b) Principles of consolidation

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and subsidiaries of VIE for which the Company is the primary beneficiary.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power, has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors, or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

A consolidated VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, bears the risks of and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

d) Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its overseas subsidiaries which incorporated in the Cayman Islands and Hong Kong is United States dollars (“US$”). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC entities is RMB.

In the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and other entities located outside of the PRC have been translated into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, and expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the period. Translation adjustments are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments, and are shown as a component of other comprehensive loss in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in foreign exchange gains in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

f) Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Cash and cash equivalents mainly represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with large reputable banks in China, and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase with terms of three months or less. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, there were cash at bank denominated in US dollars amounting to approximately US$18.2 million (RM129.3 million) and US$7.8 million (RMB55.8 million), respectively, and denominated in RMB amounting to approximately RMB114.1 million and RMB77.3 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Group had approximately RMB124.4 million and RMB89.9 million, cash and cash equivalents held by its PRC subsidiaries and VIE, representing 51.1% and 67.5% of total cash and cash equivalents of the Group, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Group had RMB5.0 million and RMB5.0 million restricted cash, respectively. Restricted cash primarily represents cash deposits in a regulatory escrow account related to insurance transaction services. Restricted cash is classified into current and non-current assets based on the maturities of term deposits. The Group had no other lien arrangements for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Expected credit losses of receivables

h) Expected credit losses of receivables

The Group’s accounts receivable and other receivables (included in “prepayments and other current assets”) are within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326. To estimate current expected credit losses, the Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables and other receivables which include size, type of the services the Group provides, or a combination of these characteristics.

Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Group considers the past collection experience, any changes in customer collection trends, the credit worthiness of customers, the contractual and customary payment terms that generally range from 30 to 180 days, current economic conditions, and expectation of future economic conditions (external data and macroeconomic factors). Accounts receivable balances are written off (i.e., charged-off against the allowance) when they are determined to be uncollectible after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Accounts receivable is recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Group’s accounts receivable consists primarily of receivables from insurance transaction services customers. The Group recorded current expected credit loss expense of approximately RMB0.5 million and RMB1.4 million for the six months period ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Intangible assets, net

j) Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets mainly consist of software, licenses, agency agreements and channel relationship. Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Licenses, agency agreements and channel relationship acquired in a business combination were recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. Identifiable intangible assets are carried at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss, if any. Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

Software	3-5 years
Licenses	10 years
Agency agreements	2 years
Channel relationship	2 years

Licenses comprise insurance brokerage licenses, which has an estimated useful life of 10 years (the “Amortization Period”), which represent the time periods that the Group expects these assets will generate economic benefits to the Group’s business. The licenses have a term of validity of 5 years or longer, and are subject to certain administrative renewal at the relevant government authorities upon expiry. The renewal criteria for licenses are the same as the criteria when applying for these licenses. The Group assesses that it can continue to meet these criteria throughout the Amortization Period and these licenses will be renewed upon expiry. Agency agreements comprise contractual relationship with referral partners, which have an estimated useful life of 2 years. Channel relationship comprises customer relationship with insurance carriers, which have an estimated useful life of 2 years.

Goodwill

l) Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. The Group’s goodwill at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024 were related to its acquisition of Cheche Insurance (previously named “Fanhua Times Sales and Service Co., Ltd.” or “Fanhua Times”) in October 2017. In accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

l) Goodwill (Continued)

Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least on an annual basis at the balance sheet date (December 31 for the Group) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances include a significant change in stock prices, business environment, legal factors, financial performances, competition, or events affecting the reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimation of fair value of reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology also requires significant judgements, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for the Company’s business and determination of the Company’s weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

Management has determined that the Group represents the lowest level within the entity at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. Starting from January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2017-04, which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, and in accordance with the FASB, pursuant to which the Group has the option to choose whether it will apply a qualitative assessment first and then a quantitative assessment, if necessary, or to apply a quantitative assessment directly. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than zero and its fair value exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. Based on the impairment assessment, management determined that no impairment loss was recorded for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024. At December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, goodwill was RMB84.6 million and RMB84.6 million, respectively.

Revenue recognition

n) Revenue recognition

Revenue is the transaction price the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for the promised services in a contract in the common course of the Group’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). The services to be accounted for mainly include insurance transaction services, SaaS and technical service and other services.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

n) Revenue recognition (Continued)

The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, the Group applies the following steps:

	●	Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

	●	Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

	●	Step 3: Determine the transaction price

	●	Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

	●	Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

Insurance Transaction Services Income

The main source of revenue is insurance transaction services fee directly from (i) insurance carriers who underwrite insurance policies and (ii) insurance intermediaries who directly transact with insurance carriers, both determined based on a percentage of premium paid by the insured. The service fee rate paid by the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries, shall be based on the terms specified in the service contract with the insurance carriers or with the insurance intermediaries for each insurance policy sold through the Group’s online platform and mobile applications in the PRC. The Group determines that the insurance carrier or insurance intermediary, are its customer in these agreements. Insurance transaction services revenue for the commission earned is recognized at a point in time when the Company has fulfilled its performance obligation. This occurs when the signed insurance policy is in place and the premium is collected by the insurance carriers from the insured.

SaaS and technical service income

The Group provides SaaS services to selected insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries. This cloud-based services allow insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries to use the Group’s self-developed SaaS management system without taking possession of its software. The Group has determined that the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries as customers and initially records services fee as contract liabilities upon receipt and then recognizes the revenue on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is usually one year.

