10-Q 1 nnbr-09302018x10q.htm 10-Q
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 000-23486

NN, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 62-1096725
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

6210 Ardrey Kell Road
Charlotte, North Carolina 28277
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(980) 264-4300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☒
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of November 1, 2018, there were 42,104,207 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

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NN, Inc.
INDEX

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 42
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION | 44
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 45
Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 45
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 45
Item 5. | Other Information | 45
Item 6. | Exhibits | 46
SIGNATURES | 47

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. | Financial Statements

NN, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(Unaudited)
Amounts in thousands of dollars, except per share data

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 205,683 |  |  | $ | 148,156 |  |  | $ | 571,180 |  |  | $ | 463,658 |
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  | 156,408 |  |  | 111,272 |  |  | 431,492 |  |  | 340,266 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  | 22,480 |  |  | 16,985 |  |  | 71,298 |  |  | 51,630 |
Acquisition related costs excluded from selling, general and administrative expense |  | 597 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 5,810 |  |  | 619 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 21,259 |  |  | 13,384 |  |  | 51,798 |  |  | 39,006 |
Other operating income, net |  | (733 | ) |  | — |  |  | (638 | ) |  | (270 | )
Restructuring and integration expense (adjustments), net |  | (209 | ) |  | 345 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 362 |
Income from operations |  | 5,881 |  |  | 5,551 |  |  | 9,283 |  |  | 32,045 |
Interest expense |  | 18,608 |  |  | 12,739 |  |  | 46,592 |  |  | 39,916 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 6,624 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,562 |  |  | 39,639 |
Derivative gain on change in interest rate swap fair value |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | — |  |  | (14 | )
Other (income) expense, net |  | 308 |  |  | (755 | ) |  | 1,882 |  |  | (1,192 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | (19,659 | ) |  | (6,406 | ) |  | (58,753 | ) |  | (46,304 | )
Benefit for income taxes |  | 5,609 |  |  | 1,724 |  |  | 12,732 |  |  | 14,204 |
Share of net income from joint venture |  | 266 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | 4,139 |
Loss from continuing operations |  | (13,784 | ) |  | (3,480 | ) |  | (44,277 | ) |  | (27,961 | )
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 129,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 140,195 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  | $ | 125,961 |  |  | $ | (44,277 | ) |  | $ | 112,234 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reclassification adjustment for discontinued operations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,243 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (9,243 | )
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) |  | (4,193 | ) |  | 6,411 |  |  | (14,509 | ) |  | 21,027 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (4,193 | ) |  | $ | (2,832 | ) |  | $ | (14,509 | ) |  | $ | 11,784 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (17,977 | ) |  | $ | 123,129 |  |  | $ | (58,786 | ) |  | $ | 124,018 |
Basic net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from continuing operations per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | (1.02 | )
Income from discontinued operations per share |  | — |  |  | 4.70 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.12 |
Net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |  |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  | 28,688 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 27,784 |  |  | 27,403 |
Diluted net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss from continuing operations per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | (1.02 | )
Income from discontinued operations per share |  | — |  |  | 4.70 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.12 |
Net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |  |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  | 28,688 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 27,784 |  |  | 27,403 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NN, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet s
(Unaudited)
Amounts in thousands of dollars

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 17,789 |  |  | $ | 224,446 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | 149,982 |  |  | 108,446 |
Inventories |  | 124,109 |  |  | 82,617 |
Income tax receivable |  | 39,357 |  |  | 43,253 |
Other current assets |  | 22,735 |  |  | 18,518 |
Total current assets |  | 353,972 |  |  | 477,280 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | 352,138 |  |  | 259,280 |
Goodwill |  | 624,455 |  |  | 454,612 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 384,683 |  |  | 237,702 |
Investment in joint venture |  | 39,324 |  |  | 39,822 |
Other non-current assets |  | 8,750 |  |  | 6,307 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,763,322 |  |  | $ | 1,475,003 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 66,302 |  |  | $ | 52,990 |
Accrued salaries, wages and benefits |  | 27,921 |  |  | 21,145 |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | 31,726 |  |  | 17,283 |
Other current liabilities |  | 23,854 |  |  | 17,003 |
Total current liabilities |  | 149,803 |  |  | 108,421 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  | 102,195 |  |  | 71,564 |
Non-current income tax payable |  | — |  |  | 5,593 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | 843,520 |  |  | 790,805 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 26,770 |  |  | 12,516 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,122,288 |  |  | 988,899 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |  |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 641,034 |  |  | 486,104 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,763,322 |  |  | $ | 1,475,003 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NN, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
Amounts in thousands of dollars and shares

|  | Number of shares |  | Par value |  | Additional paid in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | Total
Balance, December 31, 2017 |  | 27,572 |  |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 292,494 |  |  | $ | 211,080 |  |  | $ | (17,745 | ) |  | $ | 486,104 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (44,277 | ) |  | — |  |  | (44,277 | )
Cash dividends declared |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5,835 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,835 | )
Shares issued |  | 14,375 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 217,168 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 217,312 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 165 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3,423 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,425 |
Shares issued for option exercises |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 274 |
Restricted shares and performance shares forgiven for taxes and forfeited |  | (35 | ) |  | — |  |  | (723 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (723 | )
Change in estimate of performance share vesting |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (802 | ) |  | 49 |  |  | — |  |  | (753 | )
Foreign currency translation loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,509 | ) |  | (14,509 | )
Adoption of new accounting standard (Note 1) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |
Balance, September 30, 2018 |  | 42,104 |  |  | $ | 421 |  |  | $ | 511,834 |  |  | $ | 161,033 |  |  | $ | (32,254 | ) |  | $ | 641,034 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NN, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
Amounts in thousands of dollars

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (44,277 | ) |  | $ | 112,234 |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used by) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of continuing operations |  | 51,798 |  |  | 39,006 |  |
Depreciation and amortization of discontinued operations |  | — |  |  | 7,722 |  |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 3,631 |  |  | 3,237 |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 19,562 |  |  | 39,639 |  |
Share of net income from joint venture, net of cash dividends received |  | (1,744 | ) |  | 17 |  |
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax and cost to sell |  | — |  |  | (123,010 | ) |
Compensation expense from issuance of share-based awards |  | 2,623 |  |  | 3,220 |  |
Deferred income taxes |  | (14,737 | ) |  | 70 |  |
Other |  | 255 |  |  | (123 | ) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (19,656 | ) |  | (14,867 | ) |
Inventories |  | (18,207 | ) |  | (10,328 | ) |
Accounts payable |  | 3,733 |  |  | (3,317 | ) |
Income taxes receivable and payable, net |  | (1,681 | ) |  | (19,409 | ) |
Other |  | 5,485 |  |  | (2,765 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used by) operating activities |  | (13,215 | ) |  | 31,326 |  |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment |  | (46,998 | ) |  | (31,674 | ) |
Cash paid to acquire businesses, net of cash received |  | (399,011 | ) |  | — |  |
Short term investment |  | — |  |  | (8,000 | ) |
Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold |  | — |  |  | 371,436 |  |
Other |  | 650 |  |  | 1,184 |  |
Net cash provided by (used by) investing activities |  | (445,359 | ) |  | 332,946 |  |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for debt issuance or prepayment costs |  | (20,703 | ) |  | (38,130 | ) |
Dividends paid |  | (5,812 | ) |  | (5,764 | ) |
Proceeds from issuance of common shares |  | 217,435 |  |  | — |  |
Proceeds from long-term debt |  | 288,594 |  |  | 317,000 |  |
Repayment of long-term debt |  | (234,000 | ) |  | (301,313 | ) |
Proceeds from (repayments of) short-term debt, net |  | 10,474 |  |  | (3,968 | ) |
Other |  | (3,161 | ) |  | (490 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used by) financing activities |  | 252,827 |  |  | (32,665 | ) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash flows |  | (910 | ) |  | 1,368 |  |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  | (206,657 | ) |  | 332,975 |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  | 224,446 |  |  | 14,405 |  | (1)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 17,789 |  |  | $ | 347,380 |  |

