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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: March 31, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 0-28082

KVH Industries, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware | 05-0420589
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

50 Enterprise Center, Middletown, RI 02842
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(401) 847-3327
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
|  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | KVHI | (Nasdaq Global Select Market)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Date | Class | Outstanding shares
May 1, 2024 | Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share | 19,716,221

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Form 10-Q
INDEX

|  | Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
ITEM 1. | INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 (unaudited) and December 31, 2023 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (unaudited) | 7
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 8
ITEM 2. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 21
ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 25
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
ITEM 6. | EXHIBITS | 27
SIGNATURE | 28

2

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
ASSETS | (unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 11,441 |  |  | $ | 11,294 |
Marketable securities | 55,196 |  |  | 58,477 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $1,138 and $1,168 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 25,965 |  |  | 25,670 |
Inventories | 19,089 |  |  | 19,046 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 4,224 |  |  | 4,331 |
Total current assets | 115,915 |  |  | 118,818 |
Property and equipment, net | 46,230 |  |  | 47,680 |
Intangible assets, net | 1,105 |  |  | 1,194 |
Right of use assets | 1,621 |  |  | 1,068 |
Other non-current assets | 3,270 |  |  | 3,618 |
Deferred income tax asset | 221 |  |  | 256 |
Total assets | $ | 168,362 |  |  | $ | 172,634 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 6,945 |  |  | $ | 4,780 |
Accrued airtime | 1,105 |  |  | 5,508 |
Accrued compensation and employee-related expenses | 4,567 |  |  | 4,466 |
Accrued loss on future firm purchase commitments | 3,569 |  |  | 3,569 |
Accrued other | 1,912 |  |  | 2,588 |
Accrued product warranty costs | 726 |  |  | 828 |
Deferred revenue | 2,167 |  |  | 1,774 |
Current operating lease liability | 1,211 |  |  | 786 |
Liability for uncertain tax positions | 693 |  |  | 673 |
Total current liabilities | 22,895 |  |  | 24,972 |
Long-term operating lease liability | 398 |  |  | 289 |
Deferred income tax liability | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Total liabilities | $ | 23,295 |  |  | $ | 25,262 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 2, 10, and 15) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 30,000,000 shares; 21,205,364 and 21,066,899 shares issued at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; and 19,749,255 and 19,610,790 shares outstanding at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 212 |  |  | 211 |
Additional paid-in capital | 165,768 |  |  | 165,140 |
Accumulated deficit | (4,867) |  |  | (1,704) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (3,956) |  |  | (4,185) |
| 157,157 |  |  | 159,462 |
Less: treasury stock at cost, common stock, 1,456,109 and 1,456,109 shares as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. | (12,090) |  |  | (12,090) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 145,067 |  |  | 147,372 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 168,362 |  |  | $ | 172,634 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except earnings per share amounts, unaudited)

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service |  |  |  |  | $ | 25,038 |  |  | $ | 28,740 |
Product |  |  |  |  | 4,229 |  |  | 5,403 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  | 29,267 |  |  | 34,143 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of service sales |  |  |  |  | 14,044 |  |  | 16,076 |
Costs of product sales |  |  |  |  | 5,308 |  |  | 5,313 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 3,038 |  |  | 2,565 |
Sales, marketing and support |  |  |  |  | 5,384 |  |  | 5,708 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  | 5,291 |  |  | 4,650 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  |  |  | 33,065 |  |  | 34,312 |
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  | (3,798) |  |  | (169) |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 911 |  |  | 778 |
Other expense, net |  |  |  |  | (198) |  |  | (224) |
(Loss) income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  | (3,085) |  |  | 385 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 78 |  |  | 18 |
Net (loss) income |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,163) |  |  | $ | 367 |
Net (loss) income per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.16) |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.16) |  |  | $ | 0.02 |
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | 19,286 |  |  | 18,882 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | 19,286 |  |  | 19,035 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
(in thousands, unaudited)

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net (loss) income |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,163) |  |  | $ | 367 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  | 229 |  |  | 66 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax(1) |  |  |  |  | 229 |  |  | 79 |
Total comprehensive (loss) income |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,934) |  |  | $ | 446 |

(1) Tax impact was nominal for all periods.
See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
5

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(in thousands, unaudited)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 21,067 |  |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 165,140 |  |  | $ | (1,704) |  |  | $ | (4,185) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 147,372 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,163) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,163) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 522 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 522 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 95 |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | 114 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 21,205 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 165,768 |  |  | $ | (4,867) |  |  | $ | (3,956) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 145,067 |

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 20,631 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 160,475 |  |  | $ | 13,718 |  |  | $ | (4,110) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | $ | (11,851) |  |  | $ | 158,438 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 367 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 296 |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | (239) |  |  | (239) |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | 195 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,010 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 20,826 |  |  | $ | 208 |  |  | $ | 161,779 |  |  | $ | 14,085 |  |  | $ | (4,031) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 159,951 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
6

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands, unaudited)

