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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

(Mark One)
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 0-28082
KVH Industries, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware |  | 05-0420589
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

50 Enterprise Center, Middletown, RI 02842
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
(401) 847-3327
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | KVHI | (Nasdaq Global Select Market)
The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
As of June 30, 2024, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $74,015,808 based on the closing sale price of $4.65 per share as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Shares of common stock held by executive officers and directors

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of the registrant and their affiliates have been excluded from this calculation because such persons may be deemed affiliates. As of March 3, 2025, the registrant had 19,764,048 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III.

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INDEX TO FORM 10-K

|  | Page
| PART I |
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 14
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 23
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 23
Item 2. | Properties | 24
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 25
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 25
| PART II |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 25
Item 6. | Reserved | 25
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk | 33
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 33
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 34
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 34
Item 9B. | Other Information | 36
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 36
| PART III |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 36
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 36
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 36
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence | 36
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 36
| PART IV |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 37
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary |
Signatures | 39

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PART I

ITEM 1. | Business

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information
In addition to historical facts, this annual report contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are merely our current predictions of future events. These statements are inherently uncertain, and actual events could differ materially from our predictions. Important factors that could cause actual events to vary from our predictions include those discussed in this annual report under the headings “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation to update our forward-looking statements to reflect new information or developments. We urge readers to review carefully the risk factors described in this annual report and in the other documents that we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Additional Information Available
Our principal Internet address is www.kvh.com. Our website provides a hyperlink to a third-party website through which our annual, quarterly, and current reports, as well as amendments to those reports, are available free of charge. We believe these reports are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. We do not provide any information regarding our SEC filings directly to the third-party website, and we do not check its accuracy or completeness. The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
Introduction
We are a leading global provider of innovative and technology-driven connectivity solutions to primarily maritime commercial, leisure, and military/government customers. We provide global high-speed Internet and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services via satellite and integrated 5G/LTE cellular communications to mobile users at sea and on land. We are also a leading provider of commercially licensed entertainment, including movies, television programming, news, and music, to commercial customers in the maritime market, along with supplemental value-added network and bandwidth management cybersecurity, email, and crew Internet services.
We currently manufacture our products in Middletown, Rhode Island, and we generate revenues in the United States and various international locations, including primarily Singapore, Canada, South American countries, European Union countries and other European countries, and countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific, including India. We are winding down our product manufacturing operations and currently plan to discontinue the majority of our capital-intensive manufacturing activities by the end of 2025.
We are headquartered in Middletown, Rhode Island, with active operations in Denmark, the United Kingdom, the Philippines, and Singapore. KVH is a Delaware corporation formed in 1985.
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Our Business
We provide integrated, end-to-end services, software, and hardware that support our customers’ need for access to the Internet, VoIP, operations content, and entertainment services while on the move. On the services side of our business, sales of our global high-throughput satellite (HTS) airtime service accounted for 71% and 81% of our consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Sales of content services accounted for 3% of our consolidated net sales for both 2024 and 2023. On the hardware side of our business, we currently manufacture and distribute a comprehensive family of mobile satellite antenna products that provide two-way access to the Internet and VoIP services using Ku-band VSAT service with integrated 5G/LTE cellular service and support for shore-based Wi-Fi. We distribute products manufactured by third-parties that support low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite services. We also manufacture in-motion, stabilized antennas that provide receive-only satellite television services. Product sales accounted for 15% and 13% of our consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
In the global maritime market, we believe that there is significant demand for mobile access to the Internet, operational data, voice services, entertainment content, and satellite television. For mobile access to the Internet and VoIP services, which we refer to collectively as our airtime services, we offer communication services using global VSAT service, 5G/LTE cellular service, and shore-based Wi-Fi, which are marketed under the KVH ONE hybrid network brand. For customer access to our airtime services, we currently offer a family of parabolic hybrid mobile satellite antenna products, which are marketed under the TracNet hybrid terminal network brand. Under our KVH ONE OpenNet program, customers using non-KVH Ku-band VSAT terminals can subscribe to our airtime services. In addition, we offer a 37 cm parabolic VSAT-only TracPhone V30 antenna and support our legacy family of other VSAT-only terminals marketed under the TracPhone brand and using our global HTS network. We are also an authorized reseller of airtime and terminals supporting the Starlink and OneWeb LEO services. In addition to satellite communications-based services, we also offer TracNet Coastal, a 5G/cellular and Wi-Fi based solution intended for use along coastal waterways with cellular service offered in more than 130 countries.
The network infrastructure that we have developed to support our airtime services also supports the delivery of other value-added services, such as our KVH Link content service, with country-specific news, entertainment, music, and other crew welfare content delivered using our linkHUB OTA (over the air) delivery service. For both maritime and onshore customers who want to access live television while on the move, we offer a comprehensive family of parabolic mobile satellite antenna products marketed under the TracVision brand.
Our certified support network offers our TracNet, TracVision, and TracPhone customers an international network of skilled technical dealers and support centers in many locations where our customers are likely to travel or conduct business. We have selected these dealers based on their technical expertise, professionalism, and commitment to quality, and regularly provide them with extensive training in the sale, installation, and support of our products. We also rely on this same sales and technical partner network to support our LEO hardware and airtime customers.
In February 2024, we announced a staged wind-down of our product manufacturing operations at our Middletown, Rhode Island location. The wind-down was driven by reduced demand for our hardware products in the face of intensifying competition in the third and fourth quarters of 2023. We concluded that we should discontinue our capital-intensive manufacturing activities and concentrate our efforts on growing sales of our multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions. We significantly scaled back our manufacturing activity by the end of the second quarter of 2024 and reduced our manufacturing headcount and capacity to a level intended to enable us to meet lower anticipated demand through 2025 and beyond. We expect to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with our mobile satellite communications services. Although we currently plan to continue to conduct maintenance, service, warehousing, shipping and receiving activities at the Middletown, Rhode Island location, we are assessing alternate locations where we can provide ongoing support.
Airtime Services
We provide subscription plans that enable customers to obtain Internet and VoIP airtime services. We acquire satellite bandwidth through third-party providers, manage our network operations, and provide 24/7/365 after-sale support. We offer a variety of rate plans that are flexible to meet customer needs. The key features of KVH’s VSAT-based airtime services are a choice of high-speed and unlimited use airtime plans, a network management portal, and a comprehensive global customer support program. Our high-speed plans offer simple, usage-based monthly data bundles. When the high-speed data bundle is consumed, subscribers have the option to maintain high data speed at all times with low per MB overage rates or to shift to a slower unlimited use data speed for the remainder of the month. Our unlimited use data plans offer plans based on maximum upload and download speeds. All TracNet, TracPhone, and OpenNet 60 cm to 1 meter antennas support simultaneous high-speed and unlimited use plans for optimal flexibility, while all 37 cm terminals offer a single high-speed data channel. Our customer portal, myKVH, is a secure site that offers KVH customers easy access to technical support, product warranty and
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user documentation, billing, and our system and network tools. Available tools and reports include, among other features, terminal status, real-time data reporting and the ability to manage data access by application category, configure the KVH terminal, optimize performance with Tracking Avoidance Zones, set data usage alerts and get real-time vessel tracking reports with up to one year of historical data.
AgilePlans, one of our options for commercial maritime customers, offers an all-inclusive Connectivity as a Service, or CaaS, usage-based pricing model. Under this all-in-one CaaS model, we charge subscribers a single monthly fee in exchange for which we provide either TracNet or TracPhone satellite communication hardware, subsidized shipping and installation, maintenance and support, airtime and VoIP services, a service management portal and certain basic content services with no minimum commitment and no long-term contract. AgilePlans customers may also choose to add a Starlink, OneWeb, or TracNet Coastal terminal and data plan to a new or existing AgilePlans subscription.
We offer AgilePlans customers a variety of airtime data plans with varying data allotments and fixed data usage levels with our exclusive dual-channel configuration, with dual channel airtime plans delivering both a high-speed channel and an unlimited use data channel. Under our CaaS model, we retain ownership of the hardware and do not sell it to subscribers, who must return it to us if they terminate our service. Returned units may be refurbished and redeployed for new AgilePlans subscriptions. We expect that, as customers subscribe to our AgilePlans service, our revenues from product sales will continue to decline, and our provision of this equipment to subscribers will continue to comprise the majority of our capital expenditures.
In October 2017, we launched our next-generation, advanced maritime broadband network with Intelsat. The HTS high-speed network incorporates Intelsat satellite services, including Epic satellites, and the IntelsatOne Flex platform, a global managed service designed to optimize bandwidth allocations and provide flexible coverage where it is needed. Our global HTS network also benefits from Japanese satellite capacity provided by SKY Perfect JSAT. Overall, our global HTS network currently uses a combination of 182 Ku-band transponders (5 of which we directly contract for) on 31 satellites to provide Ku-band coverage throughout the northern and southern hemispheres. Of the 31 satellites, 5 are considered high-throughput satellites that provide coverage via overlapping high-powered spot beams. Of the 182 Ku-band transponders, 138 are on high-throughput satellites. Along with our Ku-band HTS network, we offer airtime services via other networks, such as Starlink and Iridium. We began making Eutelsat OneWeb services available for commercial and leisure vessel deployment starting in January 2025.
In May 2023, we announced a new program for leisure and commercial vessels: the KVH ONE OpenNet Program. Vessels equipped with 60 cm to 1 m terminals built by other manufacturers, including Intellian and Cobham, can use their existing non-KVH VSAT antennas to subscribe to KVH’s global HTS network airtime, receive 24/7 airtime and technical support, and make use of KVH’s suite of value-added services. Typically, no hardware exchanges are needed to subscribe to the service.
In October 2023, we signed an exclusive multi-year agreement with Kognitive Networks through which we are integrating Kognitive’s diverse suite of enterprise-grade network and bandwidth management tools, private-labeled as CommBox Edge, into our maritime mobile communication service offerings. CommBox Edge is an integral element of our multi-orbit, multi-channel marine communication solutions, enabling more diverse hybrid configurations. The new suite of tools integrates with and manages onboard connectivity with features such as a cloud-managed user interface, real-time data metering and analysis, WAN combination and control with advanced routing and channel bonding, which combines multiple Internet connections for increased speed and performance, network protection and security with deep packet inspection, traffic policies, and VPN. Network and bandwidth configuration are controlled via onboard services and both cloud-based and mobile applications.
Content Services
We offer a variety of value-added services to our maritime customers. The vast majority of these value-added services are subscription-based.
Our KVH Media Group, which is based in the United Kingdom, distributes commercially licensed entertainment, including movies, television programming, news, music and other crew-focused content to customers in the commercial maritime sector. Sales from KVH Media Group are included as part of content service sales. For movie and television content, we are an approved distributor of licensed content for certain Hollywood, Bollywood, and independent studios worldwide. Our "news from home" digital newspaper service includes more than 100 daily newspapers in more than 20 languages. The digital content can be printed onboard or viewed on a TV (via a set-top box), tablet, smartphone, or laptop.
We offer a content subscription service, exclusively for the commercial maritime sector, called KVH Link. This service
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can be delivered either over the air, via the recipient vessel’s satellite communications system, or via encrypted USB drives. Once received onboard, the content is stored on a dedicated KVH Link linkHUB server, which incorporates studio-approved DRM (Digital Rights Management) software. Copyright law requires permission from the rights holder for exhibitions of copyrighted films, television and news content on a commercial ship. KVH Media Group holds the rights to allow non-theatrical exhibitions of this content aboard commercial ships for viewing by crew.
Customers that subscribe to one of our entertainment packages generally receive a variety of movie and television content that is cached locally onboard. We transmit local "news from home" and international news segments in a variety of languages on a daily, weekly or monthly basis, a library of movies plus daily sports, news clips and special programming such as the highlights of sporting events.
Value-added Services
We recognize that our customers desire more than just a simple pipe for data and connectivity. We design and offer an array of value-added services that both increase the capabilities of our customers’ systems as well as generate additional recurring revenue for KVH. Among these value-added services are an enterprise-grade Managed Firewall powered by industry leader Fortinet, a cloud email system for commercial fleets and seafarers, crew Internet support, real-time vessel tracking, our KVH Link content service, and CommBox Edge. The majority of these services are available via third-party services and networks we offer as part of our KVH ONE multi-orbit, multi-channel network, including Starlink, OneWeb, and 5G/cellular.
Maritime Products
In the marine market, we currently offer a range of communications and mobile satellite TV products. As noted above, we are winding down our product manufacturing operations at our Middletown, Rhode Island location and ceased substantial manufacturing activity in late 2024. We expect to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with our mobile satellite communications services.
Our parabolic mobile satellite antenna products use sophisticated robotics, stabilization, and control software, sensing technologies, transceiver integration, and advanced antenna designs to automatically search for, identify, and point directly at the optimal communications and television satellite while the vessel or vehicle is in motion. Our antennas use digital inertial measurement units, gyroscopes, and inclinometers to measure the movement of an antenna platform in relation to the earth in three different axes. Microprocessors and our proprietary stabilization and control software use that data to compute the antenna movement necessary for the antenna’s motors to point the antenna properly and maintain contact with the satellite. If an obstruction temporarily blocks the satellite signal, our products either automatically switch to an available, alternate satellite beam or, if no other beam is available, continue to track the satellite’s location according to the movement of the antenna platform in order to carry out automatic, rapid reacquisition of the signal when a direct line of sight to the satellite is restored.
Satellite Internet and Phone. Our TracNet hybrid terminals (TracNet H-series) offer an end-to-end, multichannel connectivity solution. Every TracNet H-series terminal includes an integrated Ku-band VSAT antenna, high-efficiency 5G/LTE cellular antenna, and high-powered Wi-Fi bridge for connections to shore-based Wi-Fi channels. These same cellular and Wi-Fi technologies are also integral components of our TracNet Coastal products. TracNet H-series and Coastal systems offer intelligent hybrid channel switching based on factors such as service availability, costs, and the quality of data transfer. Our TracNet H-series and Coastal systems also offer the option to add two additional third-party services and their companion terminals to serve as alternate primary or backup services. We also continue to service and support our legacy TracPhone VSAT-only terminals. Together with our airtime services, these products provide an end-to-end solution for offshore mobile connectivity to commercial, leisure, and government customers seeking an integrated hardware and service solution for mobile communications and seamless region-to-region roaming. We manufacture the TracNet and TracPhone terminals and provide 24/7/365 after-sale support. We integrate the full rack of discrete below-decks equipment typically used on traditional VSAT systems into a single, streamlined unit that is significantly easier to deploy than competing VSAT solutions.
We offer three TracNet H-series terminals: the 37 cm TracNet H30, the 60 cm TracNet H60, and the 1 meter TracNet H90. These systems all offer multi-channel hybrid connectivity, KVH’s global SIM card, and the option to use customer-supplied SIMs for local cellular service. In addition, each antenna contains the modem in the dome for higher efficiency and reduced signal loss, along with single-cable installation. VSAT data speeds offered by the TracNet systems vary by antenna diameter: TracNet H30 offers maximum speeds of 6/2 Mbps (down/up), TracNet H60 offers maximum speeds of 10/3 Mbps (down/up), and the TracNet H90 offers maximum speeds of 20/3 Mbps (down/up). These sizes and speeds support a wide range of vessels from leisure craft as small as 40 feet long and small fishing vessels to superyachts and large commercial vessels. Each TracNet H-series terminal includes a belowdeck hub that includes a Wi-Fi router along with support for intelligent automatic channel switching among as many as five discreet Wide Area Networks (WANs), including the integrated VSAT,
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5G/cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi services. Automatic switching is managed based on an array of performance and service cost parameters.
In addition to the TracNet systems, we also continue to offer our TracPhone V30 marine VSAT antenna. The TracPhone V30 combines the small 37 cm antenna size, easy installation, and fast data speed to make Internet connectivity, content streaming, and social media use possible on sailboats, center console boats, and recreational boats. The TracPhone V30 is also well-suited to commercial vessels that don’t voyage globally, including fishing boats, tugboats, and offshore service vessels. We continue to offer refurbished 60 cm TracPhone V7-HTS terminals as part of our AgilePlans Connectivity as a Service program.
5G/Cellular Solutions. Introduced in late 2024, TracNet Coastal offers multi-channel cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity with intelligent switching enabling customers to automatically switch from satellites to less costly shore-based Wi-Fi networks. In addition, our 5G/cellular service extends the coverage area along the coast and offers data speeds up to 300 Mbps. TracNet Coastal provides global cellular connectivity with easy integration and management of additional WAN connections.
Other Marine Solutions. For our legacy TracPhone systems, we offer CommBox, a ship-to-shore network management product that comprises shipboard hardware, a KVH-hosted or privately-owned shore-based hub, and a suite of software applications. Our CommBox offerings are generally integrated into the majority of our VSAT product offerings. We do not generate significant revenue from sales of standalone CommBox hardware. We have also introduced CommBox Edge, a next-generation network and bandwidth management system and related services through our maritime distribution agreement with Kognitive Networks.
We also offer Iridium Certus, a next-generation L-band solution providing pole-to-pole global coverage. We currently offer three terminals compatible with Iridium Certus service – the Thales VesseLINK 200 (data speeds as fast as 176/176 Kbps down/up), the Thales VesseLINK 700 (data speeds as fast as 704/352 Kbps down/up), and the Cobham Sailor 4300 (data speeds as fast as 704/176 Kbps down/up). Optional routing enables onboard data to switch between our KVH ONE hybrid network services and Iridium Certus.
In addition to our TracNet hybrid and TracPhone VSAT-only products and associated airtime services service, we also offer the Viasat/Inmarsat-compatible TracPhone FleetOne product that provides in-motion access to global satellite communications. The FleetOne terminals are manufactured by Cobham and distributed on an original equipment manufacturer basis by us in North America under our TracPhone brand and distributed in other markets on a non-exclusive basis.
In March 2023, we began selling Starlink terminals as companion terminals for new TracNet installations as well as for existing TracNet and TracPhone systems. In September 2023, we became an authorized hardware and airtime reseller for Starlink. We currently offer Starlink on its own and also as a KVH ONE global network companion service. While Starlink offers a fast and lower-cost data pipe, we believe that a KVH and Starlink hybrid deployment offers a more robust solution thanks to our intelligent channel switching, KVH ONE global hybrid network, integrated services, enterprise-grade cybersecurity, and other features.
In January 2024, we announced a distribution agreement with Eutelsat OneWeb that will enable us to expand our multi-orbit hybrid network to include Eutelsat OneWeb’s high-speed, low-latency service. Under the terms of the agreement, KVH will offer Eutelsat OneWeb’s LEO connectivity services supporting terminals for commercial and leisure vessels via Eutelsat OneWeb’s LEO satellite constellation. OneWeb’s network compromises more than 630 satellites in low earth orbit that can deliver enterprise-grade broadband connectivity services. Eutelsat OneWeb is expanding its network and ground infrastructure to meet maritime's global requirements. We currently plan to source Eutelsat OneWeb-compatible flat-panel terminals from a third party, and we expect to commence shipments of terminals and service activations in the second quarter of 2025.
Unlike our VSAT Broadband airtime, where we control and sell the airtime, we purchase Starlink, OneWeb, Viasat/Inmarsat, Iridium, and regional cellular data directly from these companies and resell it to our customers.
Maritime Satellite TV. Our TracVision TV-series satellite TV antennas are designed with the full spectrum of vessel sizes in mind, ranging from recreational vessels as small as 20 to 25 feet to large commercial vessels. The TV-series incorporate an Internet Protocol (IP)-enabled control unit to allow access to system information from any Wi-Fi device. Our family of marine TracVision products includes the 37 cm diameter TracVision TV3, 45 cm diameter TracVision TV5, 60 cm diameter TracVision TV6, 81 cm TracVision TV8, and 1 meter TracVision TV10. These products are compatible with Ku-band SDTV and HDTV programming as well as high-powered regional satellite TV services around the globe, based on the available signal strength and antenna size requirements. TracVision TV-series products also offer configuration, status, and service capabilities via the optional, free TracVision application for use on iOS and Android mobile devices.
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Our TracVision UHD7 satellite TV antenna offers a high-definition TV experience comparable to that available to a home DIRECTV HDTV subscriber. The TracVision UHD7 uses a 60 cm diameter satellite TV antenna to receive signals from two DIRECTV Ka-band satellites and one DIRECTV Ku-band satellite simultaneously. It also supports Ku-band DISH Network in the United States, select portions of the Caribbean, and Bell TV in Canada. It includes an IP-enabled antenna control unit and, as with the TracVision TV-series, the TracVision UHD7 offers configuration, status, and service capabilities via the optional, free TracVision application for use on iOS and Android mobile devices.
Land Mobile Product
Our TracVision A9 uses hybrid phased-array antenna technology to provide in-motion reception of satellite TV programming in the continental United States using either the standard-definition DIRECTV or high-definition DISH Network services. The TracVision A9 stands approximately five inches high and mounts either to a vehicle’s roof rack or directly to the vehicle’s roof, making it practical for use aboard minivans, SUVs and other passenger vehicles.
Sales, Marketing and Support
Our sales, marketing, and support efforts target markets that are substantial and complex, and require, in many cases, networks of intermediaries, such as dealers, distributors, airtime service providers, and manufacturers’ representatives, to reach our end-user customers. These sales channels vary and evolve from time to time, but currently include targeted efforts to reach the commercial and leisure maritime markets; the RV, high-end automotive, and bus markets; and the commercial, industrial, and government markets. As our business evolves, we may pursue additional sales channels, including direct sales, in various markets. Our brands include:
•AgilePlans® – Connectivity as a Service Program
•CommBox™ – data management software for maritime communications
•CommBox™ Edge – advanced maritime network optimization and management solution
•KVH Elite™ – unlimited HD-quality streaming service for leisure yachts
•KVH Link – crew wellbeing content subscription service employing over-the-air and secure drive delivery mechanisms
•KVH ONE® – global hybrid communication network supporting Internet, VoIP, content delivery, and more
•KVH OneCare® – global services and support for TracNet and TracPhone systems
•MOVIElink™ – movie distribution through a variety of means
•MUSIClink™ – music and karaoke delivered through a variety of means
•NEWSlink™ – maritime news delivery service through a variety of means
•OpenNet – delivering KVH VSAT data services to non-KVH Ku-band VSAT terminals
•TracNet™ – integrated hybrid two-way communication terminals with VSAT, 5G/LTE, and shore-based Wi-Fi
•TracPhone® – two-way VSAT-only satellite communications systems
•TracVision® – satellite television systems for vessels and vehicles
•TVlink™ – television programming delivered through a variety of means
We sell our products directly and through an international network of independent retailers, chain stores, distributors, and service providers as well as to manufacturers of vessels, maritime equipment, and vehicles.
We sell entertainment media, news, and sports content directly through our KVH Media Group, headquartered in Leeds, England.
Our European headquarters, which is located in Denmark, coordinates our sales, marketing, and support efforts for our products in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Our Asia-Pacific headquarters are managed through our office in Singapore.
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Intellectual Property
We currently hold intellectual property rights relating to various aspects of our hardware products, software and services. We believe that our ability to compete effectively depends in part on our ability to protect these intellectual property rights and our proprietary information. We rely primarily on patent, copyright and trade secret laws, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, confidentiality procedures, and licensing arrangements to protect our intellectual property rights in the U.S. and a select number of other countries where we determine that such protection is beneficial. When appropriate, we seek to file patent applications to protect innovations arising from our research, development and design activities. As of December 31, 2024, our patent portfolio included approximately seven U.S. and foreign issued patents, including utility patents, design patents and others and one pending U.S. patent application. We also register our trademarks in the United States and other key international markets where we do business. Our patents will expire at various dates between May 2031 and May 2037. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our consultants, key employees, and sales representatives and maintain controls over access to and distribution of our technology, software, and other proprietary information.
From time to time, we have faced claims by third parties that our products or technologies infringe their patents or other intellectual property rights. We do not conduct exhaustive patent searches to determine whether the technology used in our products infringes patents held by third parties. In addition, product development is inherently uncertain in a rapidly evolving technological environment in which there may be numerous patent applications pending, many of which are confidential when filed, with regard to similar technologies.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing operations for our products consist of light manufacture, final assembly and testing. We manufacture, warehouse and distribute our products at our facilities in Middletown, Rhode Island. Our manufacturing processes are controlled by an ISO 9001:2015-certified quality standards program.
We are winding down our product manufacturing operations and currently plan to discontinue the majority of our capital-intensive manufacturing activities by the end of 2025 an d concentrate instead on growing sales of our multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions, including a transition to rely increasingly, and eventually exclusively, on third-party hardware compatible with our solutions.
During the third quarter of 2024, we commenced our plan to sell the warehouse building and surface parking lot located at 75 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island.
Raw Materials, Components and Services
We purchase raw materials and most of the components used in our various manufacturing processes, such as printed circuit boards, injection-molded plastic parts, machined metal components, connectors and housings. In addition, we purchase certain services, predominantly networking and mobile broadband services, to support the delivery of our solutions.
The materials, molds and dies, subassemblies and components purchased from other manufacturers, and other materials and supplies used in our manufacturing processes have generally been available from a variety of sources. We believe there are a number of acceptable vendors for the components we purchase. We regularly evaluate both domestic and foreign suppliers for quality, dependability and cost effectiveness. From time to time the cost and availability of materials and services is affected by the demands of other industries, as well as other factors. Whenever practical, we seek to establish multiple sources for the purchase of raw materials, components and services to achieve competitive pricing, maintain flexibility, reduce tariff exposure, and protect against supply disruption. When possible, we employ a company-wide procurement strategy designed to reduce the purchase price of materials, purchased components and services.
For reasons of quality assurance, scarcity or cost effectiveness, certain components and raw materials used in the manufacturing of our products, as well as certain services utilized in the delivery of our solutions, are available only from a limited number of suppliers or from a sole source supplier. We work with our suppliers to develop contingency plans intended to assure continuity of supply while maintaining high quality and reliability, and in some cases, we have established long-term supply contracts with our suppliers. Due to the nature of certain raw materials, purchased components and services, we may not be able to quickly establish additional or replacement sources for certain components, materials or services. In the event that we are unable to obtain sufficient quantities of raw materials or components or unable to obtain sufficient access to the services needed to deliver our solutions on commercially reasonable terms or in a timely manner, our ability to manufacture and deliver our products and services on a timely and cost-competitive basis may be compromised, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Working Capital and Seasonality
We hold significant inventory to support our customers and provide prompt delivery of finished goods. As a consequence, we expend substantial working capital in advance of receipt of customer orders. In addition, we have increased our inventory substantially as we ramp up production in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand, as we intend to cease substantially all manufacturing activity at the Middletown, Rhode Island facility by the end of 2025. We expect to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with our mobile satellite communications services.
Our leisure marine business is highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact our commercial marine business. Historically, we have generated the majority of our marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year. Temporary suspensions of our airtime services typically increase in the fourth and first quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months.
Competition
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We encounter intense competition in the markets we serve, and we expect the intensity of competition to continue to increase in the future. Many of our primary competitors are large, well-established companies, many have substantially greater financial, managerial, technical, marketing, operational, and other resources than we do, and others have entered the markets with significantly disruptive new technology and services.
In the marine market for high-speed Internet, voice, fax, and data services, we compete primarily with Viasat/Inmarsat, Marlink, Speedcast, Viasat and Network Innovations. More recently, SpaceX’s Starlink has emerged as a significant competitor with flat-panel, electronically steered array (ESA) terminals and its new LEO network. Other LEO services, such as Eutelsat OneWeb, are also entering the market. In addition, we face some competition from providers of low-speed data services, which include Viasat/Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC.
In the marine market for voice, fax, data, and Internet communications equipment, we compete primarily with Intellian and Cobham satcom with regard to parabolic antennas. The emergence of ESA terminals from companies like Starlink has significantly increased competitive pressure on traditional parabolic antennas.
In the markets for media content, we compete primarily with Swank Motion Pictures, Baze Technology, and PressReader.
In the marine market for satellite TV equipment, we compete primarily with Intellian, Cobham satcom and Raymarine (Intellian-made). Traditional satellite TV products and services in the marine market also face pressure from the rising use of streaming services, which are more practical in marine applications following the launch of high-speed, lower-cost LEO services.
In the market for land mobile satellite TV equipment, we compete primarily with King Controls and Winegard Company as well as with Starlink and streaming services.
In the markets for airtime services, the principal competitive factors are price, geographic coverage, data speed, and value-added services. In the markets for media content, the principal competitive factors are price, license rights, and distribution. In the markets for mobile satellite connectivity products, the principal competitive factors are price, product size, features, design, performance, and reliability. As noted above, as a result of increased competition, we are winding down our product manufacturing operations. We currently expect to continue to offer KVH-manufactured VSAT and satellite TV terminals through 2025 and potentially into 2026 as part of our plan to gradually transition customers to third-party hardware.
In our markets for airtime services and media content, we believe that we compete favorably with respect to a majority of these factors based on our existing products and services, our new vendor relationships and services such as our agreement with Eutelsat OneWeb, and our expanding suite of integrated solutions with advanced network and bandwidth management. However, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so.
For 2025, we anticipate ongoing demand for our hybrid connectivity solutions offering GEO, LEO, and 5G/LTE Cellular connectivity. While we are seeing overall reductions in the level of GEO services purchased, our commercial customers have historically preferred redundancy of communications to minimize potential disruptions and ensure that vessel-critical data is always available. As such, we anticipate that a significant number of customers will continue to desire to maintain GEO connectivity, albeit at a reduced level, while LEO capacity is being increased. We are also facing increased competition from providers such as Marlink, Navarino, and Speedcast, who are offering fully managed IT services in addition to communications. These services may make it more difficult for us to compete, particularly with customers who prefer a single-source provider for both communications and managed IT services.
Research and Development
Focused, efficient investments in research and development are important to our future growth and competitive position in the marketplace. Our research and development efforts are directly related to timely development of new and enhanced services and related products that are central to our core business strategy and our ability to drive profitable and sustainable growth. The industries in which we compete are subject to rapid technological developments, evolving industry standards, changes in customer requirements, and new service and product introductions and enhancements. As a result, our success depends in part upon our ability, on a cost-effective and timely basis, to continue to enhance our existing services and to develop and introduce new products and services that improve performance and meet customers’ operational and cost requirements. Our current research and development activities relate to cellular products and value-added services supporting platforms and emerging non-geostationary satellite orbit (NGSO) products and services, specifically Starlink and OneWeb, and efforts to integrate these into our overall maritime offering.
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Government Regulation
Our manufacturing operations are subject to various laws governing the protection of the environment and our employees. These laws and regulations are subject to change, and any such change may require us to improve our technologies, incur expenditures, or both, in order to comply with such laws and regulations.
We are also subject to the laws and regulations of the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions in which we offer and sell our satellite and wireless communication products and services, including those of the European Union, Brazil, Norway, Singapore, Japan and India. M any of the countries where our customers use our products and services have licensing and regulatory requirements for the importation and use of satellite and wireless communications and reception equipment, including the certification or type approval of such equipment, the use of such equipment in territorial waters, the transmission of satellite and wireless signals on certain radio frequencies, the carriage of VoIP services using such equipment, and, in some cases, the reception of certain video programming services. In the U.S., many of these matters are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission.
As a result of our international operations, we are subject to a number of additional legal requirements, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and the customs, export, trade sanctions and anti-boycott laws of the United States, including those administered by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Bureau of Industry and Security, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Treasury Department, as well as those of other nations in which we do business. Our operations are also subject to various domestic and international privacy laws, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation.
These laws and regulations, as well as the interpretation and application of these laws and regulations, are subject to change, and any such change may affect our ability to offer and sell existing and planned satellite communications products and services.
For more information, see “Risk Factors – Risks related to government regulation.”
KVH Team Demographics
KVH team members are essential to the success of KVH. We had 260 team members as of December 31, 2024, including full-time employees, part-time employees, and long-term contractors. The figures in this section provide information as of December 31, 2024.

