrowing rate based on publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics, including recently issued debt, as well as other factors. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made prior to commencement and is recorded net of any lease incentives received. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such options. When determining the probability of exercising such options, the Company considers contract-based, asset-based, entity-based, and market-based factors. The Company’s lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, insurance, real estate taxes or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company’s lease agreements generally do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. ROU assets related to the Company’s operating leases are included in operating lease ROU assets, while the corresponding lease liabilities are included in current and non-current operating lease liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets related to the Company’s finance leases are included in property and equipment, while the corresponding lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other non-current long-term liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company incurred an impairment charge of $12.4 million related to its operating lease assets and $2.9 million related to its finance lease assets for the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairment charge on operating lease ROU assets includes the $11.5 million impairment charge for the Skillz lease ROU asset discussed within Long-Lived Assets above. Indirect Tax Liabilities We are subject to indirect taxes such as sales and use tax in the United States and value-add tax in certain foreign jurisdictions, respectively. The evaluation of our indirect tax liabilities involves significant judgment in the interpretation and application of U.S. GAAP and complex domestic and international tax laws. Indirect tax liabilities are adjusted considering changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax examination, further interpretation of existing tax law, or new tax law. We recognize changes to our estimate if it is estimable and probable that our position would not be sustainable upon examination by taxing authorities. Although management believes our recorded liabilities are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcomes of these matters will not be different from that which our liabilities are based on. To the extent that final tax outcomes of these matters are different than the amounts recorded, such differences could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as the Company records related tax reserves as a reduction in revenue, and penalties and interest in general and administrative expenses. Net Loss Per Share Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Net loss available to common stockholders represents net loss attributable to common stockholders reduced by the allocation of earnings to participating securities. Losses are not allocated to participating securities as the holders of the participating securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in any losses. Diluted loss per share adjusts basic loss per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options, warrants, restricted stock, and contingently issuable earnout shares. The Company considers certain restricted shares of Class A common stock issued upon exercise of executive stock options but subject to continued vesting requirements (Note 15) to be participating securities. Net loss per share calculations for all periods prior to the FEAC Business Combination have been retrospectively adjusted for the equivalent number of shares outstanding immediately after the FEAC Business Combination to effect the reverse recapitalization. Subsequent to the FEAC Business Combination, net loss per share was calculated based on the weighted average number of common stock then outstanding. Segments Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company continued to operate as a single operating and reportable segment as the CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for the purposes of making operating decisions, allocation of resources, and evaluating financial performance. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which requires entities to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, instead of fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with Topic 805. The amendments in ASU 2021-08 will result in the acquirer recording acquired contract assets and liabilities on the same basis that would have been recorded by the acquiree before the acquisition under ASC Topic 606. The amendments in ASU 2021-08 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

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