10-Q 1 riv10q123115.htm RIVERVIEW BANCORP FORM 10-Q FOR 12.31.15
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

[X] | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended December 31, 2015
OR

[ ] | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

| For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File Number: 0-22957
RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Washington |  | 91-1838969
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer I.D. Number)
900 Washington St., Ste. 900, Vancouver, Washington |  | 98660
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: |  | (360) 693-6650

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer [ ] Accelerated filer [X] Non-accelerated filer [ ] Smaller Reporting Company [ ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: Common Stock, $.01 par value per share, 22,507,890 shares outstanding as of February 9, 2016.

Form 10-Q
RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
INDEX

Part I. | Financial Information |
Item 1: | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015 | 2
| Consolidated Statements of Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2: | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3: | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 37
Item 4: | Controls and Procedures | 37
Part II. | Other Information | 38-39
Item 1: | Legal Proceedings |
Item 1A: | Risk Factors |
Item 2: | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |
Item 3: | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |
Item 4: | Mine Safety Disclosures |
Item 5: | Other Information |
Item 6: | Exhibits |
SIGNATURES |  | 40
Certifications |  |
| Exhibit 31.1 Exhibit 31.2 Exhibit 32 |

Forward-Looking Statements
As used in this Form 10-Q, the terms “we,” “our,” “us”, “Riverview” and “Company” refer to Riverview Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, including its wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank, unless the context indicates otherwise.
“Safe Harbor” statement under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: When used in this Form 10-Q, the words “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “plans,” “targets,” “potentially,” “probably,” “projects,” “outlook,” or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could,” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions and statements about future performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results anticipated, including, but not limited to: the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in the Company’s allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses that may be impacted by deterioration in the housing and commercial real estate markets; changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in the Company’s market areas; changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long-term interest rates, deposit interest rates, the Company’s net interest margin and funding sources; fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in the Company’s market areas; secondary market conditions for loans and the Company’s ability to sell loans in the secondary market; results of examinations of our bank subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank, by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and of the Company by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require the Company to increase its reserve for loan losses, write-down assets, reclassify its assets, change Riverview Community Bank’s regulatory capital position or affect the Company’s ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, which could adversely affect its liquidity and earnings; legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect the Company’s business including changes in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital or other rules, including as a result of Basel III; the Company’s ability to attract and retain deposits; increases in premiums for deposit insurance; the Company’s ability to control operating costs and expenses; the use of estimates in determining fair value of certain of the Company’s assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation; difficulties in reducing risks associated with the loans on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet; staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect the Company’s workforce and potential associated charges; computer systems on which the Company depends could fail or experience a security breach; the Company’s ability to retain key members of its senior management team; costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments; the Company’s ability to implement its business strategies; the Company’s ability to successfully integrate any assets, liabilities, customers, systems, and management personnel it may acquire into its operations and the Company’s ability to realize related revenue synergies and cost savings within expected time frames and any goodwill charges related thereto; increased competitive pressures among financial services companies; changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits; the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions; the Company’s ability to pay dividends on its common stock and interest or principal payments on its junior subordinated debentures; adverse changes in the securities markets; inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us; changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board, including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting the Company’s operations, pricing, products and services and the other risks described from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
The Company cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Moreover, you should treat these statements as speaking only as of the date they are made and based only on information then actually known to the Company. The Company does not undertake to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements. These risks could cause our actual results for fiscal 2016 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements by, or on behalf of, us and could negatively affect the Company’s consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations as well as its stock price performance.
1

Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)
RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND MARCH 31, 2015

(In thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited) |  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | March 31, 2015 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents (including interest-earning accounts of $16,461 and $45,490) | $ | 28,967 |  | $ | 58,659 |
Certificates of deposit held for investment |  | 17,761 |  |  | 25,969 |
Loans held for sale |  | 400 |  |  | 778 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale, at estimated fair value |  | 154,292 |  |  | 112,463 |
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (estimated fair value of $79 and $88) |  | 77 |  |  | 86 |
Loans receivable (net of allowance for loan losses of $10,173 and $10,762) |  | 600,540 |  |  | 569,010 |
Real estate owned |  | 388 |  |  | 1,603 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 3,236 |  |  | 3,238 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 2,429 |  |  | 2,139 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost |  | 988 |  |  | 5,924 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 14,814 |  |  | 15,434 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 10,814 |  |  | 12,568 |
Mortgage servicing rights, net |  | 386 |  |  | 399 |
Goodwill |  | 25,572 |  |  | 25,572 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 25,488 |  |  | 24,908 |
TOTAL ASSETS | $ | 886,152 |  | $ | 858,750 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits | $ | 747,565 |  | $ | 720,850 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | 7,178 |  |  | 8,111 |
Advanced payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance |  | 256 |  |  | 495 |
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 22,681 |  |  | 22,681 |
Capital lease obligations |  | 2,479 |  |  | 2,276 |
Total liabilities |  | 780,159 |  |  | 754,413 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note 12) |  |  |  |  |  |
EQUITY: |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Serial preferred stock, $.01 par value; 250,000 authorized; issued and outstanding: none |  | - |  |  | - |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 50,000,000 authorized |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2015 – 22,507,890 issued and outstanding |  | 225 |  |  | 225 |
March 31, 2015 – 22,489,890 issued and outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 64,417 |  |  | 65,268 |
Retained earnings |  | 41,773 |  |  | 37,830 |
Unearned shares issued to employee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”) |  | (206 | ) |  | (284 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (216 | ) |  | 762 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 105,993 |  |  | 103,801 |
Noncontrolling interest |  | - |  |  | 536 |
Total equity |  | 105,993 |  |  | 104,337 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | $ | 886,152 |  | $ | 858,750 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
2

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014 |  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, |
(In thousands, except share and per share data) (Unaudited) |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  | 2014 |
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans receivable |  | $ | 7,109 |  |  | $ | 6,498 |  |  | $ | 20,758 |  |  | $ | 19,155 |
Interest on investment securities |  |  | 702 |  |  |  | 595 |  |  |  | 1,986 |  |  |  | 1,765 |
Other interest and dividends |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 359 |
Total interest and dividend income |  |  | 7,921 |  |  |  | 7,203 |  |  |  | 23,084 |  |  |  | 21,279 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | 1,024 |
Interest on borrowings |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | 458 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 1,310 |  |  |  | 1,482 |
Net interest income |  |  | 7,487 |  |  |  | 6,718 |  |  |  | 21,774 |  |  |  | 19,797 |
Recapture of loan losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | (400 | ) |  |  | (800 | ) |  |  | (1,050 | )
Net interest income after recapture of loan losses |  |  | 7,487 |  |  |  | 7,118 |  |  |  | 22,574 |  |  |  | 20,847 |
NON-INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fees and service charges |  |  | 1,312 |  |  |  | 1,032 |  |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  | 3,260 |
Asset management fees |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 718 |  |  |  | 2,455 |  |  |  | 2,248 |
Net gain on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 425 |  |  |  | 435 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 580 |  |  |  | 528 |
Other, net |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | 226 |
Total non-interest income, net |  |  | 2,417 |  |  |  | 2,264 |  |  |  | 7,182 |  |  |  | 6,697 |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 4,452 |  |  |  | 4,472 |  |  |  | 13,102 |  |  |  | 12,987 |
Occupancy and depreciation |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 1,223 |  |  |  | 3,523 |  |  |  | 3,632 |
Data processing |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 1,345 |  |  |  | 1,399 |
Advertising and marketing expense |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 169 |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  | 522 |
FDIC insurance premium |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 375 |  |  |  | 498 |
State and local taxes |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 162 |  |  |  | 362 |  |  |  | 416 |
Telecommunications |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | 223 |
Professional fees |  |  | 222 |  |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 673 |  |  |  | 848 |
Real estate owned expenses |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 511 |  |  |  | 901 |
Other |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 1,736 |  |  |  | 1,629 |
Total non-interest expense |  |  | 7,349 |  |  |  | 7,646 |  |  |  | 22,378 |  |  |  | 23,055 |
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |  |  | 2,555 |  |  |  | 1,736 |  |  |  | 7,378 |  |  |  | 4,489 |
PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES |  |  | 849 |  |  |  | 587 |  |  |  | 2,425 |  |  |  | 1,516 |
NET INCOME |  | $ | 1,706 |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | 4,953 |  |  | $ | 2,973 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |
Diluted |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.22 |  |  |  | 0.13 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 22,455,543 |  |  |  | 22,394,910 |  |  |  | 22,446,463 |  |  |  | 22,388,775 |
Diluted |  |  | 22,506,341 |  |  |  | 22,439,195 |  |  |  | 22,491,546 |  |  |  | 22,421,330 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, |
(In thousands) (Unaudited) |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
Net income |  | $ | 1,706 |  |  | $ | 1,149 |  |  | $ | 4,953 |  |  | $ | 2,973 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized holding gain (loss) from available for sale investment securities arising |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
during the period, net of tax of $436, ($274), $511 and ($497), respectively |  |  | (792 | ) |  |  | 531 |  |  |  | (978 | ) |  |  | 966 |
Reclassification adjustment of net gain from sale of available for sale investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
securities included in income, net of tax of $0, $54, $0 and $54, respectively |  |  | - |  |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (104 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (792 | ) |  |  | 427 |  |  |  | (978 | ) |  |  | 862 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 47 |
Total comprehensive income |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 1,589 |  |  | $ | 4,022 |  |  | $ | 3,882 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
4

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In |  | Retained |  | Unearned Shares Issued to |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  | Noncontrolling |  |  |  |
(In thousands, except share data) (Unaudited) |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | ESOP |  | Income (Loss) |  | Interest |  | Total |  |
Balance April 1, 2014 |  | 22,471,890 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 65,195 |  | $ | 33,592 |  | $ | (387 | ) | $ | (647 | ) | $ | 471 |  | $ | 98,449 |  |
Net income |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2,973 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2,973 |  |
Stock based compensation expense |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 26 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 26 |  |
Earned ESOP shares |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (4 | ) |  | - |  |  | 77 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 73 |  |
Unrealized holding gain on investment securities available for sale |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 862 |  |  | - |  |  | 862 |  |
Noncontrolling interest |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |  |
Balance December 31, 2014 |  | 22,471,890 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 65,217 |  | $ | 36,565 |  | $ | (310 | ) | $ | 215 |  | $ | 518 |  | $ | 102,430 |  |
Balance April 1, 2015 |  | 22,489,890 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 65,268 |  | $ | 37,830 |  | $ | (284 | ) | $ | 762 |  | $ | 536 |  | $ | 104,337 |  |
Net income |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 4,953 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 4,953 |  |
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (919 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (583 | ) |  | (1,502 | ) |
Cash dividend on common stock ($0.045 per share) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1,010 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1,010 | ) |
Exercise of stock options |  | 18,000 |  |  | - |  |  | 62 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 62 |  |
Earned ESOP shares |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | - |  |  | 78 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 84 |  |
Unrealized holding loss on investment securities available for sale |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (978 | ) |  | - |  |  | (978 | ) |
Noncontrolling interest |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 47 |  |  | 47 |  |
Balance December 31, 2015 |  | 22,507,890 |  | $ | 225 |  | $ | 64,417 |  | $ | 41,773 |  | $ | (206 | ) | $ | (216 | ) | $ | - |  | $ | 105,993 |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014 |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, |
(In thousands) (Unaudited) |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 4,953 |  | $ | 2,973 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 2,395 |  |  | 2,394 |
Recapture of loan losses |  | (800 | ) |  | (1,050 | )
Provision for deferred income taxes |  | 2,265 |  |  | 1,490 |
Expense related to ESOP |  | 84 |  |  | 73 |
Increase in deferred loan origination fees, net of amortization |  | 400 |  |  | 73 |
Origination of loans held for sale |  | (12,536 | ) |  | (13,130 | )
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale |  | 13,198 |  |  | 13,734 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  | - |  |  | 26 |
Writedown of real estate owned |  | 323 |  |  | 715 |
Net gains on loans held for sale, sales of real estate owned, investment securities and premises and equipment |  | (265 | ) |  | (501 | )
Income from bank owned life insurance |  | (580 | ) |  | (528 | )
Changes in certain other assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | (30 | ) |  | 74 |
Accrued interest receivable |  | (290 | ) |  | (187 | )
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  | (909 | ) |  | (944 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 8,208 |  |  | 5,212 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan originations, net |  | (15,948 | ) |  | (23,335 | )
Purchases of loans receivable |  | (15,618 | ) |  | (22,545 | )
Principal repayments on investment securities available for sale |  | 16,599 |  |  | 13,660 |
Principal repayments on investment securities held to maturity |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Purchases of investment securities available for sale |  | (60,679 | ) |  | (52,199 | )
Proceeds from calls, maturities, and sale of investment securities available for sale |  | - |  |  | 22,705 |
Redemption of certificates of deposit held for investment, net |  | 8,208 |  |  | 9,711 |
Proceeds from redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,936 |  |  | 624 |
Purchase of bank owned life insurance |  | - |  |  | (6,500 | )
Purchases of premises and equipment and capitalized software |  | (281 | ) |  | (367 | )
Proceeds from sales of real estate owned and premises and equipment |  | 744 |  |  | 5,392 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (62,030 | ) |  | (52,841 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits |  | 26,715 |  |  | (736 | )
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest |  | (1,502 | ) |  | - |
Dividends paid |  | (868 | ) |  | - |
Proceeds from borrowings |  | 3,100 |  |  | 25,450 |
Repayment of borrowings |  | (3,100 | ) |  | (23,350 | )
Principal payments on capital lease obligations |  | (38 | ) |  | (63 | )
Net decrease in advance payments by borrowers |  | (239 | ) |  | (268 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 62 |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 24,130 |  |  | 1,033 |
NET DECREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS |  | (29,692 | ) |  | (46,596 | )
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF PERIOD |  | 58,659 |  |  | 68,577 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF PERIOD | $ | 28,967 |  | $ | 21,981 |
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | $ | 1,180 |  | $ | 5,048 |
Income taxes |  | 199 |  |  | 15 |
NONCASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends declared and accrued in other liabilities | $ | 393 |  | $ | - |
Transfer of loans to real estate owned |  | - |  |  | 804 |
Transfer of real estate owned to loans |  | - |  |  | 726 |
Adjustment to capital lease obligations and premises and equipment due to lease modification |  | 241 |  |  | - |
Unrealized holding gain (loss) from investment securities available for sale |  | (1,489 | ) |  | 1,305 |
Income tax effect related to unrealized holding gain (loss) from investment securities available for sale |  | 511 |  |  | (443 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
6

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)

1. | BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with instructions for Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include all disclosures necessary for a complete presentation of financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). However, all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
The unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Riverview Bancorp, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2015 (“2015 Form 10-K”). The unaudited consolidated results of operations for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire fiscal year ending March 31, 2016.
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the December 31, 2015 presentation; such reclassifications had no effect on net income or total equity previously reported.

2. | PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of: Riverview Bancorp, Inc.; its wholly-owned subsidiary, Riverview Community Bank (the “Bank”); and the Bank’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Riverview Services, Inc. and Riverview Asset Management Corp. (“RAMCorp”) (collectively referred to as the “Company”). All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. During the quarter-ended December 31, 2015, RAMCorp repurchased all the remaining shares held by its noncontrolling interest owner. These shares were subsequently retired by RAMCorp. This transaction resulted in the Bank’s ownership in RAMCorp increasing from 90% at September 30, 2015 to 100% at December 31, 2015.

3. | STOCK PLANS AND STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

In July 1998, shareholders of the Company approved the adoption of the 1998 Stock Option Plan (“1998 Plan”). The 1998 Plan was effective October 1998 and expired in October 2008. Accordingly, no further option awards may be granted under the 1998 Plan; however, any awards granted prior to its expiration remain outstanding subject to their terms. Each option granted under the 1998 Plan has an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant, a maximum term of ten years and a vesting period from zero to five years.
In July 2003, shareholders of the Company approved the adoption of the 2003 Stock Option Plan (“2003 Plan”). The 2003 Plan was effective July 2003 and expired in July 2013. Accordingly, no further option awards may be granted under the 2003 Plan; however, any awards granted prior to its expiration remain outstanding subject to their terms. Each option granted under the 2003 Plan has an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant, a maximum term of ten years and a vesting period from zero to five years.
The following table presents information related to stock options outstanding for the periods shown:

|  | Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 |  |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, 2014 |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Balance, beginning of period |  |  | 424,654 |  |  | $ | 8.00 |  |  |  | 474,654 |  |  | $ | 7.91 |
Options exercised |  |  | (18,000 | ) |  |  | 3.49 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | (25,000 | ) |  |  | 9.52 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Expired |  |  | (8,000 | ) |  |  | 11.79 |  |  |  | (32,000 | ) |  |  | 9.55 |
Balance, end of period |  |  | 373,654 |  |  | $ | 8.04 |  |  |  | 442,654 |  |  | $ | 7.79 |

7

The following table presents information on stock options outstanding for the periods shown, less estimated forfeitures:

| Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, 2014
Stock options fully vested and expected to vest: |  |  |  |  |  |
Number |  | 373,654 |  |  | 442,504 |
Weighted average exercise price | $ | 8.04 |  | $ | 7.79 |
Aggregate intrinsic value (1) | $ | 228,000 |  | $ | 253,000 |
Weighted average contractual term of options (years) |  | 2.83 |  |  | 3.95 |
Stock options fully vested and currently exercisable: |  |  |  |  |  |
Number |  | 373,654 |  |  | 442,054 |
Weighted average exercise price | $ | 8.04 |  | $ | 7.79 |
Aggregate intrinsic value (1) | $ | 228,000 |  | $ | 253,000 |
Weighted average contractual term of options (years) |  | 2.83 |  |  | 3.95 |

(1) The aggregate intrinsic value of a stock option in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the amount by which the current market value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised. This amount changes based on changes in the market value of the Company’s stock.

There was no stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the nine months ended December 31, 2015. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options for the nine months ended December 31, 2014 was $26,000. As of December 31, 2015, all outstanding stock options were fully vested, and there was no remaining unrecognized compensation expense. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $16,000 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015. There were no stock options exercised during the nine months ended December 31, 2014.
The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes stock option valuation model. There were no stock options granted during the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

4. | EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without considering any dilutive items. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stock by the weighted average number of common shares and common stock equivalents for items that are dilutive, net of shares assumed to be repurchased using the treasury stock method at the average share price for the Company’s common stock during the period. Common stock equivalents arise from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options. Shares owned by the Company’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) that have not been allocated are not considered to be outstanding for the purpose of computing basic and diluted EPS. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were 49,000 and 74,000 shares, respectively, which had not been allocated under the Company’s ESOP. For the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, stock options for 215,000 and 221,000 shares, respectively, of common stock were excluded in computing diluted EPS because they were antidilutive. For the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014, stock options for 233,000 and 235,000 shares, respectively, of common stock were excluded in computing diluted EPS because they were antidilutive.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the components used to compute basic and diluted EPS for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |  |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
Basic EPS computation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator-net income |  | $ | 1,706,000 |  |  | $ | 1,149,000 |  |  | $ | 4,953,000 |  |  | $ | 2,973,000 |
Denominator-weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 22,455,543 |  |  |  | 22,394,910 |  |  |  | 22,446,463 |  |  |  | 22,388,775 |
Basic EPS |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |
Diluted EPS computation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator-net income |  | $ | 1,706,000 |  |  | $ | 1,149,000 |  |  | $ | 4,953,000 |  |  | $ | 2,973,000 |
Denominator-weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 22,455,543 |  |  |  | 22,394,910 |  |  |  | 22,446,463 |  |  |  | 22,388,775 |
Effect of dilutive stock options |  |  | 50,798 |  |  |  | 44,285 |  |  |  | 45,083 |  |  |  | 32,555 |
Weighted average common shares and common stock equivalents |  |  | 22,506,341 |  |  |  | 22,439,195 |  |  |  | 22,491,546 |  |  |  | 22,421,330 |
Diluted EPS |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.05 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | 0.13 |

8

5. | INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and approximate fair value of investment securities consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available For Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred |  | $ | 1,919 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | 1,787 |
Agency securities |  |  | 19,533 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (139 | ) |  |  | 19,416 |
Real estate mortgage investment conduits (1) |  |  | 45,164 |  |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | (215 | ) |  |  | 45,034 |
Mortgage-backed securities (1) |  |  | 78,962 |  |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | (243 | ) |  |  | 78,986 |
Other mortgage-backed securities (2) |  |  | 9,049 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | 9,069 |
Total available for sale |  | $ | 154,627 |  |  | $ | 435 |  |  | $ | (770 | ) |  | $ | 154,292 |
Held To Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities (3) |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 79 |
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available For Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred |  | $ | 1,919 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (107 | ) |  | $ | 1,812 |
Agency securities |  |  | 14,008 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | 13,939 |
Real estate mortgage investment conduits (1) |  |  | 22,455 |  |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 22,709 |
Mortgage-backed securities (1) |  |  | 67,568 |  |  |  | 1,006 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 68,514 |
Other mortgage-backed securities (2) |  |  | 5,359 |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 5,489 |
Total available for sale |  | $ | 111,309 |  |  | $ | 1,441 |  |  | $ | (287 | ) |  | $ | 112,463 |
Held To Maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities (3) |  | $ | 86 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 88 |

(1) Comprised of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”), Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and Ginnie Mae (“GNMA”) issued securities.
(2) Comprised of U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) issued securities and commercial real estate (“CRE”) secured securities issued by private issuers.
(3) Comprised of FNMA and FHLMC issued securities.

The contractual maturities of investment securities as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Available for Sale |  |  | Held to Maturity |
|  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due after one year through five years |  | $ | 18,982 |  |  | $ | 18,888 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 13,999 |  |  |  | 13,964 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 69 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 121,646 |  |  |  | 121,440 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 10 |
Total |  | $ | 154,627 |  |  | $ | 154,292 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 79 |

Expected maturities of investment securities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.
The fair value of temporarily impaired investment securities, the amount of unrealized losses and the length of time these unrealized losses existed are as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available For Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,787 |  |  | $ | (132 | ) |  | $ | 1,787 |  |  | $ | (132 | )
Agency securities |  |  | 5,995 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | 9,893 |  |  |  | (108 | ) |  |  | 15,888 |  |  |  | (139 | )
Real estate mortgage investment conduits (1) |  |  | 26,912 |  |  |  | (215 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26,912 |  |  |  | (215 | )
Mortgage-backed securities (1) |  |  | 36,449 |  |  |  | (130 | ) |  |  | 4,564 |  |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | 41,013 |  |  |  | (243 | )
Other mortgage-backed securities (2) |  |  | 2,996 |  |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | 1,239 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 4,235 |  |  |  | (41 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 72,352 |  |  | $ | (401 | ) |  | $ | 17,483 |  |  | $ | (369 | ) |  | $ | 89,835 |  |  | $ | (770 | )

(1) Comprised of FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA issued securities.
(2) Comprised of SBA and CRE issued securities.

9

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
|  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Losses |
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available For Sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | (107 | ) |  | $ | 1,812 |  |  | $ | (107 | )
Agency securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,893 |  |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | 12,893 |  |  |  | (107 | )
Real estate mortgage investment conduits (1) |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,323 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Mortgage-backed securities (2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,098 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | 5,098 |  |  |  | (60 | )
Other mortgage-backed securities (3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,417 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | 1,417 |  |  |  | (12 | )
Total available for sale |  | $ | 1,323 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 21,220 |  |  | $ | (286 | ) |  | $ | 22,543 |  |  | $ | (287 | )

(1) Comprised of a FHLMC security.
(2) Comprised of FHLMC and FNMA issued securities.
(3) Comprised of SBA issued securities.

At December 31, 2015, the Company had a single collateralized debt obligation which is secured by a pool of trust preferred securities issued by 15 other bank holding companies. The Company holds the mezzanine tranche of this security. All tranches senior to the mezzanine tranche have been repaid by the issuer. Four of the issuers of trust preferred securities in this pool have defaulted (representing 51% of the remaining collateral, including excess collateral), and one other issuer is currently deferring interest payments (2% of the remaining collateral). The Company has estimated an expected default rate of 44% for its portion of this security. The expected default rate was estimated based primarily on an analysis of the financial condition of the underlying issuers. The Company estimates that a default rate of 71% would trigger additional other than temporary impairment (“OTTI”) of this security. The Company utilized a discount rate of 10% to estimate the fair value of this security. There was no excess subordination on this security.
During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, the Company determined that there was no additional OTTI charge on this collateralized debt obligation. The Company does not intend to sell this security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the anticipated recovery of the remaining amortized cost basis.
To determine the component of gross OTTI related to credit losses, the Company compared the amortized cost basis of the collateralized debt obligation to the present value of the revised expected cash flows, discounted using the current pre-impairment yield. The revised expected cash flow estimates are based primarily on an analysis of default rates, prepayment speeds and third-party analytical reports. Significant judgment of management is required in this analysis that includes, but is not limited to, assumptions regarding the ultimate collectability of principal and interest on the underlying collateral.
The unrealized losses on the Company’s investment securities were primarily attributable to increases in market interest rates subsequent to their purchase by the Company. The Company expects the fair value of these securities to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates or sooner if market yields for such securities decline. The Company does not believe that these securities are other than temporarily impaired because of their credit quality or related to any issuer or industry specific event. Based on management’s evaluation and intent, the unrealized losses related to the investment securities in the above tables are considered temporary.
The Company realized no gains or losses on sales of investment securities available for sale for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015. Proceeds from sales of investment securities totaled $16.8 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014. Gross realized gains on sales of investment securities totaled $158,000 for both the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014. The gross realized gain of $158,000 was recorded in other non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income. The related income tax of $54,000 related to these realized gains was recorded in the provision for income taxes on the consolidated statements of income. Investment securities available for sale with an amortized cost of $10.5 million and $4.3 million and a fair value of $10.4 million and $4.3 million at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, respectively, were pledged as collateral for government public funds held by the Bank. Investment securities held to maturity with an amortized cost of $24,000 and $27,000, at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, respectively, and a fair value of $24,000 and $27,000 at both December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, respectively were pledged as collateral for government public funds held by the Bank.
10

6. | LOANS RECEIVABLE

Loans receivable, excluding loans held for sale, consisted of the following at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | March 31, 2015 |
Commercial and construction |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 72,113 |  |  | $ | 77,186 |
Other real estate mortgage (1) |  |  | 383,187 |  |  |  | 345,506 |
Real estate construction |  |  | 23,749 |  |  |  | 30,498 |
Total commercial and construction |  |  | 479,049 |  |  |  | 453,190 |
Consumer |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate one-to-four family |  |  | 88,839 |  |  |  | 89,801 |
Other installment (2) |  |  | 42,825 |  |  |  | 36,781 |
Total consumer |  |  | 131,664 |  |  |  | 126,582 |
Total loans |  |  | 610,713 |  |  |  | 579,772 |
Less: Allowance for loan losses |  |  | 10,173 |  |  |  | 10,762 |
Loans receivable, net |  | $ | 600,540 |  |  | $ | 569,010 |

(1) Other real estate mortgage consists of commercial real estate, land and multi-family loans.
(2) Consists primarily of purchased automobile loans totaling $40.9 million and $34.7 million at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, respectively.

The Company considers its loan portfolio to have very little exposure to sub-prime mortgage loans since the Company has not historically engaged in this type of lending. At December 31, 2015, loans carried at $425.9 million were pledged as collateral to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) and Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (“FRB”) pursuant to/under borrowing agreements.
Most of the Bank’s business activity is with customers located in the states of Washington and Oregon. Loans and extensions of credit outstanding at one time to one borrower are generally limited by federal regulation to 15% of the Bank’s shareholders’ equity, excluding accumulated other comprehensive loss. As of December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, the Bank had no loans to any one borrower in excess of the regulatory limit.

7. | ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for estimated loan losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon the Company’s ongoing quarterly assessment of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions and a detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes techniques to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are considered impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows or collateral value (less estimated selling costs, if applicable) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers non-impaired loans based on the Company’s risk rating system and historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company calculates its historical loss rates using the average of the last four quarterly 24-month periods. The Company calculates and applies its historical loss rates by individual loan types in its portfolio. These historical loss rates are adjusted for qualitative and environmental factors. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that the Company believes have resulted in incurred losses that have not yet been allocated to specific elements of the general and specific components of the allowance for loan losses. Such factors include uncertainties in economic conditions and in identifying triggering events that directly correlate to subsequent loss rates, changes in appraised value of underlying collateral, risk factors that have not yet manifested themselves in loss allocation factors and historical loss experience data that may not precisely correspond to the current portfolio or economic conditions. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio. The appropriate allowance level is estimated based upon factors and trends identified by the Company as of the date of the filing of the consolidated financial statements.
When available information confirms that specific loans or portions of these loans are uncollectible, identified amounts are charged against the allowance for loan losses. The existence of some or all of the following criteria will generally confirm that a loss has been incurred: the loan is significantly delinquent and the borrower has not demonstrated the ability or intent to bring the loan current; the Company has no recourse to the borrower, or if it does, the borrower has insufficient assets to pay the debt; and/or the estimated fair value of the loan collateral is significantly below the current loan balance, and there is little or no near-term prospect for improvement.
11

Management’s evaluation of the allowance for loan losses is based on ongoing, quarterly assessments of the known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. Loss factors are based on the Company’s historical loss experience with additional consideration and adjustments made for changes in economic conditions, changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, changes in collateral values, seasoning of the loan portfolio, duration of the current business cycle, a detailed analysis of impaired loans and other factors as deemed appropriate. These factors are evaluated on a quarterly basis. Loss rates used by the Company are affected as changes in these factors increase or decrease from quarter to quarter. The Company also considers bank regulatory examination results and findings of credit examiners in its quarterly evaluation of the allowance for loan losses.
The following tables present a reconciliation of the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Three months ended December 31, 2015 |  | Commercial Business |  |  | Commercial Real Estate |  |  | Land |  |  | Multi- Family |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Consumer |  |  | Unallocated |  |  | Total |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,360 |  | $ | 4,293 |  | $ | 490 |  | $ | 494 |  | $ | 286 |  | $ | 2,329 |  | $ | 861 |  | $ | 10,113 |
Provision for (recapture of) loan losses |  | 160 |  |  | (141 | ) |  | (134 | ) |  | 9 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 175 |  |  | (153 | ) |  | - |
Charge-offs |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (87 | ) |  | - |  |  | (87 | )
Recoveries |  | 6 |  |  | - |  |  | 107 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 34 |  |  | - |  |  | 147 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 4,152 |  | $ | 463 |  | $ | 503 |  | $ | 370 |  | $ | 2,451 |  | $ | 708 |  | $ | 10,173 |

Nine months ended December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,263 |  | $ | 4,268 |  | $ | 539 |  | $ | 348 |  | $ | 769 |  | $ | 2,548 |  | $ | 1,027 |  | $ | 10,762 |
Provision for (recapture of) loan losses |  | 239 |  |  | (116 | ) |  | (306 | ) |  | 155 |  |  | (405 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | (319 | ) |  | (800 | )
Charge-offs |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (161 | ) |  | - |  |  | (161 | )
Recoveries |  | 24 |  |  | - |  |  | 230 |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | 112 |  |  | - |  |  | 372 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 4,152 |  | $ | 463 |  | $ | 503 |  | $ | 370 |  | $ | 2,451 |  | $ | 708 |  | $ | 10,173 |

Three months ended December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,579 |  | $ | 5,187 |  | $ | 265 |  | $ | 360 |  | $ | 319 |  | $ | 2,822 |  | $ | 1,469 |  | $ | 12,001 |
Provision for (recapture of) loan losses |  | 117 |  |  | (868 | ) |  | 192 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 461 |  |  | 60 |  |  | (361 | ) |  | (400 | )
Charge-offs |  | (16 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (27 | ) |  | - |  |  | (43 | )
Recoveries |  | 24 |  |  | - |  |  | 102 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 17 |  |  | - |  |  | 143 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,704 |  | $ | 4,319 |  | $ | 559 |  | $ | 359 |  | $ | 780 |  | $ | 2,872 |  | $ | 1,108 |  | $ | 11,701 |

Nine months ended December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 2,409 |  | $ | 5,269 |  | $ | 340 |  | $ | 203 |  | $ | 387 |  | $ | 2,653 |  | $ | 1,290 |  | $ | 12,551 |
Provision for (recapture of) loan losses |  | (644 | ) |  | (922 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 156 |  |  | 393 |  |  | 150 |  |  | (182 | ) |  | (1,050 | )
Charge-offs |  | (89 | ) |  | (28 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (85 | ) |  | - |  |  | (202 | )
Recoveries |  | 28 |  |  | - |  |  | 220 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 154 |  |  | - |  |  | 402 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,704 |  | $ | 4,319 |  | $ | 559 |  | $ | 359 |  | $ | 780 |  | $ | 2,872 |  | $ | 1,108 |  | $ | 11,701 |

The following tables present an analysis of loans receivable and the allowance for loan losses, which were evaluated individually and collectively for impairment at the dates indicated (in thousands):

| Allowance for loan losses |  | Recorded investment in loans |
December 31, 2015 |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial business | $ | - |  | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 1,526 |  | $ | 193 |  | $ | 71,920 |  | $ | 72,113 |
Commercial real estate |  | - |  |  | 4,152 |  |  | 4,152 |  |  | 10,946 |  |  | 324,579 |  |  | 335,525 |
Land |  | - |  |  | 463 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 12,260 |  |  | 13,061 |
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | 503 |  |  | 503 |  |  | 1,742 |  |  | 32,859 |  |  | 34,601 |
Real estate construction |  | - |  |  | 370 |  |  | 370 |  |  | - |  |  | 23,749 |  |  | 23,749 |
Consumer |  | 119 |  |  | 2,332 |  |  | 2,451 |  |  | 1,691 |  |  | 129,973 |  |  | 131,664 |
Unallocated |  | - |  |  | 708 |  |  | 708 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Total | $ | 119 |  | $ | 10,054 |  | $ | 10,173 |  | $ | 15,373 |  | $ | 595,340 |  | $ | 610,713 |

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| Allowance for loan losses |  | Recorded investment in loans |
March 31, 2015 |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |  |  | Individually Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Collectively Evaluated for Impairment |  |  | Total |
Commercial business | $ | - |  | $ | 1,263 |  | $ | 1,263 |  | $ | 1,091 |  | $ | 76,095 |  | $ | 77,186 |
Commercial real estate |  | - |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | 4,268 |  |  | 15,939 |  |  | 283,752 |  |  | 299,691 |
Land |  | - |  |  | 539 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 14,557 |  |  | 15,358 |
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | 348 |  |  | 348 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 28,535 |  |  | 30,457 |
Real estate construction |  | - |  |  | 769 |  |  | 769 |  |  | - |  |  | 30,498 |  |  | 30,498 |
Consumer |  | 147 |  |  | 2,401 |  |  | 2,548 |  |  | 2,622 |  |  | 123,960 |  |  | 126,582 |
Unallocated |  | - |  |  | 1,027 |  |  | 1,027 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Total | $ | 147 |  | $ | 10,615 |  | $ | 10,762 |  | $ | 22,375 |  | $ | 557,397 |  | $ | 579,772 |

Non-accrual loans: Loans are reviewed regularly and it is the Company’s general policy that a loan is past due when it is 30 days to 89 days delinquent. In general, when a loan is 90 days delinquent or when collection of principal or interest appears doubtful, it is placed on non-accrual status, at which time the accrual of interest ceases and a reserve for unrecoverable accrued interest is established and charged against operations. As a general practice, payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to reduce the outstanding principal balance on a cost recovery method. Also as a general practice, a loan is not removed from non-accrual status until all delinquent principal, interest and late fees have been brought current and the borrower has demonstrated a history of performance based upon the contractual terms of the note. A history of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six months. Interest income foregone on non-accrual loans was $92,000 and $351,000 during the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The following tables present an analysis of past due loans at the dates indicated (in thousands):

December 31, 2015 |  | 30-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90 Days and Greater Past Due |  |  | Non-accrual |  |  | Total Past Due and Non-accrual |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans Receivable
Commercial business | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 72,113 |  | $ | 72,113
Commercial real estate |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2,475 |  |  | 2,475 |  |  | 333,050 |  |  | 335,525
Land |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 801 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 12,260 |  |  | 13,061
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 34,601 |  |  | 34,601
Real estate construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 23,749 |  |  | 23,749
Consumer |  | 696 |  |  | - |  |  | 665 |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 130,303 |  |  | 131,664
Total | $ | 696 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 3,941 |  | $ | 4,637 |  | $ | 606,076 |  | $ | 610,713

March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business | $ | 359 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 359 |  | $ | 76,827 |  | $ | 77,186
Commercial real estate |  | 225 |  |  | - |  |  | 3,291 |  |  | 3,516 |  |  | 296,175 |  |  | 299,691
Land |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 801 |  |  | 801 |  |  | 14,557 |  |  | 15,358
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 30,457 |  |  | 30,457
Real estate construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 30,498 |  |  | 30,498
Consumer |  | 902 |  |  | - |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | 2,128 |  |  | 124,454 |  |  | 126,582
Total | $ | 1,486 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 5,318 |  | $ | 6,804 |  | $ | 572,968 |  | $ | 579,772

Credit quality indicators: The Company monitors credit risk in its loan portfolio using a risk rating system for all commercial (non-consumer) loans. The risk rating system is a measure of the credit risk of the borrower based on their historical, current and anticipated future financial characteristics. The Company assigns a risk rating to each commercial loan at origination and subsequently updates these ratings, as necessary, so that the risk rating continues to reflect the appropriate risk characteristics of the loan. Application of appropriate risk ratings is key to management of loan portfolio risk. In determining the appropriate risk rating, the Company considers the following factors: delinquency, payment history, quality of management, liquidity, leverage, earnings trends, alternative funding sources, geographic risk, industry risk, cash flow adequacy, account practices, asset protection and extraordinary risks. Consumer loans, including custom construction loans, are not assigned a risk rating but rather are grouped into homogeneous pools with similar risk characteristics. When a consumer loan is delinquent 90 days, it is placed on non-accrual status and assigned a substandard risk rating. Loss factors are assigned to each risk rating and homogeneous pool based on historical loss experience for similar loans. This historical loss experience is adjusted for qualitative factors that are likely to cause the estimated credit losses to differ from the Company’s historical loss experience. The Company uses these loss factors to estimate the general component of its allowance for loan losses.
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Pass – These loans have a risk rating between 1 and 4 and are to borrowers that meet normal credit standards. Any deficiencies in satisfactory asset quality, liquidity, debt servicing capacity and coverage are offset by strengths in other areas. The borrower currently has the capacity to perform according to the loan terms. Any concerns about risk factors such as stability of margins, stability of cash flows, liquidity, dependence on a single product/supplier/customer, depth of management, etc., are offset by strength in other areas. Typically, these loans are secured by the operating assets of the borrower and/or real estate. The borrower’s management is considered competent. The borrower has the ability to repay the debt in the normal course of business.
Watch – These loans have a risk rating of 5 and are included in the “pass” rating. However, there would typically be some reason for additional management oversight, such as the borrower’s recent financial setbacks and/or deteriorating financial position, industry concerns and failure to perform on other borrowing obligations. Loans with this rating are monitored closely in an effort to correct deficiencies.
Special mention – These loans have a risk rating of 6 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. These loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or in the credit position at some future date. These loans pose elevated risk, but their weakness does not yet justify a “Substandard” classification.
Substandard – These loans have a risk rating of 7 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines, for which the accrual of interest may or may not be discontinued. By definition under regulatory guidelines, a “Substandard” loan has defined weaknesses which make payment default or principal exposure likely, but not yet certain. Such loans are likely to be dependent upon collateral liquidation, a secondary source of repayment, or an event outside of the normal course of business.
Doubtful – These loans have a risk rating of 8 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Such loans are placed on non-accrual status and repayment may be dependent upon collateral which has value that is difficult to determine or upon some near-term event which lacks certainty.
Loss – These loans have a risk rating of 9 and are rated in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Such loans are charged-off or charged-down when payment is acknowledged to be uncertain or when the timing or value of payments cannot be determined. “Loss” is not intended to imply that the loan or some portion of it will never be paid, nor does it in any way imply that there has been a forgiveness of debt.
The following tables present an analysis of credit quality indicators at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

December 31, 2015 |  | Pass |  |  | Special Mention |  |  | Substandard |  |  | Doubtful |  |  | Loss |  |  | Total Loans Receivable
Commercial business | $ | 70,791 |  | $ | 947 |  | $ | 375 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 72,113
Commercial real estate |  | 322,307 |  |  | 10,262 |  |  | 2,956 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 335,525
Land |  | 9,604 |  |  | 2,656 |  |  | 801 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 13,061
Multi-family |  | 32,847 |  |  | 1,742 |  |  | 12 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 34,601
Real estate construction |  | 23,749 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 23,749
Consumer |  | 130,999 |  |  | - |  |  | 665 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 131,664
Total | $ | 590,297 |  | $ | 15,607 |  | $ | 4,809 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 610,713

March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business | $ | 75,643 |  | $ | 977 |  | $ | 566 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 77,186
Commercial real estate |  | 277,156 |  |  | 15,570 |  |  | 6,965 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 299,691
Land |  | 11,665 |  |  | 2,892 |  |  | 801 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 15,358
Multi-family |  | 28,508 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 1,935 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 30,457
Real estate construction |  | 28,670 |  |  | - |  |  | 1,828 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 30,498
Consumer |  | 125,356 |  |  | - |  |  | 1,226 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 126,582
Total | $ | 546,998 |  | $ | 19,453 |  | $ | 13,321 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 579,772

Impaired loans and troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”): A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due (principal and interest) according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Typically, factors used in determining if a loan is impaired include, but are not limited to, whether the loan is 90 days or more delinquent, internally designated as substandard or worse, on non-accrual status or represents a TDR. The majority of the Company’s impaired loans are considered collateral dependent. When a loan is considered collateral dependent, impairment is measured using the estimated value of the underlying collateral, less any prior liens, and when applicable, less estimated selling costs. For impaired loans that are not collateral dependent, impairment is measured using the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate. When the estimated net realizable value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest, net deferred loan fees or costs, and unamortized premium or discount), an impairment is recognized by adjusting an allocation of the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent to the initial allocation of allowance to the individual loan, the Company may
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conclude that it is appropriate to record a charge-off of the impaired portion of the loan. When a charge-off is recorded, the loan balance is reduced and the specific allowance is eliminated. Generally, when a collateral dependent loan is initially measured for impairment and has not had an appraisal of the collateral performed in the last six months, the Company obtains an updated market valuation. Subsequently, the Company generally obtains an updated market valuation of the collateral on an annual basis. The collateral valuation may occur more frequently if the Company determines that there is an indication that the market value may have declined.
The following tables present the total and average recorded investment in impaired loans at the dates and for the periods indicated (in thousands):

December 31, 2015 |  | Recorded Investment with No Specific Valuation Allowance |  |  | Recorded Investment with Specific Valuation Allowance |  |  | Total Recorded Investment |  |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  |  | Related Specific Valuation Allowance |
Commercial business |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | - |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 10,946 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,946 |  |  |  | 12,148 |  |  |  | - |
Land |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | - |
Multi-family |  |  | 1,742 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,742 |  |  |  | 1,887 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer |  |  | 481 |  |  |  | 1,210 |  |  |  | 1,691 |  |  |  | 1,862 |  |  |  | 119 |
Total |  | $ | 14,163 |  |  | $ | 1,210 |  |  | $ | 15,373 |  |  | $ | 16,895 |  |  | $ | 119 |
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial business |  | $ | 1,091 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,091 |  |  | $ | 1,125 |  |  | $ | - |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 15,939 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15,939 |  |  |  | 17,188 |  |  |  | - |
Land |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | - |
Multi-family |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer |  |  | 1,276 |  |  |  | 1,346 |  |  |  | 2,622 |  |  |  | 3,211 |  |  |  | 147 |
Total |  | $ | 21,029 |  |  | $ | 1,346 |  |  | $ | 22,375 |  |  | $ | 24,386 |  |  | $ | 147 |

|  | Three Months ended December 31, 2015 |  |  | Three Months ended December 31, 2014 |
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans |
Commercial business |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,203 |  |  | $ | 14 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 12,617 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 17,086 |  |  |  | 121 |
Land |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | - |
Multi-family |  |  | 1,821 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer |  |  | 1,778 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 2,662 |  |  |  | 18 |
Total |  | $ | 17,422 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 24,050 |  |  | $ | 153 |

|  | Nine Months ended December 31, 2015 |  |  | Nine Months ended December 31, 2014 |
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans |  |  | Average Recorded Investment |  |  | Interest Recognized on Impaired Loans |
Commercial business |  | $ | 630 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 1,070 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 17,436 |  |  |  | 346 |
Land |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 821 |  |  |  | - |
Multi-family |  |  | 1,869 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 2,239 |  |  |  | - |
Consumer |  |  | 2,014 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 3,329 |  |  |  | 56 |
Total |  | $ | 19,276 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 24,895 |  |  | $ | 438 |

