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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 0-28082

KVH Industries, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware | 05-0420589
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

50 Enterprise Center, Middletown, RI 02842
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(401) 847-3327
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
|  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | KVHI | (Nasdaq Global Select Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Date | Class | Outstanding shares
May 1, 2023 | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | 19,504,180

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Form 10-Q
INDEX

|  | Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 8
ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 28
ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 31
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 33
ITEM 6. | EXHIBITS | 34
SIGNATURE | 35

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
ASSETS | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 12,375 |  |  | $ | 21,056 |
Marketable securities | 56,280 |  |  | 55,680 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $1,526 and $1,268 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 26,383 |  |  | 27,427 |
Inventories, net | 23,886 |  |  | 22,730 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 3,192 |  |  | 3,067 |
Current contract assets | 1,273 |  |  | 1,243 |
Total current assets | 123,389 |  |  | 131,203 |
Property and equipment, net | 51,792 |  |  | 53,118 |
Intangible assets, net | 325 |  |  | 404 |
Goodwill | 5,329 |  |  | 5,308 |
Right of use assets | 1,780 |  |  | 2,168 |
Other non-current assets | 4,713 |  |  | 5,037 |
Non-current contract assets | 3,079 |  |  | 3,033 |
Deferred income tax asset | 259 |  |  | 259 |
Total assets | $ | 190,666 |  |  | $ | 200,530 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 5,445 |  |  | $ | 20,449 |
Accrued compensation and employee-related expenses | 4,159 |  |  | 7,621 |
Accrued other | 11,728 |  |  | 4,234 |
Accrued product warranty costs | 712 |  |  | 1,287 |
Contract liabilities | 3,684 |  |  | 3,108 |
Current operating lease liability | 1,393 |  |  | 1,532 |
Liability for uncertain tax positions | 654 |  |  | 637 |
Total current liabilities | 27,775 |  |  | 38,868 |
Long-term operating lease liability | 376 |  |  | 636 |
Long-term contract liabilities | 4,667 |  |  | 4,315 |
Deferred income tax liability | 56 |  |  | 55 |
Total liabilities | $ | 32,874 |  |  | $ | 43,874 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 2, 10, and 15) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 30,000,000 shares; 20,825,805 and 20,631,152 shares issued at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; and 19,369,696 and 19,198,458 shares outstanding at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 208 |  |  | 206 |
Additional paid-in capital | 161,779 |  |  | 160,475 |
Retained earnings | 11,924 |  |  | 11,936 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (4,029) |  |  | (4,110) |
| 169,882 |  |  | 168,507 |
Less: treasury stock at cost, common stock, 1,456,109 and 1,432,694 shares as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. | (12,090) |  |  | (11,851) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 157,792 |  |  | 156,656 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 190,666 |  |  | $ | 200,530 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except earnings per share amounts, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Sales: |  |  |
Product | $ | 4,949 |  |  | $ | 6,563 |
Service | 28,740 |  |  | 26,588 |
Net sales | 33,689 |  |  | 33,151 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of product sales | 5,234 |  |  | 5,418 |
Costs of service sales | 16,076 |  |  | 14,926 |
Research and development | 2,565 |  |  | 3,011 |
Sales, marketing and support | 5,712 |  |  | 6,969 |
General and administrative | 4,650 |  |  | 7,075 |
Total costs and expenses | 34,237 |  |  | 37,399 |
Loss from operations | (548) |  |  | (4,248) |
Interest income | 778 |  |  | 208 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | 1 |
Other (expense) income, net | (224) |  |  | 103 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense | 6 |  |  | (3,938) |
Income tax expense from continuing operations | 18 |  |  | 329 |
Net loss from continuing operations | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,267) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | — |  |  | (425) |
Net loss | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,692) |
Net loss from continuing operations per common share |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.23) |
Diluted | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.23) |
Net loss from discontinued operations per common share |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.02) |
Diluted | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.02) |
Net loss per common share |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.25) |
Diluted | $ | 0.00 |  |  | $ | (0.25) |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 18,882 |  |  | 18,449 |
Diluted | 18,882 |  |  | 18,449 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Net loss | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,692) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities | 13 |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 68 |  |  | (193) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(1) | 81 |  |  | (193) |
Total comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | (4,885) |

