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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2018
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following table shows stock-based compensation expense for stock options, RSUs and ESPP (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, 
2018201720182017
Research and development $2,440 $2,006 $6,347 $5,512 
General and administrative 2,133 1,995 5,821 5,552 
Total stock-based compensation expense $4,573 $4,001 $12,168 $11,064 
Valuation Assumptions Using the Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the assumptions in the following table for options issued during the period indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 
20182017
Expected dividend yield —%  —%  
Expected volatility 67.8% - 72.2% 66.7% - 68.3% 
Risk-free interest rate 2.4% - 3.1% 1.9% - 2.3% 
Expected term 6.25 years6.25 years
Stock Option and Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table summarizes stock option and restricted stock unit (RSU) activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:
Shares Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price 
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(Years) 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands) 
Outstanding, December 31, 20174,504,642 $19.79 7.0
Granted 1,230,244 27.43 
Exercised (205,902)5.47 
Forfeited or expired (180,709)24.25 
Outstanding, September 30, 20185,348,275 21.95 7.0$19,762 
As of September 30, 2018:
Exercisable 3,365,982 19.70 6.018,892 
Vested and expected to vest 5,138,801 21.79 7.019,671