TDRs are loans where the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower's financial condition, has granted a concession to the borrower that it would otherwise not consider. A TDR typically involves a modification of terms such as a reduction of the stated interest rate or face amount of the loan, a reduction of accrued interest, and/or an extension of the maturity date(s) at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk. TDRs are considered impaired loans and as such, impairment is measured as described for impaired loans above.
At December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, the Company had TDRs totaling $15.1 million and $21.4 million, respectively, of which $12.1 million and $17.3 million, respectively, were on accrual status. At December 31, 2015, the Company had no commitments to lend additional funds on these loans. At December 31, 2015, all of the Company’s TDRs are paying as agreed except for one of the Company’s TDRs that defaulted since the loan was modified.
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The following table presents new TDRs for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 |  |  | Nine Months Ended December 31, 2014 |
|  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Number of Contracts |  |  | Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |  |  | Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment |
Commercial real estate |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 344 |  |  | $ | 333 |

There were no loans modified as a TDR within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted in the nine months ended December 31, 2015.
In accordance with the Company’s policy guidelines, unsecured loans are generally charged-off when no payments have been received for three consecutive months unless an alternative action plan is in effect. Consumer installment loans delinquent six months or more that have not received at least 75% of their required monthly payment in the last 90 days are charged-off. In addition, loans discharged in bankruptcy proceedings are charged-off. Loans under bankruptcy protection with no payments received for four consecutive months will be charged-off. The outstanding balance of a secured loan that is in excess of the net realizable value is generally charged-off if no payments are received for four to five consecutive months. However, charge-offs are postponed if alternative proposals to restructure, obtain additional guarantors, obtain additional assets as collateral or a potential sale of the underlying collateral would result in full repayment of the outstanding loan balance. Once any other potential sources of repayment are exhausted, the impaired portion of the loan is charged-off. Regardless of whether a loan is unsecured or collateralized, once an amount is determined to be a confirmed loan loss it is promptly charged off.

8. | GOODWILL

Goodwill and certain other intangibles generally arise from business combinations accounted for under the purchase method. Goodwill and other intangibles deemed to have indefinite lives generated from business combinations are not subject to amortization and are instead tested for impairment not less than annually. The Company has two reporting units, the Bank and RAMCorp, for purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment.
The Company performed an impairment assessment as of October 31, 2015 and determined that no impairment of goodwill exists. The goodwill impairment test involves a two-step process. The first step is a comparison of the reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value. If the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, the Company would be required to progress to the second step. In the second step, the Company calculates the implied fair value of goodwill. GAAP with respect to goodwill requires that the Company compare the implied fair value of goodwill to the carrying amount of goodwill on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. If the carrying amount of the goodwill is greater than the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss must be recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The implied fair value of goodwill is determined in the same manner as goodwill recognized in a business combination. The estimated fair value of the Company is allocated to all of the Company’s individual assets and liabilities, including any unrecognized identifiable intangible assets, as if the Company had been acquired in a business combination and the estimated fair value of the Company is the price paid to acquire it. The allocation process is performed only for purposes of determining the amount of goodwill impairment, as no assets or liabilities are written up or down, nor are any additional unrecognized identifiable intangible assets recorded as a part of this process. The results of the Company’s step one test indicated that the reporting unit’s fair value was greater than its carrying value, and, therefore, a step two analysis was not required; however, no assurance can be given that the Company’s goodwill will not be written down in future periods.

9. | JUNIOR SUBORDINATED DEBENTURES

At December 31, 2015, the Company had two wholly-owned subsidiary grantor trusts that were established for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities and common securities. The trust preferred securities accrue and pay distributions periodically at specified annual rates as provided in each trust agreement. The trusts used the net proceeds from each of the offerings to purchase a like amount of junior subordinated debentures (the “Debentures”) of the Company. The Debentures are the sole assets of the trusts. The Company’s obligations under the Debentures and related documents, taken together, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of the obligations of the trusts. The trust preferred securities are mandatorily redeemable upon maturity of the Debentures or upon earlier redemption as provided in the indentures. The Company has the right to redeem the Debentures in whole or in part on or after specific dates, at a redemption price specified in the indentures governing the Debentures plus any accrued but unpaid interest to the redemption date. The Company also has the right to defer the payment of interest on each of the Debentures for a period not to exceed 20 consecutive quarters, provided that the deferral period does not extend beyond the stated maturity. During such deferral period, distributions on the corresponding trust preferred securities will also be deferred and the Company may not pay cash dividends to the holders of shares of the Company’s common stock.
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The Debentures issued by the Company to the grantor trusts, totaling $22.7 million, are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets in the liabilities section, under the caption “junior subordinated debentures.” The common securities issued by the grantor trusts were purchased by the Company, and the Company’s investment in the common securities of $681,000 at both December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, is included in prepaid expenses and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company records interest expense on the Debentures in the consolidated statements of income.
The following table is a summary of the terms of the Debentures at December 31, 2015 (dollars in thousands):

Issuance Trust |  | Issuance Date |  |  | Amount Outstanding |  | Rate Type |  | Initial Rate |  | Current Rate |  | Maturity Date
Riverview Bancorp Statutory Trust I |  | 12/2005 |  | $ | 7,217 |  | Variable (1) |  | 5.88 | % | 1.87 | % | 3/2036
Riverview Bancorp Statutory Trust II |  | 06/2007 |  |  | 15,464 |  | Variable (2) |  | 7.03 | % | 1.86 | % | 9/2037
|  |  |  | $ | 22,681 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) The trust preferred securities reprice quarterly based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.36%.
(2) The trust preferred securities reprice quarterly based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.35%.

10. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

GAAP defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The categories of fair value measurement prescribed by GAAP and used in the tables presented under fair value measurements are as follows:
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1): Inputs that are quoted unadjusted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. An active market is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Other observable inputs (Level 2): Inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets and inputs derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3): Inputs that reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
Financial instruments are presented in the tables that follow by recurring or nonrecurring measurement status. Recurring assets are initially measured at fair value and are required to be remeasured at fair value in the consolidated financial statements at each reporting date. Assets measured on a nonrecurring basis are assets that, as a result of an event or circumstance, were required to be remeasured at fair value after initial recognition in the consolidated financial statements at some time during the reporting period.
The following tables present assets that are measured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Estimated fair value measurements using
December 31, 2015 | Total estimated fair value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred | $ | 1,787 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,787
Agency securities |  | 19,416 |  |  | - |  |  | 19,416 |  |  | -
Real estate mortgage investment conduits |  | 45,034 |  |  | - |  |  | 45,034 |  |  | -
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 78,986 |  |  | - |  |  | 78,986 |  |  | -
Other mortgage-backed securities |  | 9,069 |  |  | - |  |  | 9,069 |  |  | -
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis | $ | 154,292 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 152,505 |  | $ | 1,787

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|  |  | Estimated fair value measurements using
March 31, 2015 | Total estimated fair value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Investment securities available for sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust preferred | $ | 1,812 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,812
Agency securities |  | 13,939 |  |  | - |  |  | 13,939 |  |  | -
Real estate mortgage investment conduits |  | 22,709 |  |  | - |  |  | 22,709 |  |  | -
Mortgage-backed securities |  | 68,514 |  |  | - |  |  | 68,514 |  |  | -
Other mortgage-backed securities |  | 5,489 |  |  | - |  |  | 5,489 |  |  | -
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis | $ | 112,463 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 110,651 |  | $ | 1,812

There were no transfers of assets into or out of Level 1, 2 or 3 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.
The following table presents a reconciliation of assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| For the Nine Months Ended |
|  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | December 31, 2014 |
|  | Available for sale securities |  |  | Available for sale securities |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,812 |  | $ | 1,903 |
Transfers into Level 3 |  | - |  |  | - |
Included in earnings |  | - |  |  | - |
Included in other comprehensive income |  | (25 | ) |  | (43 | )
Ending balance | $ | 1,787 |  | $ | 1,860 |

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments above:
Investment securities – Investment securities are included within Level 1 of the hierarchy when quoted prices in an active market for identical assets are available. The Company uses a third-party pricing service to assist the Company in determining the fair value of its Level 2 securities, which incorporates pricing models and/or quoted prices of investment securities with similar characteristics. The Company’s Level 3 assets consist of a single pooled trust preferred security.
For Level 2 securities, the independent pricing service provides pricing information by utilizing evaluated pricing models supported with market data information. Standard inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data from market research publications. The Company’s third-party pricing service has established processes for the Company to submit inquiries regarding the estimated fair value. In such cases, the Company’s third-party pricing service will review the inputs to the evaluation in light of any new market data presented by the Company. The Company’s third-party pricing service may then affirm the original estimated fair value or may update the evaluation on a go-forward basis.
Management reviews the pricing information received from the third-party pricing service through a combination of procedures that include an evaluation of methodologies used by the pricing service, analytical reviews and performance analysis of the prices against statistics and trends. Based on this review, management determines whether the current placement of the security in the fair value hierarchy is appropriate or whether transfers may be warranted. As necessary, the Company compares prices received from the pricing service to discounted cash flow models or by performing independent valuations of inputs and assumptions similar to those used by the pricing service in order to ensure prices represent a reasonable estimate of fair value.
The Company has determined that the market for its collateralized debt obligation secured by a pool of trust preferred securities is inactive. This determination was made by the Company after considering the last known trade dates for this specific security, the low number of transactions for similar types of securities, the low number of new issuances for similar securities, the bid-ask spread in the brokered markets in which these securities trade, the implied liquidity risk premium for similar securities, the lack of information that is released publicly and discussions with third-party industry analysts. Due to the inactivity in the market, observable market data was not readily available for all significant inputs for this security. Accordingly, the collateralized debt obligation was classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company utilized observable inputs where available and unobservable data, and modeled the cash flows adjusted by an appropriate liquidity and credit risk adjusted discount rate using an income approach valuation technique, in order to measure the fair value of the security. Significant unobservable inputs were used that reflect the Company’s estimate of assumptions that a market participant would use to price the security. Significant unobservable inputs included the discount rate, the default rate and repayment assumptions. The Company estimated the discount rate by comparing rates for similarly rated corporate bonds, with additional consideration given to market liquidity. The default rates and repayment assumptions were estimated based on the individual issuer’s financial condition and historical repayment information, as well as the Company’s future expectations of the capital markets.
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The following tables present assets that are measured at estimated fair value on a nonrecurring basis at the dated indicated (in thousands):

|  |  |  | Estimated fair value measurements using
December 31, 2015 | Total estimated fair value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Impaired loans | $ | 1,091 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,091
Real estate owned (“REO”) |  | 335 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 335
Total nonrecurring assets measured at fair value | $ | 1,426 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,426

December 31, 2014 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans | $ | 3,426 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 3,426
REO |  | 1,193 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1,193
Total nonrecurring assets measured at fair value | $ | 4,619 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 4,619

The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 inputs for financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2015 and 2014:

|  | Valuation technique |  | Significant unobservable inputs |  | Range (1)
Impaired loans |  | Appraised value |  | Adjustment for market conditions |  | N/A
REO |  | Appraised value |  | Adjustment for market conditions |  | N/A
(1) There were no adjustments to appraised values of impaired loans or REO for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

The following methods were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instrument above:
Impaired loans – For information regarding the Company’s method for estimating the fair value of impaired loans, see Note 7 – Allowance For Loan Losses.
In determining the estimated net realizable value of the underlying collateral, the Company primarily uses third-party appraisals which may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available and include consideration of variations in location, size, and income production capacity of the property. Additionally, the appraisals are periodically further adjusted by the Company in consideration of charges that may be incurred in the event of foreclosure and are based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in business factors and changes in market conditions.
Impaired loans are reviewed and evaluated quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly based on the same factors identified above. Because of the high degree of judgment required in estimating the fair value of collateral underlying impaired loans and because of the relationship between fair value and general economic conditions, the Company considers the fair value of impaired loans to be highly sensitive to changes in market conditions.
REO – REO is real property that the Bank has taken ownership of in partial or full satisfaction of a loan or loans. REO is recorded at the estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell. This amount becomes the property’s new basis. Any write downs based on the property’s estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisition are charged to the allowance for loan losses. At acquisition date, any write ups (whereby the fair value less estimated costs to sell exceeds the loan basis) are first recovered through the allowance for loan losses if there was a prior charge-off and then applied to any outstanding accrued interest. If no prior charge-off or accrued interest is present, the amount is recorded as gain on transfer of REO.
The Company considers third-party appraisals in determining the fair value of particular properties. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available and include consideration of variations in location, size, and income production capacity of the property. Additionally, the appraisals are periodically further adjusted by the Company in consideration of charges that may be incurred in the event of foreclosure and are based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in business factors and changes in market conditions.
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Management periodically reviews REO to ensure the property is carried at the lower of its new basis or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any additional write-downs based on re-evaluation of the property’s fair value are charged to non-interest expense. Because of the high degree of judgment required in estimating the fair value of REO and because of the relationship between fair value and general economic conditions, the Company considers the fair value of REO to be highly sensitive to changes in market conditions.
The following disclosure of the estimated fair value of financial instruments is made in accordance with applicable GAAP. The Company, using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies, has determined the estimated fair value amounts. However, considerable judgment is necessary to interpret market data in the development of the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could realize in the future. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.
The carrying amount and estimated fair value of financial instruments is as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

December 31, 2015 | Carrying amount |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  |  | Estimated fair value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 28,967 |  | $ | 28,967 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 28,967
Certificates of deposit held for investment |  | 17,761 |  |  | - |  |  | 17,892 |  |  | - |  |  | 17,892
Loans held for sale |  | 400 |  |  | - |  |  | 400 |  |  | - |  |  | 400
Investment securities available for sale |  | 154,292 |  |  | - |  |  | 152,505 |  |  | 1,787 |  |  | 154,292
Investment securities held to maturity |  | 77 |  |  | - |  |  | 79 |  |  | - |  |  | 79
Loans receivable, net |  | 600,540 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 578,948 |  |  | 578,948
FHLB stock |  | 988 |  |  | - |  |  | 988 |  |  | - |  |  | 988
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and savings deposits |  | 623,608 |  |  | 623,608 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 623,608
Time deposits |  | 123,957 |  |  | - |  |  | 123,260 |  |  | - |  |  | 123,260
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 22,681 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 8,128 |  |  | 8,128
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 58,659 |  | $ | 58,659 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 58,659
Certificates of deposit held for investment |  | 25,969 |  |  | - |  |  | 26,256 |  |  | - |  |  | 26,256
Loans held for sale |  | 778 |  |  | - |  |  | 778 |  |  | - |  |  | 778
Investment securities available for sale |  | 112,463 |  |  | - |  |  | 110,651 |  |  | 1,812 |  |  | 112,463
Investment securities held to maturity |  | 86 |  |  | - |  |  | 88 |  |  | - |  |  | 88
Loans receivable, net |  | 569,010 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 548,908 |  |  | 548,908
FHLB stock |  | 5,924 |  |  | - |  |  | 5,924 |  |  | - |  |  | 5,924
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand and savings deposits |  | 582,011 |  |  | 582,011 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 582,011
Time deposits |  | 138,839 |  |  | - |  |  | 138,744 |  |  | - |  |  | 138,744
Junior subordinated debentures |  | 22,681 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 9,769 |  |  | 9,769

Fair value estimates were based on existing financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business. The fair value was not estimated for assets and liabilities that were not considered financial instruments.
Fair value estimates, methods and assumptions are set forth below.
Cash and cash equivalents – Fair value approximates the carrying amount.
Certificates of deposit held for investment – The fair value of certificates of deposit with stated maturities was based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate was estimated using rates currently available in the local market.
Investment securities – See descriptions above.
Loans receivable and loans held for sale – Loans receivable were priced using a discounted cash flow analysis. The fair value of loans held for sale was based on the loans carrying values as the agreements to sell these loans are short-term fixed rate commitments and no material difference between the carrying value and expected sales price is deemed likely.
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FHLB stock – The carrying amount approximates the estimated fair value of this investment.
Deposits – The fair value of deposits with no stated maturities such as non-interest-bearing demand deposits, interest checking, money market and savings accounts was equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits with stated maturities was based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate was estimated using rates currently available in the local market.
Junior subordinated debentures – The fair value of the Debentures was based on the discounted cash flow method. Management believes that the discount rate utilized is indicative of those that would be used by market participants for similar types of debentures.
Off-balance sheet financial instruments – The estimated fair value of loan commitments approximates fees recorded associated with such commitments. Since the majority of the Company’s off-balance-sheet financial instruments consist of non-fee producing, variable rate commitments, the Company has determined they do not have a distinguishable fair value.

11. | NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 implements a common revenue standard that clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods, and interim reporting periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern" (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 provides guidance in connection with preparing financial statements for each annual and interim reporting period for which an entity’s management should evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued (or within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are available to be issued when applicable). ASU 2014-15 is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and for interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of ASU 2014-15 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-01, “Income Statement – Extraordinary and Unusual Items” (“ASU 2015-01”). ASU 2015-01 eliminates the need to separately classify, present and disclose extraordinary events. The disclosure of events or transactions that are unusual or infrequent in nature will be included in other guidance. The amendments in ASU 2015-01 are effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of ASU 2015-01 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-02, “Consolidation: Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis” (“ASU 2015-02”). ASU 2015-02 is intended to improve targeted areas of consolidation guidance for legal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures (collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, and mortgage-backed security transactions). ASU 2015-02 focuses on the consolidation evaluation for reporting organizations that are required to evaluate whether they should consolidate certain legal entities. In addition to reducing the number of consolidation models from four to two, ASU 2015-02 simplifies the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and improves current GAAP by placing more emphasis on risk of loss when determining a controlling financial interest. ASU 2015-02 will be effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2015 for public companies. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of ASU 2015-02 is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments – Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”). ASU 2016-01 generally requires equity investments – except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee – to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer., ASU 2016-01and is intended to simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. ASU 2016-01 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-01 will have on the Company’s future consolidated financial statements.

12. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Off-balance sheet arrangements. In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in order to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments generally include commitments to originate mortgage, commercial and consumer loans. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the borrower is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Commitments to originate loans are conditional and are honored for up to 45 days subject to the Company’s usual terms and conditions. Collateral is not required to support commitments.
Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third-party. These guarantees are primarily used to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Collateral held varies and is required in instances where the Company deems it necessary.
Significant off-balance sheet commitments at December 31, 2015 are listed below (in thousands):

|  | Contract or Notional Amount
Commitments to originate loans: |  |
Adjustable-rate | $ | 4,356
Fixed-rate |  | 9,013
Standby letters of credit |  | 1,646
Undisbursed loan funds and unused lines of credit |  | 85,573
Total | $ | 100,588

At December 31, 2015, the Company had firm commitments to sell $2.0 million of residential loans to the FHLMC. Typically, these agreements are short-term fixed rate commitments and no material gain or loss is likely.
Other Contractual Obligations. In connection with certain asset sales, the Company typically makes representations and warranties about the underlying assets conforming to specified guidelines. If the underlying assets do not conform to the specifications, the Company may have an obligation to repurchase the assets or indemnify the purchaser against loss. At December 31, 2015, loans under warranty totaled $117.0 million, which substantially represents the unpaid principal balance of the Company’s loans serviced for the FHLMC. The Company believes that the potential for loss under these arrangements is remote. Accordingly, no related contingent liability has been recorded in the consolidated financial statements.
The Bank is a public depository and, accordingly, accepts deposit and other public funds belonging to, or held for the benefit of, Washington and Oregon states, political subdivisions thereof, and municipal corporations. In accordance with applicable state law, in the event of default of a participating bank, all other participating banks in the state collectively assure that no loss of funds are suffered by any public depositor. Generally, in the event of default by a public depositary, the assessment attributable to all public depositaries is allocated on a pro rata basis in proportion to the maximum liability of each depository as it existed on the date of loss. The Company has not incurred any losses related to public depository funds held by other institutions for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.
The Company is party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, these actions will not have a material effect, if any, on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The Bank has entered into employment contracts with certain key employees, which provide for contingent payments subject to future events.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
This report contains certain financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP. These measures include net interest income on a fully tax equivalent basis and net interest margin on a fully tax equivalent basis. Management uses these non-GAAP measures in its analysis of the Company’s performance. The tax equivalent adjustment to net interest income recognizes the income tax savings when comparing taxable and tax-exempt assets and assumes a 34% tax rate. Management believes that it is a standard practice in the banking industry to present net interest income and net interest margin on a fully tax equivalent basis, and accordingly believes that providing these measures may be useful for peer comparison purposes. These disclosures should not be viewed as substitutes for the results determined to be in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies.
Critical Accounting Policies
Critical accounting policies and estimates are discussed in our 2015 Form 10-K under Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.” That discussion highlights estimates the Company makes that involve uncertainty or potential for substantial change. There have not been any material changes in the Company’s critical accounting policies and estimates as compared to the disclosure contained in the Company’s 2015 Form 10-K.
Executive Overview
As a progressive, community-oriented financial services company, the Company emphasizes local, personal service to residents of its primary market area. The Company considers Clark, Cowlitz, Klickitat and Skamania counties of Washington and Multnomah and Marion counties of Oregon as its primary market area. The counties of Multnomah, Clark and Skamania are part of the Portland metropolitan area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. The Company is engaged predominantly in the business of attracting deposits from the general public and using such funds in its primary market area to originate commercial business, commercial real estate, multi-family real estate, real estate construction, residential real estate and other consumer loans. The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $600.5 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $569.0 million at March 31, 2015.
The Company’s primary focus is to increase commercial business loans and owner occupied commercial real estate loans with a specific focus on medical professionals and the medical industry. Beginning in 2014, the Company began purchasing from time to time pools of automobile loans from another financial institution as a way to further diversify its loan portfolio and to earn a higher yield than earned on its cash or short-term investments. These indirect automobile loans are originated through a single dealership group located outside the Company’s primary market area. The collateral for these loans is comprised of a mix of used automobiles. These loans are purchased with servicing retained by the seller. In October 2015, the Company purchased an additional $14.8 million pool of automobile loans. At December 31, 2015, the Company’s purchased automobile loan portfolio was $40.9 million. The Company may purchase additional automobile loans during fiscal year 2016, subject to these loans meeting our investment criteria, underwriting standards and internal loan concentration limits. As of December 31, 2015, 14 of the purchased automobile loans totaling $177,000 were on non-accrual status.
The Bank’s subsidiary, RAMCorp, a trust and financial services company located in downtown Vancouver, Washington, provides full-service brokerage activities, trust and asset management services. The Bank’s Business and Professional Banking Division, with two lending offices in Vancouver and one in Portland, offers commercial and business banking services.
Vancouver is located in Clark County, Washington, which is just north of Portland, Oregon. Many businesses are located in the Vancouver area because of the favorable tax structure and lower energy costs in Washington as compared to Oregon. Companies located in the Vancouver area include Sharp Microelectronics, Hewlett Packard, Georgia Pacific, Underwriters Laboratory, Wafer Tech, Nautilus, Barrett Business Services, PeaceHealth and Fisher Investments, as well as several support industries. In addition to this industry base, the Columbia River Gorge Scenic Area and the Portland metropolitan area is a source of tourism, which has helped to transform the area from its past dependence on the timber industry.
The Company’s strategic plan includes targeting the commercial banking customer base in its primary market area for loan originations and deposit growth, specifically small and medium size businesses, professionals and wealth building individuals. In pursuit of these goals, the Company will seek to increase the loan portfolio consistent with its strategic plan and asset/liability and regulatory capital objectives, which includes maintaining a significant amount of commercial and commercial real estate loans in its loan portfolio. Significant portions of our new loan originations – which are mainly concentrated in commercial business, commercial real estate and multifamily loans – carry adjustable rates, higher yields or shorter terms and higher credit risk than traditional fixed-rate consumer real estate one-to-four family mortgages.
At December 31, 2015, checking accounts totaled $308.3 million, or 41.2% of our total deposit mix compared to $251.9 million or 36.5% a year ago. Our strategic plan also stresses increased emphasis on non-interest income, including increased fees for asset management through RAMCorp and deposit service charges. The strategic plan is designed to
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enhance earnings, reduce interest rate risk and provide a more complete range of financial services to customers and the local communities the Company serves. We believe we are well positioned to attract new customers and to increase our market share through our 17 branches, including ten in Clark County, two in the Portland metropolitan area and three lending centers.
Economic conditions in the Company’s market areas have continued to improve from the recent recessionary downturn. According to the Washington State Employment Security Department, unemployment in Clark County decreased to 5.6% at November 30, 2015 compared to 6.8% at March 31, 2015 and 7.3% at December 31, 2014. According to the Oregon Employment Department, unemployment in Portland slightly increased to 5.0% at November 30, 2015 compared to 4.8% at March 31, 2015 and decreased compared to 5.5% at December 31, 2014. According to the Regional Multiple Listing Services (“RMLS”), residential home inventory levels in Portland, Oregon have decreased to 1.2 months at December 31, 2015 compared to 1.9 months at March 31, 2015 and 2.3 months at December 31, 2014. Residential home inventory levels in Clark County have decreased to 1.9 months at December 31, 2015 compared to 2.6 months at March 31, 2015 and 3.4 months at December 31, 2014. According to the RMLS, closed home sales in Clark County increased 9.0% and 32.8% during December 2015 compared to March 2015 and December 2014, respectively. Closed home sales in Portland increased 10.3% and 32.3% during December 2015 compared to March 2015 and December 2014, respectively. The Company has also seen an increase in sales activity for building lots during the past twelve months. Commercial real estate leasing activity and the residential real estate market in the Portland/Vancouver area has been thriving and the vacancy rates in the Portland/Vancouver area have been relatively low.
Operating Strategy
The Company’s goal is to deliver returns to shareholders by managing problem assets, increasing higher-yielding assets (in particular commercial real estate and commercial business loans), increasing core deposit balances, reducing expenses, hiring experienced employees with a commercial lending focus and exploring expansion opportunities. The Company seeks to achieve these results by focusing on the following objectives:
Focusing on Asset Quality. The Company is focused on monitoring existing performing loans, resolving nonperforming loans and selling foreclosed assets. The Company has aggressively sought to reduce its level of nonperforming assets through write-downs, collections, modifications and sales of nonperforming loans and real estate owned. The Company has taken proactive steps to resolve its nonperforming loans, including negotiating repayment plans, forbearances, loan modifications and loan extensions with borrowers when appropriate, and accepting short payoffs on delinquent loans, particularly when such payoffs result in a smaller loss than foreclosure. In connection with the downturn in real estate markets, the Company applied more conservative and stringent underwriting practices to new loans, including, among other things, increasing the amount of required collateral or equity requirements, reducing loan-to-value ratios and increasing debt service coverage ratios. Nonperforming assets decreased $2.6 million to $4.3 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $6.9 million at March 31, 2015. However, there can be no assurance that the ongoing economic conditions affecting our borrowers will not result in future increases in nonperforming and classified loans.
Improving Earnings by Expanding Product Offerings. The Company intends to prudently increase the percentage of its assets consisting of higher-yielding commercial real estate and commercial loans, which offer higher risk-adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, while maintaining compliance with its heightened regulatory capital requirements. The Company also intends to selectively add additional products to further diversify revenue sources and to capture more of each customer’s banking relationship by cross selling loan and deposit products and additional services to Bank customers, including services provided through RAMCorp to increase its fee income. Assets under management by RAMCorp totaled $394.6 million and $376.7 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The Company continuously reviews new products and services to provide its customers more financial options. All new technology and services are generally reviewed for business development and cost saving purposes. The Bank has implemented remote check capture at all of its branches and for selected customers of the Bank. The Company continues to experience growth in customer use of its online banking services, which allows customers to conduct a full range of services on a real-time basis, including balance inquiries, transfers and electronic bill paying. The Company also upgraded its online banking product for consumer customers, including the introduction of mobile deposit capture, providing consumer customers greater flexibility and convenience in conducting their online banking. The Company’s online service has also enhanced the delivery of cash management services to business customers. The Company also participates in an internet deposit listing service which allows the Company to post time deposit rates on an internet site where institutional investors have the ability to deposit funds with the Company. Although the Company has currently chosen not to utilize these internet based deposits, the Company will continue to have access to these funds in the future. Furthermore, the Company may utilize the internet deposit listing service to purchase certificates of deposit at other financial institutions. The Company also offers Insured Cash Sweep (ICS™), a reciprocal money market product, to its customers along with the Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS™) program which allows customers access to FDIC insurance on deposits exceeding the $250,000 FDIC insurance limit.
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Attracting Core Deposits and Other Deposit Products. The Company’s strategic focus is to emphasize total relationship banking with its customers to internally fund its loan growth. The Company has reduced its reliance on other wholesale funding sources, including FHLB and FRB advances, by focusing on the continued growth of core customer deposits. The Company believes that a continued focus on customer relationships will help to increase the level of core deposits and locally-based retail certificates of deposit. In addition to its retail branches, the Company maintains technology-based products, such as personal financial management, business cash management, and business remote deposit products, that enable it to compete effectively with banks of all sizes. Core branch deposits (comprised of all demand, savings, interest checking accounts and all time deposits excluding wholesale-brokered deposits, trust account deposits, Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (“IOLTA”), public funds and Internet based deposits) decreased $1.6 million during the quarter-ended December 31, 2015 compared to the prior quarter.
Continued Expense Control. Management has undertaken several initiatives to reduce non-interest expense and continues to make it a priority to identify cost savings opportunities throughout all aspects of the Company’s operations, including forming a cost saving committee whose mission is to find additional cost saving opportunities at the Company. The Company has instituted expense control measures such as cancelling certain projects and capital purchases, and reducing travel and entertainment expenditures. In October 2014, the Company closed one of its branches as a result of its failure to meet the Company’s required growth and profitability standards. This was an in-store branch located in Portland Oregon. The closure of this branch had minimal impact on the Company’s customers and deposit totals as a result of this branch’s proximity to our Gresham, Oregon branch which opened in the summer of 2012.
Recruiting and Retaining Highly Competent Personnel with a Focus on Commercial Lending. The Company’s ability to continue to attract and retain banking professionals with strong community relationships and significant knowledge of its markets will be a key to its success. The Company believes that it enhances its market position and adds profitable growth opportunities by focusing on hiring and retaining experienced bankers focused on owner occupied commercial real estate and commercial lending, and the deposit balances that accompany these relationships. The Company emphasizes to its employees the importance of delivering exemplary customer service and seeking opportunities to build further relationships with its customers. The goal is to compete with other financial service providers by relying on the strength of the Company’s customer service and relationship banking approach. The Company believes that one of its strengths is that its employees are also significant shareholders through the Company’s employee stock ownership (“ESOP”) and 401(k) plans.
Disciplined Franchise Expansion. The Company believes opportunities currently exist within its market area to grow its franchise. The Company anticipates organic growth as the local economy and loan demand strengthens, through its marketing efforts and as a result of the opportunities being created as a result of the consolidation of financial institutions occurring in its market area. The Company may also seek to expand its franchise through the selective acquisition of individual branches, loan purchases and whole bank transactions that meet its investment and market objectives. The Company expects to gradually expand its operations further in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area which has a population of approximately two million people. The Company will continue to be disciplined as it pertains to future expansion focusing on the Pacific Northwest markets it knows and understands.
Loan Composition
The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s commercial and construction loan portfolios based on loan purpose at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Commercial Business |  |  | Other Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Commercial & Construction Total
December 31, 2015 |
Commercial business | $ | 72,113 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 72,113
Commercial construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 15,403 |  |  | 15,403
Office buildings |  | - |  |  | 104,285 |  |  | - |  |  | 104,285
Warehouse/industrial |  | - |  |  | 51,384 |  |  | - |  |  | 51,384
Retail/shopping centers/strip malls |  | - |  |  | 56,008 |  |  | - |  |  | 56,008
Assisted living facilities |  | - |  |  | 1,819 |  |  | - |  |  | 1,819
Single purpose facilities |  | - |  |  | 122,029 |  |  | - |  |  | 122,029
Land |  | - |  |  | 13,061 |  |  | - |  |  | 13,061
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | 34,601 |  |  | - |  |  | 34,601
One-to-four family construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 8,346 |  |  | 8,346
Total | $ | 72,113 |  | $ | 383,187 |  | $ | 23,749 |  | $ | 479,049