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net (loss) income | $ | (3,163) |  |  | $ | 367 |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 54 |  |  | 280 |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,247 |  |  | 3,461 |
Deferred income taxes | 36 |  |  | 1 |
Loss on disposals of fixed assets | 683 |  |  | 146 |
Compensation expense related to stock-based awards and employee stock purchase plan | 522 |  |  | 296 |
Unrealized currency translation loss (gain) | 241 |  |  | (1) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (355) |  |  | 776 |
Inventories | (44) |  |  | (1,155) |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 100 |  |  | (111) |
Other non-current assets | 328 |  |  | 312 |
Accounts payable | 2,184 |  |  | (15,077) |
Deferred revenue | 400 |  |  | 460 |
Accrued compensation, product warranty and other | (5,025) |  |  | 3,466 |
Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (792) |  |  | $ | (6,779) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (2,399) |  |  | (2,103) |
Cash paid for acquisition of intangible asset | (10) |  |  | (12) |
Purchases of marketable securities | (720) |  |  | (16,010) |
Maturities and sales of marketable securities | 4,000 |  |  | 15,422 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | 871 |  |  | $ | (2,703) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from stock options exercised and employee stock purchase plan | 96 |  |  | 1,022 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (239) |
Payment of finance lease | — |  |  | (22) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 761 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (28) |  |  | 40 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 147 |  |  | (8,681) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 11,294 |  |  | 21,056 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 11,441 |  |  | $ | 12,375 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |
Changes in accrued other and accounts payable related to property and equipment additions | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 119 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
7

KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements
(Unaudited, all amounts in thousands except per share amounts)
(1) Description of Business
KVH Industries, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, the Company or KVH) designs, develops, manufactures and markets mobile connectivity services and products for the marine and land markets.
KVH’s service sales primarily represent revenue earned from satellite Internet airtime services. KVH provides, for monthly fixed and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet and VoIP services, to its TracNet H-series and TracPhone V-HTS series customers via KVH’s global high-throughput satellite (HTS) network. Revenue from our cellular airtime service increasingly supplements KVH’s satellite-only airtime revenue following the July 2022 launch of the KVH ONE hybrid network and TracNet H-series terminals. This service and product combination integrates global satellite service with KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, along with shore-based Wi-Fi access. The May 2023 introduction of the KVH ONE OpenNet Program expanded access to KVH's global HTS network and airtime services to non-KVH terminals for the first time.
AgilePlans, KVH’s connectivity as a service offering, is a monthly subscription model that provides global connectivity to commercial maritime customers. The subscription includes the choice of satellite-only and hybrid terminals, airtime data service, VoIP, daily news, subsidized shipping and installation, and global support for a monthly fee with no minimum contract commitment. KVH offers AgilePlans subscribers a variety of airtime data plans with varying data speeds and fixed data usage levels with per megabyte overage charges. These airtime plans are similar to those the Company offers to customers who elect to purchase or lease a TracNet H-series or TracPhone V-HTS series terminal.
The Company recognizes the monthly AgilePlans subscription fee as service revenue over the service delivery period. The Company retains ownership of the hardware it provides to AgilePlans customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. KVH records the cost of the hardware used by AgilePlans customers as revenue-generating assets and depreciates the cost over an estimated useful life of five years. Since the Company is retaining ownership of the hardware, it does not accrue any warranty costs for AgilePlans hardware; however, any maintenance costs on the hardware are expensed in the period these costs are incurred.
Service sales also include the distribution of commercially licensed entertainment, including news, sports, and movies to commercial customers in the maritime and hotel markets through the KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added cybersecurity, email, and crew internet services. In addition, KVH earns monthly usage fees from third-party satellite connectivity services, including VoIP, data and Internet services, provided to its Inmarsat and Iridium customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with KVH. Service sales also include sales from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
KVH’s satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, the Company’s in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. KVH sells its products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. KVH also sells and leases products to service providers and end users.
KVH's marine leisure business is highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact the Company's commercial marine business, although typically to a lesser degree. Temporary suspensions of the Company's airtime services typically increase in the fourth and first quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months. Historically, the Company has generated the majority of its marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters.
In February 2024, the Company announced a staged wind-down of its product manufacturing operations at its Middletown, Rhode Island location. The Company expects that it will continue its product manufacturing activities in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand and that it will cease substantially all manufacturing activity by the end of 2024. The Company expects to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with its mobile satellite communications services.
8

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
2023 10-K - Revision for Correction of Immaterial Errors
As stated in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed on March 15, 2024, the Company corrected for errors that were immaterial to its previously reported consolidated financial statements. These errors were identified in connection with the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, and related primarily to the adoption and implementation of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) on January 1, 2018, specifically, the assessment of performance obligations associated with the sales of antennas and airtime-related equipment. The Company evaluated the materiality of these errors both qualitatively and quantitatively in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 99, Materiality, and SAB No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements, and determined that the effect of these corrections was not material to the previously issued financial statements. Therefore, the amounts in the previous period have been revised to reflect the correction of these errors.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements of KVH Industries, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The Company has evaluated all subsequent events through the date of this filing. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The consolidated interim financial statements have not been audited by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm and include all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented. These consolidated interim financial statements do not include all disclosures associated with annual financial statements and accordingly should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on March 15, 2024 with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The results for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of operating results for the remainder of the year.
Significant Estimates and Assumptions and Other Significant Non-Recurring Transactions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting periods. The estimates and assumptions used by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition, valuation of accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, expected future cash flows (including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets and goodwill), estimated fair values of long-lived assets (including goodwill, amortization methods and amortization periods), certain accrued expenses and other related charges, stock-based compensation, contingent liabilities, forfeitures and key valuation assumptions for its share-based awards, estimated fulfillment costs for warranty obligations, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance, and the valuation of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.
9

