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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a) | Description of Business
KVH Industries, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company or KVH) designs, develops, manufactures and markets mobile connectivity products and services for the marine and land markets, and inertial navigation products for both the commercial and defense markets. KVH's reporting segments are as follows:
• | the mobile connectivity segment and
• | the inertial navigation segment
KVH’s mobile connectivity products enable customers to receive voice and Internet services, and live digital television via satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. KVH’s CommBox offers a range of tools designed to increase communication efficiency, reduce costs, and manage network operations. KVH sells and leases its mobile connectivity products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. KVH also sells and leases products directly to end users. In the second quarter of 2017, the Company launched a new mini-VSAT Broadband service offering, AgilePlans, which is a monthly subscription model providing global connectivity to commercial maritime customers, including hardware, installation, broadband Internet, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), entertainment and training content and global support for a monthly fee with no minimum commitment. KVH offers AgilePlans customers a variety of airtime data plans with varying data speeds and fixed data usage levels with overage charges per megabyte, which is similar to the plans that the Company offers to its other customers. The Company recognizes the monthly subscription fee as service revenue over the service delivery period. The Company retains ownership of the hardware that it provides to AgilePlans customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. KVH records the cost of the hardware used by AgilePlans customers as revenue-generating assets and depreciates the cost over an estimated useful life of five years. Since the Company is retaining ownership of the hardware, it does not accrue any warranty costs for AgilePlans hardware; however, any maintenance costs on the hardware is expensed in the period these costs are incurred. KVH’s mobile connectivity service sales represent primarily sales earned from satellite voice and Internet airtime services. KVH provides, for monthly fixed and usage fees, satellite connectivity services, including broadband Internet, data and VoIP services, to its TracPhone V-series customers. Mobile connectivity service sales also include the distribution of commercially licensed entertainment, including news, sports, music, and movies to commercial and leisure customers in the maritime, hotel, and retail markets through KVH Media Group, and the distribution of training films and eLearning computer-based training courses to commercial customers in the maritime market through Super Dragon Limited and Videotel Marine Asia Limited (together referred to as Videotel). KVH also earns monthly usage fees from third-party satellite connectivity services, including voice, data and Internet services, provided to its Inmarsat and Iridium customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with KVH. Mobile connectivity service sales also include engineering services provided under development contracts, sales from product repairs, and extended warranty sales. KVH's inertial navigation products offer precision fiber optic gyro (FOG)-based systems that enable platform and optical stabilization, navigation, pointing and guidance. KVH’s inertial navigation products also include tactical navigation systems that provide uninterrupted access to navigation and pointing information in a variety of military vehicles, including tactical trucks and light armored vehicles. KVH’s inertial navigation products are sold directly to U.S. and foreign governments and government contractors, as well as through an international network of authorized independent sales representatives. In addition, KVH's inertial navigation technology is used in numerous commercial products, such as navigation and positioning systems for various applications including precision mapping, dynamic surveying, autonomous vehicles, train location control and track geometry measurement systems, industrial robotics and optical stabilization. KVH’s inertial navigation service sales include product repairs, engineering services provided under development contracts and extended warranty sales.
(b) | Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of KVH Industries, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. All of the operating expenses of the subsidiaries that serve as the Company’s European, Singaporean, Japanese, and Brazilian international distributors are reflected within sales, marketing, and support within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company's adoption of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Update No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810) - Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, on January 1, 2016 did not have an impact on the entities that the Company consolidates, which represent its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and had no impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position.