(1) | Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2016, includes $8.1 million of cash and cash equivalents that were included in current assets of discontinued operations.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we had noncash additions to property, plant and equipment of approximately $15.6 million.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NN, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Amounts in thousands of dollars and shares, except per share data
Note 1. Interim Financial Statements
Nature of Business
NN, Inc., is a global diversified industrial company that combines advanced engineering and production capabilities with in-depth materials science expertise to design and manufacture high-precision components and assemblies for the medical, aerospace and defense, electrical, automotive and general industrial markets. As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “NN,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” refer to NN, Inc., and its subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2018, we had 51 facilities in North America, Europe, South America and China.
In January 2018, we implemented a new enterprise and management structure designed to accelerate growth and further balance our portfolio by aligning our strategic assets and businesses. Our businesses were reorganized into the Mobile Solutions, Power Solutions, and Life Sciences groups and are based principally on the end markets they serve. The Autocam Precision Components Group reported in our historical financial statements was renamed as Mobile Solutions. The Mobile Solutions group is focused on growth in the general industrial and automotive end markets. The Precision Engineered Products Group reported in our historical financial statements was bifurcated into two new groups – Power Solutions and Life Sciences. The Power Solutions group is focused on growth in the electrical and aerospace and defense end markets. The Life Sciences group is focused on growth in the medical end market.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have not been audited, except that the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2017, was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the “2017 Annual Report”), which we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), on April 2, 2018. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. Historical periods presented reflect reclassifications to reflect discontinued operations (see Note 2). Historical periods also reflect revisions that we disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report (see Note 17). In management’s opinion, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments necessary to fairly state our results of operations for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017; financial position as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017; and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, on a basis consistent with our audited consolidated financial statements other than the adoption of new accounting standards, such as revenue recognition. These adjustments are of a normal recurring nature and are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position and operating results for the interim periods.
Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted from the interim financial statements presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in the 2017 Annual Report. The results for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of results for the year ending December 31, 2018, or any other future periods.
Except for per share data or as otherwise indicated, all dollar amounts presented in the tables in these Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are in thousands.
Prior Periods’ Financial Statement Revision
As disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report, we identified various misstatements in our previously issued 2016 and 2015 annual financial statements and interim periods in 2016 and 2017. These prior period errors related primarily to (i) accounting for income and franchise taxes, (ii) accounting for the gain on the disposition of a business, (iii) accounting for indemnification assets related to a prior acquisition, (iv) accounting for foreign currency transactions, (v) accounting for the translation of foreign subsidiary assets and joint venture, and (vi) other immaterial errors, including errors that had previously been adjusted for as out of period corrections in the periods identified. We assessed the materiality of the misstatements on prior periods’ financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) Topic 1.M, Materiality, codified in Accounting
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Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, (“ASC 250”) and concluded that the misstatements were not material to any prior annual or interim periods.
In accordance with ASC 250 (SAB Topic 1.N, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements), we revised our previously issued 2016 and 2015 annual financial statements in our 2017 Annual Report. Accordingly, in connection with this Quarterly Report, we are revising our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, the related notes, and other financial information for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, to correct for those misstatements that impacted such period. Refer to Note 17 for reconciliations between as originally reported and as revised quarterly amounts.
Accounting Standards Recently Adopted
Revenue Recognition. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“ASC 606”). We adopted ASC 606 utilizing the modified retrospective transition method. Under this transition method, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2018, and applied the new standard beginning with the most current period presented to contracts that were not completed at the date of initial application. The adoption adjustment, which was less than $0.1 million, represents the net profit on certain contracts that were accounted for on a consignment basis under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, (“ASC 605”) Under ASC 605, a sale was not recognized under these consignment contracts until the inventory was used by our customers. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized earlier since the transfer of control to our customers occurs upon shipment from our facilities as our customers have obtained the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all the remaining benefits from, the asset. Comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. We expect the impact of the adoption of the new standard to be immaterial to our results of operations on an ongoing basis. See Note 13 for the required disclosures related to the impact of adopting ASC 606 and a discussion of our updated policies related to revenue recognition and accounting for costs to obtain and fulfill a customer contract.
Definition of a Business. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which changes the definition of a business. The new guidance requires an entity to first evaluate whether substantially all the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If that threshold is met, the set of assets and activities is not a business. If the threshold is not met, the entity evaluates whether the set meets the definition of a business. The new definition requires a business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in the new revenue recognition guidance. The new guidance was effective for us beginning on January 1, 2018. We have applied the new definition of a business prospectively to all business combination transactions that occurred in 2018. The new guidance will have no effect on our historical financial statements.
Statement of Cash Flows. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force). This guidance provides clarification on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified on the statement of cash flows, with focus on eight specific areas in which cash flows have, in practice, been presented inconsistently. The guidance was effective for NN beginning January 1, 2018, and is required to be adopted using a retrospective approach if practicable.
The new cash flow guidance requires that cash payments for debt prepayment costs be classified as cash outflows for financing activities. We paid $31.6 million for debt prepayment costs in April 2017. These debt prepayment costs were previously classified as cash used by operating activities in 2017. Under the new guidance, these costs are reclassified to cash used by financing activities when these comparable periods are presented in future filings.
The new guidance also requires entities to make an accounting policy election regarding classification of distributions received from equity method investees. Existing guidance does not currently address how an entity should determine which distributions represent returns on versus returns of investment. The lack of specific guidance has resulted in diversity in practice. The two allowable approaches are the “cumulative earnings” approach and the “nature of the distribution” approach, as defined by ASU 2016-15. Upon adoption of the new guidance on January 1, 2018, we utilized the cumulative earnings approach for classifying distributions received from our joint venture investment (see Note 8). This policy election is consistent with our historical accounting.
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Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. ASU 2016-02 creates Topic 842, Leases, (“ASC 842”) in the ASC and supersedes ASC 840, Leases. Entities that hold numerous equipment and real estate leases, in particular those with numerous operating leases, will be most affected by the new guidance. The lease accounting standard is effective for NN beginning January 1, 2019, with modified retrospective adoption required and early adoption permitted. We intend to utilize the practical expedient to recognize a cumulative-effect adoption adjustment to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019, and not adjust comparative periods. The adoption of ASC 842 is expected to impact our balance sheet by adding lease-related assets and liabilities. The loan covenants in our credit facility provide for the continuation of covenant computations in accordance with GAAP prior to changes in accounting principles. Therefore, we do not expect the adoption of ASC 842 to affect our compliance. We have performed inquiries within each of our business groups and compiled information on operating and capital leases. We are using the results of these inquiries and compiled information to evaluate the impacts of the lease accounting standard on our financial position, results of operations, and related disclosures. Upon adoption, we expect to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for nearly all our leases that are currently classified as operating leases and are therefore not recorded on the balance sheet. We are implementing an enterprise-wide lease accounting system and are in the process of loading and verifying data in the system that will enable us to estimate the amounts of those assets and liabilities. We have reviewed all leases and are in the process of reviewing our documentation and conclusions to generate the initial accounting entries upon adoption of the standard. We expect the right-of-use asset and lease liability to exceed $50 million each.
Goodwill. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, that eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill (i.e., Step 2 of the current goodwill impairment test) to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value (i.e., measure the charge based on the current Step 1 test). The standard is effective for us beginning with impairment tests performed on or after January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact this new guidance is expected to have on our financial position or results of operations and related disclosures.
Effects of Tax Reform in Other Comprehensive Income. In February 2018, the FASB issued guidance related to the impacts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Act”). Under existing U.S. GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax expense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in AOCI. The FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, that permits reclassification of certain income tax effects of the Act from AOCI to retained earnings. The guidance also requires certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. ASU 2018-02 is effective for us on January 1, 2019, with early adoption in any period permitted. Entities may adopt the guidance using either at the beginning of the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. We are in the process of evaluating adoption method and the effects of this new guidance on our financial statements.
Fair Value Disclosures. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, that modifies fair value disclosure requirements. The new guidance could impact us by streamlining disclosures of Level 3 fair value measurements. The modified disclosures are effective for NN beginning in the first quarter of 2020, with early adoption allowed. ASU 2018-13 changes only disclosures and does not impact our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. We are in the process of evaluating the effects of this guidance on our fair value disclosures.
Internal-Use Software. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force), that provides guidance on a customer’s accounting for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is hosted by the vendor. Under the new guidance, customers will apply the same criteria for capitalizing implementation costs as they would for an arrangement that has a software license. ASU 2018-15 is effective for us on January 1, 2020, using either a prospective or retrospective approach and with early adoption permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the effects of this guidance on our financial statements and on cloud computing arrangements that we may enter before the required effective date.
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Note 2. Discontinued Operations
On August 17, 2017, we completed the sale of our global precision bearing components business (the “PBC Business”). The PBC Business included all our facilities that were engaged in the production of precision steel balls, steel rollers, and metal retainers and automotive specialty products used primarily in the bearing industry. The sale of the PBC Business furthers management’s long-term strategy to build a diversified industrial business with a comprehensive geographic footprint in attractive high-growth market segments. The PBC Business represented all of the Precision Bearing Components Group reportable segment disclosed in our historical financial statements.
In accordance with ASC 205-20, Presentation of Financial Statements – Discontinued Operations, the operating results of the PBC Business for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, are classified as discontinued operations. The presentation of discontinued operations includes revenues and expenses of the discontinued operations, net of tax, as one line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). All historical Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) presented have been revised to reflect this presentation. Accordingly, results of the PBC Business have been excluded from continuing operations and group results for all periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes unless otherwise stated. The Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, includes cash flows of the PBC Business in each line item unless otherwise stated.
The following table summarizes the major line items included in the results of operations of the discontinued operations.

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Net sales | $ | 31,600 |  |  | $ | 168,287 |
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) | 26,070 |  |  | 130,555 |
Selling, general and administrative expense | 2,466 |  |  | 11,587 |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,611 |  |  | 7,722 |
Restructuring and integration expense | — |  |  | 429 |
Income from operations | 1,453 |  |  | 17,994 |
Interest income (expense) | 7 |  |  | (181 | )
Other income (expense) | (66 | ) |  | (84 | )
Income from discontinued operations before gain on disposal and provision for income taxes | 1,394 |  |  | 17,729 |
Provision for income taxes | 5,362 |  |  | (219 | )
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before gain on disposal | 6,756 |  |  | 17,510 |
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations | 208,896 |  |  | 208,896 |
Provision for income taxes on gain on disposal | (86,211 | ) |  | (86,211 | )
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | $ | 129,441 |  |  | $ | 140,195 |

The following table presents the significant noncash items and cash paid for capital expenditures of discontinued operations.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Depreciation and amortization | $ | 7,722 |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment | $ | 7,316 |

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Note 3. Acquisitions
Paragon Medical, Inc.
On May 7, 2018, we acquired 100% of the stock of PMG Intermediate Holding Corporation, the parent company of Paragon Medical, Inc. (“Paragon Medical”) for a base purchase price of $375.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments. After working capital and other closing adjustments, the cash purchase price was approximately $390.9 million which included $13.6 million in cash acquired. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we received $1.4 million additional cash from the seller to settle working capital adjustments. For accounting purposes, Paragon Medical meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Paragon Medical is a medical device manufacturer which focuses on the orthopedic, case and tray, implant and instrument markets. This acquisition continues our strategic focus to expand our Life Sciences portfolio as well as create a balanced business by diversifying our products and finished device offerings. Operating results of Paragon Medical are reported prospectively from the date of acquisition in our Life Sciences group. We have performed an assessment of the opening balance sheet which is subject to completion of our internal review procedures over fair value estimates. Opening balance sheet deferred taxes have been recorded based on estimates made as of the acquisition date as well as information currently available to management. As estimates are refined and additional information is received throughout the measurement period, adjustments to opening deferred taxes may be recorded with an offsetting adjustment to goodwill. We incurred new debt in connection with the Paragon Medical acquisition and subsequently repaid the new debt in full with the proceeds from the sale of shares of our common stock as described in Note 10.
The following table summarizes the preliminary purchase price allocation for the Paragon Medical acquisition.

Fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed | As Reported on June 30, 2018 |  | Subsequent Adjustments |  | September 30, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 13,418 |  |  | $ | 134 |  |  | $ | 13,552 |
Accounts receivable | 22,853 |  |  | (721 | ) |  | 22,132 |
Inventories | 23,606 |  |  | (98 | ) |  | 23,508 |
Other current assets | 937 |  |  | 734 |  |  | 1,671 |
Property, plant and equipment | 69,322 |  |  | (5,625 | ) |  | 63,697 |
Intangible assets subject to amortization | 164,200 |  |  | (700 | ) |  | 163,500 |
Other non-current assets | 3,304 |  |  | (129 | ) |  | 3,175 |
Goodwill | 157,421 |  |  | 5,017 |  |  | 162,438 |
Total assets acquired | $ | 455,061 |  |  | $ | (1,388 | ) |  | $ | 453,673 |
Current liabilities | $ | 16,767 |  |  | $ | 119 |  |  | $ | 16,886 |
Deferred tax liability | 46,713 |  |  | (1,407 | ) |  | 45,306 |
Other non-current liabilities | 620 |  |  | — |  |  | 620 |
Total liabilities assumed | $ | 64,100 |  |  | $ | (1,288 | ) |  | $ | 62,812 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 390,961 |  |  | $ | (100 | ) |  | $ | 390,861 |