(1) Tax impact was nominal for all periods.
See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in thousands, unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 20,631 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 160,475 |  |  | $ | 11,936 |  |  | $ | (4,110) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | $ | (11,851) |  |  | $ | 156,656 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | (239) |  |  | (239) |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | 195 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,010 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 20,826 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 161,779 |  |  | $ | 11,924 |  |  | $ | (4,029) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 157,792 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 20,343 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 156,199 |  |  | $ | (12,165) |  |  | $ | (3,409) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | $ | (11,851) |  |  | $ | 128,977 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,692) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,692) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (193) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (193) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 881 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 881 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 193 |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | (37) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Taxes accrued for net share settlement of options | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (131) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 20,328 |  |  | $ | 203 |  |  | $ | 157,142 |  |  | $ | (16,857) |  |  | $ | (3,602) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | $ | (11,851) |  |  | $ | 125,035 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,692) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Provision for doubtful accounts | 280 |  |  | 120 |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,461 |  |  | 3,567 |
Deferred income taxes | 1 |  |  | (5) |
Loss on disposals of fixed assets | 146 |  |  | 151 |
Compensation expense related to stock-based awards and employee stock purchase plan | 296 |  |  | 881 |
Unrealized currency translation gain | (1) |  |  | (50) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 776 |  |  | (792) |
Inventories | (1,155) |  |  | (1,026) |
Prepaid expenses, other current assets, and current contract assets | (141) |  |  | (520) |
Other non-current assets and non-current contract assets | 267 |  |  | 626 |
Accounts payable | (15,077) |  |  | (7) |
Contract liabilities and long-term contract liabilities | 914 |  |  | 604 |
Accrued compensation, product warranty and other | 3,466 |  |  | (2,370) |
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (6,779) |  |  | $ | (3,513) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (2,103) |  |  | (4,372) |
Cash paid for acquisition of intangible asset | (12) |  |  | (14) |
Purchases of marketable securities | (16,010) |  |  | (1) |
Maturities and sales of marketable securities | 15,422 |  |  | 4,500 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | $ | (2,703) |  |  | $ | 113 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from stock options exercised and employee stock purchase plan | 1,022 |  |  | 183 |
Purchase of treasury stock | (239) |  |  | — |
Payment of finance lease | (22) |  |  | (66) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 761 |  |  | $ | 117 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 40 |  |  | (57) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (8,681) |  |  | (3,340) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 21,056 |  |  | 11,376 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 12,375 |  |  | $ | 8,036 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Changes in accrued other and accounts payable related to property and equipment additions | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Taxes accrued for net share settlement of options | $ | — |  |  | $ | 131 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements
(Unaudited, all amounts in thousands except per share amounts)
(1) Description of Business
KVH Industries, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company or KVH) designs, develops, manufactures and markets mobile connectivity products and services for the marine and land markets.
KVH’s satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, the Company’s in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. KVH sells its products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. KVH also sells and leases products to service providers and end users.
KVH’s service sales represent primarily revenue earned from satellite Internet airtime services. KVH provides, for monthly fixed and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet and VoIP services, to its TracNet H-series and TracPhone V-series customers via KVH’s global high-throughput satellite (HTS) network. Cellular airtime service increasingly supplements KVH’s satellite-only airtime revenue following the July 2022 launch of the KVH ONE hybrid network and TracNet H-series terminals. This product and service combination integrates global satellite service with KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, along with shore-based Wi-Fi access.
AgilePlans, KVH’s connectivity as a service offering, is a monthly subscription model that provides global connectivity to commercial maritime customers. The subscription includes the choice of satellite-only and hybrid terminals, airtime data service, VoIP, daily news, subsidized shipping and installation, and global support for a monthly fee with no minimum contract commitment. KVH offers AgilePlans subscribers a variety of airtime data plans with varying data speeds and fixed data usage levels with per megabyte overage charges. These airtime plans are similar to those the Company offers to customers who elect to purchase or lease a TracNet H-series or TracPhone V-series terminal.
The Company recognizes the monthly AgilePlans subscription fee as service revenue over the service delivery period. The Company retains ownership of the hardware it provides to AgilePlans customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. KVH records the cost of the hardware used by AgilePlans customers as revenue-generating assets and depreciates the cost over an estimated useful life of five years. Since the Company is retaining ownership of the hardware, it does not accrue any warranty costs for AgilePlans hardware; however, any maintenance costs on the hardware is expensed in the period these costs are incurred.
Service sales also include the distribution of commercially licensed entertainment, including news, sports, and movies to commercial customers in the maritime and hotel markets through the KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added services. In addition, KVH earns monthly usage fees from third-party satellite connectivity services, including VoIP, data and Internet services, provided to its Inmarsat and Iridium customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with KVH. Service sales also include sales from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
On August 9, 2022, the Company sold its inertial navigation business to EMCORE Corporation for net proceeds of $54,904, less specified deductions. On August 9, 2022, the Company also entered into a Transition Services Agreement with EMCORE, pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide certain transition services to support the continued operation of the inertial navigation business for six months following the sale with two extension options of three months each. The fee is comprised of both fixed monthly fees of approximately $100 as well as variable amounts for certain additional services with escalation increases on the fixed and variable rates for each extension option. The Company does not have any continuing involvement in these operations other than short-term transition services, which are being recorded as an offset to general and administrative expenses in continuing operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recognized a $527 offset to general and administrative expenses associated with the Transition Services Agreement. The Company determined that the sale met the requirements for reporting as discontinued operations in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 205-20. Please see Note 16 for the discontinued operations disclosures. As a result of the sale of its inertial navigation business, the Company operates as one reportable segment.
8

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements of KVH Industries, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events through the date of this filing. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The 2022 consolidated interim financial statements reflect the sale of the inertial navigation business as discontinued operations. See Notes 1 and 18 for further information on the sale of the inertial navigation business.
The consolidated interim financial statements have not been audited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and include all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented. These consolidated interim financial statements do not include all disclosures associated with annual financial statements and accordingly should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed on March 16, 2023 with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of operating results for the remainder of the year.
Significant Estimates and Assumptions and Other Significant Non-Recurring Transactions
The preparation of interim financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the interim financial statements and the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting periods. As described in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, the estimates and assumptions used by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition, valuation of accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets and goodwill, estimated fair values of long-lived assets, including goodwill, amortization methods and periods, certain accrued expenses and other related charges, stock-based compensation, contingent liabilities, forfeitures and key valuation assumptions for its share-based awards, estimated fulfillment costs for warranty obligations, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance, and the valuation of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.
Foreign Currency Translation
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in Denmark and Singapore are maintained using the United States dollar as the functional currency. Exchange rates in effect on the date of the transaction are used to record monetary assets and liabilities. Revenue and other expense elements are recorded at rates that approximate the rates in effect on the transaction dates. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are recognized within “other (expense) income, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a total of net foreign currency exchange (losses) gains in its accompanying consolidated statements of operations of $(54) and $275, respectively, which is comprised of both realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses.
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Norway, Cyprus, India and Japan use the foreign subsidiaries’ respective local currencies as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries at the exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Net sales, costs and expenses are translated using average exchange rates in effect during the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are credited or charged to accumulated other comprehensive loss included in stockholders' equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Management Transition and Restructuring
On March 7, 2022, the Company announced that its President and Chief Executive Officer, Martin Kits van Heyningen,
9