(c) | Significant Estimates and Assumptions and Other Significant Non-Recurring Transactions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting periods. On an on-going basis, the Company evaluates its significant estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, valuation of accounts receivable, value of inventory, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets and goodwill, estimated fair values of long-lived assets, including goodwill, amortization methods and periods, certain accrued expenses and other related charges, stock-based compensation, contingent liabilities, forfeitures and key valuation assumptions for its share-based awards, estimated fulfillment costs for warranty obligations, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance. There have been no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies since January 1, 2016, except for (1) ASC Update No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which the Company adopted as required on January 1, 2017 and which resulted primarily in a change in the Company’s accounting prospectively for share-based payment forfeitures and accounting for excess tax benefits or deficiencies related to share-based payments as a component of earnings (see Note 7 for further discussion), (2) ASC Update No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, which the Company adopted as of January 1, 2017 and which simplified the subsequent measurement of inventory by replacing the lower of cost a market test with a lower of cost and net realizable value test (see Note 3 for further discussion) and (3) ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which the Company adopted effective January 1, 2018 (see Notes 1(e) and 11 for further discussion). During the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company entered into arrangements with certain third parties who had previously co-produced certain content that the Company distributes where the Company had certain ongoing royalty payments to these third parties. The agreements entered into during the fourth quarter of 2016 settled all outstanding liabilities owed by the Company to these third parties and resulted in the Company obtaining sole ownership and rights to the applicable content. Based on the final amounts paid under these agreements, the Company recognized a gain in the fourth quarter of 2016 of approximately $855. This amount was recorded as a reduction to sales, marketing and support expense in the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2016. On February 27, 2018, the Company entered into a stock purchase agreement with SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, or SJC, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell 377 shares of treasury stock to SJC for a purchase price of $11.95 per share, or an aggregate of $4,500, in a private placement. The transaction closed on February 28, 2018. During the first quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a five-year capital lease for three satellite hubs for the HTS network. Please see Note 17 for further discussion.
(d) | Concentration of Credit Risk and Single Source Suppliers
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company is potentially subject to financial instrument concentration of credit risk through its cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities investments. To mitigate these risks the Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities with reputable and nationally recognized financial institutions. As of December 31, 2018, $25 classified as marketable securities was held by Wells Fargo and substantially all of the cash and cash equivalents were held by Bank of America, N.A. See Note 2 for a description of marketable securities. Trade accounts receivable. Concentrations of risk (see Note 11) with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although the Company does not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of those individual customers. The Company establishes allowances for potential bad debts and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon historical experience and its expectations for future collectability concerns. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of the financial condition of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Activity within the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts for the periods presented is as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Beginning balance | $ | 2,852 |  |  | $ | 3,477 |  |  | $ | 3,534 |
Additions | 657 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 872 |
Deductions (write-offs/recoveries) from reserve | (824 | ) |  | (1,299 | ) |  | (929 | )
Ending balance | $ | 2,685 |  |  | $ | 2,852 |  |  | $ | 3,477 |
Revenue and operations. Certain components from third parties used in the Company’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt the Company’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues and operating results.
(e) | Revenue Recognition
The Company adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606) on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The reported results for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606 guidance while the reported results for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were prepared under the guidance of ASC 605, Revenue Recognition (ASC 605), which is also referred to herein as "legacy GAAP" or the "previous guidance". The adoption of ASC 606 represents a change in accounting principle that is expected to more closely align revenue recognition with the delivery of the Company's products and services and is expected to provide financial statement readers with enhanced disclosures. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products and services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps: 1) Identify the contract with a customer A contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the products and services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these products and services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance, and (iii) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for products and services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment pattern or, in the case of a new customer, published credit and financial information pertaining to the customer. 