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|  | Commercial Business |  |  | Other Real Estate Mortgage |  |  | Real Estate Construction |  |  | Commercial & Construction Total
March 31, 2015 |
Commercial business | $ | 77,186 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 77,186
Commercial construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 27,967 |  |  | 27,967
Office buildings |  | - |  |  | 86,813 |  |  | - |  |  | 86,813
Warehouse/industrial |  | - |  |  | 42,173 |  |  | - |  |  | 42,173
Retail/shopping centers/strip malls |  | - |  |  | 60,736 |  |  | - |  |  | 60,736
Assisted living facilities |  | - |  |  | 1,846 |  |  | - |  |  | 1,846
Single purpose facilities |  | - |  |  | 108,123 |  |  | - |  |  | 108,123
Land |  | - |  |  | 15,358 |  |  | - |  |  | 15,358
Multi-family |  | - |  |  | 30,457 |  |  | - |  |  | 30,457
One-to-four family construction |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2,531 |  |  | 2,531
Total | $ | 77,186 |  | $ | 345,506 |  | $ | 30,498 |  | $ | 453,190

Comparison of Financial Condition at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015
Cash and cash equivalents, including interest-earning accounts, totaled $29.0 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $58.7 million at March 31, 2015. The Company has deployed a portion of its excess cash balances into investment securities to earn higher yields than cash held in interest-earning accounts based on its asset/liability program and liquidity objectives in order to maximize earnings. As a part of this strategy, the Company also invests a portion of its excess cash in short-term certificates of deposit. All of the certificates of deposit held for investment are fully insured by the FDIC. At December 31, 2015, certificates of deposits held for investment totaled $17.8 million compared to $26.0 million at March 31, 2015.
Investment securities totaled $154.4 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $112.5 million at March 31, 2015. The increase was due to a decision by the Company to invest additional excess cash into higher yielding investment securities. During the nine month period ended December 31, 2015, the Company purchased $60.7 million of investment securities. The Company primarily purchases a combination of securities backed by government agencies (FHLMC, FNMA, SBA or GNMA). During the three month period ended December 31, 2014, the Company sold $16.8 million of investment securities in order to fund some loan originations and to generate gains on sales by taking advantage of market interest rate fluctuations. Realized gains totaled $158,000 on the sale of these investment securities for both the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014. For the quarter ended December 31, 2015, the Company determined that none of its investment securities required an OTTI charge. For additional information, see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Loans receivable, net, totaled $600.5 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $569.0 million at March 31, 2015. The Company has seen steady loan demand in its market areas and anticipates organic loan growth. However, the Company has continued to experience an elevated level of payoffs on existing loans which at times have outpaced loan originations in some recent quarters. A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is secured by real estate, either as primary or secondary collateral, located in the Company’s primary market areas. Risks associated with loans secured by real estate include decreasing land and property values, increases in interest rates, deterioration in local economic conditions, tightening credit or refinancing markets, and a concentration of loans within any one area. The Company has no option adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) or teaser residential real estate loans in its portfolio.
Deposits increased $26.7 million to $747.6 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $720.9 million at March 31, 2015. The Company had no wholesale-brokered deposits as of December 31, 2015 or March 31, 2015. Core branch deposits accounted for 96.3% of total deposits at December 31, 2015 compared to 96.2% at March 31, 2015. The Company plans to continue its focus on core deposits and on building customer relationships as opposed to obtaining deposits through the wholesale markets.
Shareholders’ Equity and Capital Resources
Shareholders' equity increased $2.2 million to $106.0 million at December 31, 2015 from $103.8 million at March 31, 2015. The increase was mainly attributable to net income of $5.0 million. Partially offsetting this increase were cash dividends declared of $1.0 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2015. Additional paid-in capital decreased by $919,000 as a result of RAMCorp’s repurchase of the remaining shares from its noncontrolling interest owner during the quarter-ended December 31, 2015. The purchase price of these shares was based on two appraisals of RAMCorp. Upon repurchase, RAMCorp retired these shares. This transaction resulted in the Bank’s ownership in RAMCorp increasing from 90% at September 30, 2015 to 100% at December 31, 2015.
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The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Bank’s financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, the Bank was “well capitalized” as defined under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as “well capitalized,” the Bank must maintain the minimum capital ratios set forth in the table below.
The Bank’s actual and required minimum capital amounts and ratios are as follows at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

| Actual |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | “Well Capitalized” Under Prompt Corrective Action |
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) | $ | 103,741 |  | 16.08 | % | $ | 51,599 |  | 8.0 | % | $ | 64,498 |  | 10.0 | %
Tier 1 Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | 95,623 |  | 14.83 |  |  | 38,699 |  | 6.0 |  |  | 51,599 |  | 8.0 |
Common equity tier 1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | 95,623 |  | 14.83 |  |  | 29,024 |  | 4.5 |  |  | 41,924 |  | 6.5 |
Tier 1 Capital (Leverage): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Adjusted Tangible Assets) |  | 95,623 |  | 11.11 |  |  | 34,419 |  | 4.0 |  |  | 43,024 |  | 5.0 |
Tangible Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Tangible Assets) |  | 95,623 |  | 11.11 |  |  | 12,907 |  | 1.5 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |

| Actual |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | “Well Capitalized” Under Prompt Corrective Action |
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) | $ | 95,713 |  | 15.89 | % | $ | 48,188 |  | 8.0 | % | $ | 72,282 |  | 12.0 | % (1)
Tier 1 Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | 88,122 |  | 14.63 |  |  | 36,141 |  | 6.0 |  |  | 48,188 |  | 8.0 |
Common equity tier 1 capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Risk-Weighted Assets) |  | 88,122 |  | 14.63 |  |  | 27,106 |  | 4.5 |  |  | 39,152 |  | 6.5 |
Tier 1 Capital (Leverage): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Adjusted Tangible Assets) |  | 88,122 |  | 10.89 |  |  | 32,355 |  | 4.0 |  |  | 72,799 |  | 9.0 | (1)
Tangible Capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(To Tangible Assets) |  | 88,122 |  | 10.89 |  |  | 12,133 |  | 1.5 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A |

(1) The Bank agreed with the OCC to establish higher minimum capital ratios and to maintain a Tier 1 capital (leverage) ratio of not less than 9.0% and a total risked-based capital ratio of not less than 12.0% in order to be deemed “well capitalized”. On December 7, 2015, the Bank was notified by the OCC that the requirement to establish higher minimum capital ratios was rescinded.
For a savings and loan holding company with less than $1.0 billion in assets, the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis and the Federal Reserve expects the holding company’s subsidiary banks to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. If the Company was subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $1.0 billion or more in assets, at December 31, 2015 the Company would have exceeded all regulatory capital requirements.
Liquidity
Liquidity is essential to our business. The objective of the Bank’s liquidity management is to maintain ample cash flows to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, to fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and to fund ongoing operations. Core relationship deposits are the primary source of the Bank’s liquidity. As such, the Bank focuses on deposit relationships with local consumer and business clients who maintain multiple accounts and services at the Bank.
Liquidity management is both a short and long-term responsibility of the Company's management. The Company adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon management's assessment of (i) expected loan demand, (ii) projected loan sales, (iii) expected deposit flows, (iv) yields available on interest-bearing deposits and (v) its asset/liability management program objectives. Excess liquidity is invested generally in interest-bearing overnight deposits and other short-term government and agency obligations. If the Company requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, it has additional diversified and reliable sources of funds with the FHLB, the FRB and other wholesale facilities. These sources of funds may be used on a long or short-term basis to compensate for a reduction in other sources of funds or on a long-term basis to support lending activities.
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The Company's primary sources of funds are customer deposits, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, proceeds from the sale of loans, maturing securities, FHLB advances and FRB borrowings. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and prepayment of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. Management believes that its focus on core relationship deposits coupled with access to borrowing through reliable counterparties provides reasonable and prudent assurance that ample liquidity is available. However, depositor or counterparty behavior could change in response to competition, economic or market situations or other unforeseen circumstances, which could have liquidity implications that may require different strategic or operational actions.
The Company must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to ensure the availability of sufficient funds for loan originations, deposit withdrawals and continuing operations, satisfy other financial commitments and take advantage of investment opportunities. During the nine months ended December 31, 2015, the Company used its sources of funds primarily to fund loan commitments and purchase investment securities. At December 31, 2015, cash and available for sale investments totaled $201.0 million, or 22.7% of total assets. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet short-term liquidity needs; however, its primary liquidity management practice is to increase or decrease short-term borrowings, including FRB borrowings and FHLB advances. At December 31, 2015, the Company had no advances from the FRB and a borrowing capacity of $59.0 million from the FRB. At December 31, 2015, there were no borrowings from the FHLB and the Company had an available credit facility of $215.2 million. At December 31, 2015, the Company had sufficient unpledged collateral to allow it to utilize its available borrowing capacity from the FRB and the FHLB. Borrowing capacity may, however, fluctuate based on acceptability and risk rating of loan collateral and counterparties could adjust discount rates applied to such collateral at their discretion.
An additional source of wholesale funding includes brokered certificates of deposit. While the Bank has utilized brokered deposits from time to time, the Bank historically has not extensively relied on brokered deposits to fund its operations. At December 31, 2015, the Bank had no wholesale-brokered deposits. The Bank also participates in the CDARS and ICS deposit products, which allow the Bank to accept deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit for that depositor and obtain “pass-through” insurance for the total deposit. The Bank’s aggregate CDARS and ICS balances were $25.7 million, or 3.4% of total deposits, and $37.4 million, or 5.2% of total deposits, at December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, respectively. Although the FDIC permanently raised the insurance limit to $250,000, demand for CDARS deposits remains strong with continued renewals of existing CDARS deposits and the opening of new accounts. In addition, the Bank is enrolled in an internet deposit listing service. Under this listing service, the Bank may post time deposit rates on an internet site where institutional investors have the ability to deposit funds with the Bank. The Company does not currently have any internet based deposits; however, the Company will continue to have access to these funds in the future. The combination of all the Bank’s funding sources gives the Bank available liquidity of $583.8 million, or 65.9% of total assets at December 31, 2015.
At December 31, 2015, the Company had total commitments of $100.6 million, which includes commitments to extend credit of $13.4 million, unused lines of credit and undisbursed balances of $85.6 million and standby letters of credit totaling $1.6 million. The Company anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet current loan commitments. Certificates of deposit that are scheduled to mature in less than one year totaled $81.0 million. Historically, the Company has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature. Partially offsetting these cash outflows are scheduled loan maturities of less than one year totaling $60.7 million.
As a separate legal entity from the Bank, Riverview Bancorp, Inc. must provide for its own liquidity. Sources of capital and liquidity for Riverview Bancorp, Inc. include distributions from the Bank and the issuance of debt or equity securities. Dividends and other capital distributions from the Bank are subject to regulatory notice. At December 31, 2015, Riverview Bancorp, Inc. had $2.0 million in cash to meet liquidity needs.
Asset Quality
Nonperforming assets, consisting of nonperforming loans and REO, totaled $4.3 million or 0.49% of total assets at December 31, 2015 compared to $6.9 million or 0.81% of total assets at March 31, 2015.
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s nonperforming loans at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | March 31, 2015 |
|  | Number of Loans |  |  | Balance |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Balance |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 3 |  |  | $ | 2,475 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 3,291 |
Land |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 801 |
Consumer |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,226 |
Total |  |  | 22 |  |  | $ | 3,941 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | $ | 5,318 |

