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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Oct. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Anixa Biosciences, Inc. and its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Noncontrolling Interest Noncontrolling interest represents Wistar’s 5% equity ownership in Certainty and is presented as a component of equity. The following table sets forth the changes in noncontrolling interest for the two years ended October 31, 2022 (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF CHANGES IN NONCONTROLLING INTEREST
Balance October 31, 2020 |  | $ | (497 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (174 | )
Balance October 31, 2021 |  |  | (671 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | (176 | )
Balance October 31, 2022 |  | $ | (847 | )
Revenue Recognition Our revenue has been derived solely from technology licensing and the sale of patented technologies. Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of intellectual property rights and satisfaction of other contractual performance obligations to licensees in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive. Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain judgments and estimates in connection with the accounting for revenue. Such areas may include determining the existence of a contract and identifying each party’s rights and obligations to transfer goods and services, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimating the timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, determining whether a promise to grant a license is distinct from other promised goods or services and evaluating whether a license transfers to a customer at a point in time or over time. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Our revenue arrangements generally provide for the payment, within 30 days of execution of the agreement, of contractually determined, one-time, paid-up license fees in settlement of litigation and in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company. These arrangements typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by the Company, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. In such instances, the intellectual property rights granted have been perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, we have no further obligations with respect to the granted intellectual property rights, including no obligation to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Licensees obtained control of the intellectual property rights they have acquired upon execution of the agreement. Accordingly, the performance obligations from these agreements were satisfied and 100% of the revenue was recognized upon the execution of the agreements. Cost of Revenues Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with our patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external counsel, licensing and enforcement related research and consulting and other expenses paid to third-parties. These costs are included under the caption “Operating costs and expenses” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Research and Development Expenses Research and development expenses, consisting primarily of employee compensation, payments to third parties for research and development activities, including expenses related to clinical trials, and other direct costs associated with developing immuno-therapy drugs against cancer, developing anti-viral drug candidates for COVID-19, developing our breast cancer vaccine and developing our ovarian cancer vaccine, are expensed in the consolidated financial statements in the year incurred. Fair Value Measurements Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. In accordance with ASC 820, we have categorized our financial assets and liabilities, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy as set forth below. If the inputs used to measure the financial instruments fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument. Financial assets and liabilities recorded in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets are categorized based on the inputs to the valuation techniques as follows: Level 1 – Financial instruments whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market which we have the ability to access at the measurement date. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Level 2 – Financial instruments whose values are based on quoted market prices in markets where trading occurs infrequently or whose values are based on quoted prices of instruments with similar attributes in active markets. Level 3 – Financial instruments whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the instrument. The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2022 (in thousands): SCHEDULE OF HIERARCHY OF FINANCIAL ASSETS
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Money market funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 11,175 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 11,175 |
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,000 |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,700 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,700 |
U. S. treasury bills: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,627 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 11,175 |  |  | $ | 18,327 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 29,502 |
The following table presents the hierarchy for our financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of October 31, 2021 (in thousands):
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Money market funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents |  | $ | 28,949 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 28,949 |
Certificates of deposit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,000 |
U. S. treasury bills: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,599 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,599 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 28,949 |  |  | $ | 6,599 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 35,548 |