KVH Team Member Headcount
Category | Number at December 31, 2024 |
Full-time employees | 247 |
Part-time employees | 6 |
Long-term contractors/consultants | 7 |
Total | 260 |

Our team members are directly responsible for the creation, development, manufacture, marketing, sale, repair and support of our products and services. Because we sell and support our products globally, we have a globally distributed workforce to manufacture products in the U.S. and support our customers in the U.S. and internationally:
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KVH Team Member Headcount
Country | Number at December 31, 2024 |
United States | 102 |
Philippines | 57 |
United Kingdom | 50 |
Denmark | 10 |
Singapore | 12 |
India | 10 |
Norway | 3 |
Greece | 3 |
Brazil | 2 |
Hong Kong | 2 |
Other | 9 |
Total | 260 |

Approximately 40 team members, or 15%, are directly involved in supporting our technology in positions such as engineers, technicians, or software developers.
Employee Engagement
We believe we generally have strong relationships with our workforce. In 2024, our global turnover rate was 37%, which was primarily driven by our reduction-in-force cost savings initiative. Excluding the effect of this reduction-in-force, our global turnover rate was 14%. Among our 6 executive leaders and most critical individual technology contributors, our turnover rate in 2024 was 50%, all of which was related to our reduction-in-force.
The average length of employee service is 9 years. The continuity of our employee base is important to the success of our business, as our employees have deep knowledge of our products and are critical to the services that we provide to our customers.
Inclusion and Diversity
KVH strives to recruit and retain a diverse and inclusive workforce in a manner consistent with federal and state anti-discrimination laws. We believe this approach enables better business decisions, enhanced product development, and superior customer service. Our diversity and inclusion principles are also reflected in our employee training, in particular with respect to our policies against discrimination and harassment in the workplace.
Competitive Pay and Benefits
KVH’s compensation programs are designed to align the compensation of our employees with KVH’s performance and provide incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees to achieve superior results. The structure of our compensation programs balances incentive earnings for both short-term and long-term performance. Specifically:
•We provide employee wages that we believe are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge, and geographic location.
•We review compensation and benefits surveys to obtain relevant industry data in order to benchmark our practices against those of industry peers.
•We seek to align the interests of our executives with those of our shareholders by paying a significant portion of our executives’ total compensation in the form of equity awards, which increase in value as the price of our common stock increases.
•Annual salary increases and incentive compensation include adjustments based on merit, which is communicated to employees through our annual review process and upon internal transfers and/or promotions.
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•All U.S. employees are eligible for health insurance, paid and unpaid leaves, a retirement plan and life and disability/accident coverage, subject to applicable regulations. Benefits for international employees vary by country.
Health and Safety
We are committed to protecting the health and safety of our employees and others who enter our facilities. In 2024, KVH’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) total recordable incident rate was 1.1%, which is favorable compared to the 2024 OSHA national average of 2.4%.
We are committed to continued improvements to our safety, health, and wellness programs to meet our employees’ needs, which we believe are critical to attract and retain talent. We believe that creating a safe and supportive workplace is vital to our success.
KVH Team Member Recruitment
We work diligently to attract the best available talent from a diverse range of sources to meet the current and future demands of our business. We have established relationships with major universities, professional associations, and industry groups to proactively attract talent. In 2024, we hired 15 professional level team members.

ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in evaluating our business. If any of these risks, or other risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not significant, develops into an actual event, then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. If that happens, the market price of our common stock could decline.
Risks related to our financial performance
We have a history of losses, and achieving sustained profitability may take longer than we anticipate or may not be achievable.
We recorded substantial losses in each of the last five fiscal years (notwithstanding the income we recognized in 2022 from the sale of the inertial navigation business and in 2021 from the forgiveness of a PPP loan). Although our business was profitable in the fourth quarter of 2022 and second quarter of 2023, we may continue to incur losses as we face increasingly stiff competition. Our recent restructuring, workforce reductions and other cost-reduction measures may be insufficient to offset recent and accelerating reductions in our revenues. Recent inflation in the prices of goods and services, including wages, has also hampered our ability to improve profitability. In order to maintain and improve our competitive position, generate revenue and achieve sustained profitability, we must continue to grow our airtime subscriber base, reduce our bandwidth costs, and continue to introduce new and improved solutions. Our inability to accomplish any of these goals could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and cash flow, and we cannot assure you when, or whether, we will achieve sustained profitability.
Our losses may increase if we are unable to effectively adapt to changes in our business and industry.
The traditional geosynchronous satellite communications industry is experiencing significant disruption arising from customers’ rapid transition to less expensive LEO services, including Starlink, as well as increased reliance on other forms of data transmission, including Wi-Fi and cellular data services. Like others in our industry, we are experiencing reduced demand for our traditional satellite communications services and products, which we expect will continue. Although we are adapting to this transition by becoming an authorized reseller of Starlink, OneWeb, and cellular data services and related products, there can be no assurance that we will generate the same level of revenue or gross margin from these sources that we derived from sales of VSAT airtime and related products. Moreover, our VSAT services require a separate infrastructure, which generates certain costs that are relatively fixed for a period of time. As customers transition away from VSAT services, our remaining VSAT services become less profitable and may eventually become insufficiently profitable to continue. If we are unable to efficiently operate both VSAT and LEO services and cost-effectively manage the ongoing transition to the latter, the expenses we incur may exceed associated revenues and thereby increase our losses.
Fluctuations in our quarterly net sales and results of operations could depress the market price of our common stock.
Our quarterly net sales and results of operations could continue to vary significantly for various reasons, many of which are
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outside our control. For example, service sales declined 19.5% in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023, and product sales increased 23.6% in the fourth quarter of 2024 compared to the fourth quarter of 2023. You should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our results of operations as an indication of future performance. Our net sales or results of operations in a quarter may fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If this occurs, the market price of our common stock could fall significantly. Our results of operations can fluctuate for many reasons, including the impact of competition and resulting changes in demand for our products and services; delays in order fulfillment, including as a result of shortages of components and raw materials; the mix of services and products we sell, including the mix of fixed rate and metered contracts for airtime services; our ability to manufacture, test and deliver products in a timely and cost-effective manner; the timing of new service and product introductions by us or our competitors; the scope and success of our investments in research and development; expenses incurred in pursuing acquisitions and investments; expenses incurred in expanding, maintaining, or improving our global HTS network; market and competitive pricing pressures; unanticipated charges or expenses, such as the aggregate $6.0 million impairment charges to goodwill and long-lived assets we recorded in the third quarter of 2023; the $1.1 million impairment charges to long-lived assets we recorded in the third quarter of 2024; the $5.2 million charge related to an inventory write-down, the $3.6 million provision for excess purchase order obligations and the $2.1 million charge for the discontinuation of a project for implementing a new manufacturing-centric accounting system that we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023; expenses incurred in responding to stockholder activism; general economic climate; seasonality of pleasure boat and recreational vehicle usage; and the impact of supply chain disruptions.
A large portion of our expenses, including expenses for network infrastructure, facilities, equipment, and personnel, are relatively fixed. If our net sales continue to decline, our operating margins will also likely decline. Any failure to achieve anticipated net sales could therefore significantly harm our operating results.
A material increase in sales of third-party airtime services and products could reduce our gross margins and our profitability.
The gross margin percentage from our VSAT airtime services in some cases exceeds the gross margin percentage from other third-party products and airtime services. To the extent that the mix of airtime services we sell shifts away from VSAT services, our gross profit dollars will decline, perhaps materially, if we are unable to significantly increase revenue on non-VSAT airtime services, which will reduce our profitability.
Risks related to our operations
Our planned transition to reliance on third-party hardware products may be unsuccessful.
In February 2024, we announced a staged wind-down of our product manufacturing operations, which was driven by reduced demand for our hardware products in the face of intensifying competition. We plan to discontinue our capital-intensive manufacturing activities by the end of 2025 and concentrate instead on growing sales of our multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions, including a transition to rely increasingly, and eventually exclusively, on third-party hardware compatible with our solutions. This multi-year strategy entails significant risks, including the loss of competitive differentiation as a leading manufacturer of award-winning products, the potentially irreversible loss of manufacturing expertise and know-how, increased dependence on third-party manufacturers and suppliers, the loss of control over technological innovations and improvements, significantly lower profit margins on third-party product resales, potential technological incompatibility with third-party hardware, potential additional significant provisions for excess and obsolete inventory and other charges, unanticipated expenses, and increased competition for service customers from product manufacturers. If we were to experience a resurgence in demand for our products, we may be unable to restart internal production or to engage a third party to reliably manufacture and deliver them on time and at an affordable cost. Accordingly, this strategic transition entails meaningful execution risk, particularly in light of our reductions-in-force in 2024 and the resulting loss of experienced employees. The failure to implement a successful transition to a new business model based upon third-party hardware would have a material adverse effect on our business, revenues and results of operations.
Our future success will depend in part on the services of our executive officers and key employees.
The Company's future success depends to a significant degree on the skills and efforts of our executive officers and key employees. Most of our executive officers and key employees are at-will employees. Competition for senior management is intense, and they could terminate their employment with us at any time. We do not maintain key-person life insurance on any of our personnel. Accordingly, the loss of one or more of our executive officers or key employees could have a material adverse effect on our business.
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If we cannot effectively manage changes in our business and continue to attract and retain skilled personnel, our business may suffer.
If we cannot adjust expenses in response to changes in our operations, our results of operations may be harmed. For example, the relatively fixed costs associated with our manufacturing operations prevented us from reducing those costs quickly in response to recent, rapid reductions in demand, resulting in negative product margins. To manage changes in our business effectively, we must, among other things, successfully complete the wind-down of our manufacturing operations, including correctly estimating the number of units to produce; secure appropriate satellite capacity to match demand for airtime services; manage our inventory more effectively, particularly in light of the substantial provision for excess and obsolete inventory that we recorded in the fourth quarter of 2023; effectively manage our working capital; ensure robust cybersecurity protection of KVH and customer data and systems; and ensure that our procedures and internal controls are revised and updated to remain effective for our smaller workforce and the reduced size and scale of our business operations.
We are highly dependent on qualified personnel at all levels, including our senior management team and other key technical, operational, managerial and sales and marketing personnel, each of whom would be difficult to replace. Our reductions-in-force in 2024 increased our dependence on continuing personnel. If we fail to retain and attract the necessary personnel, we may be unable to achieve our business objectives and may lose our competitive position, which could lead to a significant decline in net sales. The current job market for personnel is very competitive, resulting in increased compensation. We face challenges retaining our personnel and attracting new personnel to fulfill our unmet needs, particularly in light of our recent reductions-in-force. Replacing key personnel may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals with the skills and experience to execute our business strategy. We may be unable to identify or employ qualified personnel for any such position on acceptable terms, if at all. We may also need to pay higher compensation than we expect, which would make it more difficult to achieve our goal of sustained profitability.
Future strategic activities could disrupt our business and affect our results of operations.
In response to increasing competitive pressure, we may take additional measures intended to increase profitability and align our business more closely with our current strategic and financial objectives, including engagement with new suppliers, further modifications to our manufacturing arrangements and other cost-reduction efforts. For example, in February 2024 we announced a staged wind-down of our manufacturing operations and a related reduction-in-force of 75 employees, as a result of which we have incurred aggregate charges of approximately $14.8 million, consisting of a $5.2 million non-cash charge related to an inventory write-down, a $3.6 million provision for excess purchase order obligations, approximately $3.9 million of severance charges, and a $2.1 million charge for the discontinuation of a project for implementing a new manufacturing-centric accounting system. We may also choose to dispose of assets or make strategic divestitures, such as the sale of our inertial navigation business in August 2022. During the third quarter of 2024, we commenced plans to sell the warehouse building and surface parking lot located at 75 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island, and the property, building, improvements, and land located at 50 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island. These efforts may not succeed in improving profitability. Any of these changes could be disruptive to our business and could result in significant expense, including losses on any asset disposition or divestiture, accounting charges for any inventory or technology-related write-offs or any workforce reduction costs, such as those described elsewhere in risk factors. We could incur significant transaction costs, including for potential transactions that do not proceed. Substantial expense or charges resulting from restructuring activities, dispositions of assets or divestitures could adversely affect our results of operations and use of cash in the periods in which we take these actions. Any disposition of assets or divestiture could also result in the retention of liabilities and expenses that are not assumed by the buyer or the loss of operating income from the divested assets or operations, either of which could negatively impact profitability after any divestiture.
We must generate a certain level of service sales in order to maintain or improve our service gross margins.
As a result of our global satellite network infrastructure, we incur certain costs that generally do not vary directly in proportion to the volume of service sales, and we have limited ability to reduce these fixed costs. If service sales, including through our AgilePlans subscription model, continue to decline, our service gross margins will also continue to decline. The failure to improve our global HTS service gross margins and unit sales would have a material adverse effect on our overall profitability.
During the second quarter of 2024, we prepaid $17.0 million for access to a large block of Starlink Mobile Priority data at favorable rates. If the volume of services sales is not significant enough to consume this pooled data within the applicable period, our gross margins will suffer. While we currently expect to consume all of this pooled data within the contract period, if at any time we were to determine that it is more likely than not that we would not consume a portion of the pooled data, we may expense the applicable portion at the time of each such determination.
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Our ability to compete in the maritime airtime services market will be impaired if we are unable to provide sufficient service capacity to meet customer demand.
We currently offer our global HTS VSAT service in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia-Pacific, Indian, and Australian and New Zealand waters. We may need to expand capacity in existing coverage areas to support our subscriber base. If we are unable to reach economical agreements with third-party satellite providers to support our global satellite services and its technology or if transponder capacity is unavailable to meet growing demand in a given region, our ability to provide airtime services will be at risk and could reduce the attractiveness of our products and services.
Our results of operations are adversely affected by unseasonably cold weather, prolonged winter conditions, disasters or similar events.
Our leisure marine business is highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact our commercial marine business. Historically, we have generated the majority of our leisure marine product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters. Temporary suspensions of our airtime services typically increase in the fourth and first quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during winter months. Our leisure marine business is also significantly affected by the weather. Unseasonably cool weather, prolonged winter conditions, hurricanes, unusual amounts of rain, and natural and other disasters may decrease boating, which could reduce our revenues. Specifically, we may encounter a decrease in new airtime activations as well as an increase in the number of cancellations or temporary suspensions of our airtime service.
We are winding down our single manufacturing facility, and any significant disruption to this facility in the near term will impair our ability to deliver our products.
We manufacture all of our products at our manufacturing facility in Middletown, Rhode Island, and we have begun to wind down our manufacturing operations at that facility. We currently plan to discontinue the majority of our capital-intensive manufacturing activities by the end of 2025. Some of our production processes are complex, and we may be unable to respond rapidly to the loss of the use of our production facility. For example, we use some specialized equipment that may take time to replace if it is damaged or becomes unusable for any reason. In that event, shipments would be delayed, which could result in customer or dealer dissatisfaction, loss of sales and damage to our reputation. In light of the wind-down, we may elect to halt production rather than to incur significant expenses to repair or replace manufacturing equipment, which may limit our production and accelerate the loss of product sales.
Acquisitions and strategic relationships may disrupt our operations or adversely affect our results.
We evaluate opportunities to acquire other businesses and pursue other strategic relationships as they arise. The expenses we incur evaluating and pursuing acquisitions and strategic relationships could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. If we acquire a business, we may be unable to manage it profitably or successfully integrate its operations with our own. Moreover, we may be unable to realize the strategic, financial, operational and other benefits we anticipate, and any acquisition or strategic relationship may increase our operating expenses. Further, our approach to acquisitions and strategic relationships may involve a number of special financial and business risks, such as entry into new and unfamiliar lines of business or markets, which may present challenges or risks that we did not anticipate; entry into new or unfamiliar geographic regions, including exposure to additional tax and regulatory regimes; increased expenses associated with the amortization of acquired intangible assets; increased exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; charges related to any abandoned acquisition; diversion of our management’s time, attention, and resources; loss of key personnel; increased costs to improve or coordinate managerial, operational, financial, and administrative systems, including internal control over financial reporting; dilutive issuances of equity securities; the assumption of legal liabilities; and losses arising from impairment charges associated with goodwill or intangible assets.
Risks related to our industry
Increasingly intense competition may limit our ability to sell our products and services.
The mobile connectivity market is intensely competitive, and we expect the intensity of competition to continue to increase in the future. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, which would impair our ability to sell our products and services. We are facing significant competition from companies that seek to compete primarily on price as well as new, emerging LEO services, such as Starlink and OneWeb, as well as future LEO services such as Kuiper, Telesat, and others. Competition from these sources increased dramatically in 2023 and 2024 and continues in 2025, leading to material
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reductions in our VSAT subscriber base. These companies may continue to implement price reductions and discounts for both products and services, which have required us to reduce our prices or offer discounts in an effort to prevent erosion of our market share. The majority of our customers have no long-term commitment and can switch providers without penalty. For example, AgilePlans customers are on month-to-month agreements. In the third quarter of 2024, we received and processed the anticipated service downgrade request from the U.S. Coast Guard, which reduces anticipated revenue from this customer for 2025 through 2027 by approximately 95%. As a result, we expect to generate substantially less revenue from the U.S. Coast Guard. For example, revenue from the U.S. Coast Guard declined from approximately $2.4 million in the third quarter of 2024 to approximately $0.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2024.
Many current and future competitors have greater financial resources than we do, enabling them to operate at lower margins to gain market share. We believe increased competition contributed to the decreases in both our service sales and our product sales in 2024, including unit sales of our VSAT products, and we expect that this trend will continue in future periods.
Some of our VSAT competitors have already leveraged partnerships amongst themselves in order to capture larger combined market share. Further, some of the companies that we depend on to supply us with capacity on satellite communications networks may vertically integrate by introducing their own products and services to compete with ours, which might motivate them to stop providing satellite network capacity to us, or to make it available on less favorable terms.
Although KVH is a tier 1 reseller of Starlink terminals and services, we continue to face competitive challenges both from Starlink direct sales as well as from an expanding network of other Starlink retailers. A significant number of leisure customers have adopted Starlink systems for both two-way communications as well as streaming, which has impacted both our VSAT Broadband and TracVision satellite TV businesses. Although our leisure business accounts for less than 15% of our total revenue, competition from Starlink from various sources has had some adverse impact on our commercial business as well, particularly our growth in that segment and our overall VSAT subscriber base. While we did increase our subscriber count in the second, third and fourth quarters of 2024, spurred by an increase in subscribers for Starlink service provided by KVH, the total number of our subscribers declined in the third and fourth quarter of 2023 and the first quarter of 2024. If we are unable to sustain growth, it would have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability, and cash flow.
In the marine market for high-speed Internet, voice, and data services, we have historically competed primarily with Marlink, Speedcast, Viasat/Inmarsat, and Network Innovations, along with smaller, single-hub regional services to deliver VSAT service. Additionally, we are facing meaningful competition from new LEO-focused providers such as SpaceX’s Starlink and an emerging group of smaller providers, such as Clarus, Pivotel and Elcome. We also face competition from providers of low-speed data services, which include Viasat/Inmarsat and Iridium Satellite LLC. In the marine market for satellite TV equipment, we compete primarily with Intellian, Cobham satcom and Raymarine (Intellian-made). In the marine market for two-way communications equipment, we compete primarily with Intellian and Cobham satcom. In the markets for media content, the KVH Media Group competes primarily with Swank Motion Pictures, Baze Technology, and PressReader. Some of our competitors are well-established companies that have substantially greater financial, managerial, technical, marketing, personnel, and other resources than we do, which may help them to compete more effectively against us.
We depend on sole or limited source suppliers, and any disruption in supply could impair our ability to deliver our products on time or at expected cost.
We obtain many products and key components for our products, including Starlink terminals, from third-party suppliers, and in some cases we use a single or a limited number of suppliers. Any interruption in supply could impair our ability to deliver the products we sell until we identify and qualify a new source of supply, which could take several weeks, months or longer and could increase our costs significantly. For example, the global chip shortage and supply chain constraints resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacted our ability to deliver products in a timely manner and increased our cost of sales due to rising prices for materials. We may not be able to pass along any of these cost increases to our customers, and customers may not wait for products to become available. These disruptions in our supply chain could worsen, which could delay delivery of products and services and adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. Suppliers might change or discontinue products or key components, which could require us to modify our product designs or cease production or sales. In general, we do not have written long-term supply agreements with our suppliers but instead buy products and components through purchase orders, which expose us to potential price increases and termination of supply without notice or recourse. We generally do not carry significant inventories of products or components, which could magnify the impact of the loss of a supplier. If we must use a new source of supply, we could face unexpected manufacturing difficulties and loss of product performance or reliability. In addition, lead times for certain products or components can increase significantly due to imbalances in overall market supply and demand. This, in turn, could limit our ability to satisfy demand for the products we sell and could result in the cancellation of customer orders.
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Changes in the competitive environment, customer demand, supply chain issues, and the transition to new products may require inventory write-downs and/or the disposal of AgilePlans revenue-generating fixed assets.
From time to time, we have recorded significant inventory charges and/or inventory write-offs as a result of substantial declines in customer demand. For example, in 2023, we recorded a $5.2 million inventory write-down charge and a $3.6 million charge for excess purchase order obligations, both relating to the reduced demand for our hardware products, which led to the staged wind-down of our manufacturing activities at our facility in Middletown, Rhode Island that we began in 2024. We have also recorded significant losses on the disposal of AgilePlans revenue-generating fixed assets due to the decline in customer demand of VSAT Broadband AgilePlans units. For example, in 2024 we recorded a non-cash $0.9 million loss related to the disposal of AgilePlans revenue-generating fixed assets in which no proceeds were received. Market or competitive changes, such as a continuation of the decline in demand for our hardware products that we experienced in 2023 and 2024, could lead to future charges for excess or obsolete inventory or losses on fixed assets, especially if we are unable to appropriately adjust the supply of material from our vendors, as we were unable to do in 2023.
Risks related to our dependence on third parties and third-party technology
Our mobile satellite communications solutions currently depend on third-party satellite services, gateway teleports and terrestrial networks provided by third parties, and a disruption in those services could adversely affect sales.
Our communications solutions utilize third-party satellite services and other communication networks. We do not own the satellites that provide two-way satellite communications, the terrestrial networks that interconnect our facilities with the satellite teleports that communicate with the satellites, or any other communication network. Intelsat and SKY Perfect JSAT currently provide the satellite capacity to support our global high-throughput satellite (HTS) broadband service, our TracNet H-series and TracPhone V-HTS series products and third-party products compatible with our services. Vodafone currently provides the 5G/LTE services used by our TracNet H-series terminals and compatible third-party products to provide cellular service in 150+ countries. For our TracNet Coastal products launched in December 2024, we purchase 5G/LTE cellular data from T-Mobile for service in the U.S. and Vodaphone for service globally. Additionally, we purchase cellular data from Flexiroam, a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) with connectivity in over 200 countries. Starlink provides the data services for Starlink LEO services, while Eutelsat OneWeb provides the data connectivity for OneWeb LEO service, which we began providing for maritime use in the January 2025. We rely on Viasat/Inmarsat for satellite communications services for our FleetBroadband-compatible and FleetOne-compatible products. We also have an arrangement with Iridium for additional satellite communications services that we make available to our customers as a backup option to provide communications redundancy with our primary service offerings.
In addition, we have agreements with various teleports and Internet service providers around the globe to support our global HTS broadband service. The terrestrial fiber links that we use to connect with the Internet and to move our VoIP and data services between our facilities and the various satellite earth stations that support our services are provided to us through numerous service providers, some of which have contractual relationships with our satellite service providers and not directly with us.
We currently offer satellite television solutions compatible with the DIRECTV and DISH Network services in the United States, the Bell TV service in Canada, the Sky Mexico service in Mexico, the Sky UK service in the United Kingdom, Canal+ service in France and Movistar service in Spain, and other regional satellite TV services in other parts of the world.
We exercise little or no control over these third-party providers of satellite, teleport, and terrestrial network services, which increases our vulnerability to problems with the services and coverage they provide. Due to our reliance on these service providers, when problems occur, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. Service disruption or outages, regardless of whether they are caused by our service, the equipment or services of our third-party service providers, or our customers’ or their equipment and systems, may result in loss of market acceptance of our service, and any necessary repairs or other remedial actions may cause us to incur significant costs and expenses. Any failure on the part of third-party service providers to achieve or maintain expected performance levels, stability, security, or adequate data service coverage in key regions could harm our relationships with our customers, result in claims for credits or damages, damage our reputation, significantly reduce customer demand for our solution and seriously harm our financial condition and operating results.
If customers become dissatisfied with the pricing, service, availability, programming or other aspects of any of these satellite services, or if any one or more of these services becomes unavailable for any reason, we could suffer a substantial decline in sales of the satellite services or products we offer. There may be no alternative satellite service provider available to us in a particular geographic area, and the modem or other technology our customers use may not be compatible with the technology of any alternative service provider that may be available. Even if available, delays caused by switching our systems to another
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service provider, if available, and qualifying this new service provider could materially harm our customer relationships, business, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, the unexpected failure of a satellite could disrupt the availability of programming and services, which could reduce the demand for, or customer satisfaction with, the services or products we offer.
We depend on cloud-based data services operated by third parties, and any disruption in the operation of these services could harm our business.
Some of our content services and business records are hosted by various cloud-based data services operated by third parties. Any failure or downtime in one of these services could affect a significant percentage of our customers. Although we control and have access to our servers and the components of our network that are located in our internal facilities and certain of our external data facilities, we do not control the operation of external facilities. The providers of our data management services have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, or if one or more of our data management service providers is acquired, closes, suffers financial difficulty or is unable to meet our growing capacity needs, we may be required to transfer our data to other services, and we may incur significant costs and service interruptions in connection with doing so, which could harm our reputation with our customers and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.
Our media and entertainment business relies on licensing arrangements with content providers, and the loss of, or changes in, those arrangements could adversely affect our business.
We distribute premium movies, television programming, news, and music to commercial customers in the maritime market. We license this content from third parties on a non-exclusive basis without long-term license agreements. Any content provider could terminate our arrangements without notice or could adversely modify the terms of the arrangement, including price increases. Further, the licenses we obtain are limited in scope, and any violation of the terms of a license could expose us to liability for copyright infringement. We pay license fees based in part on the revenue we generate from sublicenses, and our licensors generally have the right to audit our records. Failure to pay required license fees could result in termination of our license rights, penalties and damages. The loss of content could adversely affect the attractiveness of our media and entertainment offerings, which could in turn adversely affect our revenues. Any increase in the cost of content could reduce the profitability of these offerings.
Cybersecurity breaches could disrupt our operations, expose us to liability, damage our reputation, and require us to incur significant costs or otherwise adversely affect our financial results.
We are highly dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet and third-party systems, to securely process, transmit and store electronic information, including personal information of our customers. We also retain sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, personally identifiable information, credit card information, and usage data of our employees and customers on our computer networks and those of third parties. Although we take certain protective measures and endeavor to modify them as we believe circumstances warrant, invasive technologies and techniques continue to evolve rapidly, and increasingly sophisticated hacking organizations are targeting business systems. As a result, the computer systems, software and networks that we use are vulnerable to disruption, shutdown, unauthorized access, misuse, erasure, alteration, employee error, phishing, computer viruses, ransomware or other malicious code, and other events that could have a material security impact. The protective measures on which we rely may be inadequate to prevent or detect all material cybersecurity breaches or determine the extent of any material breach, and there can be no assurance that material undetected breaches have not already occurred. If any material cybersecurity event were to occur, it could disrupt our operations, distract our management, cause us to lose existing customers and fail to attract new customers, as well as subject us to regulatory actions, litigation, fines, damage to our reputation or competitive position, or orders or decrees requiring us to modify our business practices, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Risks related to economic conditions and trade relations
Our revenues, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely impacted by economic turmoil, war, political instability, declines in consumer and enterprise spending.
Economic and political conditions in the geographic markets we serve have experienced significant turmoil over the last several years, including recent changes in U.S. geopolitical priorities, a potential global recession, slow economic activity, war and refugee crises in the Middle East and Europe, tight credit markets, inflation and deflation concerns, increased interest rates, low consumer confidence, limited capital spending, adverse business conditions, terrorist attacks, changes in government priorities,
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trade wars, anti-globalization movements, efforts to combat climate change, restrictions on commercial fishing, a government shutdown, gridlock from a divided Congress, and liquidity concerns. These factors vary in intensity by region. For example, the war in the Middle East has resulted in periodic disruptions to global shipping, which could intensify and result in significant delays in shipments of products or supplies, materially increased shipping costs and loss of revenues. We cannot predict the timing, duration, or ultimate impact of turmoil on our markets or our suppliers. We expect our business would be adversely impacted by any significant turmoil, to varying degrees and for varying amounts of time, in all our geographic markets.
Changes in U.S. trade policy, including changes to existing trade agreements and any resulting changes in international trade relations, may have a material adverse effect on us.
The new presidential administration has introduced dramatic changes to the United States’ approach to international trade, which may adversely impact existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with foreign countries. The U.S. has imposed significant tariffs on a wide range of foreign goods and may continue to increase tariffs or impose new ones, and certain foreign governments have retaliated and may continue to do so. We derive a majority of our revenues from international sales, which makes us especially vulnerable to increased tariffs. Unpredictable and shifting priorities in U.S. trade policy are generating significant turmoil in international trade relations, and it is unclear what future actions governments will or will not take with respect to tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. For example, President Trump recently imposed tariffs ranging from 10% to 25% on an array of imports from Canada, Mexico and China. In response, these countries have imposed or announced intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on U.S. exports and other restrictions on trade with the U.S. It is unclear what further action the presidential administration will take with respect to tariffs. Ongoing or new trade wars or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies could reduce demand for our services and products, increase our costs, reduce our profitability, adversely impact our supply chain or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We face significant exposure to movements in exchange rates for foreign currencies, particularly the pound sterling and the euro. When the U.S. dollar strengthens against certain foreign currencies, this adversely affects revenues reported in U.S. dollars and decreases the reported value of our assets in foreign countries. Conversely, when the U.S. dollar weakens against certain foreign currencies, this positively affects revenues reported in U.S. dollars and increases the reported value of our assets in foreign countries. We also have intragroup receivables and liabilities, such as loans, that can generate significant foreign currency effects. Changes in exchange rates, particularly the U.S. dollar against the pound sterling, could lead to the recognition of unrealized foreign exchange losses.
Certain of our products and services are sold internationally in U.S. dollars; if the U.S. dollar strengthens, the relative cost of these products and services to customers located in foreign countries would increase, which could adversely affect export sales. In addition, most of our financial obligations must be satisfied in U.S. dollars. Our exposures to changes in foreign currency exchange rates may change over time as our business practices evolve and could result in increased costs or reduced revenue and could adversely affect our cash flow. Changes in the relative values of currencies occur regularly and may have a significant impact on our operating results. We cannot predict with any certainty changes in foreign currency exchange rates or the degree to which we can cost-effectively mitigate this exposure.
Risks related to intellectual property and technological innovation
Our research and development efforts may be unsuccessful. If we are unable to improve our existing solutions and develop new, innovative solutions, our sales and market share will likely continue to decline.
The market for mobile connectivity solutions is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product innovations, changes in customer requirements and expectations, and evolving industry standards. For example, we are facing significant competition from new LEO networks such as Starlink and Eutelsat OneWeb. If we fail to make innovations in our existing services and products, reduce the costs of our services and products, or successfully integrate third-party services and products into our portfolio, our market share will likely continue to decline. Services or products using these or other new technologies, or emerging industry standards, could render our services and products obsolete. If our competitors’ new or enhanced services or products either outperform our services or products or offer greater value, or are perceived as doing so, our sales may continue to decline.
Research and development is inherently complex and uncertain, and our current and anticipated research and development projects may not achieve the results we seek. The financial resources that we can devote to our research and development
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efforts may be insufficient to achieve our goals. Our efforts may not result in any viable service or product offerings or may result in service or product offerings whose performance, features, price or availability may not be attractive to customers or that we cannot sell profitably.
Our business may suffer if we cannot protect our proprietary technology.
Our ability to compete depends in part upon our patents, copyrights, source code, and other proprietary technology. The steps we have taken to protect our technology may be inadequate to prevent others from using what we regard as our technology to compete with us. Our patents will eventually expire and could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Customers or others with access to our proprietary or licensed media content could copy that content without permission or otherwise violate the terms of our customer agreements, which would adversely affect our revenues and could impair our relationships with content providers. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary technology to the same extent as the laws of the United States, which could increase the likelihood of misappropriation. Any misappropriation of our technology could seriously harm our competitive position, which could lead to a substantial reduction in net sales. If we resort to legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights, the proceedings could be burdensome, disruptive and expensive. The proceedings could distract the attention of management, and we may not prevail.
Claims by others that we infringe their intellectual property rights could harm our business and financial condition.
Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. We cannot be certain that our products and services do not and will not infringe issued patents, patents that may be issued in the future, or other intellectual property rights of others.
Risks related to government regulation
Our international operations complicate our business and require us to comply with multiple regulatory environments.
Historically, sales to customers outside the United States have accounted for an increasingly significant portion of our net sales. We derived 73% and 68% of our revenues in 2024 and 2023, respectively, from sales to these foreign customers. We have foreign offices in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, Norway and the Philippines, as well as a subsidiary in Brazil that manages local sales. Nonetheless, substantially all of our operations and a significant number of our key personnel are located in the United States. Our limited international operations may impair our ability to compete successfully in international markets and to meet the service and support needs of our customers in countries where we have little to no infrastructure. Risks associated with our international business activities may increase our costs and require significant management attention. These risks include restrictions on international travel, which may restrict our ability to grow and service our business; international shipping delays; tariffs; sanctions or other trade restrictions that preclude or restrict doing business with particular foreign governments, companies or individuals; technical challenges we may face in adapting our solutions to function with different satellite services and technology in use in various regions around the world; satisfaction of international regulatory requirements and delays and costs associated with procurement of any necessary licenses or permits; the potential unavailability of content licenses covering international waters and foreign locations; increased costs of providing customer support in multiple languages; increased costs of managing operations that are international in scope; potentially adverse tax consequences, including restrictions on the repatriation of earnings; protectionist laws and business practices that favor local competitors, which could slow our growth in international markets; potentially longer sales cycles; potentially longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable; and economic and political instability in some international markets.
We could incur additional legal compliance costs associated with our international operations and could become subject to legal penalties if we do not comply with certain regulations.
Our international operations subject us to a number of legal requirements, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and the customs, export, trade sanctions and anti-boycott laws of the United States, including those administered by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Bureau of Industry and Security, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Treasury Department, as well as those of other nations. In addition, many of the countries where our customers use our services and products have licensing and regulatory requirements for the importation and use of satellite communications and reception equipment, including the use of such equipment in territorial waters, the transmission of satellite signals on certain radio frequencies, the transmission of VoIP services using such equipment and the reception of certain video programming services. These laws and regulations are continually changing, making compliance complex. We incur significant costs identifying and maintaining compliance with applicable licensing and regulatory requirements. Our training and compliance programs and our other internal control policies
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may be insufficient to protect us from acts committed by our employees, agents or third-party contractors. Any violation of these requirements by us or our employees, agents or third-party contractors may subject us to significant criminal and civil liability. Further, many of our commercial suppliers of satellite transmission capacity impose contractual obligations on us that permit them to suspend or terminate their provision of satellite services to support our network if we fail to maintain compliance with these laws and regulations. The loss of access to satellite capacity would materially and adversely affect our maritime communications service.
We are subject to FCC rules and regulations, and any non-compliance could subject us to FCC enforcement actions, fines, loss of licenses and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our services.
The satellite communications industry in the United States is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and we are subject to FCC regulations relating to privacy, contributions to the Universal Service Fund, or USF, and other requirements. If we do not comply with FCC regulations, we could face enforcement actions, substantial fines, penalties, loss of licenses and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer services. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may be a public process, could hurt our reputation, impair our ability to sell our services to customers and harm our business and results of operations.
Privacy concerns and domestic or foreign laws and regulations may reduce demand for our services, increase our costs and harm our business.
Our company and our customers can use our services to collect, use and store personal, confidential and sensitive information regarding the content and manner of usage of our services by them, their employees and maritime crews. Federal, state and foreign governments have adopted and are proposing new and more stringent laws and regulations regarding the collection, use, storage and transfer of information, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). The costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, such laws and regulations may limit the use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand. Non-compliance with these laws and regulations could lead to significant remediation expenses, fines, penalties or other liabilities, such as orders or consent decrees that require modifications to our privacy practices, as well as reputational damage or third-party lawsuits seeking damages or other relief. For example, the GDPR imposes a strict data protection compliance regime with penalties of up to the greater of 2%-4% of worldwide revenue or €11-22 million.
Domestic and international legislative and regulatory initiatives may harm our ability, and the ability of our customers, to process, handle, store, use and transmit information, which could reduce demand for our services, increase our costs and force us to change our business practices. These laws and regulations are still evolving, are likely to be in flux and may be subject to uncertain interpretation for the foreseeable future. Our business also could be harmed if legislation or regulations are adopted, interpreted or implemented in a manner that is inconsistent from country to country or inconsistent with our current policies and practices or those of our customers.
Risks related to owning our common stock
The market price of our common stock may be volatile.
Our stock price has historically been volatile. During the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2024, the trading price of our common stock ranged from $4.17 to $15.29. Many factors may cause our stock price to fluctuate, including variations in quarterly results; the introduction of new products and services by us or our competitors; adverse business developments; reductions-in-force; changes in estimates of our performance or recommendations by securities analysts; the hiring or departure of key personnel; acquisitions or strategic alliances involving us or our competitors; market conditions in our industry; and the global macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Broad market fluctuations may adversely affect our stock price. When the market price of a company’s stock drops significantly, stockholders often institute securities litigation against that company. Any such litigation could cause us to incur significant expenses defending against the claim, divert the time and attention of our management and result in significant damages.