A combination of income, market, and cost approaches were used for the valuation where appropriate, depending on the asset or liability being valued. Valuation inputs in these models and analyses considered market participant assumptions. Acquired intangible assets are primarily customer relationships. As of September 30, 2018, intangible assets in connection with Paragon Medical were $157.6 million after post-acquisition amortization.
In connection with the Paragon Medical acquisition, we recorded goodwill, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed. As of September 30, 2018, goodwill in connection with Paragon Medical was approximately $159.4 million after post-acquisition currency impacts. The goodwill is attributed primarily to Paragon Medical as a going concern, the assembled workforce, the fair value of expected cost synergies, and revenue growth expected from the ability to go to market as a combined life sciences business. The going concern element represents the ability to earn a higher return on the combined assembled collection of assets and businesses of Paragon Medical than if those assets and businesses were to be acquired and managed separately. Approximately $2.8 million of the goodwill relates to prior asset acquisitions by Paragon Medical and is expected to be deducted for tax purposes.
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Property, plant and equipment acquired primarily included machinery and equipment for use in manufacturing operations. Additionally, manufacturing sites and related facilities, including leasehold improvements, were acquired. We have performed a preliminary assessment of the fair value of property, plant and equipment using both the cost approach and the market approach. The preliminary assessment was supported where available by observable market data which includes consideration of obsolescence. We have performed a preliminary assessment of the fair value of intangible assets using the income approach, supported by market data, by using the relief from royalty and multi-period excess earnings methods.
We incurred approximately $5.3 million in acquisition related costs with respect to the Paragon Medical acquisition during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Transaction costs were expensed as incurred and are included in the “Acquisition related costs excluded from selling, general and administrative expense” line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). We expensed $12.9 million of financing costs related to the Paragon Medical acquisition during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which are included in the “Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs” line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). As required by the acquisition method of accounting, acquired inventories were recorded at their estimated fair value. Beginning May 7, 2018, our consolidated results of operations include the results of Paragon Medical. Since the date of the acquisition, net sales of $70.0 million and income from operations of $2.2 million have been included in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
The unaudited pro forma financial results shown in the table below for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, combine the consolidated results of NN and Paragon Medical giving effect to the Paragon Medical acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2017, the beginning of the comparable prior annual reporting period presented. The unaudited pro forma financial results do not give effect to any of our other acquisitions that occurred after January 1, 2017, and do not include any anticipated synergies or other assumed benefits of the Paragon Medical acquisition. This unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of future operations or results had the Paragon Medical acquisition been completed as of January 1, 2017.
The unaudited pro forma financial results include certain adjustments for debt service costs and additional depreciation and amortization expense based upon the fair value step-up and estimated useful lives of Paragon Medical depreciable fixed assets and definite-life amortizable assets acquired. Adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, include a reduction of the prepayment penalty incurred upon the extinguishment of debt (see Note 10) as if the debt had been outstanding since January 1, 2017. The provision for income taxes has also been adjusted for all periods, based upon the foregoing adjustments to historical results. The impact of adopting ASC 606 has been included based on an adoption date of January 1, 2018.

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Pro forma net sales | $ | 205,683 |  |  | $ | 183,424 |  |  | $ | 626,414 |  |  | $ | 568,270 |
Pro forma income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | (11,830 | ) |  | $ | (8,436 | ) |  | $ | (31,909 | ) |  | $ | (52,840 | )
Pro forma net income (loss) | $ | (11,830 | ) |  | $ | 121,005 |  |  | $ | (31,909 | ) |  | $ | 87,355 |
Basic income (loss) from continuing operations per share | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.31 | ) |  | $ | (1.15 | ) |  | $ | (1.93 | )
Diluted income (loss) from continuing operations per share | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.31 | ) |  | $ | (1.15 | ) |  | $ | (1.93 | )

Unaudited pro forma results for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, include $15.0 million of inventory fair value adjustments, financing, integration, and transaction costs, net of tax, directly attributable to the acquisition which will not have an ongoing impact. No such costs are present in the unaudited pro forma results for the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Other Acquisitions
We made other acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, with an aggregate cash purchase price of $22.0 million. Amounts recorded for preliminary goodwill and intangible assets are disclosed in Note 6 and Note 7, respectively, and are subject to completion of our integration procedures. We incurred approximately $0.5 million in acquisition related costs with respect to other acquisitions during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Transaction costs were expensed as incurred and are included in the “Acquisition related costs excluded from selling, general and administrative expense” line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).
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Bridgemedica, LLC. On February 22, 2018, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the assets of Bridgemedica, LLC (“Bridgemedica”). For accounting purposes, Bridgemedica meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Bridgemedica is a medical device company that provides concept to supply solutions through design, development engineering and manufacturing. Operating results of Bridgemedica are reported prospectively in our Life Sciences group after the acquisition date. We have finalized certain working capital adjustments and are in the process of completing the integration of the Bridgemedica business into our operations.
Southern California Technical Arts, Inc. On August 9, 2018, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the capital stock of Southern California Technical Arts, Inc. (“Technical Arts”). For accounting purposes, Technical Arts meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Technical Arts is an industrial machining company that manufactures tight tolerance metal components and assemblies. The acquisition of Technical Arts expands the NN presence in the aerospace and defense end market. Operating results of Technical Arts are reported prospectively in our Power Solutions group after the acquisition date. We have completed a preliminary purchase price allocation and are in the process of finalizing the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
Note 4. Segment Information
We determined our reportable segments under the provisions of U.S. GAAP related to disclosures about segments of an enterprise. Management has concluded that Mobile Solutions, Power Solutions, and Life Sciences each constitutes an operating segment as each engages in business activities for which it earns revenues and incurs expenses for which separate financial information is available, and this is the level at which the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews discrete financial information for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance. In making this determination, management considered the form and content of the financial information that is regularly reviewed by the CODM. As described in Note 1, in January 2018, we implemented a new enterprise and management structure and reorganized our businesses into the Mobile Solutions, Power Solutions and Life Sciences groups based principally on the end markets they serve. In the first quarter of 2018, we began reporting our financial results based on these new reportable segments. Prior year amounts have been restated to conform to the current year presentation.
Mobile Solutions
Mobile Solutions is focused on growth in the general industrial and automotive end markets. We have developed an expertise in manufacturing highly complex, system critical components for fuel systems, engines and transmissions, power steering systems and electromechanical motors on a high-volume basis. This expertise has been gained through investment in technical capabilities, processes and systems, and skilled program management and product launch capabilities.
Power Solutions
Power Solutions is focused on growth in the electrical, and aerospace and defense end markets. Within this group we combine materials science expertise with advanced engineering and production capabilities to design and manufacture a broad range of high-precision metal and plastic components, assemblies and finished devices used in applications ranging from power control to flight control and for military devices.
We manufacture a variety of products including electrical contacts, connectors, contact assemblies and precision stampings for the electrical end market and high precision products for the aerospace and defense end markets utilizing our extensive process technologies for optical grade plastics, thermally conductive plastics, titanium, Inconel, magnesium and electroplating.
Life Sciences
Life Sciences is focused on growth in the medical end market. Within this group we combine advanced engineering and production capabilities to design and manufacture a broad range of high-precision metal and plastic components, assemblies and finished devices.
We manufacture a variety of components, assemblies and instruments, such as surgical knives, bioresorbable implants, surgical staples, cases and trays, orthopedic implants and tools, laparoscopic devices, and drug delivery devices for the medical and life sciences end market.
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Segment Results
The following table presents results of continuing operations for each reportable segment.

|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Corporate and Consolidations |  |  |  | Total Continuing Operations
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 81,805 |  |  | $ | 46,082 |  |  | $ | 78,363 |  |  | $ | (567 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 205,683 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 4,657 |  |  | $ | 2,706 |  |  | $ | 6,717 |  |  | $ | (8,199 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 5,881 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18,608 | )
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,932 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | $ | (19,659 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 259,678 |  |  | $ | 144,584 |  |  | $ | 168,716 |  |  | $ | (1,798 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 571,180 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 21,822 |  |  | $ | 13,939 |  |  | $ | 12,962 |  |  | $ | (39,440 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 9,283 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (46,592 | )
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21,444 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | $ | (58,753 | )
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 81,664 |  |  | $ | 44,824 |  |  | $ | 22,154 |  |  | $ | (486 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 148,156 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 6,799 |  |  | $ | 4,166 |  |  | $ | 3,011 |  |  | $ | (8,425 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 5,551 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12,739 | )
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 782 |
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | $ | (6,406 | )
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 254,768 |  |  | $ | 141,982 |  |  | $ | 68,397 |  |  | $ | (1,489 | ) |  | (a) |  | $ | 463,658 |
Income (loss) from operations |  | $ | 28,088 |  |  | $ | 17,780 |  |  | $ | 10,431 |  |  | $ | (24,254 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 32,045 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (39,916 | )
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (38,433 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | $ | (46,304 | )

(a) | Includes eliminations of intersegment transactions occurring during the ordinary course of business.

|  | Total Assets as of
|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Mobile Solutions |  | $ | 446,830 |  |  | $ | 428,321 |
Power Solutions |  | 404,701 |  |  | 383,063 |
Life Sciences |  | 806,828 |  |  | 355,703 |
Corporate and Consolidations |  | 104,963 |  |  | 307,916 |
Total |  | $ | 1,763,322 |  |  | $ | 1,475,003 |

The Paragon Medical business acquired on May 7, 2018, contributed $70.0 million to net sales and $2.2 million to income from operations in the Life Sciences group after the acquisition date through September 30, 2018. Other businesses acquired in 2018 contributed $7.3 million to net sales and $0.2 million to income from operations in the Life Sciences and Power Solutions groups after each acquisition date through September 30, 2018.
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Note 5. Inventories
Inventories are comprised of the following amounts:

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Raw materials |  | $ | 54,439 |  |  | $ | 37,337 |
Work in process |  | 45,801 |  |  | 27,669 |
Finished goods |  | 23,869 |  |  | 17,611 |
Inventories |  | $ | 124,109 |  |  | $ | 82,617 |

Note 6. Goodwill
The following table shows changes in the carrying amount of goodwill.

|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 74,147 |  |  | $ | 201,881 |  |  | $ | 178,584 |  |  | $ | 454,612 |
Currency impacts |  | (705 | ) |  | 27 |  |  | (3,037 | ) |  | (3,715 | )
Goodwill acquired in acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 2,657 |  |  | 165,454 |  |  | 168,111 |
Measurement period adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,447 |  |  | 5,447 |
Balance as of September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 73,442 |  |  | $ | 204,565 |  |  | $ | 346,448 |  |  | $ | 624,455 |