Our non-financial assets that are measured on a non-recurring basis are property and equipment and other assets which are measured using fair value techniques whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate a condition of impairment exists. The estimated fair value of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates their individual carrying amounts due to the short-term nature of these measurements. Cash equivalents are stated at carrying value which approximates fair value. Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents consists of highly liquid, short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Short-term Investments At October 31, 2022 and 2021, we had certificates of deposit and United States treasury bills with maturities greater than 90 days and less than 12 months when acquired of $17,327 and $6,599, respectively, that were classified as short-term investments and reported at fair value. Income Taxes We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the estimated future tax effects of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Stock-Based Compensation We maintain stock equity incentive plans under which we may grant non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, performance awards and stock units to employees, non-employee directors and consultants. Stock Option Compensation Expense We account for stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants using the accounting guidance in ASC 718, Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). We estimate the fair value of service-based stock options on the date of grant, using the Black-Scholes pricing model, and recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period of the grant. We recorded stock-based compensation expense, related to service-based stock options granted to employees and directors, of approximately $3,463,000 and $3,531,000, during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Included in stock-based compensation cost for service-based options granted to employees and directors during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $2,788,000 and $1,841,000, respectively, related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2022, there was unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested service-based stock options granted to employees and directors of approximately $5,141,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1 year. For stock options that vest based on market conditions, such as the trading price of the Company’s common stock exceeding certain price targets, we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation expense over the implied service period (median time to vest). On May 8, 2018, we issued market condition stock options to purchase 1,500,000 shares of common stock, to our Chairman, then-President and Chief Executive Officer, vesting at target trading prices of $5.00 to $8.00 per share before May 31, 2021, with implied service periods of three to seven months. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation for the May 18, 2018 grant were stock price on date of grant and exercise price of $3.70, contract term of 10 years, expected volatility of 119.6% and risk-free interest rate of 2.97%. In October 2018, the first tranche of 500,000 shares of market condition options became exercisable upon achieving an average closing price above $5.00 per share for twenty consecutive trading days. The remaining tranches did not vest as of May 31, 2021 and expired. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS On June 1, 2021, our Chairman, then-President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer were awarded market condition stock options for 2,000,000 shares and 100,000 shares of common stock, respectively, that vest in four equal installments upon the Company’s share price achieving targets ranging from $5.00 to $8.00 per share, with implied service periods of three to fifteen months. The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation for the June 1, 2021 grants were stock price on date of grant and exercise price of $4.02, contract term of 10 years, expected volatility of 75% and risk-free interest rate of 1.62%. As of October 31, 2022, 500,000 options and 25,000 options granted to our Chairman, then-President and Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively, have vested. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to market condition stock options granted to employees of approximately $2,537,000 during the year ended October 31, 2022, which amount represented expense related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted during the year ended October 31, 2021. We recorded stock-based compensation expense related to market condition stock options granted to employees of approximately $3,972,000 during the year ended October 31, 2021, which amount did not include any expense related to the amortization of compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods. As of October 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to market condition stock options granted to employees. We recorded consulting expense, related to service-based stock options granted to consultants, during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 of approximately $434,000 and $460,000, respectively. Included in stock-based consulting expense for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 was approximately $434,000 and $103,000, respectively, related to compensation cost for stock options granted in prior periods but not yet vested. As of October 31, 2022, there was unrecognized consulting expense related to non-vested service-based stock options granted to consultants of approximately $466,000, which will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years. Fair Value Determination We use the Black-Scholes pricing model in estimating the fair value of stock options granted to employees, directors and consultants which vest over a specific period of time. The stock options we granted during each of the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of awards with 5-year and 10-year terms that vest over 12 to 36 months. The following weighted average assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021: SCHEDULE OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE ASSUMPTIONS USED IN ESTIMATING FAIR VALUE OF STOCK OPTIONS
|  | For the Year Ended October 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Weighted average fair value at grant date Valuation assumptions: |  | $ | 2.18 |  |  | $ | 2.93 |
Expected life (years) |  |  | 5.76 |  |  |  | 5.66 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 102.72 | % |  |  | 109.02 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.99 | % |  |  | 0.69 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %
ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The expected term of stock options represents the weighted average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. For employees and directors, we use the simplified method, which is a weighted average of the vesting term and contractual term, to determine expected term. The simplified method was adopted since we do not believe that historical experience is representative of future performance because of the impact of the changes in our operations. For consultants we use the contract term for expected term. Under the Black-Scholes pricing model, we estimated the expected volatility of our shares of common stock based upon the historical volatility of our share price over a period of time equal to the expected term of the options. We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the implied yield available on the applicable grant date of a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the expected term of the underlying grants. We made the dividend yield assumption based on our history of not paying cash dividends and our expectation not to pay dividends in the future. Under ASC 718, the