ITEM 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 1C. | Cybersecurity

We have established procedures to assess, identify, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats and have integrated those procedures into our overall risk management systems and processes.
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We have implemented a written information security program ("WISP") to create administrative, technical and physical safeguards at KVH for the protection of confidential information of KVH and its employees and customers and other third parties. The WISP sets forth our procedures for evaluating our electronic and physical methods of collecting, storing, accessing, using, transmitting, and protecting confidential information, including personal information, as defined by federal and state law. We have utilized the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Cybersecurity Framework (NIST CSF) as a baseline for the WISP procedures in addition to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) standards. In addition to our data privacy policy, the WISP policy defines how sensitive and private data is protected. Under our procedures, we perform an annual risk assessment to identify and prioritize key cybersecurity risks, and we update this assessment when we receive information about material new cybersecurity risks. Once we identify material cybersecurity risks, we seek to identify and implement prevention measures. Current prevention measures include, among other things, to the extent we determine to be appropriate for our information systems in light of our financial, personnel and other resources, restricted physical access, restricted systems access, multi-factor authentication, software solutions such as intrusion detection systems, anti-virus, anti-malware, email filtering and quarantining programs, routine system maintenance and updates, backup and recovery systems, routine employee cybersecurity training and testing, and quarterly internal audits. The measures we take may be inadequate to protect us from cybersecurity risks. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Risks related to our dependence on third parties and third-party technology – Cybersecurity breaches could disrupt our operations, expose us to liability, damage our reputation, and require us to incur significant costs or otherwise adversely affect our financial results.”
We obtain cybersecurity threat intelligence information from law enforcement reports and our cybersecurity operations providers and communicate this information to relevant stakeholders within the organization. We employ third-party cybersecurity operations providers to monitor cybersecurity events and provide rapid responses to any critical events. In addition, we employ contractual provisions to require our third-party information service providers to implement and maintain appropriate security measures over the information we entrust to them. Because of the relatively small size of our information technology workforce, we have limited internal cybersecurity expertise and monitoring capabilities; accordingly, we seek to augment our internal capabilities by engaging larger, well-known third-party service providers with significantly greater cybersecurity capabilities than we possess. Because we rely on their greater expertise, our ability to identify and remediate weaknesses or vulnerabilities in the services they provide is limited. We have not engaged third parties to assess our cybersecurity defenses or to audit our cybersecurity program, nor have we conducted direct or indirect technical evaluations of the information systems that our third-party service providers use.
Our Information Security Officer (“ISO”) is responsible for implementing, supervising and maintaining the WISP, including the implementation of prevention measures. The ISO reports directly to the VP Network Systems/Services Engineering, who is also our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”). The CISO establishes the company-wide system security plan and defines the parameters of users’ access privileges. The CISO has over 30 years in the network, security systems engineering fields and has been with KVH for 15 years. Before KVH, the CISO worked in the telecom and ISP spaces covering transport, design and implementations. In these roles, the CISO was responsible for all network-oriented security and developed in-depth experience on core security platforms. At KVH, the CISO has been lead on security as a service for customer implementations.
We have also implemented an Incident Response Plan (“IRP”), which provides a set of guidelines on the appropriate responsive actions to take in the event of a cybersecurity incident, depending on the particular facts and circumstances of the incident.
The audit committee assists the Board of Directors in overseeing our cybersecurity program. Both the Board of Directors and the audit committee receive regular reports regarding material cybersecurity developments. In the case of a security incident, the ISO will report the incident directly to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, CISO and Senior Vice President, General Counsel & Compliance Officer. The breach will then be communicated to the audit committee dependent on the materiality of the incident.
Aside from our general efforts to protect ourselves from global cybersecurity threats, for the period covered by this annual report, management has not identified any risks from cybersecurity threats or cybersecurity incidents that we believe have had a material effect, or that are reasonably likely to have a material effect, on our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, we cannot provide any assurance that they will not be materially affected by such threats or incidents in the future.

ITEM 2. | Properties

The following table provides information about our principal facilities as of December 31, 2024. As of that date, both properties were classified as assets held for sale.
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Location |  | Type |  | Principal Uses |  | Approximate Square Footage |  | Ownership |  | Lease Expiration
Middletown, Rhode Island |  | Office |  | Corporate headquarters, research and development, sales and service, marketing and administration |  | 75,000 |  | Owned |  | —
Middletown, Rhode Island |  | Plant and warehouse |  | Manufacturing and warehousing |  | 75,300 |  | Owned |  | —

ITEM 3. | Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in litigation incidental to the conduct of our business. In the ordinary course of business, we are a party to inquiries, legal proceedings and claims including, from time to time, disagreements with vendors and customers.

ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.
PART II

ITEM 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information. Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “KVHI.”
Stockholders. As of March 3, 2025, we had 58 holders of record of our common stock. This number does not include stockholders for whom shares were held by a nominee or in “street” name.
Dividends. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we have no plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance our operations and future growth.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities. On December 9, 2024, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we may purchase outstanding shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price of up to $10 million.
Under the program, at management’s discretion, we may repurchase shares from time to time through various means, including on the open market, in privately negotiated transactions or block transactions, or through an accelerated repurchase agreement. We may elect to make purchases under Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which imposes certain volume limitations, and/or under Rule 10b5-1 under that act, which would permit repurchases to occur during periods when we might otherwise be precluded from making purchases under insider trading laws or KVH policy. The volume and timing of any such repurchases will depend on a variety of factors, including the availability of shares, price, market conditions, alternative uses of capital, liquidity, general business conditions, satisfaction of debt covenants, and applicable regulatory requirements. The program does not obligate us to repurchase any minimum number or dollar amount of shares, and the program may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we did not repurchase any shares of common stock, nor did we acquire any shares of common stock, whether through surrender or withholding, to pay any exercise price or satisfy any tax withholding obligations.

ITEM 6. | Reserved

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ITEM 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the other financial information and consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, including those discussed under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.
Overview
We are a leading global provider of innovative and technology-driven connectivity solutions to primarily maritime commercial, leisure, and military/government customers. We provide global high-speed Internet and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services via satellite to mobile users at sea and on land. We are also a leading provider of commercially licensed entertainment, including movies, television programming, news, and music, to commercial customers in the maritime market, along with supplemental value-added cybersecurity, email, and crew internet services.
We generate revenues in the United States and various international locations, including primarily Singapore, Canada, South American countries, European Union countries and other European countries, and countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific, including India. Sales to customers outside the United States accounted for 73% and 68% of our consolidated net revenues for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We generate a substantial majority of our revenues from sales of satellite Internet airtime services. We provide, for monthly fixed fees and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet, data and VoIP services, to customers via our global HTS network. Sales of our airtime services accounted for 79% and 81% of our consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively. In mid-2022, we launched our KVH ONE hybrid network, which integrates global satellite service (including Ku-band VSAT using the Intelsat HTS network along with Starlink, Iridium, and other satellite services), KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, and shore-based Wi-Fi access. Revenue from our cellular airtime service has supplemented, and we expect will continue to supplement, our satellite-only airtime revenue. In addition, we earn monthly usage fees from sales of third-party satellite connectivity for VoIP, data and Internet services to our Inmarsat, Iridium, and Starlink customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with us. In March 2023, we began selling Starlink terminals and, in September 2023, we became a Starlink authorized hardware and airtime reseller offering Mobile Priority data plans for maritime use. In October 2024, we expanded our portfolio to include Starlink Business Priority data plans, which will primarily be used for stationary commercial use on land. In December 2024, we introduced our TracNet Coastal and TracNet Coastal Pro terminals, expanding our extensive multi-channel portfolio of maritime products and services with a 5G/cellular and Wi-Fi system. We expect to earn usage fees from our offering of OneWeb service, which we launched in January 2025. We also generate service revenue from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
Our service sales also include the distribution of entertainment, including movies, television programming, news and music, to commercial customers in the maritime market through KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added services. Sales of content services accounted for 3% of our consolidated net revenues for both 2024 and 2023.
Historically, our Ku-band VSAT communications service has been the primary driver of revenue growth. However, these services represent a declining percentage of our revenues in the face of competition from emerging LEO services. Our satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, VoIP, and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, our in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. We sell our products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. We also sell and lease products to service providers and end users. Product sales accounted for 15% and 13% of our consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Manufacturing Wind-down; Restructuring
In February 2024, we announced a staged wind-down of our product manufacturing operations at our Middletown, Rhode Island location. The wind-down was driven by reduced demand for our hardware products in the face of intensifying competition in the third and fourth quarters of 2023. We concluded that we should discontinue our capital-intensive manufacturing activities and concentrate our efforts on growing sales of our multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions. We expect that we will continue our product manufacturing activities in order to generate a targeted
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amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand through 2025 and potentially into 2026 and that we will cease substantially all manufacturing activity by the end of 2025. We expect to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with our mobile satellite communications services. We also plan to continue to conduct maintenance, service, warehousing, shipping and receiving activities at the Middletown, Rhode Island location.
As part of this restructuring, we reduced our headcount by approximately 75 employees, or approximately 20% of our total workforce as of the time we announced the restructuring. As of June 30, 2024, all employee terminations had been completed. During 2024, we incurred an aggregate of $3.9 million of severance charges for this and other restructurings. The $3.9 million of severance charges incurred during the year consisted of approximately $3.6 million of cash charges and approximately $0.3 million of non-cash charges arising from pre-existing contractual obligations to accelerate vesting of certain outstanding equity compensation awards.
Starlink Distribution Agreement
During the second quarter of 2024, we expanded our relationship with Starlink through a bulk data distribution agreement. Under the agreement, we prepaid $17.0 million for access to a large block of Starlink Mobile Priority data at favorable rates. The new agreement offers us increased flexibility in the development and sale of custom airtime plans using Starlink’s Mobile Priority service.
Assets Held for Sale
During the third quarter of 2024, we commenced our plan to sell the warehouse building and surface parking lot located at 75 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island (“75 Enterprise Center”). As of September 30, 2024, 75 Enterprise Center had a carrying value of approximately $7.8 million. We determined that all of the criteria to classify 75 Enterprise Center as held for sale had been met as of September 30, 2024. The estimated fair value was determined based upon the anticipated sales price of these assets based on current market conditions and assumptions made by management, less selling costs. We recorded an impairment charge of $1.1 million in 2024, as the carrying value of 75 Enterprise Center at the time the asset for sale criteria were met exceeded the fair value less costs to sell.
In December 2024, we entered into an agreement to sell 75 Enterprise Center for $8.5 million. Consummation of the transaction is subject to customary closing conditions. Under the purchase agreement, the buyer has six months to obtain specified zoning approvals, with up to three 30-day extensions, as well as a 60-day inspection period, subject to potential extension. The buyer may terminate the agreement at any time before the expiration of the inspection period and may also terminate the agreement if the specified zoning approvals are denied before the expiration of the zoning approval period. Upon consummation of the sale, we will remain in possession of the property as a tenant under a triple-net lease having an initial term of six months, which we can extend for up to an additional three months. Rent during the initial term is approximately $25,000 per month, which would increase to approximately $44,000 per month during any extension.
Additionally, in the third quarter of 2024, we commenced our plan to sell the property, building, improvements, and land located at 50 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island (“50 Enterprise Center”). As of September 30, 2024, 50 Enterprise Center had a carrying value of approximately $3.6 million. We determined that all of the criteria to classify 50 Enterprise Center as held for sale had been met as of September 30, 2024. The estimated fair value of 50 Enterprise Center exceeds its carrying value. In December 2024, we entered into an agreement to sell 50 Enterprise Center, subject to the buyer’s right to terminate the agreement during an inspection period. In January 2025, before the end of the inspection period, we received notice of termination from the buyer. 50 Enterprise Center remains held for sale as we continue to search for a suitable buyer.
Seasonality
Our marine leisure business has been highly seasonal, and seasonality can also impact our commercial marine business. Temporary suspensions of our airtime services typically increase in the third and fourth quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months. Historically, we have generated the majority of our marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters.
Impairment Charge
In 2023, aggregate impairment charges of $6.0 million were taken against goodwill and long-lived assets for the Mobile Broadband reporting unit and the KVH Media Group reporting unit. The $6.0 million impairment charges were driven by the
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significant decline in our stock price that followed the August 9, 2023 announcement of our financial results for the second quarter of 2023. Under applicable accounting rules, this circumstance required us to evaluate our goodwill and long-lived assets for impairment. Given the sustained decline in the market value of our outstanding equity and the uncertain impact of ongoing competition, we concluded that this impairment charge was appropriate as of September 30, 2023.
Excess and Obsolete Inventory and Excess Purchase Orders
In 2023, we recorded a $5.2 million charge related to the inventory write-down and a $3.6 million charge for excess purchase order obligations, both relating to the reduced demand for our hardware products, which led to the staged wind-down of our manufacturing activities at our facility in Middletown, Rhode Island noted above. Please see Note 14 of our accompanying financial statements for additional details surrounding the wind-down of our manufacturing activities.
Supply Chain
During 2023, we continued to experience delays in the availability and delivery of certain raw material components. We also experienced increased raw material costs. We are continuing to monitor global developments, including the impact of inflation, and are prepared to implement actions that we determine to be necessary to sustain our business.
Results of Operations
The following table provides, for the periods indicated, certain financial data expressed as a percentage of net sales:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Sales: |  |  |
Service | 84.7 | % |  | 86.6 | %
Product | 15.3 |  |  | 13.4 |
Net sales | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of service sales | 52.7 |  |  | 49.4 |
Costs of product sales | 16.3 |  |  | 22.0 |
Research and development | 7.4 |  |  | 7.1 |
Sales, marketing and support | 18.5 |  |  | 15.8 |
General and administrative | 14.5 |  |  | 14.3 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | 4.0 |
Long-lived assets impairment charge | 1.0 |  |  | 0.5 |
Total costs and expenses | 110.4 |  |  | 113.1 |
Loss from operations | (10.4) |  |  | (13.1) |
Interest income | 2.7 |  |  | 2.8 |
Interest expense | — |  |  | — |
Other expense, net | (1.6) |  |  | (1.1) |
Loss before income taxes expense | (9.3) |  |  | (11.4) |
Income tax expense | 0.4 |  |  | 0.2 |
Net loss | (9.7) | % |  | (11.6) | %