was retiring from his executive and Board roles after more than 40 years of service and assuming a consulting position with the Company. As of March 31, 2022, the Company accrued approximately $539 in consulting fees associated with a maximum of 50 hours of transition services through March 31, 2023, which was paid to Mr. Kits van Heyningen over the 12 months following his retirement. As of March 31, 2023 all payments related to the consulting fees had been completed. The associated expenses were included in general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. There were also modifications to Mr. Kits van Heyningen's stock option and restricted stock awards. Please see Note 5 for further discussion.
In March 2022, the Company also restructured its operations to reduce costs and pursue a more focused strategy. The Company reduced its workforce by approximately 10% and began incurring reduced expenses from these actions beginning in the second quarter of 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company incurred $1,392 in severance and health insurance costs and $327 in legal and advisory fees. The combined expense of $1,719 was included in the financial statement line items of the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as follows: costs of product sales of $16, costs of service sales of $55, research and development of $387, sales, marketing and support of $797, and general and administrative expenses of $464. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not incur any additional expenses associated with this restructuring. The Company also modified impacted employee's stock option and restricted stock awards. Please see Note 5 for further discussion.
During the third quarter of 2022, the Company restructured its foreign operations by closing its India and Cyprus offices and its Denmark warehouse to reduce costs. All costs associated with the severance payments, other employee benefits, and legal and advisory fees were incurred in 2022.
Executive Employment Agreements
In May 2022, the Company entered into executive employment agreements with each of Brent C. Bruun, Roger A. Kuebel, Felise Feingold and Robert Balog in order to retain their services and provide them with certain benefits in the event that the Company terminates the executive’s employment without cause (as defined in the agreement) or the executive terminates his or her employment for good reason (as defined in the agreement) (either such termination, a “Qualifying Termination”), including following a change of control. The terms of the agreements are substantially identical except as to title, salary, target bonus and reporting responsibilities. The agreements provided that, if the executive continued to serve as an employee through December 31, 2022 (the “Retention Date”), the Company would pay the executive a retention bonus equal to 75% of the executive’s base salary on the agreement date, and the Company would accelerate the vesting of the executive’s equity awards that would otherwise have vested in the twelve months after the Retention Date.
On October 11, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the employment agreement with Mr. Bruun that, among other things, increased his annual base salary to $448 per year, retroactive to July 1, 2022, increased his target annual incentive compensation for the second half of 2022 to 80% of his base salary (without changing his target annual incentive compensation for the first half of 2022), extended his Retention Date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, which effectively extended the period during which Mr. Bruun must remain employed by the Company in order to earn his retention bonus, and modified the amount of the retention bonus from 75% of his base salary in effect on May 2, 2022 to 75% of the highest base salary in effect for Mr. Bruun on or before the date he becomes entitled to receive the retention bonus or the “Partial Retention Bonus” (as defined in the employment agreement). If a Qualifying Termination occurs before December 31, 2023, Mr. Bruun will receive a pro rata portion of the retention bonus. If in connection with such a termination he becomes entitled to receive the change in control severance payments and benefits, he will also become entitled to receive the full retention bonus, and the Retention Date will be the later of the date of such change in control or such termination of employment. The amendment did not modify the terms of the employment agreement relating to acceleration of vesting of certain equity awards if Mr. Bruun remains employed by the Company through December 31, 2022.
In January 2023, the Company paid out all contracted benefits to Roger A. Kuebel, Felise Feingold and Robert Balog as the conditions of their agreements were satisfied on December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has accrued approximately $185 for the retention bonus payable to Brent Bruun.
In addition to the amendment to Mr. Bruun’s employment agreement, the Compensation Committee also granted Mr. Bruun a restricted stock award and a non-statutory stock option, which together had an aggregate grant date fair value of approximately $100. The restricted stock award and the non-statutory stock option have terms that are materially consistent with the previously disclosed terms of similar grants to the Company’s executive officers.
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(3) Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Standards Implemented
ASC Update No. 2016-13, ASC Update No. 2018-19, ASC Update No. 2019-04, ASC Update No. 2019-05, ASC Update No. 2019-10, ASC Update No. 2019-11, ASC Update No. 2020-02 and ASC Update No. 2022-02
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The purpose of Update No. 2016-13 is to replace the incurred loss impairment methodology for financial assets measured at amortized cost with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information, including forecasted information, to develop credit loss estimates. Update No. 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In November 2018, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. This update introduced an expected credit loss methodology for the impairment of financial assets measured at amortized cost. The amendment also clarifies that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with Topic 842, Leases. Update No. 2018-19 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In May 2019, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. This update introduced clarifications of the Board’s intent with respect to accrued interest, the transfer between classifications or categories for loans and debt securities, recoveries, reinsurance recoverables, projects of interest rate environments for variable-rate financial instruments, costs to sell when foreclosure is probable, consideration of expected prepayments when determining the effective interest rate, vintage disclosures, and extension and renewal options. Update No. 2019-04 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In May 2019, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief. The amendments in the update ease the transition for entities adopting ASC Update 2016-13 and increase the comparability of financial statement information. With the exception of held-to-maturity debt securities, the amendments allow entities to irrevocably elect to apply the fair value option to financial instruments that were previously recorded at amortized cost basis within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost. Update No. 2019-05 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In November 2019, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2019-10, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842): Effective Dates. The amendments in this update change some effective dates for certain new accounting standards including those pertaining to Topic 326 discussed above, for certain types of entities. Update No. 2019-10 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In November 2019, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2019-11, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326). The update is effective for entities that have adopted ASU 2016-13. The purpose of Update No. 2019-11 is to clarify the scope of the recovery guidance to purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. Update No. 2019-11 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In February 2020, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2020-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) and
Leases (Topic 842). The purpose of Update No. 2020-02 is to clarify the scope and interpretation of the standard. Update No. 2020-02 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASC update 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) – Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The vintage disclosure portion of this guidance is applicable to the Company, which requires that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investment in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. Gross write-off information must included the amortized cost basis of financing receivables by credit-quality indicator and class of financing receivable by year of origination. Update No. 2022-02 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
11

ASC Update No. 2017-04
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASC Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The purpose of Update No. 2017-04 is to eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test and instead an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment quantitative test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity will then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, to the extent of the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Update No. 2017-04 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
There are no other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that the Company expects would have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
(4) Marketable Securities
Marketable securities as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

March 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | 36,315 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,315 |
United States treasuries | 19,964 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,965 |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | 56,279 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 56,280 |

December 31, 2022 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | 30,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 30,977 |
United States treasuries | 24,715 |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | 24,703 |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | 55,692 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | 55,680 |

Interest income from marketable securities was $588 and $1 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(5) Stockholder's Equity
(a) Stock Equity and Incentive Plan
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. On June 8, 2022, at the Company's 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s current equity compensation plan to increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan by 1,280 shares, from 4,800 shares to 6,080 shares (excluding rollover shares). Stock-based compensation expense was $284 and $859, excluding $12 and $22 of compensation charges related to our Amended and Restated 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, there was $2,753 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.01 years. As of March 31, 2023, there was $3,115 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.03 years.
Stock Options
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company issued 113 shares of common stock upon the exercise of stock options and received $1,022 as payment for the exercise price. No shares were surrendered to the Company to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, 317 stock options were granted and 170 stock options expired, were canceled or were forfeited. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, no stock options were granted. The Company has historically estimated the fair value of each option grant on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The weighted average assumptions utilized to determine the fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 are as follows:
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| Three Months Ended March 31, |
| 2023 |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate | 4.49 | % |  |  |
Expected volatility | 43.93 | % |  |  |
Expected life (in years) | 4.30 |  |  |
Dividend yield | 0 | % |  |  |

As of March 31, 2023, there were 1,784 options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $9.80 per share and 905 options exercisable with a weighted average exercise price of $10.18 per share.
Restricted Stock
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, 151 shares of restricted stock were granted with a weighted average grant date fair value of $9.81 per share and 69 shares of restricted stock were forfeited. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, 43 shares of restricted stock vested, of which no shares of common stock were surrendered to the Company as payment by employees in lieu of cash to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock.
As of March 31, 2023, the Company had no unvested outstanding options and no outstanding shares of restricted stock that were subject to performance-based or market-based vesting conditions.
Common Stock Repurchase
In the first quarter of 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a portion of executive common stock. The Company repurchased 23 shares of common stock held by executives at the Company to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations in lieu of cash payment. No shares of common stock were repurchased during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022.
(b) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's ESPP affords eligible employees the right to purchase common stock, via payroll deductions, through various offering periods at a purchase price equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, 0 and 22 shares were issued under the ESPP plan, respectively. The Company recorded compensation charges related to the ESPP of $12 and $22 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(c) Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following table presents stock-based compensation expense, including expense for the ESPP, in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Cost of product sales | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 74 |
Cost of service sales | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Research and development | 88 |  |  | 141 |
Sales, marketing and support | 38 |  |  | 186 |
General and administrative | 159 |  |  | 478 |
| $ | 296 |  |  | $ | 881 |