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The Company has continued to focus on managing the residential construction and land acquisition and development portfolios. At December 31, 2015, the Company’s residential construction and land acquisition and development loan portfolios were $8.3 million and $13.1 million, respectively, as compared to $3.1 million and $15.1 million, respectively, at December 31, 2014. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, there were no nonperforming loans in the residential construction loan portfolio. The percentage of nonperforming loans in the land acquisition and development portfolio at December 31, 2015 was 6.13% compared to 5.31% a year ago. For the nine months ended December 31, 2015, there were no charge-offs in the residential construction portfolio or the land development portfolio. Recoveries in the residential construction portfolio and land development portfolio totaled $6,000 and $230,000, respectively, for the nine months ended December 31, 2015.
REO totaled $388,000 at December 31, 2015 compared to $1.6 million at March 31, 2015. During the nine months ended December 31, 2015, REO sales totaled $892,000 and valuation write-downs totaled $323,000. During the nine months ended December 31, 2015, there were no transfers to REO. The $388,000 balance of REO is comprised of residential building lots totaling $30,000 and land development property totaling $358,000. All of these properties are located in Washington and Oregon.
The allowance for loan losses was $10.2 million or 1.67% of total loans at December 31, 2015 compared to $10.8 million or 1.86% of total loans at March 31, 2015. The decrease in the balance of the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2015 reflects the continuing trend of lower levels of delinquent and classified loans, decreased charge-offs and increased recoveries, as well as increasing real estate values, which resulted in the Company recording a recapture of loan losses of $800,000 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015.
The coverage ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans was 258.13% at December 31, 2015 compared to 202.37% at March 31, 2015. At December 31, 2015, the Company identified $3.3 million or 83.12% of its nonperforming loans as impaired and performed a specific valuation analysis on each loan resulting in no specific reserves being required for these impaired loans. Management considers the allowance for loan losses to be adequate at December 31, 2015 to cover probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio based on the assessment of various factors affecting the loan portfolio, and the Company believes it has established its existing allowance for loan losses in accordance with GAAP. However, a decline in local economic conditions, results of examinations by the Company’s regulators, or other factors could result in a material increase in the allowance for loan losses and may adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses will be adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate or should collateral values decline as a result of the factors discussed elsewhere in this document. For further information regarding the Company’s impaired loans and allowance for loan losses, see Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are loans where the Company, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower's financial condition, has granted a concession to the borrower that it would otherwise not consider. A TDR typically involves a modification of terms such as a reduction of the stated interest rate or face amount of the loan, a reduction of accrued interest, or an extension of the maturity date(s) at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk.
TDRs are considered impaired loans and as such, when a loan is deemed to be impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured using discounted cash flows using the original note rate, except when the loan is collateral dependent. In these cases, the estimated fair value of the collateral (less any selling costs, if applicable) is used. Impairment is recognized as a specific component within the allowance for loan losses if the estimated value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan. When the amount of the impairment represents a confirmed loss, it is charged off against the allowance for loan losses. At December 31, 2015, the Company had TDRs totaling $15.1 million of which $12.1 million were on accrual status. However, all of the Company’s TDRs are paying as agreed except for one commercial real estate loan totaling $1.3 million that defaulted since the loan was modified. The related amount of interest income recognized on TDRs was $509,000 and $437,000 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
The Company has determined that, in certain circumstances, it is appropriate to split a loan into multiple notes. This typically includes a nonperforming charged-off loan that is not supported by the cash flow of the relationship and a performing loan that is supported by the cash flow. These may also be split into multiple notes to align portions of the loan balance with the various sources of repayment when more than one exists. Generally the new loans are restructured based on customary underwriting standards. In situations where they were not, the policy exception qualifies as a concession, and if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, the loans are accounted for as TDRs.
The accrual status of a loan may change after it has been classified as a TDR. The Company’s general policy related to TDRs is to perform a credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and prospects for repayment under the revised terms. This evaluation includes consideration of the borrower’s sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period of time. A sustained period of repayment performance generally would be a minimum of six months, and
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may include repayments made prior to the restructuring date. If repayment of principal and interest appears doubtful, it is placed on non-accrual status.
The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s nonperforming assets at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | March 31, 2015 |
Loans accounted for on a non-accrual basis: |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate mortgage |  | $ | 3,276 |  |  | $ | 4,092 |
Consumer |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 1,226 |
Total |  |  | 3,941 |  |  |  | 5,318 |
Accruing loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 3,941 |  |  |  | 5,318 |
REO |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | 1,603 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 4,329 |  |  | $ | 6,921 |
Foregone interest on non-accrual loans (1) |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 433 |
Total nonperforming loans to total loans |  |  | 0.65 | % |  |  | 0.92 | %
Total nonperforming loans to total assets |  |  | 0.44 | % |  |  | 0.62 | %
Total nonperforming assets to total assets |  |  | 0.49 | % |  |  | 0.81 | %
(1) Nine months ended December 31, 2015 and year ended March 31, 2015. |

The composition of the Company’s nonperforming assets by loan type and geographical area is as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Northwest Oregon |  |  | Other Oregon |  |  | Southwest Washington |  |  | Other Washington |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 273 |  |  | $ | 1,289 |  |  | $ | 913 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,475 |
Land |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |
Consumer |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 665 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 387 |  |  |  | 2,090 |  |  |  | 1,054 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 3,941 |
REO |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 388 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 700 |  |  | $ | 2,090 |  |  | $ | 1,084 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 177 |  |  | $ | 4,329 |

March 31, 2015 |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  | $ | 993 |  |  | $ | 1,372 |  |  | $ | 926 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,291 |
Land |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 801 |
Consumer |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 489 |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1,226 |
Total nonperforming loans |  |  | 1,433 |  |  |  | 2,187 |  |  |  | 1,415 |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 5,318 |
REO |  |  | 706 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 852 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,603 |
Total nonperforming assets |  | $ | 2,139 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |  |  | $ | 2,267 |  |  | $ | 310 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 6,921 |

The composition of the land development and speculative construction loan portfolios by geographical area is as follows at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | Northwest Oregon |  |  | Other Oregon |  |  | Southwest Washington |  |  | Total |
December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land development |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 2,801 |  |  | $ | 10,160 |  |  | $ | 13,061 |
Speculative construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,941 |  |  |  | 6,941 |
Total land development and speculative construction |  | $ | 100 |  |  | $ | 2,801 |  |  | $ | 17,101 |  |  | $ | 20,002 |
March 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Land development |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 2,895 |  |  | $ | 12,355 |  |  | $ | 15,358 |
Speculative construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 1,578 |  |  |  | 1,686 |
Total land development and speculative construction |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 3,003 |  |  | $ | 13,933 |  |  | $ | 17,044 |

Other loans of concern, which are classified as substandard loans and are not presently included in the non-accrual category, consist of loans where the borrowers have cash flow problems, or the collateral securing the respective loans may be inadequate. In either or both of these situations, the borrowers may be unable to comply with the present loan repayment terms, and the loans may subsequently be included in the non-accrual category. Management considers the allowance for loan losses to be adequate to cover the probable losses inherent in these and other loans.
30

The following table sets forth information regarding the Company’s other loans of concern at the dates indicated (dollars in thousands):

|  | December 31, 2015 |  |  | March 31, 2015 |
|  | Number of Loans |  |  | Balance |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Balance |
Commercial business |  |  | 5 |  |  | $ | 375 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | $ | 566 |
Commercial real estate |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 481 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 3,674 |
Multi-family |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1,935 |
Commercial construction |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,828 |
Total |  |  | 9 |  |  | $ | 868 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | $ | 8,003 |

At December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015, loans delinquent 30 - 89 days were 0.11% and 0.26%, respectively, of total loans. At December 31, 2015, there were no loans 30 – 89 days past due in the commercial business or commercial real estate portfolios. At that date, commercial real estate loans represented the largest portion of the loan portfolio at 54.94% of total loans and commercial business loans represented 11.81% of total loans. At December 31, 2015, the 30-89 days delinquency rate in the real estate one-to-four family loan portfolio was 0.32%.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Other Contractual Obligations
In the normal course of operations, the Company enters into certain contractual obligations and other commitments. Obligations generally relate to funding of operations through deposits and borrowings as well as leases for premises. Commitments generally relate to lending operations.
The Company has obligations under long-term operating and capital leases, principally for building space and land. Lease terms generally cover a five-year period, with options to extend, and are not subject to cancellation. During the second quarter of fiscal 2016, the Company modified its lease agreement on its operations center reducing the Company’s square footage leased and extending the lease agreement to November 2039.
The Company has commitments to originate fixed and variable rate mortgage loans to customers. Because some commitments expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Undisbursed loan funds and unused lines of credit include funds not disbursed but committed to construction projects and home equity and commercial lines of credit. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party.
For further information regarding the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and other contractual obligations, see Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.
Goodwill Valuation
Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is tested, at least annually, for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has two reporting units, the Bank and RAMCorp, for purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment. All of the Company’s goodwill has been allocated to the Bank reporting unit. The Company performs an annual review in the third quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if indications of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, goodwill at the reporting unit level is not considered impaired and no additional analysis is necessary. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, there is an indication that impairment may exist and additional analysis must be performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The amount of impairment is determined by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the carrying value of the goodwill in the same manner as if the reporting unit was being acquired in a business combination. Specifically, the Company would allocate the fair value to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical analysis that would calculate the implied fair value of goodwill. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the recorded goodwill, the Company would record an impairment charge for the difference.
A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in our expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; adverse action or assessment by a regulator; and unanticipated competition. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of these assets and could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
31

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the quarter-ended December 31, 2015. The goodwill impairment test involves a two-step process. Step one of the goodwill impairment test estimates the fair value of the reporting unit utilizing the allocation of corporate value approach, the income approach and the market approach in order to derive an enterprise value of the Company. The allocation of corporate value approach applies the aggregate market value of the Company and divides it among the reporting units. A key assumption in this approach is the control premium applied to the aggregate market value. A control premium is utilized as the value of a company from the perspective of a controlling interest is generally higher than the widely quoted market price per share. The Company used an expected control premium of 30%, which was based on comparable transactional history. The income approach uses a reporting unit’s projection of estimated operating results and cash flows that is discounted using a rate that reflects current market conditions. The projection uses management’s best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in loans and deposits, estimates of future expected changes in net interest margins and cash expenditures. Assumptions used by the Company in its discounted cash flow model (income approach) included an annual revenue growth rate that approximated 9.0%, a net interest margin that approximated 4.2% and a return on assets that ranged from 0.83% to 1.24% (average of 1.06%). In addition to utilizing the above projections of estimated operating results, key assumptions used to determine the fair value estimate under the income approach was the discount rate of 14.2% utilized for our cash flow estimates and a terminal value estimated at 1.95 times the ending book value of the reporting unit. The Company used a build-up approach in developing the discount rate that included: an assessment of the risk free interest rate, the rate of return expected from publicly traded stocks, the industry the Company operates in and the size of the Company. The market approach estimates fair value by applying tangible book value multiples to the reporting unit’s operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as those of the reporting unit. In applying the market approach method, the Company selected eight publicly traded comparable institutions based on a variety of financial metrics (tangible equity, leverage ratio, return on assets, return on equity, net interest margin, nonperforming assets, net charge-offs, and reserves for loan losses) and other relevant qualitative factors (geographical location, lines of business, business model, risk profile, availability of financial information, etc.). After selecting comparable institutions, the Company derived the fair value of the reporting unit by completing a comparative analysis of the relationship between their financial metrics listed above and their market values utilizing a market multiple of 1.10 times tangible book value. The Company calculated a fair value of its reporting unit of $143.0 million using the corporate value approach, $147.1 million using the income approach and $140.7 million using the market approach, with a final concluded value of $142.0 million, with primary weight given to the market approach. The results of the Company’s step one test indicated that the reporting units’s fair value was greater than its carrying value and therefore no impairment of goodwill exists.
Even though the Company determined that there was no goodwill impairment, a decline in the value of its stock price as well as values of other financial institutions, declines in revenue for the Company beyond our current forecasts, significant adverse changes in the operating environment for the financial industry or an increase in the value of our assets without an increase in the value of the reporting unit may result in a future impairment charge.
It is possible that changes in circumstances existing at the measurement date or at other times in the future, or in the numerous estimates associated with management’s judgments, assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of our goodwill, could result in an impairment charge of a portion or all of our goodwill. If the Company recorded an impairment charge, its financial position and results of operations would be adversely affected; however, such an impairment charge would have no impact on our liquidity, operations or regulatory capital.
Comparison of Operating Results for the Three and Nine Months Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014
Net Income. Net income for the three months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $1.7 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, and $1.1 million, or $0.05 per diluted share, respectively. Net income for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $5.0 million, or $0.22 per diluted share, and $3.0 million, or $0.13 per diluted share, respectively. The earnings for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same prior year periods primarily reflect the improvement in net interest income. Further, earnings improved for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 due to an increase in non-interest income, primarily due to increased fees and service charges and a decrease in non-interest expense, primarily due to decreases in REO expenses, professional fees and FDIC insurance premium expense. In addition, net income for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 included a recapture of loan losses of $800,000 compared to a recapture of loan losses of $1.1 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2014.
Net Interest Income. The Company’s profitability depends primarily on its net interest income, which is the difference between the income it receives on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. When the rate earned on interest-earning assets equals or exceeds the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, this positive interest rate spread will generate net interest income. The Company’s results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, government legislation and regulation, and monetary and fiscal policies.
32

Net interest income for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 was $7.5 million and $21.8 million, respectively, representing a $769,000 and $2.0 million increase, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014. The net interest margin for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 was 3.69% and 3.67%, respectively, compared to 3.58% and 3.55% for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014, respectively. This increase in the net interest margin was primarily the result of the increase in the average balance and the average yield on loans receivable.
The Company achieves better net interest margins in a stable or increasing interest rate environment as a result of the balance sheet being slightly asset interest rate sensitive. At December 31, 2015, 3.83% of our loan portfolio had adjustable (floating) interest rates. At December 31, 2015, $11.4 million, or 48.79% of our adjustable (floating) loan portfolio contained interest rate floors, below which the loans’ contractual interest rates may not adjust. The inability of these loans to adjust downward has contributed to increased income in the currently low interest rate environment; however, net interest income will be reduced in a rising interest rate environment until such time as the current rate exceeds these interest rate floors. At December 31, 2015, $12.0 million or 1.96% of the loans in the Company’s loan portfolio were at the floor interest rate of which $10.6 million or 88.81% had yields that would begin floating again once the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate increases at least 150 basis points.
Interest and Dividend Income. Interest and dividend income for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 was $7.9 million and $23.1 million, respectively, compared to $7.2 million and $21.3 million, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year. The increase was due primarily to the increase in the average balance and yield of loans which resulted in an increase in interest income on loans receivable of $611,000 and $1.6 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to the same prior year period, respectively.
The average balance of net loans increased $52.4 million and $37.9 million to $606.8 million and $585.9 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, from $554.4 million and $548.0 million for the same prior year periods, respectively. The average yield on net loans was 4.66% and 4.72% for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to 4.65% and 4.64% for the same three and nine months in the prior year, respectively. During the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, the Company also reversed $4,000 and $9,000, respectively, of interest income on nonperforming loans compared to $2,000 and $15,000 for the same three and nine month periods in the prior year, respectively.
Interest Expense. Interest expense decreased $51,000 and $172,000 to $434,000 and $1.3 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to $485,000 and $1.5 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014, respectively. The decrease in interest expense was primarily the result of declining deposit costs, due to the Company’s decision to maintain low interest offerings on its deposit products in addition to the downward shift in the percentage of deposits representing certificates of deposit that yield a higher interest rate compared to savings and demand deposit accounts that yield a lower interest rate. The weighted average interest rate on interest-bearing deposits decreased to 0.20% and 0.21% for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 from 0.23% and 0.25%, respectively, for the same periods in the prior year.
33