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Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
Our net sales for 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Change
| Year Ended December 31, |  | 2024 vs. 2023
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | $ |  | %
| (in thousands) |  |  |  |
Service sales | $ | 96,446 |  |  | $ | 114,622 |  |  | $ | (18,176) |  |  | (16) | %
Product sales | 17,382 |  |  | 17,757 |  |  | (375) |  |  | (2) | %
Net sales | 113,828 |  |  | 132,379 |  |  | (18,551) |  |  | (14) | %

Net sales decreased by $18.6 million, or 14%, in 2024 as compared to 2023. Service sales decreased by $18.2 million, or 16%, to $96.4 million in 2024 from $114.6 million in 2023. The decrease in service sales was primarily due to a $17.1 million decrease in our airtime service sales, driven primarily by a decrease in VSAT-only subscribers, partially offset by an increase in LEO service sales. $2.7 million of this decrease was related to the U.S. Coast Guard contract downgrade. Alternative solutions offered by recent low-earth-orbit (LEO) entrants have heightened competition in the global leisure segment and in commercial and government markets.
We expect that the trend of intensifying competition from LEO satellite service providers will continue and that our revenues from VSAT service sales will continue to decline on a year-over-year basis. It is possible that the rate of reduction will continue to accelerate.
Product sales decreased by $0.4 million, or 2%, to $17.4 million in 2024 from $17.8 million in 2023. The decrease in product sales was primarily the result of a $2.2 million decrease in VSAT Broadband product sales, a $2.0 million decrease in TracVision product sales and a $1.3 million decrease in accessory and service product sales, partially offset by a $5.0 million increase in Starlink product sales and a $0.5 million increase in CommBox Edge product sales. The decline in product sales was primarily driven by product sales mix. Competition from low-cost alternatives to VSAT, which include streaming capabilities, has had a significant impact on sales of both TracVision and VSAT Broadband products.
In the first quarter of 2024, the U.S. Coast Guard, which accounted for approximately $11 million of our service sales in 2023, advised us that it intended to transition its primary satellite service relationship on the vessels we served to SpaceX Starshield. In the third quarter of 2024, we received and processed the anticipated service downgrade request from the U.S. Coast Guard, which reduces anticipated revenue from this customer for 2025 through 2027 by approximately 95%. As a result, we expect to generate substantially less revenue from the U.S. Coast Guard.
Costs of Sales
Costs of sales consists of costs of product sales and costs of service sales. Costs of sales decreased by $15.9 million, or 17%, in 2024 to $78.6 million from $94.5 million in 2023. The decrease in costs of sales was driven by a $5.4 million decrease in costs of service sales and a $10.5 million decrease in costs of product sales. As a percentage of net sales, costs of sales were 69% and 71% for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Our costs of service sales consist primarily of satellite service capacity, depreciation, service network overhead expense associated with our VSAT Broadband network infrastructure, direct network service labor, product installation costs, media distribution costs, and service repair materials. For 2024, costs of service sales decreased by $5.4 million, or 8%, to $60.0 million from $65.4 million in 2023. Costs of service sales decreased primarily due to a $5.5 million decrease in airtime costs of service sales. As a percentage of service sales, costs of service sales were 62% and 57% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the second quarter of 2024, we purchased from Starlink access to a large block of data at favorable rates. As a result of this purchase, our gross margin percentage on Starlink airtime services improved. The increase in gross margin on Starlink airtime services was higher than previously anticipated, but we may be unable to maintain this higher gross margin percentage in future periods. Despite this higher gross margin on Starlink airtime services, the overall gross margin on service sales was negatively impacted by fixed costs associated with the VSAT Broadband network.
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Our costs of product sales consist primarily of materials, manufacturing overhead, and direct labor used to produce our products. For 2024, costs of product sales decreased by $10.5 million, or 36%, to $18.6 million from $29.1 million in 2023, primarily due to an $8.7 million decrease in various manufacturing and other unabsorbed expenses, a $3.6 million decrease in excess purchase order obligations, a $1.5 million decrease in TracVision cost of product sales, a $0.9 million decrease in VSAT Broadband cost of product sales and a $0.3 million decrease in accessory cost of product sales, partially offset by a $4.5 million increase in LEO cost of product sales and a $0.4 million increase in CommBox Edge cost of product sales. The decrease in manufacturing and other unabsorbed costs was primarily due to additional expenses taken in 2023 as a result of the wind-down of our manufacturing activities, which included a $6.6 million inventory write-down, as well as lower unit volume, resulting in reduced absorption of overhead. The excess purchase order obligations related to unconditional purchase orders outstanding as of December 31, 2023 that we determined would exceed our anticipated needs. Please see Note 14 to our accompanying audited financial statements for further information. As a percentage of product sales, costs of product sales were 107% and 164% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cost of product sales decreased as a percentage of product sales primarily due to the decrease in various manufacturing and other unabsorbed expenses. This decrease resulted primarily from the additional expenses incurred in 2023 related to the wind-down of the Company's manufacturing activities, as well as the 2024 reduction in headcount of manufacturing employees.
Operating Expenses
Research and development expense consists of direct labor, materials, external consultants, and related overhead costs that support our internally funded product development and product sustaining engineering activities. Research and development expense for 2024 decreased by $1.0 million, or 10%, to $8.4 million from $9.4 million in 2023. The decrease in research and development expense resulted primarily from a $1.6 million decrease in salaries, benefits and taxes, excluding costs related to the previously mentioned reduction in workforce, and a $0.3 million decrease in expensed materials. These decreases were partially offset by $1.4 million in costs incurred related to the reduction in our workforce. As a percentage of net sales, research and development expense was 7% in both 2024 and 2023.
Sales, marketing, and support expense consists primarily of salaries and related expenses for sales and marketing personnel, commissions for both in-house and third-party representatives, costs related to the co-development of certain content, other sales and marketing support costs such as advertising, literature and promotional materials, product service personnel and support costs, warranty-related costs and bad debt expense. Sales, marketing and support expense also includes the operating expenses of our sales office subsidiaries in Denmark, Singapore, Brazil, and Japan. Sales, marketing, and support expense increased by $0.1 million, or less than 1%, to $21.0 million in 2024 from $20.9 million in 2023. In 2024, we incurred $0.7 million in costs related to the reduction in our workforce, which was partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in external commissions. As a percentage of net sales, sales, marketing and support expense was 18% and 16% in 2024 and 2023, respectively. This increase resulted primarily from a reduction in net sales.
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General and administrative expense consists of costs attributable to management, finance and accounting, information technology, human resources, certain outside professional services, and other administrative costs. General and administrative expense for 2024 decreased by $2.4 million, or 13%, to $16.5 million from $18.9 million for 2023. The decrease in general and administrative expense resulted primarily from the $2.1 million charge incurred in 2023 for the discontinuation of a project for implementing a new manufacturing-centric accounting system, a $1.0 million decrease in professional fees, driven by additional accounting and consulting costs incurred in 2023 to prepare our 2022 annual filings, a $0.6 million decrease in salaries, benefits and taxes, excluding costs related to the previously mentioned reduction in workforce, and a $0.4 million decrease in computer expenses. Partially offsetting these items were $0.8 million in costs incurred related to the reduction in our workforce, a $0.7 million reduction in reimbursements made by EMCORE for expenses incurred under the transition services agreement relating to the sale of the inertial navigation business in August 2022, and a $0.4 million increase in facility expenses. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expense was 15% and 14% for 2024 and 2023, respectively. This increase resulted primarily from a reduction in net sales.
Interest and Other Expense, Net
Interest income represents interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, as well as from investments and our sale-type lease receivables. Interest income decreased by $0.6 million to $3.0 million from $3.6 million for 2023. Of the current period interest income of $3.0 million, $2.6 million is attributable to interest earned on cash and cash equivalents, while the remaining $0.5 million was attributable to interest from lease receivables. Interest declined primarily due to lower cash balances. Other expense, net increased by $0.4 million to other expense, net of $1.8 million for 2024 from other expense, net of $1.4 million for 2023. The increase was primarily due to a $0.5 million increase in foreign exchange losses and a $0.4 million expense incurred in 2024 for a prior period Brazil tax settlement, partially offset by a $0.3 million loss in 2023 on an unfavorable future contract and a $0.1 million decrease in the loss on the disposal of fixed assets. The Company incurred a non-cash $0.9 million loss and a non-cash $0.7 million loss in 2024 and 2023, respectively, related to the disposal of AgilePlans revenue-generating fixed assets due to the decline in customer demand of VSAT Broadband AgilePlans units.
Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense for 2024 and 2023 was $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and related to taxes on income earned in foreign jurisdictions.
The effective tax rate for 2024 and 2023 was (4.0)% and (2.1)%, respectively. For 2024 and 2023, the effective tax rates differed from the statutory tax rate primarily due to our maintaining a valuation allowance reserve on our U.S. deferred tax assets, impairment of goodwill, discrete tax adjustments and the composition of income from foreign jurisdictions taxed at varying rates.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure at the date of our financial statements. Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 1 to our accompanying audited consolidated financial statements. Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have an impact on our statement of operations. We believe that our accounting estimates for intangible assets and other long-lived assets are the only estimates critical to an understanding and evaluation of our financial results for 2024, as discussed below.
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Intangible Assets and other Long-Lived Assets
Intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. Asset groups are determined at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If these comparisons indicate that an asset is not recoverable, we will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the related estimated fair value. Estimated fair value is based on either discounted future operating cash flows or appraised values, depending on the nature of the asset. During 2024, there were no events or changes in circumstances that indicated any of the carrying amounts of our intangible assets or other long-lived assets may not be recoverable. See Note 8 to our accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our primary liquidity needs have been to fund general business requirements, including working capital requirements and capital expenditures. In recent years, we have funded our operations primarily from the sale of two businesses in 2022, the sale of a business in 2019, a PPP loan, cash flows from operations, bank financings and proceeds received from exercises of stock options and the issuance of stock.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $50.6 million in cash and cash equivalents, of which $3.8 million in cash equivalents was held in local currencies by our foreign subsidiaries. Our foreign subsidiaries held no marketable securities as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had $106.7 million in working capital.
Based upon our current working capital position, current operating plans and expected business conditions, we expect to have sufficient funds, through at least twelve months from the date that this report is filed with the SEC, to fund our short-term and long-term working capital requirements, including capital expenditures and contractual obligations. Our funding plans for our working capital needs and other commitments may be adversely impacted if our underlying assumptions regarding our anticipated revenues and expenses are not realized. If our operating results fail to meet our expectations, we could be required to seek additional funding through public or private financings or other arrangements. In that event, adequate funds may not be available when needed or may be available only on terms which could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. In addition, if we raise funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution.
We believe that our primary long-term capital requirements relate to AgilePlans revenue-generating assets and the development and implementation of our new enterprise resource planning system, as well as servicing and paying our satellite service capacity and equipment lease obligations. At December 31, 2024, we had outstanding non-cancellable satellite service capacity and other purchase obligations with future minimum payments of $46.3 million.
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Operating Activities
Operating activities used $13.2 million of net cash in 2024 and provided $2.5 million of net cash in 2023, an increase in net cash used by operating activities of $15.7 million. The $15.7 million increase in net cash used by operations was primarily the result of a $11.5 million increase in cash outflows relating to accrued compensation, product warranty and other expenses, a $10.4 million increase in cash outflows relating to prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $7.6 million increase in cash outflows relating to inventories, a change of $5.6 million related to non-cash items, a $1.1 million decrease in cash inflows relating to deferred revenue, and a $1.1 million increase in cash outflows relating to other non-current assets. Partially offsetting these items were a $15.2 million decrease in cash outflows related to accounts payable, a $4.4 million decrease in net loss (which included impairment charges of $1.1 million and $6.0 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively), and a $2.1 million increase in cash inflows relating to accounts receivable.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities for 2024 was $52.4 million as compared to net cash used by investing activities of $14.7 million for 2023. The $67.1 million increase in net cash provided by investing activities was primarily the result of a $61.3 million decrease in net investment in marketable securities, which was driven by the liquidation of our marketable securities held by Wells Fargo, a $3.2 decrease in capital expenditures, a $1.4 million increase in proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and a $1.2 million decrease in cash paid for the acquisition of intangible assets.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for 2024 was $0.1 million as compared to net cash provided by financing activities in 2023 of $2.3 million. The $2.2 million decrease in net cash provided by financing activities is primarily attributable to a $2.5 million decrease in cash inflows relating to proceeds from the exercise of stock options and purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in cash outflows related to the repurchase of common stock to satisfy specific tax withholding obligations arising from accelerated vesting of executive stock grants in 2023.
Other Matters
We intend to continue to invest in our global networks on a worldwide basis. From time to time, we have entered into multi-year agreements to lease satellite capacity, as well as prepaid for access to a large block of mobile data at favorable rates. These agreements can involve millions of dollars.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2024, we had certain satellite service capacity obligations that are not considered operating or financing leases under ASC 842. As of that date, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues, expenses, results of operations, liquidity, cash requirements or capital resources. Please see Note 5 to our accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for additional information on our satellite service capacity obligations.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of our accompanying audited consolidated financial statements for a description of recently issued accounting pronouncements including the dates of adoption and effects on our results of operations, financial position and disclosures.

ITEM 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our consolidated financial statements, together with the report of Grant Thornton LLP thereon, our independent registered public accounting firm, are presented after the signature page to this annual report. The report of Grant Thornton LLP on our internal control over financial reporting is included in Item 9A of this annual report.
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ITEM 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

ITEM 9A. | Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, which are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024, the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is the process designed by and under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and concluded that it was effective.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Grant Thornton LLP, has issued a report regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, and that report is included in Item 9A in this annual report.
Evaluation of Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management has evaluated changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2024. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Important Considerations
The effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time. Because of these limitations, there can be no assurance that any system of disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in making all material information known in a timely manner to the appropriate levels of management.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors and Stockholders
KVH Industries, Inc.
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of KVH Industries, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, and our report dated March 7, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
Hartford, Connecticut
March 7, 2025

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ITEM 9B. | Other Information

During the fourth quarter of 2024, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted or terminated any Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as those terms are defined in Item 408(a)(1) of Regulation S-K), including any amendment or modification of the amount, price, or timing of the purchase or sale of securities under such an existing trading arrangement.

ITEM 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.
PART III
We have omitted the information required in Part III of this annual report because we intend to include that information in our definitive proxy statement for our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders, which we expect to file before 120 days after the end of fiscal 2024. We incorporate the information required in Part III of this annual report by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.

ITEM 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Except as set forth below, the information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.
Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, executive officers and employees. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics can be found on our website, which is located at www.kvh.com. We intend to make all required disclosures concerning any amendments to or waivers from, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on our website. Any person may request a copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, at no cost, by writing to us at the following address: KVH Industries, Inc., 50 Enterprise Center, Middletown, Rhode Island, 02842, Attention: Investor Relations.

ITEM 11. | Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.

ITEM 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.

ITEM 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.