The goodwill acquired in 2018 is related to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts acquisitions as described in Note 3 and is derived from the value of the businesses acquired. We recorded $162.4 million of goodwill related to the Paragon Medical acquisition, $8.0 million related to the Bridgemedica acquisition, and $2.7 million related to the Technical Arts acquisition during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We have completed a preliminary purchase price allocation and are in the process of finalizing the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The preliminary fair value of the businesses acquired was based on management business plans and future performance estimates which are subject to a high degree of management judgment and complexity. Actual results may differ from these projections and the differences may be material.
In the first quarter of 2018, as a result of the changes in our organizational and management structure, goodwill was reassigned to operating segments using a relative fair value allocation. For further information on the organizational changes, see Note 1.
Based on the closing sales price of a share of our common stock as of September 30, 2018, our market capitalization exceeded the $641.0 million net book value of our stockholders’ equity. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, our market capitalization declined to a level that is less than the net book value of our stockholders’ equity. A prolonged or significant decline in market capitalization could be an indicator of possible goodwill impairment. We will perform our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter to determine whether any impairment charge is required. We will continue to monitor the market capitalization relative to net book value throughout the fourth quarter and subsequent periods.
Note 7. Intangible Assets, Net
The following table shows changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets, net.

|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Total
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  | $ | 39,446 |  |  | $ | 105,030 |  |  | $ | 93,226 |  |  | $ | 237,702 |
Amortization |  | (2,655 | ) |  | (8,746 | ) |  | (12,713 | ) |  | (24,114 | )
Currency impacts |  | (22 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22 | )
Intangible assets acquired in acquisitions |  | — |  |  | 1,900 |  |  | 169,917 |  |  | 171,817 |
Measurement period adjustments |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (700 | ) |  | (700 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2018 |  | $ | 36,769 |  |  | $ | 98,184 |  |  | $ | 249,730 |  |  | $ | 384,683 |

The intangible assets acquired in 2018 are related to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts acquisitions as described in Note 3 and primarily represent customer relationships and trade names. We recorded $163.5 million of intangible
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assets related to the Paragon Medical acquisition, $5.7 million related to the Bridgemedica acquisition, and $1.9 million related to the Technical Arts acquisition during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
The following table shows the nature and preliminary weighted average estimated useful lives of intangible assets acquired during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Actual results may differ from these projections and the differences may be material.

|  | Gross Carrying Value as of Acquisition Date |  | Weighted Average Estimated Useful Life in Years
Customer relationships |  | $ | 146,800 |  |  | 20
Trademark and trade name |  | 14,700 |  |  | 29
Other |  | 9,617 |  |  | 1
Total intangible assets acquired in current year |  | $ | 171,117 |  |  | 19

As of January 1, 2018, as a result of the changes in our organizational and management structure, intangible assets were reassigned to operating segments using a relative fair value allocation. For further information on the organizational changes, see Note 1.
Note 8. Investment in Joint Venture
We own a 49% investment in Wuxi Weifu Autocam Precision Machinery Company, Ltd. (the “JV”), a joint venture located in Wuxi, China. The JV is jointly controlled and managed, and we account for it under the equity method.
The following table summarizes activity related to our investment in the JV.

Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 39,822 |
Share of earnings | 2,087 |
Accretion of basis difference from purchase accounting | (343 | )
Foreign currency translation loss | (2,242 | )
Balance as of September 30, 2018 | $ | 39,324 |

We recognized sales to the JV of approximately $0.2 million and approximately $0.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The following tables show selected financial data of the JV.

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Current assets |  | $ | 43,351 |  |  | $ | 47,600 |
Non-current assets |  | 32,352 |  |  | 24,763 |
Total assets |  | $ | 75,703 |  |  | $ | 72,363 |
Current liabilities |  | $ | 27,982 |  |  | $ | 26,165 |
Non-current liabilities |  | 5 |  |  | 22 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 27,987 |  |  | $ | 26,187 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net sales |  | $ | 16,026 |  |  | $ | 18,582 |  |  | $ | 52,140 |  |  | $ | 55,166 |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 14,442 |  |  | $ | 15,156 |  |  | $ | 45,126 |  |  | $ | 43,316 |
Income from operations |  | $ | 1,207 |  |  | $ | 3,204 |  |  | $ | 5,872 |  |  | $ | 11,000 |
Net income |  | $ | 753 |  |  | $ | 2,685 |  |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | 9,144 |

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Note 9. Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the U. S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation. The Tax Act reduces the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and creates new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings. In response to the Tax Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) which allows issuers to recognize provisional estimates of the impact of the Tax Act in their financial statements, or in circumstances where estimates cannot be made, to disclose and recognize at a later date.
For the year ended December 31, 2017, we included in our financial statements provisional charges for the revaluation of our net domestic deferred tax assets and a one-time charge for the deemed repatriation of historic unremitted earnings. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, there were no additional changes to the provisional amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017. The accounting is expected to be completed and disclosed within the one-year measurement period as allowed by SAB 118.
Our effective tax rate from continuing operations was 28.4% and 21.7% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and 26.9% and 30.5% for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. Our 2018 effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% due to permanent differences including certain provisions of the Tax Act, specifically the base-broadening provision which imposed a new minimum tax on global intangible low-tax income (“GILTI”). Our 2017 effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 34% due primarily to earnings outside the U.S. which were taxed at rates lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we finalized our accounting policy decision with respect to the new GILTI tax rules and have concluded that GILTI will be treated as a periodic charge in the year in which it arises. Therefore, we will not record deferred taxes for the basis associated with GILTI earnings.
During the third quarter of 2017, the Internal Revenue Service commenced an examination of the federal tax return for the pre-acquisition period of January 1, 2015, through October 19, 2015, for Precision Engineered Products Holdings, LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary. The examination is ongoing as of September 30, 2018.
Note 10. Debt
The following table presents debt balances as of September 30, 2018, and December 31, 2017.

|  | September 30, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
$545.0 million Senior Secured Term Loan B (“Senior Secured Term Loan”) bearing interest at the greater of 0.75% or one-month LIBOR (2.26% at September 30, 2018), plus an applicable margin of 3.75% at September 30, 2018, expiring October 19, 2022 |  | $ | 534,250 |  |  | $ | 534,250 |
$300.0 million Incremental Term Loan (“Incremental Term Loan”) bearing interest at one-month LIBOR (2.26% at September 30, 2018), plus an applicable margin of 3.25% at September 30, 2018, expiring April 3, 2021 |  | 282,000 |  |  | 291,000 |
$143.0 million Senior Secured Revolver (“Senior Secured Revolver”) bearing interest at one-month LIBOR (2.26% at September 30, 2018), plus an applicable margin of 3.5% at September 30, 2018, expiring October 19, 2020 |  | 69,401 |  |  | — |
International lines of credit and other loans |  | 7,584 |  |  | 3,315 |
Total |  | 893,235 |  |  | 828,565 |
Less current maturities of long-term debt |  | 31,726 |  |  | 17,283 |
Principal, net of current portion |  | 861,509 |  |  | 811,282 |
Less unamortized debt issuance costs |  | 17,989 |  |  | 20,477 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion |  | $ | 843,520 |  |  | $ | 790,805 |

We capitalized interest costs amounting to $0.3 million and $0.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.8 million and $0.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to construction in progress.
Collectively, our Senior Secured Term Loan, Incremental Term Loan, and Senior Secured Revolver comprise our credit facility. Principal available under the Senior Secured Revolver was $100.0 million as of September 30, 2018. Available principal may be restored to $143.0 million upon the achievement of certain requirements. Our credit facility is subject to certain financial covenants based on a consolidated net leverage ratio, as defined in the credit facility agreement. The financial covenants are
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effective when we have outstanding amounts drawn on our Senior Secured Revolver on the last day of any fiscal quarter and become more restrictive over time. We had a $69.4 million outstanding balance on the Senior Secured Revolver as of September 30, 2018, and we were in compliance with all covenants under our credit facility.
Second Lien Credit Agreement
In connection with the Paragon Medical acquisition, we, certain of our subsidiaries named therein, SunTrust Bank, as Administrative Agent, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. as Lead Arranger and Bookrunner, and the lenders named therein entered into a Second Lien Credit Agreement (the “Second Lien Credit Agreement”) pursuant to which SunTrust and the other lenders extended to us a $200.0 million secured second lien term loan facility (the “Second Lien Facility”). We utilized the net proceeds from the Second Lien Facility, together with cash on hand, to pay the Paragon Medical purchase price and fees and expenses related to the acquisition. The Second Lien Facility was collateralized by all of our assets. The Second Lien Facility had an original maturity date of April 19, 2023, and bore interest at either (i) a base rate, plus an applicable margin, or (ii) the greater of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) or 1.00%, plus an applicable margin. The initial applicable margin for all borrowings under the Second Lien Facility was 7.00% per annum with respect to base rate borrowings and 8.00% per annum with respect to LIBOR borrowings. We voluntarily prepaid in full the $200.0 million outstanding principal balance with proceeds from the sale of common shares on September 18, 2018. We paid a prepayment penalty of two percent, or $4.0 million, and wrote off $2.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs.
On September 18, 2018, we issued 14.4 million common shares in a registered public offering. Net proceeds of approximately $217.3 million were used to repay the Second Lien Facility and a portion of the Senior Secured Revolver.
Amendment to Credit Facility
On May 7, 2018, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit facility to permit the Paragon Medical acquisition, to permit the Second Lien Credit Agreement, and to amend certain covenants. We paid $16.7 million of debt issuance costs related to the amendment. A total of $12.9 million is included in the “Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs” line on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The remaining $3.8 million is capitalized as a reduction of long-term debt.
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Note 11. Restructuring and Integration
The following table summarizes restructuring and integration charges incurred for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Corporate and Consolidations |  | Total
Severance and other employee costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (260 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (260 | )
Site closure and other associated costs |  | 51 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 51 |
Total |  | $ | 51 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (260 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (209 | )
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Corporate and Consolidations |  | Total
Severance and other employee costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 2,064 |
Site closure and other associated costs |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Total |  | $ | 73 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,336 |  |  | $ | 728 |  |  | $ | 2,137 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Corporate and Consolidations |  | Total
Severance and other employee costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Site closure and other associated costs |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |
Total |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Corporate and Consolidations |  | Total
Severance and other employee costs |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17 |
Site closure and other associated costs |  | 345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 345 |
Total |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 362 |

The following table summarizes restructuring and integration reserve activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

|  | Reserve Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  | Charges |  | Non-cash Adjustments |  | Cash Reductions |  | Reserve Balance as of September 30, 2018
Severance and other employee costs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,064 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (683 | ) |  | $ | 1,381 |
Site closure and other associated costs |  | 1,099 |  |  | 73 |  |  | (61 | ) |  | (902 | ) |  | 209 |
Total |  | $ | 1,099 |  |  | $ | 2,137 |  |  | $ | (61 | ) |  | $ | (1,585 | ) |  | $ | 1,590 |