amount of stock-based compensation expense recognized is based on the portion of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Accordingly, if deemed necessary, we reduce the fair value of the stock option awards for expected forfeitures, which are forfeitures of the unvested portion of surrendered options. Based on our historical experience and future expectations, we have not reduced the amount of stock-based compensation expenses for anticipated forfeitures. We will reconsider use of the Black-Scholes pricing model if additional information becomes available in the future that indicates another model would be more appropriate. If factors change and we employ different assumptions in the application of ASC 718 in future periods, the compensation expense that we record under ASC 718 may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period. Stock Award Compensation Expense We account for stock awards granted to employees, directors and consultants in accordance with ASC 718. On May 8, 2018, a restricted stock award of 1,500,000 shares of common stock was granted to our Chairman, then-President and Chief Executive Officer. The restricted stock award was to vest in its entirety upon achievement of a target trading price of $11.00 per share of the Company’s common stock before May 31, 2021. The restricted stock award did not vest as of May 31, 2021 and expired. For restricted stock awards vesting upon achievement of a price target of our common stock we use a Monte Carlo Simulation in estimating the fair value at grant date and recognize compensation cost over the implied service period (median time to vest). The assumptions used in the Monte Carlo Simulation were stock price on date of grant of $3.70, contract term of 3.06 years, expected volatility of 128.8% and risk-free interest rate of 2.66%. We did not record any compensation expense related to the restricted stock award during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021. We did not issue any stock awards during the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021. As of October 31, 2022, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to the restricted stock awards. Warrants For warrants granted to consultants for services rendered we estimate the fair value using the Black-Scholes pricing model on the date of grant. During the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 we recorded consulting expense, based on the fair value, of approximately $221,000 and $96,000, respectively, for warrants granted to consultants. Net Loss Per Share of Common Stock In accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, basic net loss per common share (“Basic EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted net loss per common share (“Diluted EPS”) is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents and convertible securities then outstanding. Diluted EPS for all years presented is the same as Basic EPS, as the inclusion of the effect of common share equivalents then outstanding would be anti-dilutive. For this reason, excluded from the calculation of Diluted EPS for the years ended October 31, 2022 and 2021 were options to purchase 10,318,872 shares and 10,770,626 shares, respectively, and warrants to purchase 300,000 shares and 860,000 shares, respectively. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to, determining stock-based compensation, asset impairment evaluations, tax assets and liabilities, license fee revenue, the allowance for doubtful accounts, depreciation lives and other contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Effect of Recently Issued Pronouncements In January 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-01 (“ASU 2020-01”) Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). The amendments in ASU 2020-01 clarify certain interactions between the guidance to account for certain equity securities under Topic 321, the guidance to account for investments under the equity method of accounting in Topic 323, and the guidance in Topic 815, which could change how an entity accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative or a forward contract or purchased option to purchase securities that, upon settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting or the fair value option in accordance with Topic 825, Financial Instruments. These amendments improve current GAAP by reducing diversity in practice and increasing comparability of the accounting for these interactions. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In August 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2020-06 (“ASU 2020-06”), Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The amendments in ASU 2020-06 include guidance on convertible instruments and the derivative scope exception for contracts in an entity’s own equity and simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments which include beneficial conversion features or cash conversion features by removing certain separation models in Subtopic 470-20. Additionally, ASU 2020-06 will require entities to use the “if-converted” method when calculating diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In May 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-04 (“ASU No. 2021-04”), Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options. The guidance in ASU 2021-04 requires the issuer to treat a modification of an equity-classified written call option (the “option”) that does not cause the option to become liability-classified as an exchange of the original option for a new option. This guidance applies whether the modification is structured as an amendment to the terms and conditions of the option or as termination of the original option and issuance of a new option. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. ANIXA BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS In October 2021, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2021-08 (“ASU No. 2021-08”), Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, to require that an acquirer recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. At the acquisition date, an acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts in accordance with Topic 606 as if it had originated the contracts. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively and are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Concentration of Credit Risks Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. Cash equivalents are primarily highly rated money market funds. Short-term investments are certificates of deposit within federally insured limits as well as U.S. treasury bills. Where applicable, management reviews our accounts receivable and other receivables for potential doubtful accounts and maintains an allowance for estimated uncollectible amounts. Our policy is to write-off uncollectable amounts at the time it is determined that collection will not occur. One licensee accounted for 100% of revenues from patent licensing activities during fiscal year 2021.

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