Foreign Currency Translation
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in Denmark, Singapore and Cyprus are maintained using the United States dollar as the functional currency. Exchange rates in effect on the date of the transaction are used to record monetary assets and liabilities. Revenue and other expense elements are recorded at rates that approximate the rates in effect on the transaction dates. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are recognized within “other expense, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded net foreign currency exchange losses, which are comprised of both realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange gains and losses, in its accompanying consolidated statements of operations of $(21) and $(54) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Norway, India and Japan use the foreign subsidiaries’ respective local currencies as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries at the exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Net sales, costs and expenses are translated using average exchange rates in effect during the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are credited or charged to accumulated other comprehensive loss included in stockholders' equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(3) Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Accounting Standards Not yet Adopted
There are no recent accounting pronouncements that have been issued by the FASB, that are not yet effective and that the Company expects would have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
(4) Marketable Securities
Marketable securities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following:

March 31, 2024 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | 55,196 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,196 |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | 55,196 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 55,196 |

December 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,477 |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,477 |

Interest income from marketable securities was $720 and $588 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(5) Stockholder's Equity
(a) Stock Equity and Incentive Plan
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. On June 8, 2022, at the Company's 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment and restatement of the Company’s current equity compensation plan to increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the plan by 1,280 shares, from 4,800 shares to 6,080 shares (excluding rollover shares). Stock-based compensation expense was $517 and $284, excluding $5 and $12 of compensation expense related to our Amended and Restated 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, there was $1,918 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.68 years. As of March 31, 2024, there was $2,399 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.65 years.
10

Stock Options
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, no shares of common stock were issued upon the exercise of stock options. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, 266 stock options were granted and 14 stock options expired, were canceled or were forfeited. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, 317 stock options were granted. The Company has historically estimated the fair value of each option grant on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The weighted average assumptions utilized to determine the fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rate | 4.36 | % |  | 4.49 | % |  |  |  |  |
Expected volatility | 48.63 | % |  | 43.93 | % |  |  |  |  |
Expected life (in years) | 4.32 |  | 4.30 |  |  |  |  |
Dividend yield | 0 | % |  | 0 | % |  |  |  |  |

As of March 31, 2024, there were 1,482 options outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $8.75 per share and 641 options exercisable with a weighted average exercise price of $9.86 per share.
Restricted Stock
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 122 shares of restricted stock were granted with a weighted average grant date fair value of $5.03 per share and 8 shares of restricted stock were forfeited. Additionally, during the three months ended March 31, 2024, 66 shares of restricted stock vested, of which no shares of common stock were surrendered to the Company as payment by employees in lieu of cash to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock.
As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no unvested outstanding options and no outstanding shares of restricted stock that were subject to performance-based or market-based vesting conditions.
(b) Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's ESPP affords eligible employees the right to purchase common stock, via payroll deductions, through various offering periods at a purchase price equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, 24 and 0 shares were issued under the ESPP plan, respectively. The Company recorded compensation charges related to the ESPP of $5 and $12 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(c) Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following table presents stock-based compensation expense, including expense for the ESPP, in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cost of service sales |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Cost of product sales |  |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 7 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 89 |  |  | 88 |
Sales, marketing and support |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  | 38 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  | 346 |  |  | 159 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 522 |  |  | $ | 296 |

11

(d) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL)
Comprehensive income (loss) includes net income (loss), unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency translation, and unrealized gains and losses on available for sale marketable securities. The components of the Company’s comprehensive income (loss) and the effect on earnings for the periods presented are detailed in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income.

The balances for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Available for Sale Marketable Securities |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2023 | $ | (4,185) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,185) |
Other comprehensive income | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |
Net other comprehensive income | 229 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |
Balance, March 31, 2024 | $ | (3,956) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,956) |

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Available for Sale Marketable Securities |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (4,098) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (4,110) |
Other comprehensive income | 66 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 79 |
Net other comprehensive income | 66 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 79 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | (4,032) |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (4,031) |

(6) Net (Loss) Income per Common Share
Basic net (loss) income per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share incorporates the dilutive effect of common stock equivalent options, warrants and other convertible securities, if any, as determined with the treasury stock accounting method. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, since there was a net loss, the Company excluded 1,584 shares underlying outstanding stock options and non-vested restricted shares from its diluted loss per share calculation, as inclusion of these convertible securities would have reduced the net loss per share.
A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is as follows:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic |  |  |  |  | 19,286 |  |  | 18,882 |
Dilutive common shares issuable in connection with stock plans |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted |  |  |  |  | 19,286 |  |  | 19,035 |

12

(7) Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in first-out costing method. Inventories as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 include the costs of material, labor, and factory overhead. Components of inventories consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Raw materials | $ | 11,547 |  |  | $ | 11,352 |
Work in process | 3,310 |  |  | 2,617 |
Finished goods | 4,232 |  |  | 5,077 |
| $ | 19,089 |  |  | $ | 19,046 |

