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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2014
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Significant Accounting Policies | 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation –The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Riverview Bancorp, Inc.; its wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank (the “Bank”); the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Services, Inc.; and the Bank’s majority owned subsidiary, Riverview Asset Management Corp. (“RAMCorp”) (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company has also established two subsidiary grantor trusts in connection with the issuance of trust preferred securities (see Note 11). In accordance with accounting standards, the accounts and transactions of the trusts are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Nature of Operations – The Bank is an eighteen branch community-oriented financial institution operating in rural and suburban communities in southwest Washington State and Multnomah and Marion counties of Oregon. The Bank is engaged primarily in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such funds, together with other borrowings, to invest in various commercial business, commercial real estate, multi-family real estate, real estate construction, residential real estate and consumer loans. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“generally accepted accounting principles” or “GAAP”), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of related revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents – Cash and cash equivalents include amounts on hand, due from banks and interest-earning deposits in other banks. Cash and cash equivalents have a maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase. Certificates of Deposit Held for Investment – Certificates of deposit held for investments include amounts invested with financial institutions for a stated interest rate and maturity date. Early withdraw penalties apply; however, the Company plans to hold these investments to maturity. Loans Held for Sale – The Company identifies loans held for sale at the time of origination and such loans are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or net realizable value. Market values are derived from available market quotations for comparable pools of mortgage loans. Adjustments for unrealized losses, if any, are charged to income. Gains or losses on sales of loans held for sale are recognized at the time of sale and are determined by the difference between the net sales proceeds and the allocated basis of these loans sold. The Company capitalizes mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) acquired through either the purchase of MSRs, the sale of originated mortgage loans or the securitization of mortgage loans with servicing rights retained. Upon sale of mortgage loans held for sale, the total cost of the loans designated for sale is allocated to mortgage loans with and without MSRs based on their relative fair values. The MSRs are included as a component of gain on sale of loans. The MSRs are amortized in proportion to and over the estimated period of the net servicing income and such amortization is reflected as a component of loan servicing income. Securities – Investment securities are classified as held to maturity when the Company has the ability and positive intent to hold such securities to maturity. Investment securities held to maturity are carried at amortized cost. Unrealized losses due to fluctuations in fair value are recognized when it is determined that a credit-related other than temporary decline in value has occurred. Investment securities bought and held principally for the purpose of sale in the near term are classified as trading securities. Securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period, but not necessarily to maturity are classified as available for sale. Such securities may be sold to implement the Company’s asset/liability management strategies and in response to changes in interest rates and similar factors. Securities available for sale are reported at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses, net of the related deferred tax effect, are reported as a net amount in a separate component of shareholders’ equity entitled “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).” Realized gains and losses on securities available for sale, determined using the specific identification method, are included in earnings. Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income over the period to maturity or expected call, if sooner. The Company analyzes investment securities for other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on a quarterly basis. OTTI is separated into a credit and noncredit component. Noncredit component losses are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) when the Company a) does not intend to sell the security or b) is not more likely than not to have to sell the security prior to the security’s anticipated recovery. Credit component losses are reported in non-interest income. Loans – Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, reduced by deferred loan origination fees and an allowance for loan losses. Interest on loans is accrued daily based on the principal amount outstanding. Loans are reviewed regularly and it is the Company’s general policy that a loan is past due when it is 30 days to 89 days delinquent. In general, when a loan is 90 days delinquent or when collection of principal or interest appears doubtful, it is placed on non-accrual status, at which time the accrual of interest ceases and a reserve for unrecoverable accrued interest is established and charged against operations. Payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance on a cost recovery method. As a general practice, a loan is not removed from non-accrual status until all delinquent principal, interest and late fees have been brought current and the borrower has demonstrated a history of performance based upon the contractual terms of the note. Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment of the yield of the related loan. Allowance for Loan Losses – The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable loan losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management’s ongoing quarterly assessment of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectibility may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes techniques to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are considered impaired. For such loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the net realizable value of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. Such factors include uncertainties in economic conditions, uncertainties in identifying triggering events that directly correlate to subsequent loss rates, changes in appraised value of underlying collateral, risk factors that have not yet manifested themselves in loss allocation factors and historical loss experience data that may not precisely correspond to the current portfolio or economic conditions. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. The appropriate allowance level is estimated based upon factors and trends identified by management at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. When available information confirms that specific loans or portions thereof are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due (principal and interest) according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Typically, factors used in determining if a loan is impaired include, but are not limited to, loans 90 days or more delinquent, loans internally designated as substandard, loans that are on non-accrual status or trouble debt restructures. The majority of the Company’s impaired loans are considered collateral dependent. When a loan is considered collateral dependent impairment is measured using the estimated value of the underlying collateral, less any prior liens, and when applicable, less estimated selling costs. For impaired loans that are not collateral dependent impairment is measured using the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. When the net realizable value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest, net deferred loan fees or costs, and unamortized premium or discount), an impairment is recognized by adjusting an allocation of the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent to the initial allocation of allowance to the individual loan the Company may conclude that it is appropriate to record a charge-off of the impaired portion of the loan. When a charge-off is recorded the loan balance is reduced and the specific allowance is eliminated. Generally, when a collateral dependent loan is initially measured for impairment and does not have an appraisal performed in the last three months, the Company obtains an updated market valuation. Subsequently, the Company generally obtains an updated market valuation on an annual basis. The valuation may occur more frequently if the Company determines that there is an indication that the market value may have declined. In accordance with the Company’s policy guidelines, unsecured loans are generally charged-off when no payments have been received for three consecutive months unless an alternative action plan is in effect. Consumer installment loans delinquent six months or more that have not received at least 75% of their required monthly payment in the last 90 days are charged-off. In addition, loans discharged in bankruptcy proceedings are charged-off. Loans under bankruptcy protection with no payments received for four consecutive months will be charged-off. The outstanding balance of a secured loan that is in excess of the net realizable value is generally charged-off if no payments are received for four to five consecutive months. However, charge-offs are postponed if alternative proposals to restructure, obtain additional guarantors, obtain additional assets as collateral or a potential sale would result in full repayment of the outstanding loan balance. Once any of these or other repayment potentials are considered exhausted the impaired portion of the loan is charged-off, unless an updated valuation of the collateral reveals no impairment. Regardless of whether a loan is unsecured or collateralized, once an amount is determined to be a confirmed loan loss it is promptly charged off. A provision for loan losses is charged against income and is added to the allowance for loan losses based on regular assessments of the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is allocated to certain loan categories based on the relative risk characteristics, asset classifications and actual loss experience of the loan portfolio. While management has allocated the allowance for loan losses to various loan portfolio segments, the allowance is general in nature and is available for the loan portfolio in its entirety. Allowance for Unfunded Loan Commitments – The allowance for unfunded loan commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated probable losses related to these unfunded credit facilities. The determination of the adequacy of the allowance is based on periodic evaluations of the unfunded credit facilities including an assessment of the probability of commitment usage, credit risk factors for loans outstanding to these same customers, and the terms and expiration dates of the unfunded credit facilities. The allowance for unfunded loan commitments is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes to the balance charged against non-interest expense. Real Estate Owned (“REO”) – REO consists of properties acquired through foreclosure. Specific charge-offs are taken based upon detailed analysis of the fair value of collateral on the underlying loans on which the Company is in the process of foreclosing. Such collateral is transferred into REO at the fair value less estimated costs of disposal. Subsequently, the Company performs an evaluation of the properties and creates a valuation allowance with an offsetting charge to real estate owned expenses for any declines in value. The amounts the Company will ultimately recover from REO may differ from the amounts used in arriving at the net carrying value of these assets because of future market factors beyond the Company’s control or because of changes in the Company’s strategy for the sale of the property. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock – The Bank, as a member of Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle (“FHLB”), is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB in an amount equal to the greater of 1% of its outstanding home loans or 5% of advances from the FHLB. The Company views its investment in FHLB stock as a long-term investment. Accordingly, when evaluating for impairment, the value is determined based on the ultimate redemption of the par value rather than recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate redemption is influenced by criteria such as: 1) the significance of the decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared to the capital stock amount and length of time a decline has persisted; 2) impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB and 3) the liquidity position of the FHLB. The Company evaluated its investment in FHLB stock for OTTI, consistent with its accounting policy. Based on the Company’s evaluation of the underlying investment, including the long-term nature of the investment, the liquidity position of the FHLB, the actions being taken by the FHLB to address its regulatory situation and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to be able to redeem its investment at par value, the Company did not recognize an OTTI loss on its FHLB stock. Further, in September 2012, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) upgraded the FHLB’s capital classification to “adequately capitalized” and granted the FHLB authority to repurchase up to $25 million of excess capital stock per quarter at par value, provided they receive a non-objection for each quarter’s repurchase from the FHFA. Premises and Equipment – Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvements, whichever is less. Gains or losses on dispositions are reflected in earnings. Depreciation is generally computed on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: building and improvements – up to 45 years; furniture and equipment – three to twenty years; and leasehold improvements – fifteen to twenty-five years. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Assets are reviewed for impairment when events indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. If management determines impairment exists the asset is reduced by an offsetting charge to expense. The capitalized lease, less accumulated amortization is included in premises and equipment. The capitalized lease is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and the amortization is included in depreciation expense. Mortgage Servicing Rights – Fees earned for servicing loans for the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) are reported as income when the related mortgage loan payments are collected. Loan servicing costs are charged to expense as incurred. MSRs are the rights to service loans. Loan servicing includes collecting payments, remitting funds to investors, insurance companies and tax authorities, collecting delinquent payments, and foreclosing on properties when necessary. The Company records its originated MSRs at fair value in accordance with accounting standards, which requires the Company to allocate the total cost of all mortgage loans sold to the MSRs and the loans (without the MSRs) based on their relative fair values if it is practicable to estimate those fair values. The Company stratifies its MSRs based on the predominant characteristics of the underlying financial assets including the coupon interest rate and the contractual maturity of the mortgage. An estimated fair value of MSRs is determined quarterly using a discounted cash flow model. The model estimates the present value of the future net cash flows of the servicing portfolio based on various factors, such as servicing costs, servicing income, expected prepayment speeds, discount rate, loan maturity and interest rate. The effect of changes in market interest rates on estimated rates of loan prepayments represents the predominant risk characteristic underlying the MSRs portfolio. The Company is amortizing the MSRs in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. MSRs are reviewed quarterly for impairment based on their fair value. The fair value of the MSRs, for the purposes of impairment, is measured using a discounted cash flow analysis based on market adjusted discount rates, anticipated prepayment speeds, mortgage loan term and coupon rate. Market sources are used to determine prepayment speeds, ancillary income, servicing cost and pre-tax required yield. Impairment losses are recognized through a valuation allowance for each impaired stratum, with any associated provision recorded as a component of loan servicing income. Goodwill – Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is tested, at least annually, for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company performs an annual review in the third quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. The impairment test is performed in two phases. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill is considered not impaired; however, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, a second step must be performed. In the second step the implied fair value of the reporting unit is calculated. The implied fair value of goodwill is then compared to the carrying amount of goodwill on the Company’s balance sheet. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. As of March 31, 2014, the Company had not recognized any impairment loss on the recorded goodwill. Core Deposit Intangible – Core deposit intangibles are amortized to non-interest expense using an accelerated method (based on expected attrition and cash flows of core deposit accounts purchased) over ten years. Advertising and Marketing Expense – Costs incurred for advertising, merchandising, market research, community investment and business development are classified as marketing expense and are expensed as incurred. Income Taxes – Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in the Company’s income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net carrying amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not, that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The Bank provides for income taxes separately and remits to the Company amounts currently due. Trust Assets – Assets held by RAMCorp in a fiduciary or agency capacity for trust customers are not included in the consolidated financial statements because such items are not assets of the Company. Assets totaling $359.7 million and $337.5 million were held in trust as of March 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Earnings Per Share – The Company accounts for earnings per share in accordance with applicable accounting standards, which requires all companies whose capital structure includes dilutive potential common shares to make a dual presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share for all periods presented. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, excluding restricted stock and unallocated shares owned by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”). Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and has been computed after giving consideration to the weighted average diluted effect of the Company’s stock options. Stock-Based Compensation – The Company accounts for stock based compensation in accordance with accounting guidance for stock compensation. The guidance requires measurement of the compensation cost for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value and recognition of compensation cost over the service period of stock-based awards. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) – The Company sponsors a leveraged ESOP. As shares are released, compensation expense is recorded equal to the then current market price of the shares and the shares become available for earnings per share calculations. The Company records cash dividends on unallocated shares as a reduction of debt and accrued interest. Business segments – The Company operates a single business segment. The financial information that is used by the chief operating decision maker in allocating resources and assessing performance is only provided for one reportable segment for years ended March 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012. New Accounting Pronouncements – In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2013-11, “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. This ASU requires an entity to present an unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except to the extent a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. No new recurring disclosures are required. The amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013 and are to be applied prospectively to all unrecognized tax benefits that exist at the effective date. Retrospective application is permitted. The adoption of ASU No. 2013-11 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In January 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-04, “Reclassification of Residential Real Estate Collateralized Consumer Mortgage Loans Upon Foreclosure”. The ASU clarifies when a creditor would be considered to have received physical possession of residential real estate property collateralizing a consumer mortgage loan such that all or a portion of the loan would be derecognized and the real estate property recognized. Under the guidance, a consumer loan collateralized by residential real estate should be reclassified to other real estate owned when (1) the creditor obtains legal title to the residential property or (2) the borrower conveys all interest in the property to the creditor to satisfy the loan by completing a deed in lieu of foreclosure or similar agreement. In addition, an entity is required to disclose the amount of residential real estate meeting the conditions above, and the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate that are in the process of foreclosure. ASU 2014-04 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2014. Adoption of the new guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

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