2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the product or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the product or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised products and services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised products and services are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised products and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. 3) Determine the transaction price The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring products and services to the customer. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s sales-type lease contracts contain a significant financing component as the Company provides financing for VSAT products of three to five years at interest rates ranging from 5.0% to 8.5%. An immaterial amount of the Company’s interest income is due to these financing arrangements. Determining the transaction price requires significant judgment, which is discussed by revenue category in further detail below. 4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. However, if a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same qualify as a single performance obligation in a contract with variable consideration, the Company must determine if the variable consideration is attributable to the entire contract or to a specific part of the contract. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis unless the transaction price is variable and meets the criteria to be allocated entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct product or service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. 5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation The Company satisfies performance obligations either over time or at a point in time. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised product or service to a customer. Product sales Revenue from product sales is recognized when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which generally occurs at the Company’s plant or warehouse upon delivery to the carrier for shipment. Revenue related to shipping and handling is recognized when the products are shipped and the associated costs are accrued for based on the Company’s election to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment of the promise to transfer the products and not as a combined promise. For certain inertial navigation product sales, customer acceptance or inspection may be required before control of the goods is transferred to the customer. For those sales, revenue is recognized after notification of customer acceptance and the goods have been delivered to the carrier for shipment. In certain circumstances customers may request a bill-and-hold arrangement. Under these bill-and-hold arrangements, revenue is recognized when the Company has fulfilled all of its performance obligations, the Company has received notification of customer acceptance of the goods, the units are segregated for the specific customer only, and the goods are ready for physical transfer to the customer in accordance with their defined contract delivery schedule. The Company’s standard payment terms are generally Net 30. Under certain limited conditions, the Company, at its sole discretion, provides for the return of goods. No product is accepted for return and no credit is allowed on any returned product unless the Company has granted and confirmed prior written permission by means of appropriate authorization. The Company establishes reserves for potential sales returns, credits, and allowances, and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon historical experience and expectations for the future. Contracts with multiple performance obligations The Company sells products and services through arrangements that in certain instances bundle VSAT equipment, satellite connectivity and other services. For these arrangements, the Company has determined that the performance obligations are not distinct in the context of the contracts with certain customers, including sales-type leases on the VSAT equipment. The Company will recognize product revenue under these arrangements over the estimated satellite connectivity customer life, which is estimated to be five years based on historical evidence. For sales-type leases, contracts contain a significant financing component in which interest is charged at market rates and is recognized in other income throughout the lease term, which is typically three to five years. Satellite connectivity and media content service sales Directly sold and re-sold satellite connectivity service for voice, data and Internet is recognized monthly based upon minutes or megabytes of traffic processed or contracted fixed-fee schedules. Typically, subscribers enter into a one-year minimum service agreement. The Company has evaluated whether it obtains control of the services that are being transferred to the customer in assessing gross revenue reporting as principal verse net revenue reporting as agent for its satellite connectivity service sales and its payments to the applicable service providers. Based on the Company's assessment of the indicators, the Company has determined that gross revenue reporting as a principal is appropriate. The applicable indicators of gross revenue reporting included, but were not limited to, the following:
• | The Company is the primary obligor in its arrangements with its subscribers. The Company manages all interactions with the subscribers, while satellite connectivity service providers do not interact with the subscribers. In addition, the Company assumes the entire performance risk under its arrangements with the subscribers and in the event of a performance issue, the Company may incur reductions in fees without regard for any recourse that the Company may have with the applicable satellite connective service providers.
• | The Company has discretion in establishing pricing, as the pricing under its arrangements with the subscribers is negotiated through a contracting process. The Company then separately negotiates the fees with the applicable satellite service providers.
• | The Company has complete discretion in determining which satellite service providers it will contract with.
