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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2019
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]  
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following stock-based compensation expense was recognized for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2019201820192018
Research and development$2,765  $2,440  $7,032  $6,347  
General and administrative2,633  2,133  7,049  5,821  
Total stock-based compensation expense$5,398  $4,573  $14,081  $12,168  
Valuation Assumptions Using the Black-Scholes Option-Pricing Model
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the assumptions in the following table for options issued during the period indicated:
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20192018
Expected dividend yield0%  0%  
Expected volatility73.7% - 76.6%67.8% - 72.2%
Risk-free interest rate1.4% - 2.6%2.4% - 3.1%
Expected term6.25 years6.25 years
Stock Option and Restricted Stock Unit Activity
The following table summarizes stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2019:
SharesWeighted-
Average
Exercise Price
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual Term
(Years)
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding, December 31, 20185,273,964  $22.23  6.8
Granted2,384,770  16.87  
Exercised(210,261) 3.11  
Forfeited or expired(199,944) 23.44  
Outstanding, September 30, 20197,248,529  20.98  7.3$11,733  
As of September 30, 2019:
Exercisable4,074,460  22.13  5.95,849  
Vested and expected to vest6,936,223  20.98  7.211,367