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(d) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL)
Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss), unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency translation, and unrealized gains and losses on available for sale marketable securities. The components of the Company’s comprehensive income (loss) and the effect on earnings for the periods presented are detailed in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).
The balances for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Available for Sale Marketable Securities |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (4,098) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,110) |
Other comprehensive income | 68 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 81 |
Net other comprehensive income | 68 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 81 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (4,030) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (4,029) |

| Foreign Currency Translation |  |  |  |  |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2021 | $ | (3,409) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,409) |
Other comprehensive loss | (193) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (193) |
Net other comprehensive loss | (193) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (193) |
Balance, March 31, 2022 | $ | (3,602) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,602) |

(6) Net Loss from Continuing Operations per Common Share
Basic net (loss) income per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share incorporates the dilutive effect of common stock equivalent options, warrants and other convertible securities, if any, as determined with the treasury stock accounting method. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, since there was a net loss from continuing operations, the Company excluded 920 and 1,861 shares underlying outstanding stock options and non-vested restricted shares, respectively, from its diluted loss per share calculation, as inclusion of these convertible securities would have reduced the net loss per share.
A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is as follows:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic | 18,882 |  |  | 18,449 |
Dilutive common shares issuable in connection with stock plans | — |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted | 18,882 |  |  | 18,449 |

(7) Inventories
Inventories, net are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out costing method. Inventories as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 include the costs of material, labor, and factory overhead. Components of inventories consist of the following:
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| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Raw materials | $ | 13,590 |  |  | $ | 14,203 |
Work in process | 4,292 |  |  | 4,164 |
Finished goods | 6,004 |  |  | 4,363 |
| $ | 23,886 |  |  | $ | 22,730 |

(8) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, net, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consist of the following:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Land | $ | 2,833 |  |  | $ | 2,833 |
Building and improvements | 18,839 |  |  | 18,869 |
Leasehold improvements | 443 |  |  | 513 |
Machinery and equipment | 5,605 |  |  | 5,948 |
Revenue-generating assets | 74,212 |  |  | 72,527 |
Office and computer equipment | 14,791 |  |  | 14,652 |
Motor vehicles | 31 |  |  | 31 |
| 116,754 |  |  | 115,373 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (64,962) |  |  | (62,255) |
| $ | 51,792 |  |  | $ | 53,118 |

Depreciation expense was $3,368 and $3,065 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Certain revenue-generating hardware assets are utilized by the Company in the delivery of the Company's airtime services, media and other content.
(9) Product Warranty
The Company’s products carry standard limited warranties that range from one to two years and vary by product. The warranty period begins on the date of retail purchase or lease by the original purchaser. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale and any additional amounts are recorded when such costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units sold or leased, historical and anticipated rates of warranty repairs and the cost per repair. Warranty and related costs are reflected within sales, marketing and support in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had accrued product warranty costs of $712 and $1,287, respectively.
The following table summarizes product warranty activity during 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Beginning balance | $ | 1,287 |  |  | $ | 1,084 |
Charges to expense | 44 |  |  | 269 |
Costs incurred | (619) |  |  | (263) |
Ending balance | $ | 712 |  |  | $ | 1,090 |

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(10) Legal Matters
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a party to inquiries, legal proceedings and claims including, from time to time, disagreements with vendors and customers. The Company is not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in management's opinion, is likely to materially harm the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
(11) Fair Value Measurements
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820), provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets are investments in money market mutual funds and United States treasuries.
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; or observable prices that are based on observable market data, based on directly or indirectly market-corroborated inputs. The Company has no Level 2 assets or liabilities.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and are developed based on the best information available given the circumstances. The Company has no Level 3 assets.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on the valuation techniques identified in the table below.
The following tables present financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for which the Company measures fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy:

March 31, 2023 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 36,315 |  |  | $ | 36,315 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)
United States treasuries | 19,965 |  |  | 19,965 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (a)

December 31, 2022 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 30,977 |  |  | $ | 30,977 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)
United States treasuries | $ | 24,703 |  |  | $ | 24,703 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)

(a)Market approach—prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets.
The carrying amount of certain financial instruments approximates fair value due to their short-term, highly liquid nature. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses. The carrying amount of the Company's operating and financing lease liabilities approximates fair value based on currently available quoted rates of similarly structured borrowings.
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Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company's non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets resulting from business combinations, are measured at fair value using income approach valuation methodologies at the date of acquisition and subsequently re-measured if indications of impairment exist. There was no impairment of the Company's non-financial assets noted during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company does not have any liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
(12) Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
The following table sets forth the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

|  | Amounts
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 5,308 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 21 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 5,329 |

Intangible Assets
The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2023 are as follows:

|  | Amounts
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 404 |
Amortization expense |  | (93) |
Intangible assets acquired in asset acquisition |  | 12 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 2 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 325 |

Intangible assets arose from the acquisition of KVH Media Group (acquired as Headland Media Limited) in May 2013. These intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 10 years for acquired subscriber relationships. The intangible assets were recorded in pounds sterling and fluctuations in exchange rates cause these amounts to increase or decrease from time to time.
In January 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain subscriber relationships from a third party. This acquisition did not meet the definition of a business under ASC 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805)-Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which the Company adopted on October 1, 2016. The Company ascribed $100 of the initial purchase price to the acquired subscriber relationships definite-lived intangible assets with an initial estimated useful life of 10 years. Under the asset purchase agreement, the purchase price includes a component of contingent consideration under which the Company is required to pay a percentage of recurring revenues received from the acquired subscriber relationships through 2026 up to a maximum annual payment of $114. As of March 31, 2023, the carrying value of the intangible assets acquired in the asset acquisition was $474. As the acquisition did not represent a business combination, the contingent consideration arrangement is recognized only when the contingency is resolved and the consideration is paid or becomes payable. The amounts payable under the contingent consideration arrangement, if any, will be included in the measurement of the cost of the acquired subscriber relationships. An additional $12 and $14 of consideration was earned under the contingent consideration arrangement during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Acquired intangible assets are subject to amortization. The following table summarizes acquired intangible assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively:

|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships |  | $ | 7,663 |  |  | $ | 7,338 |  |  | $ | 325 |
Distribution rights |  | 315 |  |  | 315 |  |  | — |
Internally developed software |  | 446 |  |  | 446 |  |  | — |
Proprietary content |  | 153 |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |
Intellectual property |  | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 10,861 |  |  | $ | 10,536 |  |  | $ | 325 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships |  | $ | 7,649 |  |  | $ | 7,245 |  |  | $ | 404 |
Distribution rights |  | 315 |  |  | 315 |  |  | — |
Internally developed software |  | 446 |  |  | 446 |  |  | — |
Proprietary content |  | 153 |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |
Intellectual property |  | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 10,847 |  |  | $ | 10,443 |  |  | $ | 404 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $93 and $194 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense was categorized as general and administrative expense.
As of March 31, 2023, the total weighted average remaining useful lives of the definite-lived intangible assets was 0.5 years.
Estimated future amortization expense remaining at March 31, 2023 for intangible assets acquired was as follows:
Years ending December 31,