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest earned on average interest-earning assets and interest paid on average interest-bearing liabilities, resultant yields, interest rate spread, ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities and net interest margin (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended December 31, |
|  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest and Dividends |  |  | Yield/Cost |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest and Dividends |  |  | Yield/Cost |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | $ | 473,998 |  |  | $ | 5,640 |  |  |  | 4.73 | % |  | $ | 426,280 |  |  | $ | 5,029 |  |  |  | 4.68 | %
Non-mortgage loans |  |  | 132,761 |  |  |  | 1,469 |  |  |  | 4.40 |  |  |  | 128,096 |  |  |  | 1,469 |  |  |  | 4.55 |
Total net loans (1) |  |  | 606,759 |  |  |  | 7,109 |  |  |  | 4.66 |  |  |  | 554,376 |  |  |  | 6,498 |  |  |  | 4.65 |
Mortgage-backed securities (2) |  |  | 116,968 |  |  |  | 638 |  |  |  | 2.17 |  |  |  | 117,023 |  |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 1.76 |
Investment securities (2) |  |  | 16,631 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 1.53 |  |  |  | 19,661 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 1.51 |
Daily interest-bearing assets |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,483 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other earning assets |  |  | 65,690 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 0.67 |  |  |  | 51,808 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 0.84 |
Total interest-earning assets |  |  | 806,760 |  |  |  | 7,921 |  |  |  | 3.91 |  |  |  | 744,351 |  |  |  | 7,203 |  |  |  | 3.84 |
Non-interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office properties and equipment, net |  |  | 14,950 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,841 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest-earning assets |  |  | 70,794 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71,057 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 892,504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 831,249 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regular savings accounts |  | $ | 86,173 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 72,462 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 0.10 |
Interest checking accounts |  |  | 125,864 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 104,172 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0.08 |
Money market deposit accounts |  |  | 234,198 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 0.12 |  |  |  | 226,694 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 0.12 |
Certificates of deposit |  |  | 126,579 |  |  |  | 173 |  |  |  | 0.54 |  |  |  | 144,001 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 0.59 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 572,814 |  |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 0.20 |  |  |  | 547,329 |  |  |  | 322 |  |  |  | 0.23 |
Other interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 25,175 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 2.28 |  |  |  | 26,088 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 2.48 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  |  | 597,989 |  |  |  | 434 |  |  |  | 0.29 |  |  |  | 573,417 |  |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 0.34 |
Non-interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing deposits |  |  | 180,591 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 146,366 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 5,809 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,139 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 784,389 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 728,922 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 108,115 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 102,327 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 892,504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 831,249 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,487 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,718 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.62 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.50 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.69 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.58 | %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 134.91 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 129.81 | %

(1) Includes non-accrual loans.
(2) For purposes of the computation of average yield on investments available for sale, historical cost balances were utilized; therefore, the yield information does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of shareholders’ equity.

34

| Nine Months Ended December 31, |
| 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
| Average Balance |  |  | Interest and Dividends |  |  | Yield/Cost |  |  | Average Balance |  |  | Interest and Dividends |  |  | Yield/Cost |
Interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | $ | 455,206 |  |  | $ | 16,382 |  |  |  | 4.79 | % |  | $ | 423,193 |  |  | $ | 14,852 |  |  |  | 4.66 | %
Non-mortgage loans |  | 130,730 |  |  |  | 4,376 |  |  |  | 4.46 |  |  |  | 124,848 |  |  |  | 4,303 |  |  |  | 4.57 |
Total net loans (1) |  | 585,936 |  |  |  | 20,758 |  |  |  | 4.72 |  |  |  | 548,041 |  |  |  | 19,155 |  |  |  | 4.64 |
Mortgage-backed securities (2) |  | 112,426 |  |  |  | 1,796 |  |  |  | 2.13 |  |  |  | 104,370 |  |  |  | 1,508 |  |  |  | 1.92 |
Investment securities (2) |  | 16,162 |  |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 1.56 |  |  |  | 20,781 |  |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | 1.64 |
Daily interest-bearing assets |  | 962 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,289 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other earning assets |  | 73,917 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 0.61 |  |  |  | 65,470 |  |  |  | 359 |  |  |  | 0.73 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 789,403 |  |  |  | 23,084 |  |  |  | 3.89 |  |  |  | 739,951 |  |  |  | 21,279 |  |  |  | 3.82 |
Non-interest-earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office properties and equipment, net |  | 15,111 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,115 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest-earning assets |  | 71,824 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69,989 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 876,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 826,055 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regular savings accounts | $ | 81,828 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 69,693 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 0.10 |
Interest checking accounts |  | 123,964 |  |  |  | 74 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 102,281 |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 0.08 |
Money market deposit accounts |  | 231,356 |  |  |  | 204 |  |  |  | 0.12 |  |  |  | 227,966 |  |  |  | 209 |  |  |  | 0.12 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 131,678 |  |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 0.56 |  |  |  | 151,339 |  |  |  | 704 |  |  |  | 0.62 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 568,826 |  |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | 0.21 |  |  |  | 551,279 |  |  |  | 1,024 |  |  |  | 0.25 |
Other interest-bearing liabilities |  | 25,025 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | 2.22 |  |  |  | 25,391 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 2.39 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 593,851 |  |  |  | 1,310 |  |  |  | 0.29 |  |  |  | 576,670 |  |  |  | 1,482 |  |  |  | 0.34 |
Non-interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest-bearing deposits |  | 169,346 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 138,685 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | 6,303 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,679 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | 769,500 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 725,034 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 106,838 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101,021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 876,338 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 826,055 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,774 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,797 |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.60 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.48 | %
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.67 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.55 | %
Ratio of average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 132.93 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 128.31 | %

(1) Includes non-accrual loans.
(2) For purposes of the computation of average yield on investments available for sale, historical cost balances were utilized; therefore, the yield information does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected as a component of shareholders’ equity.

35

The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income of the Company for the periods ended December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014. Variances that were insignificant have been allocated based upon the percentage relationship of changes in volume and changes in rate to the total net change (In thousands).

| Three Months Ended December 31, |  | Nine Months Ended December 31,
| 2015 vs. 2014 |  | 2015 vs. 2014
| Increase (Decrease) Due to |  |  |  |  |  | Increase (Decrease) Due to |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Increase |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Increase |
| Volume |  | Rate |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | (Decrease) |
Interest Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans | $ | 557 |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | 1,118 |  | $ | 412 |  | $ | 1,530 |
Non-mortgage loans |  | 50 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | - |  |  |  | 185 |  |  | (112 | ) |  | 73 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  | - |  |  | 118 |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 288 |
Investment securities (1) |  | (12 | ) |  | 1 |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | (55 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (67 | )
Daily interest-bearing |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Other earning assets |  | 25 |  |  | (25 | ) |  | - |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | (62 | ) |  | (19 | )
Total interest income |  | 620 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 718 |  |  |  | 1,410 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 1,805 |
Interest Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Regular savings accounts |  | 4 |  |  | - |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  | - |  |  | 8 |
Interest checking accounts |  | 5 |  |  | - |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | - |  |  | 16 |
Money market deposit accounts |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  | - |  |  | (5 | )
Certificates of deposit |  | (25 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (42 | ) |  |  | (86 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (150 | )
Other interest-bearing liabilities |  | (6 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (7 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | (41 | )
Total interest expense |  | (21 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (74 | ) |  | (98 | ) |  | (172 | )
Net interest income | $ | 641 |  | $ | 128 |  | $ | 769 |  |  | $ | 1,484 |  | $ | 493 |  | $ | 1,977 |

(1) Interest is presented on a fully tax-equivalent basis using a tax rate of 34%.

Provision for Loan Losses. There was no provision for loan losses for the three months ended December 31, 2015. The recapture of loan losses for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 was $800,000. This compares to the recaptures of loan losses for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014 of $400,000 and $1.1 million, respectively. The recapture of loan losses was primarily a result of a decrease in net charge-offs and the decline in the level of delinquent, nonperforming and classified loans, as well as the stabilization of real estate values in our market areas.
Net recoveries for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 were $60,000 and $211,000, respectively, compared to net recoveries for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014 totaling $100,000 and $200,000, respectively. Annualized net recoveries to average net loans were (0.05%) for both the nine month periods ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The net recoveries occurred primarily as a result of the decrease in nonperforming loans and the improvement and stabilization of real estate values in our market areas as well as an increase in recoveries on previously charged off loans. Nonperforming loans were $3.9 million at December 31, 2015 compared to $7.7 million at December 31, 2014. The ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans was 258.13% at December 31, 2015 compared to 151.39% at December 31, 2014. See “Asset Quality” above for additional information related to asset quality that management considers in determining the provision for loan losses.
Impaired loans are subjected to an impairment analysis to determine an appropriate reserve amount to be held against each loan. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had identified $15.4 million of impaired loans. Because the significant majority of the impaired loans are collateral dependent, nearly all of the specific allowances are calculated based on the estimated fair value of the collateral. Of those impaired loans, $14.2 million have no specific valuation allowance as their estimated collateral value is equal to or exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, which in some cases is the result of previous loan charge-offs. Charge-offs on these impaired loans totaled $358,000 from their original loan balances. The remaining $1.2 million have specific valuation allowances totaling $119,000.
Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income increased $153,000 and $485,000 for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to the same prior year periods. The increase for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 was due primarily to an increase in fees and services charges of $480,000 primarily as a result of an increase in prepayment penalties on loan payoffs and an increase in asset management fees of $207,000 due to an increase in assets under management. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in other non-interest income for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 due to an increase on loss on the sale of REO properties of $69,000. Further, for the nine months ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded a gain on the sale of investment securities of $158,000. There were no gains on sale of investment securities for the nine months ended December 31, 2015.
36

Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense decreased for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the same prior year period. Non-interest expense decreased $297,000 to $7.3 million for three months ended December 31, 2015 compared to $7.6 million for same prior year period. The decrease for the three months ended December 31, 2015 was mainly due to a decrease in data processing, state and local taxes and professional fees of $71,000, $60,000 and $80,000, respectively, compared to the same prior year period.
Non-interest expense decreased $677,000 to $22.4 million for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 compared to $23.1 million for same prior year period. REO expenses (which include operating costs and write-downs on REO property) decreased $390,000 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 primarily due to the overall decrease in REO balances at December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014. Further, occupancy and depreciation, FDIC insurance premiums and professional fees decreased $109,000, $123,000 and $175,000, respectively, for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same prior year period. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $115,000 for the nine months ended December 31, 2015 compared to the same prior year period. Furthermore, other non-interest expense increased due to an increase in stock related expenses of $102,000 compared to the same prior year period.
Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes was $849,000 and $2.4 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to a provision for income taxes of $587,000 and $1.5 million for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014, respectively. The effective tax rate was 33.2% and 32.9% for the three and nine months ended December 31, 2015, respectively, compared to 33.8% for each of the three and nine months ended December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, management deemed that a deferred tax asset valuation allowance related to the Company’s deferred tax asset was not necessary. At December 31, 2015, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $10.8 million compared to $12.6 million at March 31, 2015.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
There has not been any material change in the market risk disclosures contained in the 2015 Form 10-K.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
An evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13(a) - 15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of December 31, 2015 was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and several other members of the Company’s senior management. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as in effect on December 31, 2015 were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. In the quarter-ended December 31, 2015, the Company did not make any changes in its internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect these controls.
While the Company believes the present design of its disclosure controls and procedures is effective to achieve its goal, future events affecting its business may cause the Company to modify its disclosure controls and procedures. The Company does not expect that its disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and fraud. A control procedure, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control procedure are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control procedures, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns in controls or procedures can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any control procedure is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control procedure, misstatements attributable to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
37

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The Company is party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, these actions will not have a material adverse effect, on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in Part I. Item 1A of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2015.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable
38

Item 6. Exhibits

(a) | Exhibits:
| 3.1 | Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant (1)
| 3.2 | Bylaws of the Registrant (1)
| 4 | Form of Certificate of Common Stock of the Registrant (1)
| 10.1 | Form of Employment Agreement between the Bank and each Patrick Sheaffer, Ronald A. Wysaske, and Kevin J. Lycklama (2)
| 10.2 | Form of Change in Control Agreement between the Bank and each of Patrick Sheaffer, Ronald A. Wysaske and Kevin J. Lycklama (2)
| 10.3 | Form of Employment Agreement between the Bank and John A. Karas (3)
| 10.4 | Employee Severance Compensation Plan (4)
| 10.5 | Employee Stock Ownership Plan (5)
| 10.6 | 1998 Stock Option Plan (6)
| 10.7 | 2003 Stock Option Plan (7)
| 10.8 | Form of Incentive Stock Option Award Pursuant to 2003 Stock Option Plan (8)
| 10.9 | Form of Non-qualified Stock Option Award Pursuant to 2003 Stock Option Plan (8)
| 10.10 | Deferred Compensation Plan (9)
| 10.11 | Standstill Agreement, dated August 26, 2015, by and among, Riverview Bancorp, Inc. and Ancora Advisors, LLC, Merlin Partners LP, Ancora Catalyst Fund, Frederick DiSanto, Brian Hopkins, Patrick Sweeney and James M. Chadwick (10)
| 11 | Statement of recomputation of per share earnings (See Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained herein.)
| 31.1 | Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
| 31.2 | Certifications of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
| 32 | Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
| 101 | The following materials from Riverview Bancorp Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2015, formatted on Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) (a) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (b) Consolidated Statements of Income; (c) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (d) Consolidated Statements of Equity (e) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (f) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(1) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-30203), and incorporated herein by reference.

(2) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter-ended December 31, 2014, and incorporated herein by reference.

(3) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 18, 2007 and incorporated herein by reference.

(4) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter-ended September 30, 1997, and incorporated herein by reference.

(5) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 1998, and incorporated herein by reference.

(6) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-66049), and incorporated herein by reference.

(7) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Definitive Annual Meeting Proxy Statement (000-22957), filed with the Commission on June 5, 2003, and incorporated herein by reference.

(8) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter-ended December 31, 2005, and incorporated herein by reference.

(9) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2009 and incorporated herein by reference.

(10) | Filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 31, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference.

39

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC.
By: | /S/ Patrick Sheaffer | By: | /S/ Kevin J. Lycklama
| Patrick Sheaffer |  | Kevin J. Lycklama
| Chairman of the Board and |  | Executive Vice President and
| Chief Executive Officer |  | Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer) |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | February 9, 2016 | Date: | February 9, 2016

40

EXHIBIT INDEX

| 31.1 | Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

| 31.2 | Certifications of the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

| 32 | Certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

| 101 | The following materials from Riverview Bancorp Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended December 31, 2015, formatted on Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) (a) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (b) Consolidated Statements of Income; (c) Consolidated Statements of Equity (d) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (e) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

41