(8) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, net, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consist of the following:

| March 31, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Land | $ | 2,833 |  |  | $ | 2,833 |
Building and improvements | 18,839 |  |  | 18,839 |
Leasehold improvements | 442 |  |  | 445 |
Machinery and equipment | 6,001 |  |  | 5,989 |
Revenue-generating assets | 60,425 |  |  | 60,984 |
Office and computer equipment | 14,931 |  |  | 14,213 |
Motor vehicles | 31 |  |  | 31 |
| 103,502 |  |  | 103,334 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (57,272) |  |  | (55,654) |
| $ | 46,230 |  |  | $ | 47,680 |

Depreciation expense was $3,147 and $3,368 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Certain revenue-generating hardware assets are utilized by the Company in the delivery of the Company's airtime services, media and other content.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the long-lived tangible assets related to the Company’s international subsidiaries were less than 10% of the Company’s long-lived tangible assets.
13

(9) Product Warranty
The Company’s products carry standard limited warranties that range from one to two years and vary by product. The warranty period begins on the date of retail purchase or lease by the original purchaser. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale and any additional amounts are recorded when such costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units sold or leased, historical and anticipated rates of warranty repairs and the cost per repair. Warranty and related costs are reflected within sales, marketing and support in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had accrued product warranty costs of $726 and $828, respectively.
The following table summarizes product warranty activity during 2024 and 2023:

| Three Months Ended
| March 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning balance | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |
Charges to expense | 264 |  |  | 44 |
Costs incurred | (366) |  |  | (619) |
Ending balance | $ | 726 |  |  | $ | 712 |

(10) Legal Matters
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a party to inquiries, legal proceedings and claims including, from time to time, disagreements with vendors and customers. The Company is not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in management's opinion, is likely to materially harm the Company's business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
(11) Fair Value Measurements
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820), provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets are investments in money market mutual funds.
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; or observable prices that are based on observable market data, based on directly or indirectly market-corroborated inputs. The Company has no Level 2 assets or liabilities.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and are developed based on the best information available given the circumstances. The Company has no Level 3 assets.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on the valuation techniques identified in the table below.
14

The following tables present financial assets and liabilities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for which the Company measures fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy:

March 31, 2024 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 55,196 |  |  | $ | 55,196 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)

December 31, 2023 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)

(a)Market approach—prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets.
The carrying amount of certain financial instruments approximates fair value due to their short-term, highly liquid nature. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses. The carrying amount of the Company's operating and financing lease liabilities approximates fair value based on currently available quoted rates of similarly structured borrowings.
Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company's non-financial assets, such as intangible assets, and other long-lived assets resulting from business combinations, are measured at fair value using income approach valuation methodologies at the date of acquisition and subsequently re-measured if indications of impairment exist. There was no impairment of the Company's non-financial assets noted during the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023. The Company does not have any liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis.
(12) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of intangible assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to its future undiscounted cash flows. If these comparisons indicate that an asset group is not recoverable, the Company will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its related estimated fair value. The Company has determined that the assets within each of the Company's reporting units (Mobile Broadband (MBB) and KVH Media Group (Media)) are highly interrelated and interdependent on each other to generate revenues, and thus independent cash flows are not identifiable at a level lower than that of these reporting units. Accordingly, the Company's asset groups were determined to be its reporting units (MBB and Media).
The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2024 are as follows:

|  | Amounts
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 1,194 |
Amortization expense |  | (100) |
Intangible assets acquired in asset acquisition |  | 10 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 1 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 1,105 |

Intangible assets arose from the purchase of distribution rights from Kognitive Networks Inc. and the purchase of KVH Industries Norway AS. The assets related to the distribution rights with Kognitive Networks are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 years. The assets related to the purchase of KVH Industries Norway AS for acquired intellectual property are fully amortized.
15

In January 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain subscriber relationships from a third party. This acquisition did not meet the definition of a business under ASC 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805)-Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The Company ascribed $100 of the initial purchase price to the acquired subscriber relationships definite-lived intangible assets with an initial estimated useful life of 10 years. Under the asset purchase agreement, the purchase price includes a component of contingent consideration under which the Company is required to pay a percentage of recurring revenues received from the acquired subscriber relationships through 2026 up to a maximum annual payment of $114. The amounts payable under the contingent consideration arrangement, if any, will be included in the measurement of the cost of the acquired subscriber relationships.
Acquired intangible assets are subject to amortization. The following table summarizes acquired intangible assets at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively:

|  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
March 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Distribution rights |  | 1,250 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 1,086 |
Intellectual property |  | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 3,555 |  |  | $ | 2,450 |  |  | $ | 1,105 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Distribution rights |  | 1,250 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1,184 |
Intellectual property |  | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $100 and $93 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense was categorized as general and administrative expense.
As of March 31, 2024, the total weighted average remaining useful lives of the definite-lived intangible assets was 3.0.
Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets recorded by the Company at March 31, 2024 is as follows:

Years ending December 31, | Amortization Expense
2024 | $ | 301 |
2025 | 402 |
2026 | 402 |
Total amortization expense | $ | 1,105 |

(13) Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products and services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services.
16

Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table summarizes net sales from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Service - over time |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 25,038 |  |  | $ | 28,740 |
Product - point in time |  |  |  |  |  | 4,229 |  |  | 5,403 |
Total net sales |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,267 |  |  | $ | 34,143 |

For product sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations is generally transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, at a point in time. For service sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations is transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, over time. Revenues for these service agreements are recognized over time using an output method based upon the passage of time, as this provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. The Company's performance is impacted by the levels of activity in the marine and land mobile markets, among other factors. Performance in any particular period could be impacted by the timing of sales to certain large customers.
The Company offers a comprehensive family of mobile satellite antenna services and products that provide access to the Internet, television, and VoIP services while on the move. Product sales accounted for 14% and 16% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Service sales of VSAT Broadband airtime service accounted for 78% and 79% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The balance of service sales is comprised of distribution of commercially licensed entertainment and news, product repairs, and extended warranty sales.
No other single product class accounts for 10% or more of the Company's consolidated net sales.
The Company operates in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. Revenues from international locations primarily include Singapore, Canada, South American countries, European Union countries and other European countries, and countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific, including India. Revenues are based upon customer location, and revenues from international locations represented 72% and 65% of consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Sales to Singapore customers represented 22% and 18% of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No other individual foreign country represented 10% or more of the Company's consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023.
Business and Credit Concentrations
Concentrations of risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although the Company does not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of those individual customers. The Company establishes allowances for credit losses and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon expected losses, historical experience and its expectation for future collectability concerns.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 or 2023. One customer accounted for approximately 20% and 23% of accounts receivable at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. One customer accounted for 61% and 62% of long-term accounts receivable included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to sales-type leases at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Certain components from third parties used in the Company’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt the Company’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues and operating results.
17

(14) Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was (2.5)% compared with 4.7% for the corresponding periods in the prior year. The effective income tax rate is based on estimated income for the year, the estimated composition of the income in different jurisdictions and discrete adjustments, if any, in the applicable periods, including retroactive changes in tax legislation, settlements of tax audits or assessments, and the resolution or identification of tax position uncertainties.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the effective tax rates differed from the statutory tax rate primarily due to the Company maintaining a valuation allowance reserve on its U.S. deferred tax assets, discrete tax adjustments and the composition of income from foreign jurisdictions taxed at lower rates.
As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had reserves for uncertain tax positions of $693 and $673, respectively. There were no material changes during the three months ended March 31, 2024 to the Company’s reserve for uncertain tax positions. The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2024 may decrease $27 in the next twelve months as a result of a lapse of statutes of limitations and settlements with taxing authorities.
The Company’s tax jurisdictions include the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Cyprus, Norway, Brazil, Singapore, Japan and India. In general, the statute of limitations with respect to the Company's United States federal income taxes has expired for years prior to 2020, and the relevant state and foreign statutes vary. However, preceding years remain open to examination by United States federal and state and foreign taxing authorities to the extent of future utilization of net operating losses and research and development tax credits generated in each preceding year.
18

(15) Leases
Lessee
The Company has operating leases for office facilities, equipment, and satellite service capacity and related equipment. Lease expense was $353 and $452 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Short-term operating lease costs were $19 and $25 for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Maturities of lease liabilities as of March 31, 2024 under operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable term of one year or more are as follows:

Remainder of 2024 | $ | 1,023 |
2025 | 349 |
2026 | 116 |
2027 | 110 |
2028 and thereafter | 107 |
Total minimum lease payments | $ | 1,705 |
Less amount representing interest | $ | (96) |
Present value of net minimum operating lease payments | $ | 1,609 |
Less current installments of obligation under current-operating lease liabilities | $ | 1,211 |
Obligations under long-term operating lease liabilities, excluding current installments | $ | 398 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years) | 2.00
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 5.50 | %

Lessor
The Company enters into leases with certain customers primarily for the TracPhone VSAT systems. These leases are classified as sales-type leases because title to the equipment transfers to the customer at the end of the lease term. The Company records the leases at a price typically equivalent to normal selling price and in excess of the cost or carrying amount. Upon delivery, the Company records the net present value of all payments under these leases as product revenue, and the related costs of the product are charged to cost of sales. Interest income is recognized throughout the lease term (typically three to five years) using an implicit interest rate. The sales-type leases do not have unguaranteed residual assets.
Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient provided to lessors to combine the lease and non-lease component of a contract where the revenue recognition pattern is the same and where the lease component, when accounted for separately, would be considered an operating lease. The practical expedient also allows a lessor to account for the combined lease and non-lease components under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when the non-lease component is the predominant element of the combined component.
The current portion of the net investment in these leases was $3,284 as of March 31, 2024 and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases was $3,269 as of March 31, 2024. The current portion of the net investment in the leases is included in accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Interest income from sales-type leases was $129 and $168 during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
19

The future undiscounted cash flows from these leases as of March 31, 2024 are:

Remainder of 2024 | $ | 2,989 |
2025 | 2,150 |
2026 | 1,188 |
2027 | 658 |
2028 | 230 |
2029 | 9
Total undiscounted cash flows | $ | 7,224 |
Present value of lease payments | $ | 6,553 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows | $ | 671 |