ITEM 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to our 2025 proxy statement.
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PART IV

ITEM 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

|  |  | Page
(a) | 1. | Financial Statements |
|  | Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 248) | 40
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 202 4 and 20 23 | 41
|  | Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 42
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 43
|  | Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 44
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 202 4 and 202 3 | 45
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 46
(a) | 2. | Financial Statement Schedules |
|  | None. |
| 3. | Exhibits |

Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Filed with this Form 10-K |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit No.
2.1 |  | Asset Purchase Agreement dated as of August 9, 2022 by and between KVH Industries, Inc., EMCORE Corporation and Delta Acquisition Sub, Inc. |  |  |  | 8-K |  | August 10, 2022 |  | 2.1 |
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 6, 2010 |  | 3.1 |
3.2 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock of KVH Industries, Inc. classifying and designating the Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock |  |  |  | 8-A |  | August 19, 2022 |  | 3.1 |
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | November 1, 2017 |  | 3.2 |
4.1 |  | Specimen certificate for the common stock |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 2, 2018 |  | 4.1 |
4.2 |  | Description of Capital Stock |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 15, 2024 |  | 4.2 |
*10.1 |  | Amended and Restated 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  |  | DEF 14A |  | April 25, 2016 |  | App. B
*10.2 |  | KVH Industries, Inc. Amended and Restated 2016 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended |  |  |  | DEF 14A |  | May 2, 2022 |  | App. A
*10.3 |  | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement granted under the 2016 Equity and Incentive Plan |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 9, 2017 |  | 10.5 |
*10.4 |  | Form of Non-Statutory Stock Option Agreement granted under the 2016 Equity and Incentive Plan |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 9, 2017 |  | 10.6 |
*10.5 |  | Form of Restricted Stock Agreement granted under the 2016 Equity and Incentive Plan |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 9, 2017 |  | 10.7 |
*10.6 |  | Policies Regarding Non-Employee Director Compensation and Stock Ownership Guidelines |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 15, 2024 |  | 10.6 |

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Exhibit No. |  | Description |  | Filed with this Form 10-K |  | Incorporated by Reference
| Form |  | Filing Date |  | Exhibit No.
*10.7 |  | Executive Employment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2022 between KVH Industries, Inc. and Brent C. Bruun |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 9, 2022 |  | 10.1
*10.8 |  | Amendment No. 1 dated as of October 11, 2022 to Executive Employment Agreement between KVH Industries, Inc. and Brent C. Bruun |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | December 6, 2022 |  | 10.8
*10.9 |  | Executive Employment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2022 between KVH Industries, Inc. and Roger A. Kuebel |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 9, 2022 |  | 10.2
*10.10 |  | Executive Employment Agreement dated as of May 2, 2022 between KVH Industries, Inc. and Felise B. Feingold |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 9, 2022 |  | 10.3
*10.11 |  | Executive Employment Agreement dated as of May 9, 2022 between KVH Industries, Inc. and Robert J. Balog |  |  |  | 10-Q |  | August 9, 2022 |  | 10.4
*10.12 |  | Cooperation Agreement, dated as of February 3, 2023, by and among KVH Industries, Inc., Black Diamond Capital Management, L.L.C., Stephen H. Deckoff and the Investor Group Designees (as defined therein) |  |  |  | 8-K |  | February 3, 2023 |  | 10.1
*10.13 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors and executive officers |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 15, 2024 |  | 10.13
10.14 |  | Purchase and Sale Agreement dated December 5, 2024 between KVH Industries, Inc. and Knight Capital LLC regarding 75 Enterprise Center |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
19.1 |  | Securities Trading Policy |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
23.1 |  | Consent of Grant Thornton LLP |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal executive officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) certification of principal financial officer |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1 |  | Rule 1350 certification |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
97.1 |  | KVH Compensation Recovery Policy |  |  |  | 10-K |  | March 15, 2024 |  | 97.1
101.1 |  | Interactive Data File regarding (a) our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, (b) our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, (c) our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, (d) our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, (e) our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and (f) the Notes to such Consolidated Financial Statements |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |
104.1 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  | X |  |  |  |  |  |

* Management contract or compensatory plan.
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ITEM 16. | Form 10-K Summary

None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| KVH Industries, Inc.
Date: March 7, 2025 | By: | /S/ BRENT C. BRUUN
|  | Brent C. Bruun President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name |  | Title |  | Date
/S/ BRENT C. BRUUN |  | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |  | March 7, 2025
Brent C. Bruun |  |  |
/S/ ANTHONY F. PIKE |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  | March 7, 2025
Anthony F. Pike |  |  |
/S/ DAVID M. TOLLEY |  | Chairman of the Board of Directors |  | March 7, 2025
David M. Tolley |  |  |  |
/S/ STEPHEN H. DECKOFF |  | Director |  | March 7, 2025
Stephen H. Deckoff |  |  |  |
/S/ DAVID B. KAGAN |  | Director |  | March 7, 2025
David B. Kagan |  |  |  |
/S/ CHARLES R. TRIMBLE |  | Director |  | March 7, 2025
Charles R. Trimble |  |  |  |

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors and Stockholders
KVH Industries, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of KVH Industries, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 7, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion.
Basis for opinion
T hese financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matters
Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.
Hartford, Connecticut
March 7, 2025

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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
ASSETS |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 50,572 |  |  | $ | 11,294 |
Marketable securities | — |  |  | 58,477 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $1,006 and $1,168 as of December 31, 2024 & December 31, 2023, respectively | 21,624 |  |  | 25,670 |
Inventories | 22,953 |  |  | 19,046 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 16,016 |  |  | 4,331 |
Current assets held for sale | 11,410 |  |  | — |
Total current assets | 122,575 |  |  | 118,818 |
Property and equipment, net | 27,014 |  |  | 47,680 |
Intangible assets, net | 828 |  |  | 1,194 |
Right of use assets | 1,361 |  |  | 1,068 |
Other non-current assets | 3,146 |  |  | 3,618 |
Deferred income tax asset | 157 |  |  | 256 |
Total assets | $ | 155,081 |  |  | $ | 172,634 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 4,316 |  |  | $ | 4,780 |
Accrued airtime | 745 |  |  | 5,508 |
Accrued compensation and employee-related expenses | 4,728 |  |  | 4,466 |
Accrued loss on future firm purchase commitments | 919 |  |  | 3,569 |
Accrued other | 2,134 |  |  | 2,588 |
Accrued product warranty costs | 607 |  |  | 828 |
Deferred revenue | 1,039 |  |  | 1,774 |
Current operating lease liability | 660 |  |  | 786 |
Liability for uncertain tax positions | 724 |  |  | 673 |
Total current liabilities | 15,872 |  |  | 24,972 |
Long-term operating lease liability | 569 |  |  | 289 |
Deferred income tax liability | 15 |  |  | 1 |
Total liabilities | $ | 16,456 |  |  | $ | 25,262 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 1, 5, 12 and 13) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 30,000,000 shares, 21,240,525 and 21,066,899 shares issued at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively; and 19,784,416 and 19,610,790 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 212 |  |  | 211 |
Additional paid-in capital | 167,287 |  |  | 165,140 |
Accumulated deficit | (12,752) |  |  | (1,704) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (4,032) |  |  | (4,185) |
| 150,715 |  |  | 159,462 |
Less: treasury stock at cost, common stock, 1,456,109 shares as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | (12,090) |  |  | (12,090) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 138,625 |  |  | 147,372 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 155,081 |  |  | $ | 172,634 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Sales: |  |  |
Service | $ | 96,446 |  |  | $ | 114,622 |
Product | 17,382 |  |  | 17,757 |
Net sales | 113,828 |  |  | 132,379 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |
Costs of service sales | 60,002 |  |  | 65,362 |
Costs of product sales | 18,607 |  |  | 29,149 |
Research and development | 8,439 |  |  | 9,399 |
Sales, marketing and support | 21,013 |  |  | 20,925 |
General and administrative | 16,513 |  |  | 18,899 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | 5,333 |
Long-lived assets impairment charge | 1,137 |  |  | 657 |
Total costs and expenses | 125,711 |  |  | 149,724 |
Loss from operations | (11,883) |  |  | (17,345) |
Interest income | 3,039 |  |  | 3,646 |
Interest expense | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Other expense, net | (1,781) |  |  | (1,404) |
Loss before income tax expense | (10,627) |  |  | (15,104) |
Income tax expense | 421 |  |  | 318 |
Net loss | $ | (11,048) |  |  | $ | (15,422) |
Net loss per common share |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.57) |  |  | $ | (0.81) |
Diluted | $ | (0.57) |  |  | $ | (0.81) |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding: |  |  |
Basic | 19,389 |  |  | 19,130 |
Diluted | 19,389 |  |  | 19,130 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Net loss | $ | (11,048) |  |  | $ | (15,422) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities | — |  |  | 12 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 153 |  |  | (87) |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax (1) | 153 |  |  | (75) |
Total comprehensive loss | $ | (10,895) |  |  | $ | (15,497) |

(1) Tax impact was nominal for all periods.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 20,631 |  |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | 160,475 |  |  | $ | 13,718 |  |  | $ | (4,110) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | $ | (11,851) |  |  | $ | 158,438 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,422) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,422) |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75) |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,078 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,078 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |
Acquisition of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (23) |  |  | (239) |  |  | (239) |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | 419 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2,464 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,469 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 21,067 |  |  | $ | 211 |  |  | $ | 165,140 |  |  | $ | (1,704) |  |  | $ | (4,185) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 147,372 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,048) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11,048) |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 153 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,027 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,027 |
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 109 |
Exercise of stock options and issuance of restricted stock awards, net of forfeitures | 147 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 21,241 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | 167,287 |  |  | $ | (12,752) |  |  | $ | (4,032) |  |  | (1,456) |  |  | $ | (12,090) |  |  | $ | 138,625 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (11,048) |  |  | $ | (15,422) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Provision for credit losses | 217 |  |  | 64 |
Depreciation and amortization | 13,298 |  |  | 13,438 |
Impairment charge to goodwill and long-lived assets | 1,137 |  |  | 5,990 |
Deferred income taxes | 113 |  |  | (51) |
Loss on disposals of fixed assets | 1,220 |  |  | 2,476 |
Compensation expense related to stock-based awards and employee stock purchase plan | 2,027 |  |  | 2,078 |
Unrealized currency translation loss (gain) | 188 |  |  | (179) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 3,812 |  |  | 1,719 |
Inventories | (3,908) |  |  | 3,686 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (11,661) |  |  | (1,231) |
Other non-current assets | 333 |  |  | 1,425 |
Accounts payable | (446) |  |  | (15,648) |
Deferred revenue | (728) |  |  | 377 |
Accrued compensation, product warranty and other | (7,724) |  |  | 3,808 |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | $ | (13,170) |  |  | $ | 2,530 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (7,417) |  |  | (10,633) |
Cash paid for acquisition of intangible assets | (74) |  |  | (1,296) |
Proceeds from the sale of fixed assets | 1,403 |  |  | — |
Purchases of marketable securities | (1,990) |  |  | (18,207) |
Maturities and sales of marketable securities | 60,467 |  |  | 15,422 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | 52,389 |  |  | $ | (14,714) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from stock options exercised and employee stock purchase plan | 110 |  |  | 2,604 |
Repurchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | (239) |
Payment of finance lease | — |  |  | (22) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 2,343 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (51) |  |  | 79 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 39,278 |  |  | (9,762) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 11,294 |  |  | 21,056 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 50,572 |  |  | $ | 11,294 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes, net of refunds | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Changes in accrued other and accounts payable related to property and equipment additions | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 22 |
Right of use assets (ROU) assets arising from entering into new operating lease obligations | $ | 1,089 |  |  | $ | 466 |

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(1)Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a)Description of Business
KVH designs, develops, manufactures and markets mobile connectivity services and products for the marine and land markets.
KVH’s service sales primarily represent revenue earned from satellite Internet airtime services. KVH provides, for monthly fixed and per-usage fees, satellite connectivity encompassing broadband Internet and VoIP services, to its TracNet H-series and TracPhone V-HTS series customers via KVH’s global high-throughput satellite (HTS) network. Revenue from our cellular airtime service supplements KVH’s satellite-only airtime revenue following the July 2022 launch of the KVH ONE hybrid network and TracNet H-series terminals. This service and product combination integrates global satellite service with KVH-provided cellular service in more than 150 countries, along with shore-based Wi-Fi access. In March 2023, KVH began selling Starlink terminals and in September 2023 became a Starlink authorized hardware and airtime reseller. The May 2023 introduction of the KVH ONE OpenNet Program expanded access to KVH’s global HTS network and airtime services to non-KVH terminals for the first time.
AgilePlans, KVH’s connectivity as a service offering, is a monthly subscription model that provides global connectivity to commercial maritime customers. The subscription can include KVH VSAT terminals and data service, Starlink terminals and data service, KVH’s CommBox™ Edge Communications Gateway and associated service licensing, VoIP, daily news, subsidized shipping and installation, and global support for a monthly fee with no minimum contract commitment. KVH offers AgilePlans subscribers a variety of airtime data plans with varying data speeds and fixed data usage levels with per megabyte overage charges. These airtime plans are similar to those the Company offers to customers who elect to purchase or lease a TracNet H-series or TracPhone V-HTS series terminal.
The Company recognizes the monthly AgilePlans subscription fee as service revenue over the service delivery period. The Company retains ownership of the hardware it provides to AgilePlans customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. KVH records the cost of the hardware used by AgilePlans customers as revenue-generating assets and depreciates the cost over an estimated useful life of two to five years. Since the Company retains ownership of the hardware, it does not accrue any warranty costs for AgilePlans hardware; however, any maintenance or refurbishment costs on the hardware are expensed in the period these costs are incurred.
Service sales also include the distribution of commercially licensed entertainment, including movies, television programming, news, and music, to commercial customers in the maritime market through the KVH Media Group, along with supplemental value-added cybersecurity, email, and crew Internet services. In addition, KVH earns monthly usage fees from third-party satellite connectivity services, including VoIP, data and Internet services, provided to its Viasat/Inmarsat and Iridium customers who choose to activate their subscriptions with KVH. Service sales also include sales from product repairs and extended warranty sales.
KVH’s satellite-only and hybrid products enable marine customers to receive data, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and value-added services via satellite, cellular, and shore-based Wi-Fi networks onboard commercial, leisure, and military/government vessels. In addition, the Company’s in-motion television terminals permit customers to receive live digital television via regional satellite services in marine vessels, recreational vehicles, buses and automobiles. KVH sells its products through an extensive international network of dealers and distributors. KVH also sells and leases products to service providers and end users.
KVH’s marine leisure business is highly seasonal. Seasonality can also impact the Company’s commercial marine business, although typically to a lesser degree. Temporary suspensions of the Company’s airtime services typically increase in the fourth and first quarters of each year as boats are placed out of service during the winter months. Historically, the Company has generated the majority of its marine leisure product revenues during the first and second quarters of each year, and these revenues typically decline in the third and fourth quarters of each year, compared to the first two quarters.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
In February 2024, the Company announced a staged wind-down of its product manufacturing operations at its Middletown, Rhode Island location. The Company expects that it will continue its product manufacturing activities in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand and that it will cease substantially all manufacturing activity by the end of 2025. The Company expects to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with its mobile satellite communications services. Please see Note 14 for additional details surrounding the wind-down of the Company's manufacturing activities.
(b)Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements of KVH Industries, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. All of the operating expenses of the subsidiaries that serve as the Company’s European, Singaporean, Japanese, and Brazilian international distributors are reflected within sales, marketing, and support within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
(c)Significant Estimates and Assumptions and Other Significant Non-Recurring Transactions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of sales and expenses during the reporting periods. The estimates and assumptions used by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition, valuation of accounts receivable, valuation of inventory, valuation of prepaid assets, expected future cash flows (including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets and goodwill), estimated fair values of long-lived assets (including goodwill, amortization methods and amortization periods), certain accrued expenses and other related charges, stock-based compensation, contingent liabilities, forfeitures and key valuation assumptions for its share-based awards, estimated fulfillment costs for warranty obligations, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance, and the valuation of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(d)Concentration of Credit Risk and Single Source Suppliers
Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities. The Company is potentially subject to financial instrument concentration of credit risk through its cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities investments. To mitigate these risks the Company maintains cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities with reputable and nationally recognized financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024, substantially all of the cash and cash equivalents were held by Bank of America, N.A. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the balance of our marketable securities held by Wells Fargo was liquidated and transferred to an interest-bearing account held by Bank of America, N.A. See Note 2 for a description of marketable securities.
Trade accounts receivable. Concentrations of risk (see Note 10) with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although the Company does not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of those individual customers. The Company establishes allowances for potential expected credit losses and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon historical experience and its expectations for future collectability concerns. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of the financial condition of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Activity within the Company’s allowance for credit losses for the periods presented is as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning balance | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | 1,268 |
Additions | 217 |  |  | 64 |
Deductions (write-offs/recoveries) from reserve | (379) |  |  | (164) |
Ending balance | $ | 1,006 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |

Revenue and operations. Certain components from third parties used in the Company’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt the Company’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues and operating results.
(e)Revenue Recognition
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products and services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services. To achieve this core principle, the Company applies the following five steps:
1) Identify the contract with a customer
A contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the products and services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these products and services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance, and (iii) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for products and services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment pattern or, in the case of a new customer, published credit and financial information pertaining to the customer.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract
Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the products and services that will be transferred to the customer that are both capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the product or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company, and are distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the product or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised products and services, the Company must apply judgment to determine whether promised products and services are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised products and services are accounted for as a combined performance obligation.
3) Determine the transaction price
The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company will be entitled in exchange for transferring products and services to the customer. Amounts collected from customers for sales taxes are excluded from the transaction price. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing either the expected value method or the most likely amount method, depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur.
4) Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract
If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. However, if a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same qualify as a single performance obligation in a contract with variable consideration, the Company must determine if the variable consideration is attributable to the entire contract or to a specific part of the contract. Contracts that contain multiple performance obligations require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis unless the transaction price is variable and meets the criteria to be allocated entirely to a performance obligation or to a distinct product or service that forms part of a single performance obligation. The Company determines standalone selling price based on the price at which the performance obligation is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, the Company estimates the standalone selling price taking into account available information such as market conditions and internally approved pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations.
5) Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation
The Company satisfies performance obligations either over time or at a point in time. Revenue is recognized at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring a promised product or service to a customer.
Product sales
Revenue from product sales is recognized when control of the goods is transferred to the customer, which generally occurs upon shipment. Revenue related to shipping and handling is recognized when the products are shipped and the associated costs are accrued for based on the Company’s election to account for shipping and handling activities as a fulfillment of the promise to transfer the products and not as a combined promise.
The Company’s standard payment terms for product sales are generally Net 30. Under certain limited conditions, the Company, at its sole discretion, provides for the return of goods. No product is accepted for return and no credit is allowed on any returned product unless the Company has granted and confirmed prior written permission by means of appropriate authorization. The Company establishes reserves for potential sales returns, credits, and allowances, and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon historical experience and expectations for the future.
Deferred revenue consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. The Company classifies any billings in excess of revenue recognized as deferred revenue as current or non-current based on the timing of when revenue is expected to be recognized. Revenue recognized during 2024 and 2023 from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period was $1,527 and $1,127, respectively.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Satellite connectivity and media content service sales
Directly sold and re-sold satellite connectivity service for VoIP, data and Internet is recognized monthly based primarily on contracted fixed-fee schedules as well as any overages for minutes or megabytes of traffic processed. The Company has evaluated whether it obtains control of the services that are being transferred to the customer in assessing gross revenue reporting as principal versus net revenue reporting as agent for its satellite connectivity service sales and its payments to the applicable service providers. Based on the Company’s assessment of the indicators, the Company has determined that gross revenue reporting as a principal is appropriate. The applicable indicators of gross revenue reporting include, but are not limited to, the following:
•The Company is the primary obligor in its arrangements with its subscribers. The Company manages all interactions with the subscribers, while satellite connectivity service providers do not interact with the subscribers. In addition, the Company assumes the entire performance risk under its arrangements with the subscribers and in the event of a performance issue, the Company may incur reductions in fees without regard for any recourse that the Company may have with the applicable satellite service providers.
•The Company has discretion in establishing pricing, as the pricing under its arrangements with the subscribers is negotiated through a contracting process. The Company then separately negotiates the fees with the applicable satellite service providers.
•The Company has complete discretion in determining which satellite service providers it will contract with.
As a result, the Company has determined that it earns revenue (as a principal) from the delivery of satellite connectivity services to its subscribers and records all satellite connectivity service sales to subscribers as gross sales.
Media content sales include the Company’s distribution of commercially licensed movies, television programming, news, and music content for commercial and leisure customers in the maritime market. The Company typically recognizes revenue from media content sales ratably over the period of the service contract.
Under AgilePlans, the Company retains ownership of the hardware that it provides to these customers, who must return the hardware to KVH if they decide to terminate the service. Because KVH does not sell the hardware under AgilePlans, the Company does not recognize any product revenue when the hardware is deployed to an AgilePlans customer. In accounting for the related service revenue, the Company has applied the practical expedient allowed under ASC 606-10-55-18 to recognize rental revenues in proportion to the amount of the right to invoice. The Company recognizes the subscription fee monthly as service revenue over the service delivery period. On occasion, a customer may opt to purchase previously deployed AgilePlans hardware from the Company. In these instances, the gain or loss on disposal of this revenue generating long-lived asset is recognized within other income/expense in the Company's consolidated statement of operations as per ASC 360-10-45-5.
The Company applies the practical expedient to not adjust the transaction price for a significant financing component if the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service is one year or less. The Company also applies the optional exemption to not disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations with an original expected duration of one year or less or those where revenue is recognized over time using the right to invoice practical expedient.
Product service sales
Product service sales other than under development contracts are recognized when completed services are delivered to the customer. The Company also sells extended warranty contracts. Sales under these contracts are recognized ratably over the contract term. Product service sales including extended warranties are not a significant portion of the Company’s total sales. Revenue related to product service sales is recognized in service sales in the Company's consolidated statement of operations.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Sales-type leases
Revenue is recognized on sales-type leases primarily from the TracPhone VSAT products. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company records the leases at a price typically equivalent to normal selling price and in excess of the cost or carrying amount. Upon delivery, the Company records the net present value of all payments under these leases as product revenue, and the related costs of the product are charged to cost of sales. See Note 13.
(f)Leases
In accordance with ASC 842, the Company recognizes all leases greater than one year in duration on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. In ASC 842, a lease is defined as follows: “[a] contract is or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment (an identified asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration.”
Many of our lease agreements contain renewal options which are recognized if it is determined that the Company is reasonably certain to renew the lease at inception or when a triggering event occurs. Some of our lease agreements contain rent escalation clauses, rent holidays, capital improvement funding or other lease concessions. The Company recognizes operating lease costs on a straight-line basis based on the fixed components of a lease arrangement and amortize such expense over the term of the lease beginning with the commencement date. Variable lease components that are not fixed at the beginning of the lease are recognized as incurred.
Under certain third-party service agreements, the Company controls a specific space or underlying asset used in providing the service by the third-party service provider. These arrangements meet the definition under ASC 842 and therefore are accounted for under ASC 842. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term and include options to extend or terminate the lease when reasonably certain to be exercised. The present value of lease payments is determined using an incremental borrowing rate of 5.5%.
(g)Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, which include cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, approximate their fair values due to the short maturity of these instruments. See Note 2 for more information on the fair value of the Company’s marketable securities. The carrying amount of finance leases approximate fair value based on currently available quoted rates of similarly structured debt facilities. See Note 13 for the Company's finance leases.
(h)Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Marketable Securities
In the fourth quarter of 2024, the balance of our marketable securities held by Wells Fargo was liquidated and transferred to an interest-bearing account held by Bank of America, N.A. Previously, cash in excess of operational needs was invested in money market mutual funds, government agency bonds, United States treasuries, municipal bonds, corporate notes, or certificates of deposit. All highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less at the date of purchase were classified as cash equivalents. The Company determined the appropriate classification of marketable securities at each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 2023, all of the Company’s marketable securities were designated as available-for-sale and were carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.
The Company reviewed investments in debt securities for other than temporary impairment whenever the fair value of an investment was less than amortized cost and evidence indicated that an investment’s carrying amount was not recoverable within a reasonable period of time. To determine whether an impairment was other-than-temporary, the Company considered whether it intended to sell the security, whether it expected to recover the credit loss, and whether it was more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the security prior to recovery. Evidence considered in this assessment included the reasons for the impairment, compliance with the Company’s investment policy, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in value subsequent to year-end and forecasted performance of the investee. The Company had reviewed its securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2023 and had concluded that no other-than-temporary impairments exist.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(i)Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the first-in first-out costing method. The Company adjusts the carrying value of its inventory based on the consideration of excess and obsolete components and future estimated demand. The Company records inventory charges to costs of product sales.
(j)Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The principal lives used in determining the depreciation rates of various assets are: buildings and improvements, 5-40 years; leasehold improvements, shorter of original lease term or useful life; machinery, satellite hubs and equipment, 4-10 years; office and computer equipment, 3-7 years; and motor vehicles, 5 years.
(k)Intangible Assets and other Long-Lived Assets
As of December 31, 2024, the Company's intangible assets are primarily associated with the purchase of distribution rights from Kognitive Networks Inc. in October 2023 and the purchase of Virtek Communications (now known as KVH Industries Norway AS) in September 2010.
Intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of intangible assets with finite lives and other long-lived assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. Asset groups are determined at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. If these comparisons indicate that an asset is not recoverable, the Company will recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds the related estimated fair value. The Company has determined that the assets within each of the Company's reporting units (Mobile Broadband (MBB) and KVH Media Group (Media)) are highly interrelated and interdependent on each other to generate revenues, and thus independent cash flows are not identifiable at a level lower than that of these reporting units. Accordingly, the Company’s asset groups were determined to be its reporting units (MBB and Media).
(l)Other Non-Current Assets
Other non-current assets are primarily comprised of long-term lease receivables, prepaid expenses, and deposits.
(m)Product Warranty
The Company’s products carry standard limited warranties that range from one to two years and vary by product. The warranty period begins on the date of retail purchase or lease by the original purchaser. The Company also offers extended warranties on its products for up to five years. The Company accrues estimated product warranty costs at the time of sale and any additional amounts are recorded when such costs are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Factors that affect the Company’s warranty liability include the number of units sold or leased, historical and anticipated rates of warranty repairs and the cost per repair. Warranty and related costs are reflected within sales, marketing and support in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued product warranty costs of $607 and $828, respectively. The followin g table summarizes product warranty activity during 2024 and 2023:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning balance | $ | 828 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |
Charges to expense | 665 |  |  | 947 |
Costs incurred | (886) |  |  | (1,406) |
Ending balance | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 828 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(n)Shipping and Handling Costs
Shipping and handling costs are expensed as incurred and included in cost of sales. Billings for shipping and handling are reflected within net sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(o)Research and Development
Expenditures for research and development are expensed as incurred.
(p)Advertising Costs
Costs related to advertising are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense was $491 and $580 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in sales, marketing, and support expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
(q)Foreign Currency Translation and Transaction
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in Denmark, Singapore and Cyprus are maintained using the United States dollar as the functional currency. Exchange rates in effect on the date of the transaction are used to record monetary assets and liabilities. Revenue and other expense elements are recorded at rates that approximate the rates in effect on the transaction dates. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are recognized within “other expense, net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded a total of net foreign currency exchange losses, which are comprised of both realized and unrealized foreign currency exchange losses and gains, in its accompanying consolidated statements of operations $(493) and $(33), respectively.
The financial statements of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries located in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Norway, India and Japan use the foreign subsidiaries’ respective local currencies as the functional currency. The Company translates the assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries at the exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Net sales, costs and expenses are translated using average exchange rates in effect during the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are credited or charged to accumulated other comprehensive loss included in stockholders' equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
(r)Income Taxes
The Company is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in numerous foreign jurisdictions. The Company accounts for income taxes following ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more likely than not that a position will be sustained, no amount of the benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized of any tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency.
The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes interest and penalties within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheets. See Note 7 for further discussion of income taxes.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(s)Net Loss per Common Share
Basic net loss per share is calculated based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per share incorporates the dilutive effect of common stock equivalent options, warrants and other convertible securities, if any, as determined in accordance with the treasury stock accounting method. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 since there was a net loss, the Company excluded all 987 and 1,419 shares, respectively, in outstanding stock options and non-vested restricted shares from its diluted loss per share calculation, as inclusion of these securities would have reduced the net loss per share.
A reconciliation of the basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding is as follows:

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic | 19,389 |  |  | 19,130 |
Dilutive common shares issuable in connection with stock plans | — |  |  | — |
Weighted average common shares outstanding—diluted | 19,389 |  |  | 19,130 |

(t)Contingent Liabilities
The Company estimates the amount of potential exposure it may have with respect to claims, assessments and litigation in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was not party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in management's opinion, was likely to materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. It is not always possible to predict the outcome of litigation, as it is subject to many uncertainties. Additionally, it is not always possible for management to make meaningful estimates of the potential loss or range of loss associated with such litigation.
(u)Operating Segments
The Company operates in one reportable segment. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is its President, Chief Executive Officer and Director.
The Company operates in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. Revenues are generated from international locations, primarily consisting of Singapore, Canada, South American countries, European Union countries and other European countries, and countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific, including India (see Note 10, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”).
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(v)Recently Issued Accounting Standards
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other standard setting bodies. Recently issued standards typically do not require adoption until a future effective date. Prior to their effective date, the Company evaluates the pronouncements to determine the potential effects of adoption on our consolidated financial statements.
Standards Implemented
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires a public entity to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The ASU does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates them, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The Company adopted ASU No. 2023-07 as of December 31, 2024. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, including disclosures.
Standards to be Implemented
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU apply to all entities that are subject to Topic 740, Income Taxes. The amendments require public business entities to disclose specific categories in their tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. These amendments also require all entities to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received, disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid, net of refunds received, are equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis. The adoption of ASU No. 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, including disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The standard requires public business entities to provide further disaggregated information of relevant expense captions within its consolidated statements of operations. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The standard may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The adoption will result in disclosure changes only.
There are no other recent accounting pronouncements that have been issued by the FASB that are not yet effective that the Company expects would have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, including disclosures.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(2)Marketable Securities
In the fourth quarter of 2024, the balance of our marketable securities held by Wells Fargo was liquidated and transferred to an interest-bearing account held by Bank of America, N.A.
Marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:

December 31, 2024 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

December 31, 2023 | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Money market mutual funds | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,477 |
Total marketable securities designated as available-for-sale | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 58,477 |

Interest income from marketable securities was $1,990 and $2,785 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(3)Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the first-in first-out costing method. Inventories as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 include the costs of material, labor, and factory overhead. Components of inventories consist of the following:

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Raw materials | $ | 15,379 |  |  | $ | 11,352 |
Work in process | 2,469 |  |  | 2,617 |
Finished goods | 5,105 |  |  | 5,077 |
| $ | 22,953 |  |  | $ | 19,046 |

In 2023, the Company recorded a $5,225 inventory write-down relating to the reduced demand for the Company’s hardware products. Please see Note 14 for additional details surrounding the future wind-down of the Company’s manufacturing activities.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(4)Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, net, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following:

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Land | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,833 |
Building and improvements | — |  |  | 18,839 |
Leasehold improvements | 336 |  |  | 445 |
Revenue-generating assets | 61,380 |  |  | 60,984 |
Machinery and equipment | 6,021 |  |  | 5,989 |
Office and computer equipment | 10,561 |  |  | 14,213 |
Motor vehicles | 31 |  |  | 31 |
| 78,329 |  |  | 103,334 |
Less accumulated depreciation | (51,315) |  |  | (55,654) |
| $ | 27,014 |  |  | $ | 47,680 |

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $12,891 and $13,204, respectively.
Certain revenue-generating hardware assets are utilized by the Company in the delivery of the Company’s airtime services, media, and other content.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the long-lived tangible assets related to the Company’s international subsidiaries were less than 10% of the Company’s long-lived tangible assets.
In the third quarter of 2024, the Company commenced its plan to sell the warehouse building and surface parking lot located at 75 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island (“75 Enterprise Center”). As of September 30, 2024, 75 Enterprise Center had a carrying value of approximately $7.8 million. The Company determined that all of the criteria to classify 75 Enterprise Center as held for sale had been met as of September 30, 2024. The estimated fair value was determined based upon the anticipated sales price of these assets based on current market conditions and assumptions made by management, less selling costs. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as the carrying value of 75 Enterprise Center at the time the asset for sale criteria were met exceeded the fair value less costs to sell.
Additionally, in the third quarter of 2024, the Company commenced its plan to sell the property, building, improvements, and land located at 50 Enterprise Center in Middletown, Rhode Island (“50 Enterprise Center”). As of September 30, 2024, 50 Enterprise Center had a carrying value of approximately $3.6 million. The Company determined that all of the criteria to classify 50 Enterprise Center as held for sale had been met as of September 30, 2024. The estimated fair value of 50 Enterprise Center exceeds its carrying value. In December 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to sell 50 Enterprise Center, subject to the buyer’s right to terminate the agreement during an inspection period. In January 2025, before the end of the inspection period, the Company received notice of termination from the buyer. 50 Enterprise Center remains held for sale as the Company continues to search for a suitable buyer.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(5)Commitments and Contingencies
The Company has certain operating leases and other commitments for satellite capacity, inventory, equipment, facilities, software and technology. The following reflects future minimum payments under operating leases and other commitments that have initial or remaining non-cancelable terms at December 31, 2024:

Years ending December 31, | Commitments (a)
2025 | $ | 26,997 |
2026 | 18,314 |
2027 | 456 |
2028 | 360 |
2029 | 124 |
Total minimum payments | $ | 46,251 |

(a) Includes the future minimum lease payments for the Company’s operating leases as described in Note 13.
Total rent expense incurred under facility operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $627 and $730, respectively. Total expense incurred under satellite capacity and equipment operating leases and other commitments for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $34,727 and $41,946, respectively, which also includes payments for usage charges in excess of the minimum contractual requirements.
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into unconditional purchase order obligations with its suppliers for inventory and other operational purchases. Outstanding and unconditional purchase order obligations were $2,270 as of December 31, 2024, all of which the Company expects to fulfill in 2025. The Company has determined that $919 of these obligations relate to excess purchase orders and the Company has recorded a purchase obligation accrual which had been charged to costs of product sales, net as of December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had certain satellite service capacity obligations that were not considered operating or financing leases under ASC 842. The Company did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements, guarantees, or standby repurchase obligations as of December 31, 2024.
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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(6)Stockholders’ Equity
The Company recognizes stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense was $2,019 and $2,044, excluding $7 and $34 of compensation charges related to our Amended and Restated 1996 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company is authorized to grant stock options, restricted stock awards and other stock-based awards under its Amended and Restated 2016 Equity and Incentive Plan (the 2016 Plan) with respect to up to 6,080 shares of common stock (excluding rollover shares), an increase of 1,280 shares reserved for issuance under the previous 2016 Plan as approved by our shareholders on June 8, 2022. Options have generally been granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant and have generally provided for vesting in equal annual amounts over four years beginning on the first anniversary of the date of the grant. No options are exercisable for periods of more than five years after date of grant. Under the 2016 Plan, each share issued under awards other than options and stock appreciation rights will reduce the number of shares reserved for issuance by two shares. Shares issued under options or stock appreciation rights will reduce the shares reserved for issuance on a share-for-share basis. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The 2016 Plan and earlier equity compensation plans, pursuant to which an aggregate of 15,495 shares of the Company’s common stock were reserved for issuance, were all approved by the Company’s shareholders. As of December 31, 2024, 1,453 shares were available for future grants. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the equity compensation plans, approves the individuals to whom awards will be granted and determines the number of shares and other terms of each award. Outstanding options under the Company’s equity compensation plans at December 31, 2024 expire from August 2025 through February 2029. None of the Company’s outstanding options includes performance-based or market-based vesting conditions as of December 31, 2024.
(a)Employee Stock Options
The Company has estimated the fair value of each option grant on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical daily price data of the Company’s common stock over a period equivalent to the weighted average expected life of the Company’s options. The expected term of options granted is derived using assumed exercise rates based on historical exercise patterns and represents the period of time the options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free interest rate is based on the actual U.S. Treasury zero-coupon rates for bonds matching the expected term of the option as of the option grant date. The dividend yield of zero is based upon the fact that the Company has not historically declared or paid cash dividends, and does not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.
The per share weighted-average fair values of stock options granted during 2024 and 2023 were $2.23 and $4.06, respectively. The weighted-average assumptions used to value options as of their grant date were as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Risk-free interest rate | 4.36 | % |  | 4.49 | %
Expected volatility | 48.63 | % |  | 43.93 | %
Expected life (in years) | 4.32 |  | 4.30
Dividend yield | 0 | % |  | 0 | %

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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
The changes in outstanding stock options for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 9.57 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 266 |  |  | $ | 5.03 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired, canceled or forfeited | (542) |  |  | $ | 9.62 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 | 954 |  |  | $ | 8.27 |  |  | 2.56 |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at December 31, 2024 | 410 |  |  | $ | 9.33 |  |  | 1.53 |  | $ | — |
Options vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2024 | 954 |  |  | $ | 8.27 |  |  | 2.56 |  | $ | — |

| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 1,751 |  |  | $ | 9.77 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 317 |  |  | $ | 9.81 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (274) |  |  | $ | 9.07 |  |  |  |  |
Expired, canceled or forfeited | (564) |  |  | $ | 10.58 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023 | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 9.57 |  |  | 2.67 |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at December 31, 2023 | 510 |  |  | $ | 9.56 |  |  | 1.63 |  | $ | — |
Options vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2023 | 1,230 |  |  | $ | 9.57 |  |  | 2.67 |  | $ | — |

No options were exercised during 2024. The total aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised in 2023 was $542.
As of December 31, 2024, there was $1,174 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.34 years. In 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded compensation charges of $710 and $774, respectively, related to stock options. Compensation costs for options subject only to service conditions that vest ratably are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. During 2024 and 2023, cash received under stock option plans for exercises was $0 and $2,480, respectively.
(b)Restricted Stock
The Company granted 207 and 217 restricted stock awards to employees under the terms of the 2016 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The restricted stock awards have generally provided for vesting annually over four years from the date of grant subject to the recipient remaining an employee through the applicable vesting dates. Compensation expense for restricted stock awards is measured at fair value on the date of grant based on the number of shares granted and the quoted market closing price of the Company’s common stock. Such value is recognized as expense over the vesting period of the award, net of forfeitures. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock granted during 2024 and 2023 was $4.82 and $9.49 per share, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
As of December 31, 2024, there was $1,609 of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.04 years. Compensation costs for awards subject only to service conditions that vest ratably are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Compensation cost for awards initially subject to certain performance conditions are recognized on a ratable basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. In 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded compensation charges of $1,310 and $1,270, respectively, related to restricted stock awards.
Restricted stock activity under the 2016 Plan for 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value
Outstanding at December 31, 2023, unvested | 355 |  |  | $ | 9.34 |
Granted | 207 |  |  | 4.82 |
Vested | (181) |  |  | 8.71 |
Forfeited | (61) |  |  | 8.53 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024, unvested | 320 |  |  | $ | 6.92 |

| Number of Shares |  | Weighted- average grant date fair value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022, unvested | 326 |  |  | $ | 9.30 |
Granted | 217 |  |  | 9.49 |
Vested | (116) |  |  | 9.21 |
Forfeited | (72) |  |  | 9.80 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2023, unvested | 355 |  |  | $ | 9.34 |

(c)Common Stock Repurchase
During 2024, no shares of common stock were repurchased. During 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of a portion of executive common stock. The company repurchased 23 shares of common stock held by executives at the Company to satisfy minimum tax withholding obligations in lieu of cash payment.
(d)Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Under the Company’s ESPP, an aggregate of 1,650 shares of common stock have been reserved for issuance, of which 735 shares remain available as of December 31, 2024.
The ESPP covers all of the Company’s employees. Under the terms of the ESPP, eligible employees can elect to have up to six percent of their pre-tax compensation withheld to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock on a semi-annual basis at 85% of the market price on the first or last day of each purchase period, whichever is lower. During 2024 and 2023, shares issued under this plan were 27 and 17 shares, respectively. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of these discounted purchases. The fair value of the 15% discount is recognized as compensation expense over the purchase period. The Company applies a graded vesting approach because the ESPP provides for multiple purchase periods and is, in substance, a series of linked awards. In 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded compensation charges of $7 and $34, respectively, related to the ESPP. During 2024 and 2023, cash received under the ESPP was $110 and $124, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(e)Stock-Based Compensation Expense
The following presents stock-based compensation expense, including expense for the ESPP, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

| 2024 |  | 2023
Cost of service sales | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 21 |
Cost of product sales | 23 |  |  | 34 |
Research and development | 378 |  |  | 567 |
Sales, marketing and support | 293 |  |  | 222 |
General and administrative | 1,304 |  |  | 1,234 |
| $ | 2,027 |  |  | $ | 2,078 |

(f) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (AOCL)
Comprehensive loss includes net loss and unrealized gains and losses from foreign currency translation. The components of the Company’s comprehensive loss and the effect on earnings for the periods presented are detailed in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

| Foreign Currency Translation |  | Unrealized (Loss) Income on Available for Sale Marketable Securities |  |  |  | Total Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | (4,098) |  |  | $ | (12) |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,110) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income | (87) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | (75) |
Net other comprehensive (loss) income | (87) |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  | (75) |
Balance, December 31, 2023 | (4,185) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (4,185) |
Other comprehensive income | 153 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 153 |
Net other comprehensive income | 153 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 153 |
Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | (4,032) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,032) |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(7) Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 attributable to loss from operations is presented below.