Remainder of 2023 | $ | 91 |
2024 | 75 |
2025 | 75 |
2026 | 75 |
2027 | 6 |
2028 and thereafter | 3 |
Total future amortization expense | $ | 325 |

For definite-lived intangible assets, the Company assesses the carrying value of these assets whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset, or asset group, to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset, or asset group. There were no events or changes in circumstances during the three months ended March 31, 2023 which indicated that an assessment of the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets was required.
(13) Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products and services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services.
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Disaggregation of Revenue for Continuing Operations
The following table summarizes net sales from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Product, transferred at point in time |  | $ | 4,503 |  |  | $ | 6,107 |
Product, transferred over time |  | 446 |  |  | 456 |
Service |  | 28,740 |  |  | 26,588 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 33,689 |  |  | $ | 33,151 |

Revenue recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 from amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period was $447 and $452, respectively.
For product sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations are generally transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, at a point in time, with the exception of certain VSAT contracts which are transferred to customers over time. For service sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations are transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, over time. The Company's performance is impacted by the levels of activity in the marine and land mobile markets, among others. Performance in any particular period could be impacted by the timing of sales to certain large customers.
The Company primarily manufactures and distributes a comprehensive family of mobile satellite antenna products and services that provide access to the Internet, television, and VoIP services while on the move. Product sales accounted for 15% and 20% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Service sales of VSAT Broadband airtime service accounted for 80% and 72% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The balance of service sales are comprised of distribution of commercially licensed entertainment, product repairs, and extended warranty sales.
No other single product class accounts for 10% or more of the Company's consolidated net sales.
The Company operates in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. Revenues from international locations primarily include Singapore, Canada, European Union countries and other European countries, countries in Africa, Asia/Pacific and the Middle East, and India. Revenues are based upon customer location and internationally represented 64% and 61% of consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Sales to Singapore customers represented 18% and 16% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No other individual foreign country represented 10% or more of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the long-lived tangible assets related to the Company’s international subsidiaries were less than 10% of the Company’s long-lived tangible assets.
Business and Credit Concentrations
Concentrations of risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although the Company does not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of those individual customers. The Company establishes allowances for credit losses and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon expected losses, historical experience and its expectation for future collectability concerns.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 or 2022. One customer accounted for 17% of accounts receivable at March 31, 2023. Two customers accounted for approximately 16% and 12%, respectively, of accounts receivable at December 31, 2022. One customer accounted for 66% of long-term accounts receivable included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to sales-type leases at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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Certain components from third parties used in the Company’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt the Company’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues and operating results.
Customer Contract Balances
The following table provides the balance sheet location and amounts of contract assets, or unbilled accounts receivable, and contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, from contracts with customers as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

Contract Balance Type | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Current portion of deferred costs | Current contract assets |  | $ | 1,273 |  |  | $ | 1,243 |
Non-current portion of deferred costs | Non-current contract assets |  | 3,079 |  |  | 3,033 |
Current portion of deferred revenues | Contract liabilities* |  | 1,844 |  |  | 1,743 |
Non-current portion of deferred revenues | Long-term contract liabilities |  | 4,667 |  |  | 4,315 |

*Management notes that the remaining “Contract liabilities” balance not included in the above table (which as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is $1,840 and $1,365, respectively) relates to deferred income unaffiliated with the Company’s primary revenue streams, the majority of which relates to our content subscription business. These values are therefore excluded from the contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.
There were no material changes to contract asset balances for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as a result of changes in estimates or impairments. The change in the contract liability balance from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 was primarily due to the increase in upfront support billings received in the first three months of 2023 in comparison to revenues recognized in the prior period from historical support billings.
(14) Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate from continuing operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 300.0% compared with (8.4)% for the corresponding period in the prior year. The effective income tax rate is based on estimated income for the year, the estimated composition of the income in different jurisdictions and discrete adjustments, if any, in the applicable periods, including retroactive changes in tax legislation, settlements of tax audits or assessments, and the resolution or identification of tax position uncertainties.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the effective tax rate from continuing operations was higher than the statutory tax rate primarily due to the Company maintaining a valuation allowance reserve on its U.S. deferred tax assets, discrete tax adjustments and the composition of income from foreign jurisdictions taxed at lower rates.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the effective tax rate from continuing operations was lower than the statutory tax rate primarily due to the Company maintaining a valuation allowance reserve on its U.S. deferred tax assets and to the composition of income from foreign jurisdictions taxed at lower rates.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had reserves for uncertain tax positions of $654 and $637, respectively. There were no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2023 to the Company’s reserve for uncertain tax positions. The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2023 may decrease $36 in the next twelve months as a result of a lapse of statutes of limitations and settlements with taxing authorities.
The Company’s tax jurisdictions include the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Cyprus, Norway, Brazil, Singapore, Japan and India. In general, the statute of limitations with respect to the Company's United States federal income taxes has expired for years prior to 2019, and the relevant state and foreign statutes vary. However, preceding years remain open to examination by United States federal and state and foreign taxing authorities to the extent of future utilization of net operating losses and research and development tax credits generated in each preceding year.
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(15) Leases
Lessee
The Company has operating leases for office facilities, equipment, and satellite service capacity and related equipment. Lease expense from continuing operations was $452 and $544 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Short-term operating lease costs were $25 and $55 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023 under operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable term of one year or more are as follows:

Remainder of 2023 | $ | 1,170 |
2024 | 501 |
2025 | 56 |
2026 | 48 |
2027 and thereafter | 82 |
Total minimum lease payments | $ | 1,857 |
Less amount representing interest | $ | (88) |
Present value of net minimum operating lease payments | $ | 1,769 |
Less current installments of obligation under current-operating lease liabilities | $ | 1,393 |
Obligations under long-term operating lease liabilities, excluding current installments | $ | 376 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years) | 1.63
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 5.50 | %

Lessor
The Company enters into leases with certain customers primarily for the TracPhone VSAT systems. These leases are classified as sales-type leases because title to the equipment transfers to the customer at the end of the lease term. The Company records the leases at a price typically equivalent to normal selling price and in excess of the cost or carrying amount. Upon delivery, the Company records the net present value of all payments under these leases as product revenue, and the related costs of the product are charged to cost of sales. Interest income is recognized throughout the lease term (typically three to five years) using an implicit interest rate. The sales-type leases do not have unguaranteed residual assets.
The current portion of the net investment in these leases was $3,843 as of March 31, 2023 and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases was $4,703 as of March 31, 2023. The current portion of the net investment in the leases is included in accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Interest income from sales-type leases was $168 and $207 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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The future undiscounted cash flows from these leases as of March 31, 2023 are:

Remainder of 2023 | $ | 3,478 |
2024 | 3,086 |
2025 | 1,733 |
2026 | 860 |
2027 | 379 |
2028 | 15
Total undiscounted cash flows | $ | 9,551 |
Present value of lease payments | $ | 8,546 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows | $ | 1,005 |

In 2021, the Company entered into three-year leases for its TracPhone VSAT systems, in which ownership of the hardware does not transfer to the lessee by the end of the lease term. As a result, and in light of other factors indicated in ASC 842, these leases are classified as operating leases.
As of March 31, 2023, the gross costs and accumulated depreciation associated with these operating leases are included in revenue generating assets and amounted to $1,880 and $610, respectively. They are depreciated on a straight-line basis over a five-year estimated useful life. Depreciation expense for these assets was $94 for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Lease revenue recognized was $138 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 in service sales in the consolidated statements of operations.
As of March 31, 2023, minimum future lease payments to be recognized on the operating leases are as follows:

Remainder of 2023 | $ | 415 |
2024 | 343 |
2025 | 25 |
Total | $ | 783 |

22

(16) Discontinued Operations
During the third quarter of 2022, the Company sold its inertial navigation business. The Company determined that the sale met the requirements for reporting as discontinued operations in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 205-20. There were no assets or liabilities of the inertial navigation business as of December 31, 2022 or March 31, 2023. Please see Note 1 for further discussion.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the major financial line items constituting the results for discontinued operations to the net income from discontinued operations, net of tax, presented separately in the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

|  |  | Three months ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  | 2022
Sales: |  |  |
Product |  |  | $ | 7,807 |
Service |  |  | 136 |
Net sales |  |  | 7,943 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of product sales |  |  | 5,311 |
Costs of service sales |  |  | 66 |
Research and development |  |  | 1,638 |
Sales, marketing and support |  |  | 1,388 |
Loss from discontinued operations before income tax expense |  |  | (460) |
Other income, net |  |  | 35 |
Loss from discontinued operations before tax expense |  |  | $ | (425) |
Income tax expense on discontinued operations |  |  | — |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  | $ | (425) |
Net loss from discontinued operations per common share |  |  |
Basic |  |  | $ | (0.02) |
Diluted |  |  | $ | (0.02) |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 18,449 |
Diluted |  |  | 18,449 |

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information of the discontinued operations:

|  |  | Three months ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  | 2022
Cash provided by operating activities - discontinued operations |  |  | $ | 366 |
Cash used in investing activities - discontinued operations |  |  | $ | (122) |

23

The following table presents non-cash expenses from discontinued operations:

|  |  | Three months ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  | 2022
Depreciation |  |  | $ | 308 |
Compensation expense related to stock-based awards and employee stock purchase plan |  |  | $ | 100 |