As a result, the Company has determined that it earns revenue (as a principal) from the delivery of satellite connectivity services to its subscribers and records all satellite connectivity service sales to subscribers as gross sales. All associated regulatory service fees and costs are recorded net in the consolidated financial statements. The Company sells prepaid airtime services in the form of prepaid cards. A liability is established upon purchase equal to the cash paid for the prepaid card. The Company recognizes revenue from the prepaid services upon the use of the prepaid card by the customer. The Company does not offer refunds for unused prepaid services. Prepaid airtime services have not been a significant portion of the Company’s total sales. Media content sales include the Company's distribution of commercially licensed news, sports, movies and music content for commercial and leisure customers in the maritime, hotel, and retail markets as well as training videos to the merchant marine market that are typically based on a contracted fixed-fee schedule. The Company typically recognizes revenue from media content sales ratably over the period of the service contract. The accounting estimates related to the recognition of satellite connectivity and media content service sales require the Company to make assumptions about future billing adjustments for disputes with subscribers as well as unauthorized usage. The Company recognizes the monthly subscription fee as service revenue over the service delivery period. Under AgilePlans, the Company retains ownership of the hardware that it provides to these customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. Inertial navigation service sales The Company engages in contracts for development, production, and services activities related to standard product modification or enhancement. The Company considers the nature of these contracts and the types of products and services provided when determining the proper accounting for a particular contract. Customer and government-agency contracted engineering service and sales under development contracts are recognized primarily during the periods in which the Company performs the service or development efforts in accordance with the agreement. Services performed under these types of contracts include engineering studies, surveys, building construction, prototype development, and program management. Performance is determined principally by comparing the accumulated labor hours incurred to date with management’s estimate of the total labor hours to complete the contracted work. Incurred labor hours represent work performed, which corresponds with and best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. This continuous transfer of control to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that allow the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit and take control of any work in process. The Company establishes billing terms at the time project deliverables and milestones are agreed. Unbilled revenue recognized in excess of the amounts invoiced to clients are classified within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as “accounts receivable” as the Company's right to consideration is unconditional. Product service sales Product service sales other than under development contracts are recognized when completed services are delivered to the customer. The Company also sells extended warranty contracts on mobile connectivity and inertial navigation products. Sales under these contracts are recognized ratably over the contract term. Product service sales including extended warranties are not a significant portion of the Company’s total sales.
(f) | Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to the short maturity of these instruments. See Note 2 for more information on the fair value of the Company’s marketable securities. The carrying amount of the Company’s debt, line of credit, and capital lease approximates fair value based on currently available quoted rates of similarly structured debt facilities. See Note 5 for more information on the fair value of the Company’s debt and line of credit and Note 17 for the Company's capital lease.
(g) | Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities
In accordance with the Company’s investment policy, cash in excess of operational needs is invested in money market mutual funds, government agency bonds, United States treasuries, municipal bonds, corporate notes, and certificates of deposit. All highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents. The Company determines the appropriate classification of marketable securities at each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, all of the Company’s marketable securities have been designated as available-for-sale and are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company reviews investments in debt securities for other than temporary impairment whenever the fair value of an investment is less than amortized cost and evidence indicates that an investment’s carrying amount is not recoverable within a reasonable period of time. To determine whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, the Company considers whether it intends to sell the security, whether it expects to recover the credit loss, and if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security prior to recovery. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for the impairment, compliance with the Company’s investment policy, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in value subsequent to year-end and forecasted performance of the investee. The Company has reviewed its securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and has concluded that no other-than-temporary impairments exist.
(h) | Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the first-in first-out costing method. The Company adjusts the carrying value of its inventory based on the consideration of excess and obsolete components based on future estimate demand. The Company records inventory charges to costs of product sales.
(i) | Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The principal lives used in determining the depreciation rates of various assets are: buildings and improvements, 5-40 years; leasehold improvements, shorter of original lease term or useful life; machinery, satellite hubs and equipment, and video-on-demand (VOD) units, 4-10 years; office and computer equipment, 3-7 years; and motor vehicles, 5 years.
