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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following stock-based compensation expense was recognized for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Research and development$1,814 $1,700 
General and administrative1,985 1,732 
Total stock-based compensation expense$3,799 $3,432 
Valuation Assumptions Using the Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the assumptions in the following table for options issued during the period indicated:
Three Months Ended March 31,
20192018
Expected dividend yield—%  —%  
Expected volatility73.7% - 74.4%68% - 71%
Risk-free interest rate2.3% - 2.6%2.4% - 2.8%
Expected term6.25 years6.25 years
Stock Option and Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2019:
SharesWeighted-
Average
Exercise Price
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding, December 31, 20185,273,964 $22.23 6.8
Granted1,628,022 21.82 
Exercised(126,707)2.84 
Forfeited or expired(55,032)21.02 
Outstanding, March 31, 20196,720,247 22.48 7.4$10,712 
As of March 31, 2019:
Exercisable3,593,089 21.44 5.910,670 
Vested and expected to vest6,407,781 22.41 7.410,707