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Introduction
The statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial results, operating results, business strategies, projected costs, products and services, competitive positions and plans, customer preferences, consumer trends, anticipated product development, and objectives of management for future operations. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Any expectations based on these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and other important factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. These and many other factors could affect our future financial and operating results and could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations based on forward-looking statements made in this document or elsewhere by us or on our behalf. For example, our expectations regarding certain items as a percentage of sales assume that we will achieve our anticipated sales goals. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated interim financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.
Overview
We design, develop, manufacture and market mobile connectivity products and services for the marine and land mobile markets. We manufacture and sell our solutions in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. We generate a majority of our revenues from various international locations, primarily consisting of Singapore, Canada, European Union countries and other European countries, countries in Africa, Asia/Pacific and the Middle East, and India.
We offer satellite communications products and services. Our satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, the Company’s in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. We sell our products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. We also sell and lease products to service providers and end users.
Our service sales primarily represent revenue earned from satellite Internet airtime services. We provide, for monthly fixed fees and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet, data and VoIP services, to our TracNet H-series and TracPhone V-series customers via our global HTS network. Revenue from our cellular airtime service has increasingly supplemented, and we expect will continue to supplement, our satellite-only airtime revenue following the mid-2022 launch of the KVH ONE hybrid network and TracNet H-series terminals. This product and service combination integrates global satellite service with KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, along with shore-based Wi-Fi access. These sales also include the distribution of entertainment, including news, sports, music, and movies, to commercial customers in the maritime, hotel, and retail markets through KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added services. In addition, we earn monthly usage fees for third-party satellite connectivity for VoIP, data and Internet services to our Inmarsat and Iridium customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with us. Service sales also include sales from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
Our marine leisure business is highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact our commercial marine business. Historically, we have generated the majority of our marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters. Temporary suspensions of our airtime services typically increase in the third and fourth quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months.
Management Transition and Restructuring
On March 7, 2022, we announced that our President and Chief Executive Officer, Martin Kits van Heyningen, was retiring from his executive and Board roles after more than 40 years of service and assuming a consulting position with us. We incurred approximately $0.5 million of costs associated with the management transition through March 31, 2022, including a separation payment, consulting fees and health insurance coverage for Mr. Kits van Heyningen, as well as professional and advisory fees. As of March 31, 2023 all payments related to the additional fees had been completed.
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In March 2022, we also restructured our operations to reduce costs and better pursue a more focused strategy. We reduced our workforce by approximately 10% and began incurring reduced expenses from these actions beginning in the second quarter of 2022. Approximately $1.7 million of severance payments, other employee benefits, and legal and advisory fees were incurred for the three months ended March 31, 2022. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we did not incur any additional expenses associated with this restructuring. We also modified impacted employee's stock option and restricted stock awards. Please see Note 5 to our consolidated interim financial statements for further discussion.
During the third quarter of 2022, we restructured our foreign operations by closing our India and Cyprus offices and our Denmark warehouse to reduce costs. All costs associated with the severance payments, other employee benefits, and legal and advisory fees were incurred in the 2022.
Executive Employment Agreements
In May 2022, we entered into executive employment agreements with each of Brent C. Bruun, Roger A. Kuebel, Felise Feingold and Robert Balog in order to retain their services and provide them with certain benefits in the event that we terminate the executive’s employment without cause (as defined in the agreement) or the executive terminates his or her employment for good reason (as defined in the agreement) (either such termination, a “Qualifying Termination”), including following a change of control. The terms of the agreements are substantially identical except as to title, salary, target bonus and reporting responsibilities. The agreements provided that, if the executive continued to serve as an employee through December 31, 2022 (the “Retention Date”), we would pay the executive a retention bonus equal to 75% of the executive’s base salary at the agreement date, and we would accelerate the vesting of the executive’s equity awards that would otherwise have vested in the twelve months after the Retention Date.
On October 11, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the employment agreement with Mr. Bruun that, among other things, increased his annual base salary to $448,360 per year, retroactive to July 1, 2022, increased his target annual incentive compensation for the second half of 2022 to 80% of his base salary (without changing his target annual incentive compensation for the first half of 2022), extended his Retention Date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023, which effectively extended the period during which Mr. Bruun must remain employed by us in order to earn his retention bonus, and modified the amount of the retention bonus from 75% of his base salary in effect on May 2, 2022 to 75% of the highest base salary in effect for Mr. Bruun on or before the date he becomes entitled to receive the retention bonus or the “Partial Retention Bonus” (as defined in the employment agreement). If a Qualifying Termination occurs before December 31, 2023, Mr. Bruun will receive a pro rata portion of the retention bonus. If in connection with such a termination he becomes entitled to receive the change in control severance payments and benefits, he will also become entitled to receive the full retention bonus, and the Retention Date will be the later of the date of such change in control or such termination of employment. The amendment did not modify the terms of the employment agreement relating to acceleration of vesting of certain equity awards if Mr. Bruun remains employed by us through December 31, 2022.
In January 2023, we paid out all contracted benefits to Roger A. Kuebel, Felise Feingold and Robert Balog as the conditions of their agreements were satisfied on December 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2023, we have accrued approximately $0.2 million for the retention bonus payable to Brent Bruun.
In addition to the amendment to Mr. Bruun’s employment agreement, the Compensation Committee also granted Mr. Bruun a restricted stock award and a non-statutory stock option, which together had an aggregate grant date fair value of approximately $100,000. The restricted stock award and the non-statutory stock option have terms that are materially consistent with the previously disclosed terms of similar grants to our executive officers.
Supply Chain
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we continued to experience delays in the availability and delivery of certain raw material components, which has impacted our manufacturing as well as resulted in shipping delays in getting products out to our customers. We also experienced increased raw material costs, which we expect to continue throughout 2023. We are continuing to monitor global developments and are prepared to implement any actions that we determine to be necessary to sustain our business.
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International Sales
We operate in a number of major geographic areas across the globe. We generate our international net sales, based upon customer location, primarily from customers located in Singapore, Canada, European Union countries and other European countries, as well as countries in Africa, Asia/Pacific and the Middle East, and India. International revenues represented 64% and 61% of our consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Sales to Singapore customers represented 18% and 16% of our consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No other individual foreign country represented 10% or more of our consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these interim financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure at the date of our interim financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
C ritical accounting estimates are those estimates made that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have an impact on our statement of operations. As described in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, our accounting policies for goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets are the estimates most critical to an understanding and evaluation of our consolidated financial statements. We have reviewed our accounting policies and critical accounting estimates and determined that these remain our most critical accounting policies and estimates for the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Readers should refer to our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation—Critical Accounting Estimates” for descriptions of these policies and estimates, as well as the notes to the consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere within this report.
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Results of Operations
The following table provides, for the periods indicated, certain financial data relating to our continuing operations expressed as a percentage of net sales:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Sales: |  |  |
Product | 14.7 | % |  | 19.8 | %
Service | 85.3 |  |  | 80.2 |
Net sales | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of product sales | 15.5 |  |  | 16.3 |
Costs of service sales | 47.7 |  |  | 45.0 |
Research and development | 7.6 |  |  | 9.1 |
Sales, marketing and support | 17.0 |  |  | 21.0 |
General and administrative | 13.8 |  |  | 21.3 |
Total costs and expenses | 101.6 |  |  | 112.7 |
Loss from operations | (1.6) |  |  | (12.7) |
Interest income | 2.3 |  |  | 0.6 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |
Other (expense) income, net | (0.7) |  |  | 0.3 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense | — |  |  | (11.8) |
Income tax expense from continuing operations | 0.1 |  |  | 1.0 |
Net loss from continuing operations | (0.1) | % |  | (12.8) | %

Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
Net Sales
Our net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Change
| For the three months ended March 31, |  | 2023 vs. 2022
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Product | $ | 4,949 |  |  | $ | 6,563 |  |  | $ | (1,614) |  |  | (25) | %
Service | 28,740 |  |  | 26,588 |  |  | 2,152 |  |  | 8 | %
Net sales | $ | 33,689 |  |  | $ | 33,151 |  |  | $ | 538 |  |  | 2 | %