The Group also provides technical service to third-party companies. The Group charges third-party companies service fee for developing software for them. Technical service revenue is recognized based on cost-to-cost input method of measuring progress upon the completion of each service.

Other Services

The Group provides customer service to third-party companies. The Group satisfies its performance obligation through delivering consulting service to the third-party companies’ customers and receives service fee from these third-party companies. Customer service revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the contract when the service is provided, which is usually within 1 year.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

n) Revenue recognition (Continued)

Contract Balances and Accounts Receivable

Contract liabilities primarily consist of customer advances which relates to the payments received for SaaS and technical service in advance of performance under the contract. The increase in contract liabilities over the periods presented was a result of the increase in consideration received from the Group’s customers, which was in line with the growth of revenues in SaaS and technical service. Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied within one year.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, the Group recognized revenue amounted to RMB0.5 million and RMB2.6 million, respectively that was included in the corresponding opening contract liabilities balance of RMB0.9 million and RMB4.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, the Group did not have any arrangement where the performance obligations has already been satisfied in the past year but recognized the corresponding revenue in the current period.

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from insurance transaction services customers, when the Group has satisfied its performance obligations and has the unconditional right to payment. They are carried at net realizable value. Please see Note 4 for additional information.

Practical Expedients

The Group has elected to use the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC Topic 606:

(i) Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of prepayment or payment within one year or less. The Group has determined that its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.

(ii) Costs to obtain a contract with a customer were expensed as incurred when the amortization period would have been one year or less.

Research and development expenses

p) Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses mainly consist of salary and welfare benefits, share-based compensation expenses and subcontracted development expenses incurred for the development and enhancement to the Company’s online platform including SaaS platform, and mobile applications.

General and administrative expenses

r) General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of share-based compensation expenses, salary and welfare benefits, professional service fees, amortization expenses and related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, legal and human resources; and costs associated with use by these functions of facilities and equipment, such as traveling and general expenses.

Leases

t) Leases

The Group determines if an arrangement is a lease and determines the classification of the lease, as either operating or finance, at commencement. The Group has operating leases for office buildings and has no finance leases as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term at commencement date.

As the Group’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, an incremental borrowing rate is used based on the information available at the commencement date, to determine the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate approximates the rate the Group would pay to borrow in the currency of the lease payments for the weighted-average life of the lease.

The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and exclude lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred if any. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Group’s lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately based on their relative standalone price.

The Company elect to utilize the short-term lease recognition exemption and, for those leases that qualified, the Group did not recognize operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets or operating lease liabilities.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Employee benefits

v) Employee benefits

PRC Contribution Plan

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to the employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE of the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total balances of employee welfare benefits, including the accruals for estimated underpaid amounts, were approximately RMB56.2 million and RMB60.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

Related parties

x) Related parties

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.

Statutory reserves

z) Statutory reserves

In accordance with China’s Company Laws, the Company’s VIE and subsidiaries of VIE in the PRC must make appropriations from their after-tax profit, if any (as determined under the accounting principles generally acceptable in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC GAAP”)), after offsetting accumulated losses from prior years, to non-distributable reserve funds including (i) statutory surplus fund and (ii) discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective entity. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the respective entity.

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

z) Statutory reserves (Continued)

Pursuant to the laws applicable to China’s Foreign Investment Enterprises, the Company’s subsidiaries that are foreign investment enterprises in China have to make appropriations from their after-tax profit (as determined under PRC GAAP) to reserve funds including (i) general reserve fund, (ii) enterprise expansion fund and (iii) staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective entity. Appropriations to the other two reserve funds are at the respective entities’ discretion.

The Group has not appropriated any amount to statutory reserves for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, because the Company’s subsidiary, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE were in the position of accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

Segment reporting

bb) Segment reporting

The Group uses the management approach in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making operating decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source for determining the Group’s reportable segments. Management has determined that the Group operates in one segment, as that term is defined by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment reporting.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

dd) Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Group qualifies as an “emerging growth company”, or EGC, pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. As an EGC, the Group does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. ASU 2023-06 modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of Topics in the Codification. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements. Because of the variety of Topics amended, a broad range of entities may be affected by one or more of those amendments. Many of the amendments allow users to more easily compare entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosures with those entities that were not previously subject to the SEC’s requirements. Also, the amendments align the requirements in the Codification with the SEC’s regulations. For entities subject to the SEC’s existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. For all other entities, the amendments will be effective two years later. The amendments in this update should be applied prospectively. For all entities, if by June 30, 2027, the SEC has not removed the applicable requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K, the pending content of the related amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. The Group is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures.” This standard provides guidance to improve the disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and address requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted, and the disclosures in this standard are required to be applied on a retrospective basis. The Group is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” This standard requires disaggregated income tax disclosures on the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. For public business entities, this standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 31, 2024. For non-public business entities, this standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted, and the disclosures in this standard are required to be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

2 Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

dd) Recently issued accounting pronouncements (Continued)

In March 2024, the SEC adopted its rules covering climate-related disclosures which require registrants to provide certain climate-related disclosures in registrants’ SEC filings. The rules require registrants to disclose strategy, governance, risk management, targets and goals, greenhouse gas emissions, and financial statement effects. On April 4, 2024, the SEC voluntarily stayed its final climate rules pending the completion of judicial review thereof by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The Group is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.