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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 31, 2020
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated.
Noncontrolling Interest | Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the two years ended October 31, 2020:
Balance October 31, 2018 |  | $ | (251,377 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (171,598 | )
Balance October 31, 2019 |  |  | (422,975 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (74,008 | )
Balance October 31, 2020 |  | $ | (496,983 | )
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition Since fiscal 2016 our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive. On November 1, 2018 we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09”), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” using the modified retrospective method. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09 we are required to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time. Our revenue arrangements provide for the payment of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements.
Cost of Revenues | Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research, consulting and other expenses paid to third-parties and the amortization of patent-related investment costs. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Research and Development Expenses | Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses, consisting primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities and other direct costs associated with developing a platform for non-invasive blood tests for early detection of cancer, developing immuno-therapy drugs against cancer, development of our breast cancer vaccine, development of our ovarian cancer vaccine and development of anti-viral drug candidates for COVID-19, are expensed in the consolidated financial statements in the year incurred.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”) defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. In accordance with ASC 820, we have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1 – Financial instruments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 – Financial instruments whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets. Level 3 – Financial instruments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the instrument. The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2020:
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Money market funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,902,292 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,902,292 |
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 2,250,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,250,000 |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,640,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,640,000 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 6,152,292 |  |  | $ | 2,640,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8,792,292 |
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2019:
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Money market funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 2,706,944 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,706,944 |
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 500,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 500,000 |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,350,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,350,000 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 3,206,944 |  |  | $ | 2,350,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,556,944 |
Our non-financial assets that are measured on a non-recurring basis include our property and equipment which are measured using fair value techniques whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these measurements. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consists of highly liquid, short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased.
Short-term Investment | Short-term Investments At October 31, 2020 and 2019, we had certificates of deposit with maturities greater than 90 days and less than 12 months when acquired of $2,640,000 and $2,350,000, respectively, that were classified as short-term investments and reported at fair value.
Patents | Patents Our only identifiable intangible assets are patents and patent rights. We capitalize patent and patent rights acquisition costs and amortize the cost over the estimated economic useful life. No patent acquisition costs were capitalized during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. We recorded patent amortization expense of $-0- and approximately $419,000, respectively, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. In evaluating the carrying amount of capitalized patents at January 31, 2019, we determined that a write-down of the carrying amount of approximately $419,000, to a carrying value of approximately $168,000, should be recorded as of January 31, 2019. The write-down was based on estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the capitalized patents compared to the carrying value. Our estimates of future cash flows was based on our most recent assessment of the market for potential licensees, as well as the status of ongoing negotiations with potential licensees. While we may be able to generate future cash flows from this patent portfolio, as of October 31, 2020 and 2019, we could not reasonably determine an estimate of any such future cash flows. The carrying value of capitalized patents is $-0- as of October 31, 2020 and 2019.
Property and Equipment | Property and equipment We capitalized computers and test equipment used in our cancer diagnostics and therapeutics programs and charged depreciation on a straight-line basis over 60 months. Equipment purchases during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 were approximately $16,000 and $175,000, respectively. We recorded depreciation expense of approximately $38,000 and 48,000, respectively, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. As a result of the suspension of operations of our subsidiary, Anixa Diagnostics Corporation, as discussed in Note 1, we recorded a loss on disposal of property and equipment of approximately $148,000 during the year ended October 31, 2020.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.
Share-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation We maintain stock equity incentive plans under which we may grant non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, non-employee directors and consultants.
Stock Option Compensation Expense | Stock Option Compensation Expense We account for stock options granted to employees and directors using the accounting guidance in ASC 718 “Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”). In accordance with ASC 718, we estimate the fair value of service-based options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing model. We recognize compensation expense for stock option awards over the requisite or implied service period of the grant. We recorded stock-based compensation expense, related to service-based stock options granted to employees and directors, of approximately $3,923,000 and $3,185,000, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Included in stock-based compensation cost for service-based options granted to employees and directors during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $3,011,000 and $3,166,000, respectively, related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested service-based stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $2,605,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years. For stock options granted to employees that vest based on market conditions, such as the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeding certain price targets, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest). On May 8, 2018, we issued market condition options to purchase 1,500,000 shares of common stock, to our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, vesting at target trading prices of $5.00 to $8.00 per share before May 31, 2021, with implied service periods of three to seven months. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation were stock price on date of grant and exercise price of $3.70, contract term of 10 years, expected volatility of 119.6% and risk-free interest rate of 2.97%. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to market condition stock options granted to employees of $-0- and approximately $376,000 during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which included $-0- and approximately $376,000, respectively, of expense related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to market condition stock options. On November 1, 2018 we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2018-07 (“ASU 2018-07”) for stock options granted to consultants. Upon adoption of ASU 2018-07 we estimated the fair value of unvested service-based and performance-based stock options at the date of adoption, using the Black-Scholes pricing model. Subsequent to adoption of ASU 2018-07, future grants to consultants are measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award using the Black-Scholes pricing model, consistent with our policy for grants to employees and directors. In prior periods, in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we estimated the fair value of service-based and performance-based stock options granted to consultants at each reporting period using the Black-Scholes pricing model. We recognize the fair value of stock options granted to consultants as consulting expense over the requisite or implied service period of the grant. We recorded consulting expense, related to service based and performance-based stock options granted to consultants, during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 of approximately $215,000 and $113,000, respectively. Included in stock-based consulting expense for the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 was approximately $123,000 and $99,000, respectively, related to compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2020, there was unrecognized consulting expense related to non-vested stock options granted to consultants, related to service-based options of approximately $340,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of --1.9 years.