(j) | Goodwill, Intangible Assets and other Long-Lived Assets
The Company’s goodwill and intangible assets are associated with the purchase of Virtek Communication (now known as KVH Industries Norway AS) in September 2010, Headland Media Limited (now known as the KVH Media Group) in May 2013, and Videotel in July 2014. ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (ASC 350) requires the completion of a goodwill impairment test at least annually. Historically, this goodwill impairment test was comprised of a two-step process. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test of Goodwill Impairment. This ASC simplified the accounting for goodwill impairment for all entities by requiring impairment charges to be based on the first step of the goodwill impairment test under ASC 350. Under previous guidance, if the fair value of a reporting unit was lower than its carrying amount (Step 1), an entity would calculate any impairment charge by comparing the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount (Step 2). The implied fair value of goodwill was calculated by deducting the fair value of all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit from the reporting unit’s fair value as determined in Step 1. To determine the implied fair value of goodwill, entities would estimate the fair value of any unrecognized intangible assets (including in-process research and development) and any corporate level assets or liabilities that were included in the determination of the carrying amount and fair value of the reporting unit in Step1. Under this new guidance, if a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, an entity will record an impairment charge based on that difference, with such impairment charge limited to the amount of goodwill in the reporting unit. This ASC does not change the guidance on completing Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test. An entity will still be able to perform the existing optional qualitative goodwill impairment assessment before determining whether to proceed to Step 1. This ASC will be applied prospectively and is effective for annual and interim impairment test performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019 for public business enterprises. Early adoption is permitted for annual and interim goodwill impairment testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company has elected to early adopt this ASC as of January 1, 2017. The adoption of this ASC had no impact on the Company's consolidated statements of operations, financial condition or cash flows. The Company has historically performed its annual goodwill impairment test as of August 31st. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, the Company changed its annual impairment assessment date from August 31st to October 1st to better align the timing of the test date with its annual budgeting cycle. In connection with the change in the date of its annual goodwill impairment test, the Company performed a goodwill impairment test as of both August 31, 2017 and October 1, 2017, and concluded that the fair value of its reporting units exceeded their carrying value. To date, the Company has not had accumulated goodwill impairment losses. For the August 31, 2017 test, the Company utilized an income approach and market approaches to estimate the fair value of the Company’s reporting units. The Company believes that the assumptions it used to estimate the fair value of its reporting units were reasonable. As an additional corroborative test of the reasonableness of those assumptions, the Company completed a reconciliation of its market capitalization and overall enterprise value to the fair value of all of its reporting units as of August 31, 2017. The Company notes that, as of August 31, 2017, the fair value of all of the Company’s reporting units exceeded their carrying values by more than 10%. A negative trend of operating results or material changes to forecasted operating results could result in the requirement for additional interim goodwill impairment tests and the potential of a future goodwill impairment charge, which could be material. For the October 1, 2018 test, the Company performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill impairment and concluded that it was more-likely-than-not that its reporting units' fair values exceeded their respective carrying values. Accordingly, it was not necessary for the Company to perform the full Step 1 quantitative analysis. Intangible assets with estimated lives and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of intangible assets with estimated lives and other long-lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If these comparisons indicate that an asset is not recoverable, the Company will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the related estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is based on either discounted future operating cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the asset. During 2018, there were no events or changes in circumstances that indicated any of the carrying amounts of the Company’s intangible assets or other long-lived assets may not be recoverable. See Note 9 for further discussion of goodwill and intangible assets.
(k) | Other Non-Current Assets
Other non-current assets are primarily comprised of long-term lease receivables, prepaid expenses, and deposits.
(l) | Product Warranty
The Company’s products carry standard limited warranties that range from one to two years and vary by product. The warranty period begins on the date of retail purchase or lease by the original purchaser. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale and any additional amounts are recorded when such costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units sold or leased, historical and anticipated rates of warranty repairs and the cost per repair. Warranty and related costs are reflected within sales, marketing and support in the accompanying statements of operations. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had accrued product warranty costs of $1,916 and $2,074, respectively. The following table summarizes product warranty activity during 2018 and 2017:
| 2018 |  | 2017
Beginning balance | $ | 2,074 |  |  | $ | 2,280 |
Charges to expense | 2,060 |  |  | 1,042 |
Costs incurred | (2,218 | ) |  | (1,248 | )
Ending balance | $ | 1,916 |  |  | $ | 2,074 |
(m) | Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are expensed as incurred and included in cost of sales. Billings for shipping and handling are reflected within net sales in the accompanying statements of operations.