In 2021, the Company began entering into three-year leases for its TracPhone VSAT systems, in which ownership of the hardware does not transfer to the lessee by the end of the lease term. As a result, and in light of other factors indicated in ASC 842, these leases are classified as operating leases.
As of March 31, 2024, the gross costs and accumulated depreciation associated with these operating leases are included in revenue generating assets and amounted to $1,861 and $975, respectively. They are depreciated on a straight-line basis over a five-year estimated useful life. Depreciation expense for these assets was $93 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.
Lease revenue recognized was $125 for the three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively, in service sales in the consolidated statements of operations.
As of March 31, 2024, minimum future lease payments to be recognized on the operating leases are as follows:

Remainder of 2024 | $ | 217 |
2025 | 25 |
Total | $ | 242 |

(16) Restructuring
On February 9, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company voted to implement a staged wind-down of the Company’s manufacturing activities at its facility in Middletown, Rhode Island. The Board made this determination following a strategic review of the Company’s manufacturing operations, driven by reduced demand for the Company’s hardware products in the face of intensifying competition during the third and fourth quarters of 2023. The Board concluded that the Company should discontinue its capital-intensive manufacturing activities and concentrate its efforts on growing sales of its multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions, which in recent years have constituted the largest portion of the Company’s overall revenues.
The Company expects that it will continue its product manufacturing activities for a period of time in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand and that it will cease substantially all manufacturing activity at the Middletown facility by the end of 2024. The Company expects to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with the Company’s mobile satellite communications services. The Company also plans to continue to conduct maintenance, service, warehousing, shipping and receiving activities at the Middletown location.
As part of this restructuring, the Company will reduce its headcount by approximately 75 employees, or approximately 20% of its total workforce as of the time the Company announced the restructuring. Approximately one-half of the employee terminations have been completed, and the remaining terminations are expected to be completed by the end of the second quarter of 2024. Approximately $2.2 million of severance charges were incurred in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company expects to incur aggregate severance charges for this restructuring of approximately $3.3 million, consisting of approximately $3.0 million of cash charges and approximately $0.3 million of non-cash charges arising from pre-existing contractual obligations to accelerate vesting of certain outstanding equity compensation awards.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Introduction
The statements included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial results, operating results, business strategies, projected costs, products and services, competitive positions and plans, customer preferences, consumer trends, anticipated product development, and objectives of management for future operations. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Any expectations based on these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and other important factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. These and many other factors could affect our future financial and operating results and could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations based on forward-looking statements made in this document or elsewhere by us or on our behalf. For example, our expectations regarding certain items as a percentage of sales assume that we will achieve our anticipated sales goals. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated interim financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this report.
Overview
We are a leading global provider of innovative and technology-driven connectivity solutions to primarily maritime commercial, leisure, and military/government customers. We provide global high-speed Internet and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services via satellite to mobile users at sea and on land. We are also a leading provider of commercially licensed entertainment, including news, sports, music, and movies, to commercial customers in the maritime and hotel markets, along with supplemental value-added cybersecurity, email, and crew internet services.
We generate a substantial majority of our revenues from sales of satellite Internet airtime services. We provide, for monthly fixed fees and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet, data and VoIP services, to customers via our global HTS network. In mid-2022, we launched our KVH ONE hybrid network, which integrates global satellite service with KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, along with shore-based Wi-Fi access. Revenue from our cellular airtime service has increasingly supplemented, and we expect will continue to supplement, our satellite-only airtime revenue. In addition, we earn monthly usage fees from sales of third-party satellite connectivity for VoIP, data and Internet services to our Inmarsat, Iridium, and Starlink customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with us. We expect to earn usage fees from OneWeb service upon the launch of that service in the second quarter of 2024. We also generate service revenue from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
Our service sales also include the distribution of entertainment, including news, sports, music, and movies, to commercial customers in the maritime and hotel markets through KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added services.
Historically, we have also offered satellite communications products, but these products have represented a declining percentage of our revenues in recent years. Our satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, VoIP, and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, our in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. We sell our products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. We also sell and lease products to service providers and end users.
In February 2024, we announced a staged wind-down of our product manufacturing operations at our Middletown, Rhode Island location. The wind-down was driven by reduced demand for our hardware products in the face of intensifying competition in the third and fourth quarters of 2023. We concluded that we should discontinue our capital-intensive manufacturing activities and concentrate our efforts on growing sales of our multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions. We expect that we will continue our product manufacturing activities in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand and that we will cease substantially all manufacturing activity by the end of 2024. We expect to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with our mobile satellite communications services. We also plan to continue to conduct maintenance, service, warehousing, shipping and receiving activities at the Middletown location.
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As part of this restructuring, we will reduce our headcount by approximately 75 employees, or approximately 20% of our total workforce as of the time we announced the restructuring. Approximately one-half of the employee terminations have been completed, and the remaining terminations are expected to be completed by the end of the second quarter of 2024. Approximately $2.2 million of severance charges were incurred in the three months ended March 31, 2024. We expect to incur aggregate severance charges for this restructuring of approximately $3.3 million, consisting of approximately $3.0 million of cash charges and approximately $0.3 million of non-cash charges arising from pre-existing contractual obligations to accelerate vesting of certain outstanding equity compensation awards.
Our marine leisure business has been highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact our commercial marine business. Temporary suspensions of our airtime services typically increase in the third and fourth quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months. Historically, we have generated the majority of our marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these interim financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure at the date of our interim financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have an impact on our statement of operations. We believe that our accounting estimates for intangible assets and other long-lived assets are the only estimates critical to an understanding and evaluation of our financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as discussed below.
Results of Operations
The following table provides, for the periods indicated, certain financial data relating to our operations expressed as a percentage of net sales:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Sales: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service |  |  |  |  | 85.6 | % |  | 84.2 | %
Product |  |  |  |  | 14.4 |  |  | 15.8 |
Net sales |  |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of service sales |  |  |  |  | 48.0 |  |  | 47.1 |
Costs of product sales |  |  |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 15.6 |
Research and development |  |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 7.5 |
Sales, marketing and support |  |  |  |  | 18.4 |  |  | 16.7 |
General and administrative |  |  |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 13.6 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  |  |  | 113.0 |  |  | 100.5 |
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  | (13.0) |  |  | (0.5) |
Interest income |  |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 2.3 |
Other expense, net |  |  |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.7) |
(Loss) income before income tax expense |  |  |  |  | (10.6) |  |  | 1.1 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Net (loss) income |  |  |  |  | (10.9) | % |  | 1.0 | %