| Current |  | Deferred |  | Total
Year ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |
State | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Foreign | 274 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 391 |
| $ | 304 |  |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 421 |
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8) |
State | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Foreign | 356 |  |  | (42) |  |  | 314 |
| $ | 360 |  |  | $ | (42) |  |  | $ | 318 |

Actual income tax expense differs from the “expected” income tax expense computed by applying the United States Federal statutory income tax rate of 21% for both 2024 and 2023 to loss before income tax expense, as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Income tax benefit at Federal statutory income tax rate | $ | (2,232) |  |  | $ | (3,172) |
Increase (decrease) in income taxes resulting from: |  |  |
State income tax (expense) benefit, net of federal benefit | (48) |  |  | 971 |
State research and development, investment credits | 423 |  |  | 291 |
Non-deductible meals & entertainment | 31 |  |  | 13 |
Non-deductible stock compensation expense | 479 |  |  | 644 |
Non-deductible compensation under 162(m) | — |  |  | 49 |
Foreign exchange loss | 110 |  |  | — |
Foreign tax rate differential | 102 |  |  | 106 |
Federal research and development credits | — |  |  | 110 |
Uncertain tax positions | 51 |  |  | 55 |
Provision to tax return adjustments | (15) |  |  | 104 |
Change in valuation allowance | 1,344 |  |  | 3 |
Goodwill impairment | — |  |  | 1,157 |
Non-deductible foreign transaction taxes | 110 |  |  | — |
Other | 66 |  |  | (13) |
Income tax expense | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 318 |

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KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Loss before income tax expense determined by tax jurisdiction, are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
United States | $ | (10,392) |  |  | $ | (9,777) |
Foreign | (235) |  |  | (5,327) |
Total | $ | (10,627) |  |  | $ | (15,104) |

Deferred tax assets and liabilities for the periods presented consisted of the following:

| December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Accounts receivable, due to allowance for doubtful accounts | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 185 |
Inventories | 2,188 |  |  | 1,633 |
Operating loss carryforwards | 5,772 |  |  | 5,179 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 436 |  |  | 666 |
Property and equipment, due to difference in depreciation | 74 |  |  | 68 |
Research and development tax credit carryforwards | 5,852 |  |  | 5,852 |
Foreign tax credit carryforwards | 2,345 |  |  | 2,345 |
State tax credit carryforwards | 2,962 |  |  | 3,378 |
Capitalized research and development | 5,570 |  |  | 5,354 |
Warranty reserve | 130 |  |  | 177 |
Accrued expenses | 333 |  |  | 640 |
Lease liability | 244 |  |  | 215 |
Gross deferred tax assets | 26,018 |  |  | 25,692 |
Less valuation allowance | (23,179) |  |  | (21,835) |
Total deferred tax assets | 2,839 |  |  | 3,857 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property and equipment, due to differences in depreciation | (2,430) |  |  | (3,386) |
Right of use asset | (267) |  |  | (216) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (2,697) |  |  | (3,602) |
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 255 |
Deferred income tax asset | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 256 |
Deferred income tax liability | $ | (15) |  |  | $ | (1) |

As of December 31, 2024 the Company has federal and state tax loss carryforwards of approximately $25,952 and $3,574, respectively. The federal loss carryforward has no expiration date. The state losses expire through the year 2044. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards in the amount of $5,843 and other general business credits of $9 that expire in years 2029 through 2042. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards in the amount of $2,345 that expire in years 2026 through 2027. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had state research and development tax credit carryforwards in the amount of $3,641 that expire in years 2025 through 2031. The Company also had other state tax credit carryforwards of $109 available to reduce future state tax expense that expire in years 2024 through 2031.
The Company’s ability to utilize these net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards may be limited in the future if the Company experiences an ownership change pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 382. An ownership change occurs when the ownership percentages of 5% or greater stockholders change by more than 50% over a three-year period.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
In assessing the realizability of its net deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2024, the valuation increased by $1,343. The change was primarily the result of the current year loss and an increase in the inventory valuation reserve. As part of the Company’s analysis, the Company evaluated, among other factors, its recent history of generating tax losses and its near-term forecasts of future taxable income or losses.
As of December 31, 2024, unremitted foreign earnings, which were not significant, have been retained by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries for indefinite reinvestment. Upon repatriation of those earnings, in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company could be subject to state tax and withholding taxes payable to various foreign countries.
The Company establishes reserves for uncertain tax positions based on management’s assessment of exposure associated with tax deductions, permanent tax differences, and tax credits. The tax reserves are analyzed periodically and adjustments are made as events occur that warrant adjustment to the reserve. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
The aggregate changes in the total gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding penalties and interest, are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Unrecognized tax benefits as of January 1 | $ | 1,044 |  |  | $ | 1,482 |
Gross decrease in unrecognized tax benefits - prior year tax positions | — |  |  | (418) |
Gross decrease in unrecognized tax benefits due to currency fluctuations - prior year tax positions | (159) |  |  | — |
Lapse of statute of limitations | (14) |  |  | (20) |
Unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31 | $ | 871 |  |  | $ | 1,044 |

All unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, if recognized, would result in a reduction of the Company's effective tax rate.
The Company recorded interest and penalties of $80 and $74 in its consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Total accrued interest and penalties related to tax positions taken on our tax returns and included in non-current income taxes payable was approximately $431 and $366 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The timing of any resolution of income tax examinations is highly uncertain, as are the amounts and timing of any settlement payment. These events could cause fluctuations in the balance sheet classification of current and non-current assets and liabilities. The Company estimates that it is reasonably possible that the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2024 may decrease approximately $15 in the next twelve months as a result of a lapse of statutes of limitation and settlements with taxing authorities.
The Company’s tax jurisdictions include the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Cyprus, Norway, Brazil, Singapore, Japan, and India. In general, the statute of limitations with respect to the Company’s United States federal income taxes has expired for years prior to 2021, and the relevant state and foreign statutes vary. However, preceding years remain open to examination by United States federal and state and foreign taxing authorities to the extent of future utilization of net operating losses and research and development tax credits generated in each preceding year.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(8) Intangible Assets
Intangible assets arose from the purchase of distribution rights from Kognitive Networks Inc. in October 2023 and the purchase of KVH Industries Norway AS in September 2010. The assets that are related to the distribution rights from Kognitive Networks are being amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 years. The assets related to the purchase of KVH Industries Norway AS for acquired intellectual property are fully amortized as of December 31, 2024.
In January 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of certain subscriber relationships from a third party. This acquisition did not meet the definition of a business under ASC 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805)-Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The Company ascribed $100 of the initial purchase price to the acquired subscriber relationships definite-lived intangible assets with an initial estimated useful life of 10 years. Under the asset purchase agreement, the purchase price includes a component of contingent consideration under which the Company is required to pay a percentage of recurring revenues received from the acquired subscriber relationships through 2026 up to a maximum annual payment of $114. The amounts payable under the contingent consideration arrangement, if any, will be included in the measurement of the cost of the acquired subscriber relationships.
Acquired intangible assets are subject to amortization. The following table summarizes acquired intangible assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 38 |
Distribution rights | 1,250 |  |  | 460 |  |  | 790 |
Intellectual property | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
| $ | 3,585 |  |  | $ | 2,757 |  |  | $ | 828 |
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Subscriber relationships | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Distribution rights | 1,250 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 1,184 |
Intellectual property | 2,284 |  |  | 2,284 |  |  | — |
| $ | 3,545 |  |  | $ | 2,351 |  |  | $ | 1,194 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $407 and $234 for years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and was categorized as general and administrative expense.
As of December 31, 2024, the total weighted average remaining useful lives of the definite-lived intangible assets was 2.0 years.
Estimated future amortization expense for intangible assets recorded by the Company at December 31, 2024 is as follows:

Years ending December 31, | Amortization Expense
2025 | $ | 414 |
2026 | 414 |
Total amortization expense | $ | 828 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

| 2024
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | 1,194 |
Amortization expense | (407) |
Intangible assets acquired in asset acquisition | 40 |
Impairment | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | 1 |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | $ | 828 |

(9) 401(k) Plan
The Company has a 401(k) Plan (the Plan) for all eligible employees. Participants may defer a portion of their pre-tax or post-tax earnings subject to limits determined by the Internal Revenue Service. Participants age 50 or older may be eligible to make additional contributions. The Company matches contributions by the Plan participants up to 6%. The Company’s contributions vest over a five-year period from the date of hire. The Company matching contributions were $351 and $459 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, the Company may make additional contributions to the Plan at the discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. There were no discretionary contributions in 2024 and 2023.
(10) Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised products and services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these products and services.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following table summarizes net sales from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
Service - over time |  | 96,446 |  |  | 114,622 |
Product - point in time |  | 17,382 |  |  | 17,757 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 113,828 |  |  | $ | 132,379 |

For product sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations is generally transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, at a point in time. For service sales, the delivery of the Company’s performance obligations is transferred to the customer, and associated revenue is recognized, over time. Revenues for these service agreements are recognized over time using an output method based upon the passage of time, as this provides a faithful depiction of the pattern of transfer of control. The Company’s performance is impacted by the levels of activity in the marine and land mobile markets, among other factors. Performance in any particular period could be impacted by the timing of sales to certain large customers.
The Company offers a comprehensive family of mobile satellite antenna services and products that provide access to the
Internet, television, and VoIP services while on the move. Service sales of airtime service accounted for approximately 79% and 81% of the Company's consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively. The balance of service sales are comprised of distribution of commercially licensed entertainment and news, product repairs, and extended warranty sales. Product sales accounted for 15% and 13% of the Company’s consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively.
No other single product class accounts for 10% or more of consolidated net sales.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
The Company operates in a number of major geographic areas, including internationally. Revenues from international locations primarily include Singapore, Canada, South American countries, European Union countries and other European countries, and countries in Africa, the Middle East and Asia/Pacific, including India. Revenues are based upon customer location and revenues from international locations represented 73% and 68% of the Company’s consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Sales to Singapore customers represented 21% and 19% of the Company’s consolidated net sales for 2024 and 2023, respectively. No other individual foreign country represented 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated net sales for 2024 or 2023.
Business and Credit Concentrations
Concentrations of risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although the Company does not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of those individual customers. The Company establishes allowances for credit losses and evaluates, on a monthly basis, the adequacy of those reserves based upon expected losses, historical experience and its expectation for future collectability concerns.
One customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2024. No single customer accounted for 10% or more of consolidated net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023. One customer accounted for approximately 19% and 23% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. One customer accounted for 45% and 62% of long-term accounts receivable included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to sales-type leases at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Certain components from third parties used in the Company’s products are procured from single sources of supply. The failure of a supplier, including a subcontractor, to deliver on schedule could delay or interrupt the Company’s delivery of products and thereby materially adversely affect the Company’s revenues and operating results.
(11) Fair Value Measurements
ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (ASC 820), provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires expanded disclosures regarding fair value measurements. ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets are investments in money market mutual funds.
Level 2: Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; or observable prices that are based on observable market data, based on directly or indirectly market-corroborated inputs. The Company has no Level 2 assets or liabilities.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and are developed based on the best information available given the circumstances. The Company has no Level 3 assets.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on the valuation techniques identified in the table below.
The following table presents financial assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 for which the Company measures fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

December 31, 2024 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)
December 31, 2023 | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Valuation Technique
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market mutual funds | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | 58,477 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | (a)

(a)Market approach—prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets.
The carrying amount of certain financial instruments approximates fair value due to their short-term, highly liquid nature. These instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses. The carrying amount of the Company’s operating and financing lease liabilities approximates fair value based on currently available quoted rates of similarly structured borrowings.
Assets Measured and Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
The Company’s non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets resulting from business combinations, are measured at fair value using income approach valuation methodologies at the date of acquisition and subsequently re-measured if indications of impairment exist. During 2024, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $1,137 to long-lived assets. See Note 4 for additional details. During 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $5,990 to goodwill and long-lived assets. The Company does not have any liabilities that are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
(12) Legal Matters
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a party to inquiries, legal proceedings and claims including, from time to time, disagreements with vendors and customers. The Company is not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding that, in management’s opinion, is likely to materially harm the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(13) Leases
Lessee
The Company has operating leases for office facilities, equipment, and satellite service capacity and related equipment. Lease expense was $1,297 and $1,702 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Short-term operating lease costs were $95 and $130 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 under operating leases having an initial or remaining non-cancelable term of one year or more are as follows:

Years ending December 31, |
2025 | $ | 709 |
2026 | 267 |
2027 | 194 |
2028 and thereafter | 149 |
Total undiscounted lease payments | $ | 1,319 |
Less amount representing interest | $ | (90) |
Present value of operating lease liabilities | $ | 1,229 |
Less current installments of obligation under current-operating lease liabilities | $ | 660 |
Obligations under long-term operating lease liabilities, excluding current installments | $ | 569 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases (years) | 2.35
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 5.50 | %

Lessor
The Company enters into leases with certain customers primarily for the TracPhone and TracNet VSAT systems. These leases are classified as sales-type leases because title to the equipment transfers to the customer at the end of the lease term. The Company records the leases at a price typically equivalent to normal selling price and in excess of the cost or carrying amount. Upon delivery, the Company records the net present value of all payments under these leases as product revenue, and the related costs of the product are charged to cost of sales. Interest income is recognized throughout the lease term (typically three to five years) using an implicit interest rate. The sales-type leases do not have unguaranteed residual assets.
Upon adoption of ASC 842, the Company elected to apply the practical expedient provided to lessors to combine the lease and non-lease component of a contract where the revenue recognition pattern is the same and where the lease component, when accounted for separately, would be considered an operating lease. The practical expedient also allows a lessor to account for the combined lease and non-lease components under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, when the non-lease component is the predominant element of the combined component.
The current portion of the net investment in these leases was $3,021 as of December 31, 2024 and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases was $3,145 as of December 31, 2024. The current portion of the net investment in the leases is included in accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the non-current portion of the net investment in these leases is included in other non-current assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Interest income from sales-type leases was $463 and $644 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
The future undiscounted cash flows from these leases as of December 31, 2024 are:

2025 | $ | 3,344 |
2026 | 1,893 |
2027 | 1,050 |
2028 | 368 |
2029 | 80 |
Total undiscounted cash flows | $ | 6,735 |
Present value of lease payments | $ | 6,166 |
Difference between undiscounted cash flows and discounted cash flows | $ | 569 |

In 2021, the Company began entering into three-year leases for its TracPhone VSAT systems, in which ownership of the hardware does not transfer to the lessee by the end of the lease term. As a result, and in light of other factors indicated in ASC 842, these leases are classified as operating leases.
As of December 31, 2024, the gross costs and accumulated depreciation associated with these operating leases are included in revenue generating assets and amounted to $1,773 and $1,263, respectively. They are depreciated on a straight-line basis over a five-year estimated useful life. Depreciation expense for these assets was $371 and $376 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Lease revenue recognized was $341 and $553 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, in service sales in the statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2024, minimum future lease payments to be received on the operating leases are as follows:

2025 | 25 |
Total | $ | 25 |

(14) Restructuring
On February 9, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company voted to implement a staged wind-down of the Company’s manufacturing activities at its facility in Middletown, Rhode Island. The Board made this determination following a strategic review of the Company’s manufacturing operations, driven by reduced demand for the Company’s hardware products in the face of intensifying competition during the third and fourth quarters of 2023. The Board concluded that the Company should discontinue its capital-intensive manufacturing activities and concentrate its efforts on growing sales of its multi-orbit, multi-channel, integrated communications solutions, which in recent years have constituted the largest portion of the Company’s overall revenues.
The Company expects that it will continue its product manufacturing activities for a period of time in order to generate a targeted amount of inventory of maritime satellite connectivity and satellite television terminals to meet anticipated demand and that it will cease substantially all manufacturing activity at the Middletown, Rhode Island facility by the end of 2025. The Company expects to continue to facilitate customer transition to third-party hardware products compatible with the Company’s mobile satellite communications services. The Company also plans to continue to conduct maintenance, refurbishment service, warehousing, shipping and receiving activities at the Middletown, Rhode Island location.
As part of this restructuring, the Company reduced its headcount by approximately 75 employees, or approximately 20% of its total workforce as of the time the Company announced the restructuring. In 2024, the Company incurred aggregate severance charges of approximately $3.9 million, consisting of approximately $3.6 million of cash charges and approximately $0.3 million of non-cash charges arising from pre-existing contractual obligations to accelerate vesting of certain outstanding
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
equity compensation awards. For the aggregate severance charges of approximately $3.9 million, the Company recorded in its consolidated statement of operations $0.9 million in cost of product sales, $1.4 million in research and development, $0.7 million in sales, marketing and support, and $0.8 million in general and administrative.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(15) Segment Information
The Company manages its operations as a single operating segment for the purpose of assessing performance and making operating decisions, resulting in a single reportable segment. The Company has determined that its CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The CODM reviews the Company’s financial information on a consolidated basis for the purpose of allocating resources and assessing financial performance.
The key measure of segment profit or loss that the CODM uses to allocate resources and assess performance is the Company’s consolidated net income (loss). This is reviewed against budgeted expectations to assess segment performance and allocate resources. The Company’s segment net income for 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Sales: |  |  |
Service | $ | 96,446 |  |  | $ | 114,622 |
Product | 17,382 |  |  | 17,757 |
Net Sales | 113,828 |  |  | 132,379 |
Cost of service sales |  |  |
VSAT airtime | 52,980 |  |  | 63,274 |
LEO airtime | 4,883 |  |  | 75 |
Other (1) | 2,139 |  |  | 2,013 |
| 60,002 |  |  | 65,362 |
Cost of product sales |  |  |
VSAT | 2,565 |  |  | 3,441 |
LEO | 6,120 |  |  | 1,668 |
TracVision & land mobile | 3,301 |  |  | 4,948 |
Other (2) | 6,621 |  |  | 19,092 |
| 18,607 |  |  | 29,149 |
Research and development |  |  |
Personnel costs | 7,109 |  |  | 7,319 |
Professional fees | 191 |  |  | 310 |
Other (3) | 1,139 |  |  | 1,770 |
| 8,439 |  |  | 9,399 |
Sales, marketing and support |  |  |
Personnel costs | 14,400 |  |  | 13,541 |
Professional fees | 852 |  |  | 741 |
Other (4) | 5,761 |  |  | 6,643 |
| 21,013 |  |  | 20,925 |
General and administrative |  |  |
Personnel costs | 9,448 |  |  | 9,246 |
Professional fees | 2,475 |  |  | 3,494 |
Other (5) | 4,590 |  |  | 6,159 |
| 16,513 |  |  | 18,899 |
Goodwill impairment charge | — |  |  | 5,333 |
Long-lived asset impairment charge | 1,137 |  |  | 657 |
Other segment items (6) | (835) |  |  | (1,923) |
Net loss | $ | (11,048) |  |  | $ | (15,422) |

(1)Includes costs related to Inmarsat, service activations, content service, CommBox Edge and other miscellaneous
(2)Includes costs related to obsolete inventory write-off, excess purchase order obligations and other miscellaneous
(3)Includes facilities and other less significant expenses
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Table of Contents
KVH INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - (Continued)
December 31, 2024 and 2023
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(4)Includes marketing expenses, external commissions, travel and entertainment, facilities expense, warranty expense and other less significant expenses
(5)Includes the discontinuation of a construction-in-progress project, TSA reimbursements, financing fees, facilities expense, computer expenses, depreciation and amortization and other less significant expenses
(6)Other segment items includes interest income (expense), net; other expense, net; and income tax expense line items on the face of the income statement
Regarding the Company's long-lived assets of $28,375, $4,516 of these assets are located inside of the United States, while the remaining $23,859 are located outside of the United States. Regarding the assets located outside of the United States, $7,643 are located in Singapore. The geographic location of the Company's AgilePlans revenue-generating assets has been determined based upon the customer shipping address.
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