We recognized severance costs of $0.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, at corporate headquarters related to the restructuring of our former Precision Engineered Products Group to form the Power Solutions and Life Sciences groups effective January 2, 2018.
We recognized severance costs of $1.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, in our Life Sciences group related to the integration of Paragon Medical into our existing business after the acquisition.
The amount accrued for restructuring and integration costs represents what we expect to pay over the next 2.4 years. We expect to pay $0.8 million within the next twelve months.
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Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies
Brazil ICMS Tax Matter
Prior to the acquisition of Autocam Corporation in 2014 (“Autocam”), Autocam’s Brazilian subsidiary received notification from the Brazilian tax authorities regarding ICMS (state value added tax or VAT) tax credits claimed on intermediary materials (tooling and perishable items) used in the manufacturing process. The Brazilian tax authority notification disallowed state ICMS credits claimed on intermediary materials based on the argument that these items are not intrinsically related to the manufacturing processes. Autocam Brazil filed an administrative defense with the Brazilian tax authority arguing, among other matters, that it should qualify for an ICMS tax credit, contending that the intermediary materials are directly related to the manufacturing process.
We believe that we have substantial legal and factual defenses, and we plan to defend our interests in this matter vigorously. While we believe a loss is not probable, we estimate the range of possible losses related to this assessment is from $0 to $6.0 million. No amount was accrued at September 30, 2018, for this matter.
We are entitled to indemnification from the former shareholders of Autocam, subject to the limitations and procedures set forth in the agreement and plan of merger relating to the Autocam acquisition. Management believes the indemnification would include amounts owed for the tax, interest and penalties related to this matter.
All Other Legal Matters
All other legal proceedings are of an ordinary and routine nature and are incidental to our operations. Management believes that such proceedings should not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In making that determination, we analyze the facts and circumstances of each case at least quarterly in consultation with our attorneys and determine a range of reasonably possible outcomes.
Note 13. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
We adopted ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective transition method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The reported results for 2018 reflect the application of ASC 606 while the reported results for 2017 were prepared under the guidance of ASC 605. The adoption of ASC 606 represents a change in accounting principle that will more closely align revenue recognition with the delivery of our goods and will provide financial statement readers with enhanced disclosures. In accordance with ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods. To the extent that transaction price includes variable consideration, we estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in management’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur.
Revenue is recognized when control of the good or service is transferred to the customer either at a point in time or, in limited circumstances, as our services are rendered over time. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or services.
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The following tables summarize sales to external customers by major source.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Intersegment Sales Eliminations |  | Total
United States |  | $ | 144,138 |  |  | $ | 120,189 |  |  | $ | 142,863 |  |  | $ | (1,798 | ) |  | $ | 405,392 |
China |  | 34,273 |  |  | 4,140 |  |  | 3,843 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,256 |
Mexico |  | 21,042 |  |  | 8,799 |  |  | 429 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,270 |
Brazil |  | 27,722 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,908 |
Germany |  | 4,500 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 11,138 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,662 |
Switzerland |  | 3,915 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 3,827 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,777 |
Poland |  | 5,485 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,509 |
Italy |  | 4,424 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 243 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,881 |
Czech Republic |  | 4,791 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,838 |
Netherlands |  | — |  |  | 2,556 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,556 |
Other |  | 9,388 |  |  | 8,400 |  |  | 6,343 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,131 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 259,678 |  |  | $ | 144,584 |  |  | $ | 168,716 |  |  | $ | (1,798 | ) |  | $ | 571,180 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | Mobile Solutions |  | Power Solutions |  | Life Sciences |  | Intersegment Sales Eliminations |  | Total
United States |  | $ | 46,341 |  |  | $ | 38,137 |  |  | $ | 63,869 |  |  | $ | (567 | ) |  | $ | 147,780 |
China |  | 11,111 |  |  | 1,696 |  |  | 2,405 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,212 |
Mexico |  | 6,570 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  | 90 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,914 |
Germany |  | 1,415 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 7,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,753 |
Brazil |  | 8,200 |  |  | 107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,307 |
Poland |  | 1,215 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 2,107 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,328 |
Italy |  | 1,514 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,519 |
Czech Republic |  | 1,285 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,496 |
Switzerland |  | 1,420 |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,467 |
Netherlands |  | — |  |  | 649 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 649 |
Other |  | 2,734 |  |  | 3,059 |  |  | 2,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,258 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 81,805 |  |  | $ | 46,082 |  |  | $ | 78,363 |  |  | $ | (567 | ) |  | $ | 205,683 |

Product Sales
We generally transfer control and recognize a sale when we ship the product from our manufacturing facility to our customer, at a point in time, as this is when our customer obtains the ability to direct use of, and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from, the goods. We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping when control over products has transferred to the customer as a component of cost of sales.
We use an observable price to determine the stand-alone selling price for separate performance obligations or a cost-plus-margin approach when an observable price is not available. The expected duration of our contracts is one year or less, and we have elected to apply the practical expedient that allows entities to disregard the effects of financing when the contract length is less than one year. The amount of consideration we receive and the revenue we recognize varies with volume rebates and incentives we offer to our customers. We estimate the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price utilizing the expected value method or the most likely amount method depending on the nature of the variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in our judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur.
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We have utilized certain practical expedients allowed by the new standard. We utilize the portfolio approach practical expedient to evaluate sales-related discounts on a portfolio basis to contracts with similar characteristics. The effect on our financial statements of applying the portfolio approach would not differ materially from applying the new standard to individual contracts.
We give our customers the right to return only defective products in exchange for functioning products or rework of the product. These transactions are evaluated and accounted for under ASC Topic 460, Guarantees, and we estimate the impact to the transaction price based on an analysis of historical experience.
Other Sources of Revenue
We provide pre-production activities related to engineering efforts to develop molds, dies and machines that are owned by our customers. We may receive advance payments from customers which are deferred until satisfying our performance obligations by compliance with customer-specified milestones, recognizing revenue at a point in time. These contracts generally have an original expected duration of less than one year.
The following table provides information about contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

| Deferred Revenue
Balance at January 1, 2018 | $ | 2,124 |
Balance at September 30, 2018 | $ | 3,216 |

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable and customer advances and deposits (contract liability) on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. These contract liabilities are reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period as deferred revenue. Deferred revenue relates to payments received in advance of performance under the contract and recognized as revenue as (or when) we perform under the contract. Changes in the contract liability balances during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, were not materially impacted by any other factors. Revenue recognized during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, from amounts included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, was approximately $0.5 million and $1.2 million, respectively.
Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations
ASC 606 requires that we disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 30, 2018. The guidance provides certain practical expedients that limit this requirement. Our contracts meet the following practical expedient provided by ASC 606:

• | The performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.

Costs to Obtain and Fulfill a Contract
Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we expensed commissions paid to internal sales representatives for obtaining contracts. Under ASC 606, we adopted the practical expedient to recognize commissions paid to internal sales personnel that are incremental to obtaining customer contracts as an expense when incurred since the amortization period is less than one year. The judgments made in determining the amount of costs incurred include whether the commissions are in fact incremental and would not have occurred absent the customer contract. Costs to obtain a contract are expensed as selling, general and administrative expense.
Sales, value add, and other taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense.
Financial Statement Impact of Adopting ASC 606
The following table presents the impact of adoption of ASC 606 on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) and our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. Differences are due to the acceleration in the recognition of revenue to the point of shipment or delivery for contracts where an unconditional obligation to purchase is present for inventory that was considered in consignment under ASC 605.
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|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change |  | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change
Net sales |  | $ | 205,683 |  |  | $ | 205,691 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 571,180 |  |  | $ | 571,260 |  |  | $ | (80 | )
Cost of sales |  | 156,408 |  |  | 156,424 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 431,492 |  |  | 431,544 |  |  | (52 | )
Income (loss) from operations |  | 5,881 |  |  | 5,873 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9,283 |  |  | 9,311 |  |  | (28 | )
|  | As of September 30, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC 606 |  | Effect of Change |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 149,982 |  |  | $ | 149,454 |  |  | $ | 528 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventories |  | 124,109 |  |  | 124,427 |  |  | (318 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |

Note 14. Shared-Based Compensation
The following table lists the components of share-based compensation expense by type of award.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stock options |  | $ | 173 |  |  | $ | 527 |  |  | $ | 531 |  |  | $ | 1,102 |
Restricted stock |  | 388 |  |  | 773 |  |  | 1,244 |  |  | 1,628 |
Performance share units |  | 530 |  |  | 467 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  | 1,255 |
Change in estimate of performance share vesting (1) |  | (802 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | (802 | ) |  | — |
Share-based compensation expense |  | $ | 289 |  |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 2,623 |  |  | $ | 3,985 |

(1) | Reflects decrease in share-based compensation expense of $0.8 million to reflect the change in estimate of the probability of vesting of performance share units as described in the “Performance Share Units” section of this Note.

Stock Options
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we granted options to purchase 57,800 shares to certain key employees. The weighted average grant date fair value of the options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $10.60 per share. The fair value of our options cannot be determined by market value because they are not traded in an open market. Accordingly, we utilized the Black Scholes financial pricing model to estimate the fair value. The following table shows the weighted average assumptions relevant to determining the fair value of stock options granted in 2018.

| 2018 Stock Option Awards
Expected term | 6 years |
Risk free interest rate | 2.66 | %
Dividend yield | 1.15 | %
Expected volatility | 47.69 | %
Expected forfeiture rate | 4.00 | %

The expected term is derived from using the simplified method of determining stock option terms as described under the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14, Share-based payment. The simplified method was used because sufficient historical stock option exercise experience was not available.
The average risk-free interest rate is derived from United States Department of Treasury published interest rates of daily yield curves for the same time period as the expected term.
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The expected dividend yield is derived by a mathematical formula which uses the expected annual dividends over the expected term divided by the fair market value of our common stock at the grant date.
The expected volatility rate is derived from our actual common stock historical volatility over the same time period as the expected term. The volatility rate is derived by mathematical formula utilizing daily closing price data.
The forfeiture rate is determined from examining the historical pre-vesting forfeiture patterns of past option issuances to key employees. While the forfeiture rate is not an input of the Black Scholes model for determining the fair value of the options, it is an important determinant of stock option compensation expense to be recorded.
The following table summarizes option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Options |  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price (per share) |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  |
Outstanding at January 1, 2018 |  | 746 |  |  | $ | 14.33 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 58 |  |  | 24.41 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (27 | ) |  | 10.15 |  |  |  |  | $ | 477 |  |  |
Forfeited or expired |  | (4 | ) |  | 23.51 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2018 |  | 773 |  |  | $ | 15.19 |  |  | 5.9 |  | $ | 319 |  |  | (1)
Exercisable at September 30, 2018 |  | 626 |  |  | $ | 13.63 |  |  | 5.2 |  | $ | 1,232 |  |  | (1)

(1) | The intrinsic value is the amount by which the market price of our stock was greater than the exercise price of any individual option grant at September 30, 2018.