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Three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
Net Sales
Our net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Change
| For the three months ended March 31, |  | 2024 vs. 2023
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | %
| (dollars in thousands)
Service | $ | 25,038 |  |  | $ | 28,740 |  |  | $ | (3,702) |  |  | (13) | %
Product | 4,229 |  |  | 5,403 |  |  | (1,174) |  |  | (22) | %
Net sales | $ | 29,267 |  |  | $ | 34,143 |  |  | $ | (4,876) |  |  | (14) | %

Net sales decreased by $4.9 million, or 14%, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2023. Service sales decreased by $3.7 million, or 13%, to $25.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $28.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily due to a $4.1 million decrease in our VSAT service sales driven primarily by a decrease in subscribers, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in Starlink service sales. Alternative solutions offered by recent low-earth-orbit (LEO) entrants have heightened competition in the global leisure segment and in commercial and government markets.
We expect that the trend of intensifying competition from LEO satellite service providers will continue and that our quarterly revenues from VSAT service sales will continue to decline on a year-over-year basis at least through the end of 2024. It is possible that the rate of reduction will accelerate. A key driver of the anticipated reduction in revenue is an acceleration of the previously disclosed transition by one of our largest customers, the U.S. Coast Guard, of its primary satellite service relationship to Starlink. As a result of the accelerated transition, the anticipated decline in revenue from this customer will occur earlier, reducing the aggregate amount of revenue we expect to receive from this customer in 2024.
Product sales decreased by $1.2 million, or 22%, to $4.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $5.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in product sales was primarily due to a $1.3 million decrease in VSAT Broadband product sales and a $0.8 million decrease in TracVision product sales, partially offset by a $1.4 million increase in Starlink product sales. The decline in product sales was primarily due to a decrease in unit sales volume, particularly in our global leisure segment. Competition from low-cost alternatives to VSAT, which include streaming capabilities, has had a significant impact on sales of both TracVision and VSAT Broadband products in the leisure segment.
Costs of Sales
Costs of sales consists of costs of service sales and costs of product sales. Costs of sales decreased by $2.0 million, or 10%, in the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $19.4 million from $21.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in costs of sales was driven by a $2.0 million decrease in costs of service sales and a less than $0.1 million decrease in costs of product sales. As a percentage of net sales, costs of sales were 66% and 63% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Our costs of service sales consist primarily of satellite service capacity, depreciation, service network overhead expense associated with our VSAT Broadband network infrastructure, direct network service labor, product installation costs, media materials and distribution costs, and service repair materials. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, costs of service sales decreased by $2.0 million, or 13%, to $14.0 million from $16.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to a $2.5 million decrease in VSAT Broadband airtime costs of service sales, partially offset by a $0.5 million increase in Starlink airtime costs of service sales. As a percentage of service sales, costs of service sales were 56% for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. We expect that margins on our new reseller arrangements will be lower than current margins on our VSAT Broadband airtime services.
23