(n) | Research and Development
Expenditures for research and development, including customer-funded research and development, are expensed as incurred. Revenue and related development costs from customer-funded research and development are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Customer-funded service sales | $ | 4,563 |  |  | $ | 2,621 |  |  | $ | 1,400 |
Customer-funded costs included in costs of service sales | 3,087 |  |  | 1,510 |  |  | 498 |
(o) | Advertising Costs
Costs related to advertising are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $1,954, $2,739, and $2,761 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, and is included in sales, marketing, and support expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(p) | Foreign Currency Translation
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in Denmark and Singapore are maintained using the United States dollar as the functional currency. Exchange rates in effect on the date of the transaction are used to record monetary assets and liabilities. Revenue and other expense elements are recorded at rates that approximate the rates in effect on the transaction dates. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are recognized within “other (expense) income” in the accom panying consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, the Company recorded a total of net foreign currency exchange (gains) losses in its accompanying consolidated statements of operations of $(497), $554, and $(53), respectively, which is comprised of both realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses. The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Norway, Cyprus, Belgium, the Netherlands and Japan use the foreign subsidiaries’ respective local currencies as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries at the exchange rates in effect at year-end. Net sales, costs and expenses are translated using average exchange rates in effect during the year. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are credited or charged to accumulated other comprehensive loss included in stockholders' equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(q) | Income Taxes
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in numerous foreign jurisdictions. The Company accounts for income taxes following ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more likely than not that a position will be sustained, no amount of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized of any tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes interest and penalties within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 8 for further discussion of income taxes.
(r) | Net (Loss) Income per Common Share
Basic net (loss) income per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share incorporates the dilutive effect of common stock equivalent options, warrants and other convertible securities, if any, as determined in accordance with the treasury stock accounting method. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, since there was a net loss, the Company excluded 808, 671 and 781 shares, respectively, subject to outstanding stock options and non-vested restricted shares from its diluted loss per share calculation, as inclusion of these securities would have reduced the net loss per share. A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic | 17,072 |  |  | 16,419 |  |  | 15,834 |
Dilutive common shares issuable in connection with stock plans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted | 17,072 |  |  | 16,419 |  |  | 15,834 |
(s) | Contingent Liabilities
The Company estimates the amount of potential exposure it may have with respect to claims, assessments and litigation in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company was not party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in management's opinion, was likely to materially harm the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, as described in Note 16. It is not always possible to predict the outcome of litigation, as it is subject to many uncertainties. Additionally, it is not always possible for management to make meaningful estimates of the potential loss or range of loss associated with such litigation.
(t) | Operating Segments
The Company operates in two segments, the mobile connectivity and inertial navigation segments. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board. The Company's reportable segments are: mobile connectivity and inertial navigation (see Note 12, "Segment Reporting"). The Company operates in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. Revenues from international locations, primarily consisting of Canada, European countries, both inside and outside the European Union, as well as Africa, Asia/Pacific, the Middle East, and South America. (u) Film Production Costs The Company capitalizes direct costs incurred in the production of its training videos, such as writing, directing, narrating, casting, location rental, and editing. These film costs are classified as a non-current asset on its consolidated balance sheet and are placed into service upon the film title being released and available for customers' use. The Company’s sales model associated with training is subscription-based, in which fees from third parties are not directly attributable to the exhibition of a particular film but relate instead to access to the entire film library. Accordingly, management estimates that the straight line method is the most representative method for the amortization of film costs. Consistent with the period over which revenues are assessed (i.e. the subscription period), the film costs are amortized over four years. In the event that the film title is replaced or removed from the film library before the amortization period has expired, all unamortized costs are expensed immediately. (v) Recently Issued Accounting Standards From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other standard setting bodies. Recently issued standards typically do not require adoption until a future effective date. Prior to their effective date, the Company evaluates the pronouncements to determine the potential effects of adoption on our consolidated financial statements. Standards Implemented ASC Updates No. 2014-09, No. 2016-08, No. 2016-10, No. 2016-11, No. 2016-12 and No. 2016-20 In May 2014, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Update No. 2014-09 provides enhancements to the quality and consistency of how revenue is reported while also improving comparability in the financial statements of companies using International Financial Reporting Standards and U.S. GAAP. The core principle requires entities to recognize revenue in a manner that depicts the transfer of goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration an entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB voted to approve a one-year deferral, making the standard effective for public entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net). The purpose of Update No. 2016-08 is to clarify the guidance on principal versus agent considerations. It includes indicators that help to determine whether an entity controls the specified good or service before it is transferred to the customer and to assist in determining when the entity satisfied the performance obligation and as such, whether to recognize a gross or a net amount of consideration in their consolidated statement of operations. In April 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing. Update No. 2016-10 clarifies that entities are not required to assess whether promised goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the context of the contract. Update No. 2016-10 also addresses how to determine whether promised goods or services are separately identifiable and permits entities to make a policy election to treat shipping and handling costs as fulfillment activities. In addition, it clarifies key provisions in Topic 606 related to licensing. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-11, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). Update No. 2016-11 rescinds previous SEC comments that were codified in Topic 605, Topic 932 and Topic 815. Upon adoption of Topic 606, certain SEC comments including guidance on accounting for shipping and handling fees and costs and consideration given by a vendor to a customer should not be relied upon. In May 2016, the FASB also issued ASC Update No. 2016-12, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. Update No. 2016-12 provides clarity around collectability, presentation of sales taxes, non-cash consideration, contract modifications at transition and completed contracts at transition. Update No. 2016-12 also includes a technical correction within Topic 606 related to required disclosures if the guidance is applied retrospectively upon adoption. In December 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-20, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Update No. 2016-20 allows entities not to make quantitative disclosures about remaining performance obligations in certain cases and requires entities that use any of the optional exemptions to expand their qualitative disclosures. Update No. 2016-20 also clarifies other areas of the new revenue standard, including disclosure requirements for prior period performance obligations, impairment guidance for contract costs and the interaction of impairment guidance in ASC 340-40 with other guidance elsewhere in the Codification. The Company adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The modified retrospective method resulted in a cumulative effect of initially applying the standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of initial application for any open contracts as of the adoption date. See Note 11 for further discussion of revenue from contracts with customers. ASC Update No. 2016-01 In January 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application of certain provisions is permitted. Update No. 2016-01 requires entities to measure equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method at fair value with changes recognized in net income. However, an entity may choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. It also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. Update No. 2016-01 also requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset and liability. The Company adopted Update No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2016-15 In August 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The purpose of Update No. 2016-15 is to reduce the diversity in practice in presentation and classification of the following items within the statement of cash flows: debt prepayments, settlement of zero coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments, insurance proceeds, securitization transactions and distributions from equity method investees. The update also addresses classification of transactions that have characteristics of more than one class of cash flows. The Company adopted Update No. 2016-15 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2016-16 In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU Update No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period for which financial statements (interim or annual) have not been issued or made available for issuance. The purpose of Update No. 2016-16 is to allow an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs, as opposed to waiting until the asset is sold to an outside party. The Company adopted Update No. 2016-16 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2017-09 In May 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting. The update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The purpose of Update No. 2017-09 is to clarify when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification under Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Under this new guidance, modification accounting is only required if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the equity or liability classification of the award changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. The Company expects that the adoption of this standard will only affect, on a prospective basis, the manner in which the Company evaluates any changes to the terms or conditions of its share-based payment awards. The Company adopted Update No. 2017-09 on January 1, 2018 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. Standards to be Implemented ASC Updates No. 2016-02, 2018-10, 2018-11, and 2018-20 In February 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Earlier application is permitted. Update No. 2016-02 creates new accounting and reporting guidelines for leasing arrangements. The new guidance requires organizations that lease assets to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet related to the rights and obligations created by those leases, regardless of whether they are classified as finance or operating leases. Consistent with current guidance, the recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. The guidance also requires new disclosures to help financial statement users better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The new standard is to be applied using a modified retrospective approach. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases. Update No. 2018-10 made corrections to and further clarified Topic 842. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-11, Leases-Targeted Improvements (Topic 842). Update No. 2018-11 allows companies to use the effective date of the new lease standard as the date of initial application on transition and not to apply the new lease standard in the comparative prior periods included in their financial statements in the year of adoption. The new guidance also gives entities the option not to separate non-lease components from the associated lease components when certain criteria are met. In December 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-20, Leases (Topic 842): Narrow-Scope Improvements for Lessors. The amendments in this update affect the guidance in Update No. 2016-02, but can be early adopted. The Update No. 2018-20 amends the guidance in ASC 842 by allowing lessors to elect to account for sales and other similar taxes collected from lessees as lessee costs and to exclude them from the consideration in the contract and from variable payments not included in the consideration in the contract. Also, the lessors should exclude from variable payments, and therefore from revenue, all costs paid by lessees directly to third parties. Finally, lessors should allocate certain variable payments to lease and non-lease components when the facts and circumstances that trigger the variable payments occur. The Company adopted Topic 842 effective January 1, 2019. The Company adopted Topic 842 using the current-period adjustment method outlined in in ASC 2018-11 which allows companies to use the effective date of the new lease standard as the date of initial application on transition. Prior comparative periods will be presented under legacy GAAP, including disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The Company established an implementation team to assist with its assessment of the impact of the lease guidance on its operations, consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. To date, this assessment has included (1) identifying the population of lease agreements and currently assessing the impact of other arrangements for embedded leases, (2) performing detailed analyses of the contracts to assess the impact of the noted differences in recognition and measurement that may result from adopting this new standard, and (3) evaluating and designing the necessary changes to its business processes, systems and controls to support recognition and disclosures under the new standard. Based on its preliminary assessment, upon adoption the Company expects to recognize significant right-to-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities on its balance sheet of approximately $12.0 million to $15.0 million related to leased facilities, leased equipment, teleport, and other satellite service related equipment. We do not expect a material impact on our consolidated statements of operations or statement of cash flows. ASC Update No. 2016-13 In June 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The purpose of Update No. 2016-13 is to replace the current incurred loss impairment methodology for financial assets measured at amortized cost with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information, including forecasted information, to develop credit loss estimates. The adoption of Update No. 2016-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2017-12 In August 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The purpose of Update No. 2017-12 is to improve the presentation and disclosure requirements for, and simplify the application and increase transparency of, hedge accounting. The adoption of Update No. 2017-12 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2018-07 In June 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The purpose of Update No. 2018-07 is to expand the scope of the employee share-based payments guidance to include share-based payments issued to nonemployees. The adoption of Update No. 2018-07 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2018-13 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted upon issuance of this update. The purpose of Update No. 2018-13 is to modify and eliminate some of the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements found in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, for both public and nonpublic entities. Through the inclusion of this update, FASB aims to facilitate a clear communication of the information required by GAAP that is most important to users of each entity's financial statements, thus helping to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. Update No. 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2018-15 In August 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Topic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The update is effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of the amendments in this update is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for all entities. The purpose of Update No. 2018-15 is to provide a new guideline to the accounting of a customer of a cloud computing arrangement hosted by a vendor when the customer incurs costs associated with the implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs. Specifically, customers will follow the same criteria found in an arrangement with a software license when they capitalize the implementation costs. The new guidance also affects the classification of the capitalized implementation costs and related amortization expense found in a company's balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, and the update also requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. Update No. 2018-15 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2018-18 In November 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808): Clarifying the Interaction between Topic 808 and Topic 606. This update is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and the interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for public business entities for periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. The purpose of Update No. 2018-18 is to help make clarifications on the interactions between Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangement, and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Update No. 2018-18 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. ASC Update No. 2018-19 In November 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. The effective date and transition requirements for the amendment update are the same as the effective dates and transition requirements in Update 2016-13, which is the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. This update introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. The amendment also clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. Update No. 2018-19 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. There are no other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that the Company expects would have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

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