Restricted Stock
During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we granted 86,516 restricted stock awards to non-executive directors, officers and certain other key employees. The shares of restricted stock granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, vest pro-rata over three years for officers and certain other key employees and over one year for non-executive directors. We determined the fair value of the shares awarded by using the closing price of our common stock as of the date of grant. The weighted average grant date value of restricted stock granted in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $24.55 per share. Total grant-date fair value of restricted stock that vested in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $1.8 million.
The following table summarizes the status of unvested restricted stock awards as of September 30, 2018, and changes during the nine months then ended.

|  | Nonvested Restricted Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at January 1, 2018 |  | 152 |  |  | $ | 19.21 |
Granted |  | 87 |  |  | $ | 24.55 |
Vested |  | (93 | ) |  | $ | 19.69 |
Nonvested at September 30, 2018 |  | 146 |  |  | $ | 22.07 |

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Performance Share Units
Performance Share Units (“PSUs”) are a form of long-term incentive compensation awarded to executive officers and certain other key employees designed to directly align the interests of employees to the interests of our stockholders, and to create long-term stockholder value. PSU awards granted in 2018 were made pursuant to the NN, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan and a Performance Share Unit Agreement. Some PSUs are based on total shareholder return (“TSR Awards”), and other PSUs are based on return on invested capital (“ROIC Awards”).
The TSR Awards vest, if at all, upon our achieving a specified relative total shareholder return, which will be measured against the total shareholder return of the S&P SmallCap 600 Index during specified performance periods as defined in the award agreements. Each performance period generally begins on January 1 of the year of grant and ends 36 months later on December 31. The ROIC Awards will vest, if at all, upon our achieving a specified average return on invested capital during the performance periods. We recognize compensation expense over the performance period in which the performance and market conditions are measured. If the PSUs do not vest at the end of the performance periods, then the PSUs will expire automatically. Upon vesting, the PSUs will be settled by the issuance of shares of our common stock, subject to the executive officer’s continued employment. The actual number of shares of common stock to be issued to each award recipient at the end of the performance periods will be interpolated between a threshold and maximum payout amount based on actual performance results. No dividends will be paid on outstanding PSUs during the performance period; however, dividend equivalents will be paid based on the number of shares of common stock that are ultimately earned at the end of the Performance Periods.
With respect to the TSR Awards, a participant will earn 50% of the target number of PSUs for “Threshold Performance,” 100% of the target number of PSUs for “Target Performance,” and 150% of the target number of PSUs for “Maximum Performance.” With respect to the ROIC Awards, a participant will earn 35% of the target number of PSUs for “Threshold Performance,” 100% of the target number of PSUs for “Target Performance,” and 150% of the target number of PSUs for “Maximum Performance. For performance levels falling between the values shown below, the percentages will be determined by interpolation. The following table presents the goals with respect to TSR and ROIC for each award granted in 2018.

TSR: |  |  |  | Threshold Performance (50% of Shares) |  | Target Performance (100% of Shares) |  | Maximum Performance (150% of Shares)
|  | 2018 grants |  | 35th Percentile |  | 50th Percentile |  | 75th Percentile
ROIC: |  |  |  | Threshold Performance (35% of Shares) |  | Target Performance (100% of Shares) |  | Maximum Performance (150% of Shares)
| 2018 grants |  | 15.5 | % |  | 18.0 | % |  | 19.5 | %

We estimate the grant date fair value of TSR Awards using the Monte Carlo simulation model, as the total shareholder return metric is considered a market condition under ASC Topic 718, Compensation – stock compensation. The grant date fair value of ROIC Awards is based on the closing price of a share of our common stock on the date of grant. The following table presents the number of awards granted and the grant date fair value of each award in the periods presented.

|  | TSR Awards |  | ROIC Awards
Award Year |  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Grant Date Fair Value (per share) |  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
2018 |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 24.65 |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 24.55 |

We recognize expense for ROIC Awards based on the probable outcome of the associated performance condition. We generally recognize an expense for ROIC Awards based on the Target Performance threshold of 100% because, at the date of grant, the Target Performance is the probable level of performance achievement. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the probability of performance achievement for ROIC Awards that were granted in 2016 diminished to below the threshold performance level of 15.5% as defined by the plan. A decrease in share-based compensation expense of $0.8 million to reflect the change in estimate of the probability of vesting is included in selling, general and administrative expense and additional paid-in capital. Related accrued dividend equivalents of less than $0.1 million were also reversed.
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The following table summarizes the status of unvested PSU awards as of September 30, 2018, and changes during the nine months then ended. All PSUs that vested on December 31, 2017, were settled in shares in May 2018.

|  | Nonvested TSR Awards |  | Nonvested ROIC Awards
|  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per share) |  | Shares (in thousands) |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested at January 1, 2018 |  | 130 |  |  | $ | 16.60 |  |  | 136 |  |  | $ | 16.27 |
Granted |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 24.65 |  |  | 55 |  |  | $ | 24.55 |
Forfeited |  | (13 | ) |  | $ | 14.50 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | $ | 14.86 |
Nonvested at September 30, 2018 |  | 172 |  |  | $ | 18.47 |  |  | 177 |  |  | $ | 18.31 |

Note 15. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  | $ | (3,480 | ) |  | $ | (44,277 | ) |  | $ | (27,961 | )
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 129,441 |  |  | — |  |  | 140,195 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  | $ | 125,961 |  |  | $ | (44,277 | ) |  | $ | 112,234 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  | 28,688 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 27,784 |  |  | 27,403 |
Effect of dilutive stock options |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Diluted shares outstanding |  | 28,688 |  |  | 27,544 |  |  | 27,784 |  |  | 27,403 |
Basic loss from continuing operations per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | (1.02 | )
Basic income from discontinued operations per share |  | — |  |  | 4.70 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.12 |
Basic net loss per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |  |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |
Diluted loss from continuing operations per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | (0.13 | ) |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | (1.02 | )
Diluted income from discontinued operations per share |  | — |  |  | 4.70 |  |  | — |  |  | 5.12 |
Diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.48 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |  |  | $ | (1.59 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |
Cash dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 0.07 |  |  | $ | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 0.21 |

The calculations of diluted loss from continuing operations per share for the three-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, exclude 0.8 million and 0.8 million potentially dilutive stock options, which had the effect of being anti-dilutive. The calculations of diluted loss from continuing operations per share for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, excluded 0.8 million and 0.8 million potentially dilutive stock options, which had the effect of being anti-dilutive. Given the loss from continuing operations for the three-month periods and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, all options are considered anti-dilutive and were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss from continuing operations per share.
Note 16. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is an exit price representing the expected amount that an entity would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with market participants at the measurement date. We followed consistent methods and assumptions to estimate fair values as more fully described in the 2017 Annual Report.
Our financial instruments that are subject to fair value disclosure consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and long-term debt. As of September 30, 2018, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximated fair value. The fair value of floating-rate debt approximates the carrying amount because the interest rates paid are based on short-term maturities. As of September 30, 2018, we had no fixed-rate debt outstanding.
Fair value principles prioritize valuation inputs across three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for
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substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. An asset or liability’s classification within the various levels is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Note 17. Prior Periods’ Financial Statement Revision
The following tables present the effect of the correction of misstatements that impacted each of the periods presented below, as further described in Note 1, and the related adjustments to reflect the revision on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | As Originally Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  | $ | 339,345 |  |  | $ | 921 |  |  | $ | 340,266 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  | 52,606 |  |  | (976 | ) |  | 51,630 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 38,432 |  |  | 574 |  |  | 39,006 |
Other operating income |  | — |  |  | (270 | ) |  | (270 | )
Income from operations |  | 32,294 |  |  | (249 | ) |  | 32,045 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | (945 | ) |  | (247 | ) |  | (1,192 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | (46,302 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (46,304 | )
Benefit for income taxes |  | 14,145 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 14,204 |
Loss from continuing operations |  | (28,018 | ) |  | 57 |  |  | (27,961 | )
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 2) |  | 146,579 |  |  | (6,384 | ) |  | 140,195 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 118,561 |  |  | $ | (6,327 | ) |  | $ | 112,234 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain |  | 20,327 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 21,027 |
Other comprehensive income |  | 11,084 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 11,784 |
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 129,645 |  |  | $ | (5,627 | ) |  | $ | 124,018 |
Basic net income per share |  | $ | 4.33 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 4.33 |  |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | 4.10 |

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|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
|  | As Originally Reported |  | Adjustment |  | As Revised
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  | $ | 110,836 |  |  | $ | 436 |  |  | $ | 111,272 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 13,075 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 13,384 |
Income from operations |  | 6,296 |  |  | (745 | ) |  | 5,551 |
Other (income) expense, net |  | (848 | ) |  | 93 |  |  | (755 | )
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | (5,568 | ) |  | (838 | ) |  | (6,406 | )
Benefit for income taxes |  | 1,436 |  |  | 288 |  |  | 1,724 |
Loss from continuing operations |  | (2,930 | ) |  | (550 | ) |  | (3,480 | )
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 2) |  | 135,825 |  |  | (6,384 | ) |  | 129,441 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 132,895 |  |  | $ | (6,934 | ) |  | $ | 125,961 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gain |  | 6,083 |  |  | 328 |  |  | 6,411 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | (3,160 | ) |  | 328 |  |  | (2,832 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 129,735 |  |  | $ | (6,606 | ) |  | $ | 123,129 |
Basic net income per share |  | $ | 4.82 |  |  | $ | (0.25 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |
Diluted net income per share |  | $ | 4.82 |  |  | $ | (0.25 | ) |  | $ | 4.57 |

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The following table presents the effect of the correction of the misstatements and reclassifications to conform to the current period’s presentation on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 |
| As Originally Reported |  | Adjustment |  | Reclasses (1) |  | As Revised |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 118,561 |  |  | $ | (6,327 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 112,234 |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used by) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of continuing operations | 38,432 |  |  | 574 |  |  |  |  | 39,006 |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs | 8,054 |  |  |  |  |  | 31,585 |  |  | 39,639 |  |
Share of net income from joint venture, net of cash dividends received |  |  |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |  |
Gain on disposal of discontinued operations, net of tax and cost to sell | (129,353 | ) |  | 6,343 |  |  |  |  | (123,010 | ) |
Deferred income taxes | — |  |  |  |  | 70 |  |  | 70 |  |
Other | 439 |  |  | (545 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (123 | ) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (15,094 | ) |  | 227 |  |  |  |  | (14,867 | ) |
Inventories | (10,764 | ) |  | 436 |  |  |  |  | (10,328 | ) |
Income taxes receivable | (19,178 | ) |  | (231 | ) |  |  |  | (19,409 | ) |
Other | (1,674 | ) |  | (1,021 | ) |  | (70 | ) |  | (2,765 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used by) operating activities | 285 |  |  | (544 | ) |  | 31,585 |  |  | 31,326 |  |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment | 639 |  |  |  |  | (639 | ) |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  | 545 |  |  | 639 |  |  | 1,184 |  |
Net cash provided by (used by) investing activities | 332,401 |  |  | 545 |  |  | — |  |  | 332,946 |  |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for debt issuance or prepayment costs | (6,545 | ) |  |  |  | (31,585 | ) |  | (38,130 | ) |
Proceeds from issuance of stock and exercise of stock options | 2,945 |  |  |  |  | (2,945 | ) |  | — |  |
Shares withheld to satisfy income tax withholding | (580 | ) |  |  |  |  | 580 |  |  | — |  |
Principal payments on capital leases | (2,855 | ) |  |  |  | 2,855 |  |  | — |  |
Other | — |  |  |  |  |  | (490 | ) |  | (490 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used by) financing activities | (1,080 | ) |  |  |  | (31,585 | ) |  | (32,665 | ) |

(1) | Includes the reclassification of prior period amounts to reflect current period presentation, including the adoption of ASU 2016-15 and condensing immaterial amounts.

Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

NN, Inc., is a global diversified industrial company that combines advanced engineering and production capabilities with in-depth materials science expertise to design and manufacture high-precision components and assemblies for the medical, aerospace and defense, electrical, automotive and general industrial markets. As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms “NN,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us” refer to NN, Inc., and its subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2018, we had 51 facilities in North America, Europe, South America and China.
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Forward-Looking Statements
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may discuss goals, intentions and expectations as to future trends, plans, events, results of operations or financial condition, or state other information relating to NN, Inc., based on current beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. Forward-looking statements generally will be accompanied by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “intend,” “may,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or other similar words, phrases or expressions. Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties that are outside of management’s control and that may cause actual results to be materially different from such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, among others, general economic conditions and economic conditions in the industrial sector, competitive influences, risks that current customers will commence or increase captive production, risks of capacity underutilization, quality issues, availability of raw materials, currency and other risks associated with international trade, our dependence on certain major customers, the impact of acquisitions and divestitures, unanticipated difficulties integrating acquisitions, new laws and governmental regulations, and other risk factors and cautionary statements listed from time-to-time in our periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We disclaim any obligation to update any such factors or to publicly announce the result of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein or therein to reflect future events or developments.
For additional information concerning such risk factors and cautionary statements, please see the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which we filed with the SEC on April 2, 2018 (the “2017 Annual Report”).
Results of Operations
Factors That May Influence Results of Operations
The following paragraphs describe factors that have influenced results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, that management believes are important to provide an understanding of the business and results of operations, or that may influence operations in the future.
Management Structure
In January 2018, we implemented a new enterprise and management structure designed to accelerate growth and further balance our portfolio by aligning our strategic assets and businesses. Our businesses were reorganized into the Mobile Solutions, Power Solutions, and Life Sciences groups and are based principally on the end markets they serve. The Autocam Precision Components Group reported in our historical financial statements was renamed as Mobile Solutions. Mobile Solutions is focused on growth in the general industrial and automotive end markets. The Precision Engineered Products Group reported in our historical financial statements was bifurcated into two new groups – Power Solutions and Life Sciences. Power Solutions is focused on growth in the electrical and aerospace and defense end markets. Life Sciences is focused on growth in the medical end market. In the first quarter of 2018, we began reporting our financial results based on these new reportable segments. Prior year amounts have been revised to confirm to the current year presentation.
Prior Periods’ Financial Statement Revision
Certain prior period amounts have been revised to reflect the impact of corrections of misstatements and to correct the timing of previously recorded out-of-period adjustments. Refer to Note 1 and Note 17 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Acquisitions
On May 7, 2018, we acquired 100% of the stock of PMG Intermediate Holding Corporation, the parent company of Paragon Medical, Inc. (“Paragon Medical”) for a base purchase price of $375.0 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments. After working capital and other closing adjustments, the cash purchase price was approximately $390.9 million which included $13.6 million in cash acquired. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we received $1.4 million additional cash from the seller to settle working capital adjustments. For accounting purposes, Paragon Medical meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Paragon Medical is a medical device manufacturer which focuses on the orthopedic, case and tray, implant and instrument markets. This acquisition continues our strategic focus to expand our Life Sciences portfolio as well as create a balanced business by diversifying our products and finished device offerings. Operating
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results of Paragon Medical are reported prospectively from the date of acquisition in our Life Sciences group. We have performed an assessment of the opening balance sheet which is subject to completion of our internal review procedures over fair value estimates. Opening balance sheet deferred taxes have been recorded based on estimates made as of the acquisition date as well as information currently available to management. As estimates are refined and additional information is received throughout the measurement period, adjustments to opening deferred taxes may be recorded with an offsetting adjustment to goodwill. In connection with the closing of the Paragon Medical acquisition, we entered into a Second Lien Credit Agreement (the “Second Lien Credit Agreement”) for a $200.0 million secured second lien term loan facility (the “Second Lien Facility”). We utilized the net proceeds from the Second Lien Facility, together with cash on hand, to pay the Paragon Medical purchase price and fees and expenses related to the acquisition. We also entered into an amendment to our existing credit facility to permit the Paragon Medical acquisition, to permit the Second Lien Credit Agreement, and to amend certain covenants. On September 18, 2018, we issued 14.4 million common shares in a registered public offering. Net proceeds of approximately $217.3 million were used to repay the Second Lien Facility and a portion of the Senior Secured Revolver.
On February 22, 2018, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the assets of Bridgemedica, LLC (“Bridgemedica”) for $15.0 million in cash. For accounting purposes, Bridgemedica meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Bridgemedica is a medical device company that provides concept to supply solutions through design, development engineering and manufacturing. Operating results of Bridgemedica are reported prospectively in our Life Sciences group after the acquisition date. We have finalized certain working capital adjustments and are in the process of completing the integration of the Bridgemedica business into our operations.
On August 9, 2018, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the capital stock of Southern California Technical Arts, Inc. (“Technical Arts”). For accounting purposes, Technical Arts meets the definition of a business and has been accounted for as a business combination. Technical Arts is an industrial machining company that manufactures tight tolerance metal components and assemblies. The acquisition of Technical Arts expands the NN presence in the aerospace and defense end market. Operating results of Technical Arts are reported prospectively in our Power Solutions group after the acquisition date. We have completed a preliminary purchase price allocation and are in the process of finalizing the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed.
As discussed in our 2017 Annual Report, on October 2, 2017, we completed the acquisition of DRT Medical, LLC, which was subsequently named NN Life Sciences – Vandalia, LLC (“DRT Medical”), a supplier of precision manufactured medical instruments and orthopedic implants with locations in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
Discontinued Operations
On August 17, 2017, we completed the sale of our global precision bearing components business (the “PBC Business”). The PBC Business included all our facilities that were engaged in the production of precision steel balls, steel rollers, and metal retainers and automotive specialty products used primarily in the bearing industry. The sale of the PBC Business furthers management’s long-term strategy to build a diversified industrial business with a comprehensive geographic footprint in attractive high-growth market segments. The PBC Business represented all of the Precision Bearing Components Group reportable segment disclosed in our historical financial statements.
In accordance with ASC 205-20, Presentation of Financial Statements – Discontinued Operations, the operating results of the PBC Business for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, are classified as discontinued operations. The presentation of discontinued operations includes revenues and expenses of the discontinued operations, net of tax, as one line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). All historical Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) presented have been revised to reflect this presentation. Accordingly, results of the PBC Business have been excluded from continuing operations and group results for all periods presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes unless otherwise stated. Refer to Note 2 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
Tax Reform
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act reduces the maximum U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, requires companies to pay a one-time transition tax on earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries that were previously tax deferred, and creates new taxes on certain foreign sourced earnings.
At December 31, 2017, we made an estimate of the effects on the one-time transition tax and included this in our provisional amount. The ultimate impact could possibly differ materially from this provisional amount due to, among other things,
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additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions we have made, and additional interpretive regulatory guidance that may be issued. In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, we may record additional provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date of the Tax Act. The accounting is expected to be complete when our 2017 U.S. corporate income tax return is filed in 2018, and any measurement period adjustments will be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in 2018.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018, Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Overall Consolidated Results

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 205,683 |  |  | $ | 148,156 |  |  | $ | 57,527 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 54,431 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,562 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,016 | )
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (450 | )
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  | 156,408 |  |  | 111,272 |  |  | 45,136 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 39,538 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,881 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,596 | )
Cost reduction projects |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,950 | )
Inflation |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,350 |
Mix/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,913 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  | 22,480 |  |  | 16,985 |  |  | 5,495 |  |
Acquisition related costs excluded from selling, general and administrative expense |  | 597 |  |  | 619 |  |  | (22 | ) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 21,259 |  |  | 13,384 |  |  | 7,875 |  |
Other operating income, net |  | (733 | ) |  | — |  |  | (733 | ) |
Restructuring and integration expense (adjustments), net |  | (209 | ) |  | 345 |  |  | (554 | ) |
Income from operations |  | 5,881 |  |  | 5,551 |  |  | 330 |  |
Interest expense |  | 18,608 |  |  | 12,739 |  |  | 5,869 |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 6,624 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,624 |  |
Derivative gain on change in interest rate swap fair value |  | — |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 27 |  |
Other (income) expense, net |  | 308 |  |  | (755 | ) |  | 1,063 |  |
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | (19,659 | ) |  | (6,406 | ) |  | (13,253 | ) |
Benefit for income taxes |  | 5,609 |  |  | 1,724 |  |  | 3,885 |  |
Share of net income from joint venture |  | 266 |  |  | 1,202 |  |  | (936 | ) |
Loss from continuing operations |  | (13,784 | ) |  | (3,480 | ) |  | (10,304 | ) |
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | — |  |  | 129,441 |  |  | (129,441 | ) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (13,784 | ) |  | $ | 125,961 |  |  | $ | (139,745 | ) |