Our costs of product sales consist primarily of materials, manufacturing overhead, and direct labor used to produce our products. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, costs of product sales remained flat period-over-period at $5.3 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, primarily due to a $1.3 million increase in Starlink cost of product sales, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in VSAT Broadband cost of product sales and a $0.6 million decrease in TracVision cost of product sales. As a percentage of product sales, costs of product sales were 126% and 98% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cost of product sales increased as a percentage of product sales primarily due to unabsorbed expenses driven by the under-utilization of the factory and severance costs for manufacturing employees in the first quarter of 2024.
Operating Expenses
Research and development expense consists of direct labor, materials, external consultants, and related overhead costs that support our internally funded product development and product sustaining engineering activities. Research and development expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.5 million, or 18%, to $3.0 million from $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in research and development expense resulted primarily from a $0.5 million increase in salaries, benefits and taxes, which was driven by $0.8 million in costs related to the reduction in our workforce beginning in February 2024. As a percentage of net sales, research and development expense was 10% and 8% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Sales, marketing, and support expense consists primarily of salaries and related expenses for sales and marketing personnel, commissions for both in-house and third-party representatives, costs related to the co-development of certain content, other sales and marketing support costs such as advertising, literature and promotional materials, product service personnel and support costs, warranty-related costs and bad debt expense. Sales, marketing and support expense also includes the operating expenses of our sales office subsidiaries in Denmark, Singapore, Brazil, and Japan. Sales, marketing and support expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 decreased by $0.3 million, or 6%, to $5.4 million from $5.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease in sales, marketing and support expense resulted primarily from a $0.3 million decrease in salaries, benefits and taxes, excluding costs related to the previously mentioned deduction in workforce, and a $0.2 million decrease in bad debt expense. These decreases were partially offset by $0.3 million in costs related to the reduction in our workforce beginning in February 2024. As a percentage of net sales, sales, marketing and support expense was 18% and 17% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
General and administrative expense consists of costs attributable to management, finance and accounting, information technology, human resources, certain outside professional services, and other administrative costs. General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 increased by $0.6 million, or 14%, to $5.3 million from $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in general and administrative expense resulted primarily from a $1.2 million increase in salaries, benefits and taxes, which was driven by $0.6 million in costs related to the reduction in our workforce beginning in February 2024 and a $0.5 million reduction in reimbursements made by EMCORE for expenses incurred under the transition services agreement relating to the sale of the inertial navigation business in August 2022. Partially offsetting these items was a $1.0 million decrease in professional fees, related to a decrease in legal fees, as well as additional accounting and consulting costs incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2023 to prepare our 2022 annual filings. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expense was 18% and 14% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Interest and Other Expense, Net
Interest income increased by $0.1 million to $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 from $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Of the current period interest income of $0.9 million, $0.8 million is attributable to interest earned on cash and cash equivalents, and the remaining $0.1 million was attributable to interest from lease receivables. Other expense, net remained flat at $0.2 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, and related to taxes on income earned in foreign jurisdictions.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary liquidity needs have been to fund general business requirements, including working capital requirements and capital expenditures. In recent years, we have funded our operations primarily from the sale of two businesses in 2022, the sale of a business in 2019, a PPP loan, cash flows from operations, bank financings and proceeds received from exercises of stock options and the issuance of stock.
On August 9, 2022, we sold our inertial navigation business to EMCORE Corporation for net proceeds of $54.9 million, less specified deductions.
As of March 31, 2024, we had $66.6 million in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities, of which $3.7 million in cash and cash equivalents was held in local currencies by our foreign subsidiaries. Our foreign subsidiaries held no marketable securities as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, we had $93.0 million in working capital.
Based upon our current working capital position, current operating plans and expected business conditions, we expect to have sufficient funds, through at least twelve months from the date that this report is filed with the SEC, to fund our short-term and long-term working capital requirements, including capital expenditures and contractual obligations. Our funding plans for our working capital needs and other commitments may be adversely impacted if our underlying assumptions regarding our anticipated revenues and expenses are not realized. If our operating results fail to meet our expectations, we could be required to seek additional funding through public or private financings or other arrangements. In that event, adequate funds may not be available when needed or may be available only on terms which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, if we raise funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution.
Net cash used in operations was $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net cash used in operations of $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $6.0 million decrease in net cash used in operations was primarily the result of a $17.3 million decrease in cash outflows related to accounts payable, a $1.1 million decrease in cash outflows relating to inventories, a change of $0.6 million related to non-cash items and a $0.2 million decrease in cash outflows relating to prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by an $8.5 million increase in cash outflows relating to accrued compensation, product warranty and other expenses, a $3.5 million increase in net loss, and a $1.1 million decrease in cash inflows relating to accounts receivable.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net cash used in investing activities of $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $3.6 million change in net cash provided by investing activities was primarily the result of a $3.9 million decrease in net investment in marketable securities, partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in capital expenditures.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The $0.7 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities is primarily attributable to a $0.9 million decrease in cash inflows relating to proceeds from the exercise of stock options and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in cash outflows related to the repurchase of common stock to satisfy specific tax withholding obligations arising from accelerated vesting of executive stock grants in 2023.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this interim report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2024.
25

Evaluation of Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the first quarter of 2024. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Important Considerations
The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.
26

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibits:

Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Filed with this Form 10-Q |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit No.
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 6, 2010 |  | 3.1
3.2 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock of KVH Industries, Inc. classifying and designating the Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock |  |  |  | 8-A |  | August 19, 2022 |  | 3.1
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | November 1, 2017 |  | 3.2
4.1 |  | Specimen certificate for the common stock |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 2, 2018 |  | 4.1
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal executive officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal financial officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | Section 1350 certification of principal executive officer and principal financial officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
101 |  |  | The following financial information from KVH Industries, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited), (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited), (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (unaudited), (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (unaudited), (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited), and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Interim Financial Statements (unaudited). |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |

27

SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: May 6, 2024
KVH Industries, Inc.
By: | /s/ ANTHONY F. PIKE
| Anthony F. Pike
| (Duly Authorized Officer and Chief Financial Officer)

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