Net sales increased by $0.5 million, or 2%, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Product sales decreased by $1.6 million, or 25%, to $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from $6.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease in product sales was primarily due to a $1.5 million decrease in VSAT Broadband product sales. The decrease in VSAT product sales was primarily due to a decrease in unit sales volume, particularly with 37cm units in our global leisure segment. Alternative solutions offered by recent LEO entrants have heightened competition in this segment of the market.
Service sales increased by $2.2 million, or 8%, to $28.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from $26.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $3.0 million increase in our VSAT
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airtime sales, partially offset by a $0.8 million decrease in our content service sales, primarily driven by the sale of a subsidiary in April 2022.
Costs of Sales
Costs of sales consists of costs of product sales and costs of service sales. Costs of sales increased by $1.0 million, or 5%, in the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $21.3 million from $20.3 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. The increase in costs of sales was driven by a $1.2 million increase in costs of service sales, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in costs of product sales. As a percentage of net sales, costs of sales were 63% and 61% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our costs of product sales consist primarily of materials, manufacturing overhead, and direct labor used to produce our products. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, costs of product sales decreased by $0.2 million, or 3%, to $5.2 million from $5.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to a $0.3 million decrease in our marine cost of product sales. As a percentage of product sales, costs of product sales were 106% and 83% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Cost of product sales increased as a percentage of product sales primarily due to two factors; the first being a write-down of inventory by $0.6 million and the second being purchase price variance of $0.3 million.
Our costs of service sales consist primarily of satellite service capacity, depreciation, service network overhead expense associated with our VSAT Broadband network infrastructure, direct network service labor, Inmarsat service costs, product installation costs, media materials and distribution costs, and service repair materials. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, costs of service sales increased by $1.2 million, or 8%, to $16.1 million from $14.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily due to a $1.5 million increase in VSAT airtime costs of service sales. The increase in airtime cost of sales is primarily related to capacity increases necessary to support growth in our airtime subscriber base. This was partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in content services cost of service sales, primarily driven by the sale of a subsidiary in April 2022. As a percentage of service sales, costs of service sales were 56% for each of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Operating Expenses
Research and development expense consists of direct labor, materials, external consultants, and related overhead costs that support our internally funded product development and product sustaining engineering activities. Research and development expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $0.4 million, or 15%, to $2.6 million from $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease primarily resulted from a $0.3 million decrease in salaries, benefits and taxes, which was driven by costs related to the reduction in our workforce in March 2022. As a percentage of net sales, research and development expense was 8% and 9% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Sales, marketing, and support expense consists primarily of salaries and related expenses for sales and marketing personnel, commissions for both in-house and third-party representatives, costs related to the co-development of certain content, other sales and marketing support costs such as advertising, literature and promotional materials, product service personnel and support costs, warranty-related costs and bad debt expense. Sales, marketing and support expense also includes the operating expenses of our sales office subsidiaries in Denmark, Singapore, Brazil, and Japan. Sales, marketing and support expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $1.3 million, or 18%, to $5.7 million from $7.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease primarily resulted from a $1.5 million decrease in salaries, benefits and taxes, which was driven by the reduction in our workforce in March 2022. As a percentage of net sales, sales, marketing and support expense was 17% and 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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General and administrative expense consists of costs attributable to management, finance and accounting, information technology, human resources, certain outside professional services, and other administrative costs. General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased by $2.4 million, or 34%, to $4.7 million from $7.1 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The decrease primarily resulted from a $2.0 million decrease in salaries, benefits, and taxes, which was driven by the reduction in our workforce in March 2022, and the incurrence in the three months ended March 31, 2022 of $0.5 million of expenses related to the separation and retirement of Mr. Kits van Heyningen. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 we were reimbursed by EMCORE for $0.5 million of expenses incurred under the Transition Service Agreement relating to the sale of the inertial navigation business in 2022. Partially offsetting these items was a $0.5 million increase in professional fees primarily related to additional accounting and consulting costs incurred to prepare our annual filings. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expense was 14% and 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Interest and Other Income, Net
Interest income represents interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, as well as from investments and our sale-type lease receivables. Interest income increased $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $0.8 million from $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Of the current period interest income of $0.8 million, $0.6 million is attributable to interest gained from cash and cash equivalents, while the remaining $0.2 million was due to interest from lease receivables. Interest expense remained flat period-over-period at less than $0.1 million for both of the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Other (expense) income, net decreased to other expense, net of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 from other income, net of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Other expense, net of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 primarily relates to foreign exchange losses from our UK operations.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was less than $0.1 million and related to taxes on income earned in foreign jurisdictions. Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $0.3 million and related to taxes on income earned in foreign jurisdictions.
Discontinued Operations
On August 9, 2022, we sold our inertial navigation business for net proceeds $54.9 million, less specified deductions. We determined that the sale met the requirements for reporting as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. Accordingly, we have classified the results of the inertial navigation business as discontinued operations for all prior periods presented. Please see Notes 1 and 18 for further discussion. Results for discontinued operations are as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  | 2022
|  |  | (dollars in thousands)
Sales from discontinued operations |  |  | $ | 7,943 |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  | $ | (425) |

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary liquidity needs have been to fund general business requirements, including working capital requirements and capital expenditures. In recent years, we have funded our operations primarily from the sale of two businesses in 2022, the sale of a business in 2019, a PPP loan, cash flows from operations, bank financings and proceeds received from exercises of stock options and the issuance of stock.
On August 9, 2022, we sold our inertial navigation business to EMCORE Corporation for net proceeds of $54.9 million, less specified deductions.
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As of March 31, 2023, we had $68.7 million in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, of which $2.5 million in cash and cash equivalents was held in local currencies by our foreign subsidiaries. Our foreign subsidiaries held no marketable securities as of March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we had $95.6 million in working capital. Based upon our current working capital position, current operating plans and expected business conditions, we expect to have sufficient funds, through at least twelve months from the date that this report is filed with the SEC, to fund our short-term and long-term working capital requirements, including capital expenditures and contractual obligations. Our funding plans for our working capital needs and other commitments may be adversely impacted if our underlying assumptions regarding our anticipated revenues and expenses are not realized. If our operating results fail to meet our expectations, we could be required to seek additional funding through public or private financings or other arrangements. In that event, adequate funds may not be available when needed or may be available only on terms which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, if we raise funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution.
Net cash used in operations was $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net cash used in operations of $3.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The $3.3 million increase in cash used in operations is primarily driven by a net increase in cash outflows of $15.1 million related to accounts payable, an increase of $0.5 million related to non-cash items, and a $0.4 million increase in non-current assets. Partially offsetting these items was a $5.8 million increase in accrued compensation, product warranty and other expenses, a $4.7 million decrease in net loss, a $1.6 million increase in cash inflows relating to accounts receivable, a $0.4 million decrease in cash outflows related to prepaid expenses and current assets, and a $0.3 million increase in cash inflows related to contract liabilities.
Net cash used in investing activities was $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The $2.8 million change in net cash used in investing activities was primarily the result of a $5.1 million increase in net investment in marketable securities, partially offset by a $2.3 million decrease in capital expenditures.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The $0.6 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities is primarily attributable to the $0.8 million increase in cash inflows relating to proceeds from stock options exercised and the employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in cash outflows related to the repurchase of common stock to satisfy specific tax withholding obligations arising from accelerated vesting of executive stock grants.
Other Matters
We intend to continue to invest in our global HTS network on a worldwide basis. As part of the future potential capacity expansion, we plan to acquire additional satellite capacity from satellite operators, expend funds to seek regulatory approvals and permits, develop product enhancements in anticipation of the expansion, and hire additional personnel. From time to time we have entered into multi-year agreements to lease satellite capacity, and we have also purchased numerous satellite hubs to support the added capacity. These transactions can involve millions of dollars.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023, the end of the period covered by this interim report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2023.
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Evaluation of Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the first quarter of 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Important Considerations
The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of business, we are a party to inquiries, legal proceedings and claims including, from time to time, disagreements with vendors and customers. We are not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in our opinion, is likely to materially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibits:

Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Filed with this Form 10-Q |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit No.
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 6, 2010 |  | 3.1
3.2 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock of KVH Industries, Inc. classifying and designating the Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock |  |  |  | 8-A |  | August 19, 2022 |  | 3.1
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | November 1, 2017 |  | 3.2
4.1 |  | Specimen certificate for the common stock |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 2, 2018 |  | 4.1
10.1 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Stockholder Rights Agreement dated as of February 3, 2023, by and between KVH Industries, Inc. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A. |  |  |  | 8-K |  | February 3, 2023 |  | 4.1
10.2 |  | Cooperation Agreement dated as of February 3, 2023, by and among KVH Industries, Inc., Black Diamond Capital Management, L.L.C., Stephen H. Deckoff and the Investor Group Designees (as defined therein) |  |  |  | 8-K |  | February 3, 2023 |  | 10.1
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal executive officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal financial officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | Section 1350 certification of principal executive officer and principal financial officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101 |  |  | The following financial information from KVH Industries, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited), (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited), (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited), (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited), and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements (unaudited). |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |

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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: May 5, 2023
KVH Industries, Inc.
By: | /s/ ROGER A. KUEBEL
| Roger A. Kuebel
| (Duly Authorized Officer and Chief Financial Officer)

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