Fair Value Determination | Fair Value Determination We use the Black-Scholes pricing model in estimating the fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants which vest over a specific period of time. The stock options we granted during each of the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 consisted of awards with 5-year and 10-year terms that vest over 12 to 36 months. The following weighted average assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019:
|  | For the Year Ended October 31, |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Weighted average fair value at grant date |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 3.87 |
Valuation assumptions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 5.86 |  |  |  | 5.47 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 114.22 | % |  |  | 116.72 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.45 | % |  |  | 1.61 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %
The expected term of stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. For employees and directors, we use the simplified method, which is a weighted average of the vesting term and contractual term, to determine expected term. The simplified method was adopted since we do not believe that historical experience is representative of future performance because of the impact of the changes in our operations and the change in terms from historical options which vested immediately to terms including vesting periods of up to three years. For consultants we use the contract term for expected term. Under the Black-Scholes pricing model, we estimated the expected volatility of our shares of common stock based upon the historical volatility of our share price over a period of time equal to the expected term of the options. We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the implied yield available on the applicable grant date of a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the expected term of the underlying grants. We made the dividend yield assumption based on our history of not paying dividends and our expectation not to pay dividends in the future. Under ASC 718, the amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly, if deemed necessary, we reduce the fair value of the stock option awards for expected forfeitures, which are forfeitures of the unvested portion of surrendered options. Based on our historical experience and future expectations, we have not reduced the amount of stock-based compensation expenses for anticipated forfeitures. We will reconsider use of the Black-Scholes pricing model if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in the application of ASC 718 in future periods, the compensation expense that we record under ASC 718 may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period.
Stock Award Compensation Expense | Stock Award Compensation Expense We account for stock awards granted to employees and directors in accordance with ASC 718. On May 8, 2018, a restricted stock award of 1,500,000 shares of common stock was granted to our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer. The restricted stock award vests in its entirety upon achievement of a target trading price of $11.00 per share of the Company’s common stock before May 31, 2021. For restricted stock awards vesting upon achievement of a price target of our common stock we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest). The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation were stock price on date of grant of $3.70, contract term of 3.06 years, expected volatility of 128.8% and risk-free interest rate of 2.66%. During the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 we recorded compensation expense related to the restricted stock award of $-0- and approximately $1,954,000, respectively. We did not issue any stock awards during the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019. As of October 31, 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to the restricted stock awards.
Warrants | Warrants For warrants granted to consultants for services rendered we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes pricing model on the date of grant. During the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 we recorded consulting expense, based on the fair value, of $-0- and approximately $85,000, respectively, for warrants granted to consultants.
Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock | Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock In accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share”, basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all years presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the years ended October 31, 2020 and 2019 were options to purchase 7,952,195 and 7,632,068 shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase 560,000 shares and 525,000 shares, respectively.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, determining stock-based compensation, asset impairment evaluations, tax assets and liabilities, license fee revenue, the allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation lives and other contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Effect of Recently Issued Pronouncements | Effect of Recently Issued Pronouncements In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-02 (“ASU 2016-02”) Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), which supersedes Topic 840, Leases, and which requires lessees to recognize most leases on the balance sheet. The new lease standard does not substantially change lessor accounting. For public companies, the standard was effective for the first interim reporting period within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, although early adoption was permitted. Lessees and lessors were required to apply the new standard at the beginning of the earliest period presented in the financial statements in which they first apply the new guidance. In July 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases, which provides an additional transition option for an entity to apply the provisions of ASC 842 by recognizing a cumulative effect adjustment at the effective date of adoption without adjusting the prior comparative periods presented. The requirements of this standard include a significant increase in required disclosures. The Company adopted ASU 2016-02 on November 1, 2019. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 5 regarding the accounting and disclosures related to our office lease.
Concentration of Credit Risks | Concentration of Credit Risks Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Cash equivalents are primarily highly rated money market funds. Short-term investments are certificates of deposit within federally insured limits. Where applicable, management reviews our accounts receivable and other receivables for potential doubtful accounts and maintains an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Our policy is to write-off uncollectable amounts at the time it is determined that collection will not occur. One licensee accounted for 100% of revenues from patent licensing activities during fiscal year 2019.

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