Net Sales. Net sales increase d by $57.5 million, or 39%, in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to $54.4 million of net sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical businesses acquired in our Life Sciences group and the Technical Arts business acquired in our Power Solutions group. Higher volumes contributed another $5.6 million to the increase primarily as a result of demand improvements within the automotive, life sciences, and electrical end markets. These volume increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign exchange effects, primarily in Brazil. Overall, from the three months ended September 30, 2017, to the three months ended September 30, 2018, net sales increased by $0.1 million for our Mobile Solutions group, increased by $1.3 million for our Power Solutions group, and increased by $56.2 million for our Life Sciences group, respectfully. In the three months ended September 30, 2018 and
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2017, sales of $0.6 million and $0.5 million, respectively, between our Power Solutions and Life Sciences groups were eliminated in consolidation.
Cost of Sales. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to $39.5 million in cost of sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts acquisitions. Higher volumes also contributed $3.9 million to the increase, consistent with the increase in sales demand. These volume increases were partially offset by favorable foreign exchange effects and $2.0 million in cost savings from production process improvement projects. Inflation and wage increases contributed $2.4 million to the increase in cost of sales.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense. The majority of the increase in selling, general and administrative expense during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, was due to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts businesses which collectively contributed $4.3 million to selling, general and administrative expense during the three months ended September 30, 2018. Infrastructure and staffing costs incurred related to our strategic initiatives, including integration of recent acquisitions and a global implementation of an enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system, also contributed to the increase. These increases were partially offset by lower estimates for full year employee benefits and compensation accruals.
Acquisition Related Costs Excluded from Selling, General and Administrative Expense. Acquisition related costs are primarily third party legal, accounting, valuation consulting and investment banking advisory fees incurred in connection with the Life Sciences acquisitions.
Depreciation and Amortization. The increase in depreciation and amortization during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, was consistent with additions to intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, including $7.8 million from the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts businesses. This additional depreciation and amortization expense includes the effects of related fair value adjustments to certain property, plant and equipment and the addition of intangible assets, principally for customer relationships and trade names.
Other Operating Income, Net. Other operating income in the three months ended September 30, 2018, primarily resulted from a $0.7 million change in fair value of a contingent earnout liability associated with the Bridgemedica acquisition.
Restructuring and Integration Expense (Adjustments), Net. The decrease in restructuring and integration expense was primarily due to a change in the estimate of employee severance costs incurred in connection with the Paragon Medical acquisition. Note 11 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements provides more information regarding the effects of restructuring and integration on our operating results.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increase d by $5.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to interest on the Second Lien Facility which was not in place during the three months ended September 30, 2017, and bore interest at a higher rate than our existing credit facility. Additionally, LIBOR was higher in the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Interest on debt |  | $ | 17,451 |  |  | $ | 11,591 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 1,318 |  |  | 1,084 |
Interest on capital leases and other |  | 139 |  |  | 286 |
Capitalized interest (1) |  | (300 | ) |  | (222 | )
Total interest expense |  | $ | 18,608 |  |  | $ | 12,739 |

(1) | Capitalized interest primarily relates to equipment construction efforts at various plants.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt and Write-off of Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs. The $6.6 million write-off in 2018 resulted from costs related to the Second Lien Facility. We paid a two percent, or $4.0 million, prepayment penalty and wrote off $2.6 million of unamortized original issue discount when we paid the Second Lien Facility in full in September 2018.
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Benefit for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate from continuing operations was 28.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 26.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Note 9 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements describes the components of income taxes for each period presented.
Share of Net Income from Joint Venture. Our share of net income from a Chinese joint venture in our Mobile Solutions group decrease d by $0.9 million. The joint venture’s net income decreased primarily due to price and volume decreases resulting from reduced demand in the Chinese automotive market and increased raw material costs.
Results by Group
MOBILE SOLUTIONS
Mobile Solutions is focused on growth in the general industrial and automotive end markets. We have developed an expertise in manufacturing highly complex, system critical components for fuel systems, engines and transmissions, power steering systems and electromechanical motors on a high-volume basis. This expertise has been gained through investment in technical capabilities, processes and systems, and skilled program management and product launch capabilities.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 81,805 |  |  | $ | 81,664 |  |  | $ | 141 |  |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,371 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,025 | )
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,205 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 4,657 |  |  | $ | 6,799 |  |  | $ | (2,142 | ) |

Net sales increased during the third quarter of 2018 from the third quarter of 2017 due to market demand improvements for our steering systems application components resulting from an industry shift from hydraulics to electric-assist steering systems technology. We are realizing the indirect benefits of our customers taking an increasing portion of market share. These volume increases were partially offset by unfavorable foreign exchange effects, primarily in Brazil, and price reductions granted to our customers.
Income from operations decreased by $2.1 million compared to prior year due to various factors including higher start-up costs related to new product launches, lower pricing as noted above, and higher depreciation expense due to capital investments to support new product launches. These factors were partially offset by implementation of cost savings initiatives and the beneficial impact of higher production volumes.
POWER SOLUTIONS
Power Solutions is focused on growth in the electrical, and aerospace and defense end markets. Within this group we combine materials science expertise with advanced engineering and production capabilities to design and manufacture a broad range of high-precision metal and plastic components, assemblies and finished devices used in applications ranging from power control to flight control and for military devices.
We manufacture a variety of products including electrical contacts, connectors, contact assemblies and precision stampings for the electrical end market and high precision products for the aerospace and defense end markets utilizing our extensive process technologies for optical grade plastics, thermally conductive plastics, titanium, Inconel, magnesium and electroplating.
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|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 46,082 |  |  | $ | 44,824 |  |  | $ | 1,258 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 883 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,282 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (916 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 2,706 |  |  | $ | 4,166 |  |  | $ | (1,460 | ) |

Net sales increased during the third quarter of 2018 from the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to growth in sales to customers in the electrical products end market. Sales from the Technical Arts business contributed $0.9 million to the current quarter.
Income from operations decreased by $1.5 million primarily due to investments in the development of new products that we are preparing to launch in the aerospace end market later in 2018 and a shift in product mix toward products with precious metal content that have relatively lower margins. Higher sales volumes partially offset these increased costs.
LIFE SCIENCES
Life Sciences is focused on growth in the medical end market. Within this group we combine advanced engineering and production capabilities to design and manufacture a broad range of high-precision metal and plastic components, assemblies and finished devices.
We manufacture a variety of components, assemblies and instruments, such as surgical knives, bioresorbable implants, surgical staples, cases and trays, orthopedic implants and tools, laparoscopic devices, and drug delivery devices for the medical and life sciences end market.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 78,363 |  |  | $ | 22,154 |  |  | $ | 56,209 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 53,548 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 909 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,752 |
Income from operations |  | $ | 6,717 |  |  | $ | 3,011 |  |  | $ | 3,706 |  |

Net sales increased during the third quarter of 2018 from the third quarter of 2017 primarily due to $53.5 million of net sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical acquisitions as well as a $0.9 million increase in core volume.
Income from operations increased by $3.7 million primarily due to $1.9 million of income from operations attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical acquisitions. Sales volume increases also contributed to the increase in income from operations.
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018, Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Overall Consolidated Results

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 571,180 |  |  | $ | 463,658 |  |  | $ | 107,522 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 100,570 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11,466 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | 575 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,089 | )
Cost of sales (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) |  | 431,492 |  |  | 340,266 |  |  | 91,226 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 76,250 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,842 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | 550 |
Cost reduction projects |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,851 | )
Inflation |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,294 |
Mix/Other |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,141 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  | 71,298 |  |  | 51,630 |  |  | 19,668 |  |
Acquisition related costs excluded from selling, general and administrative expense |  | 5,810 |  |  | 619 |  |  | 5,191 |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 51,798 |  |  | 39,006 |  |  | 12,792 |  |
Other operating income, net |  | (638 | ) |  | (270 | ) |  | (368 | ) |
Restructuring and integration expense, net |  | 2,137 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 1,775 |  |
Income from operations |  | 9,283 |  |  | 32,045 |  |  | (22,762 | ) |
Interest expense |  | 46,592 |  |  | 39,916 |  |  | 6,676 |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt and write-off of debt issuance costs |  | 19,562 |  |  | 39,639 |  |  | (20,077 | ) |
Derivative gain on change in interest rate swap fair value |  | — |  |  | (14 | ) |  | 14 |  |
Other (income) expense, net |  | 1,882 |  |  | (1,192 | ) |  | 3,074 |  |
Loss from continuing operations before benefit for income taxes and share of net income from joint venture |  | (58,753 | ) |  | (46,304 | ) |  | (12,449 | ) |
Benefit for income taxes |  | 12,732 |  |  | 14,204 |  |  | (1,472 | ) |
Share of net income from joint venture |  | 1,744 |  |  | 4,139 |  |  | (2,395 | ) |
Loss from continuing operations |  | (44,277 | ) |  | (27,961 | ) |  | (16,316 | ) |
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 2) |  | — |  |  | 140,195 |  |  | (140,195 | ) |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (44,277 | ) |  | $ | 112,234 |  |  | $ | (156,511 | ) |

Net Sales. Net sales increase d by $107.5 million, or 23%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to $100.6 million of net sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical businesses acquired in our Life Sciences group and the Technical Arts business acquired in our Power Solutions group. Higher volumes contributed another $11.5 million to the increase primarily as a result of demand improvements within the automotive, life sciences, and electrical end markets. Overall, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017, to the nine months ended September 30, 2018, net sales increased by $4.9 million for our Mobile Solutions group, increased by $2.6 million for our Power Solutions group, and increased by $100.3 million for our Life Sciences group, respectfully. In the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, sales of $1.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively, between our Power Solutions and Life Sciences groups were eliminated in consolidation.
Cost of Sales. The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to $76.2 million in cost of sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts acquisitions, including $3.4 million for a one-time increase in cost of sales for inventory fair value adjustment for Paragon Medical. Higher volumes also contributed $7.8 million to the increase,
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consistent with the increase in sales demand. Increases were partially offset by $6.9 million in cost savings from production process improvement projects. Inflation and wage increases contributed $7.3 million to the increase in cost of sales.
Selling, General and Administrative Expense. The majority of the increase in selling, general and administrative expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was due to infrastructure and staffing costs incurred related to our strategic initiatives, including integration of recent acquisitions and a global implementation of an enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system. These increases were partially offset by lower estimates for full year employee benefits and compensation accruals. The Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts businesses contributed $7.9 million to selling, general and administrative expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, which was not present during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, prior to the acquisitions.
Acquisition Related Costs Excluded from Selling, General and Administrative Expense. Acquisition related costs are primarily third party legal, accounting, valuation consulting and investment banking advisory fees incurred in connection with the Life Sciences acquisitions.
Depreciation and Amortization. The increase in depreciation and amortization during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was consistent with additions to intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, including $11.4 million from the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, DRT Medical, and Technical Arts businesses. This additional depreciation and amortization expense includes the effects of related step-ups of certain property, plant and equipment to fair value and the addition of intangible assets, principally for customer relationships and trade names.
Other Operating Income, Net. Other operating income in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, primarily resulted from a $0.7 million change in fair value of a contingent earnout liability associated with the Bridgemedica acquisition.
Restructuring and Integration Expense (Adjustments), Net. The increase in restructuring and integration expense was primarily due to employee severance costs incurred in connection with implementing our new enterprise and management structure. Note 11 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements provides more information regarding the effects of restructuring and integration on our operating results.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increase d by $6.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to interest on the Second Lien Facility which was not in place during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, and bore interest at a higher rate than our existing credit facility. This increase was partially offset by the redemption of our Senior Notes on April 3, 2017, with the proceeds of our Incremental Term Loan, which bears an interest rate based on LIBOR which is lower than the 10.25% fixed interest rate on the Senior Notes. Additionally, LIBOR was higher in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017
Interest on debt |  | $ | 43,289 |  |  | $ | 36,689 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 3,631 |  |  | 3,237 |
Interest on capital leases and other |  | 430 |  |  | 856 |
Capitalized interest (1) |  | (758 | ) |  | (866 | )
Total interest expense |  | $ | 46,592 |  |  | $ | 39,916 |

(1) | Capitalized interest primarily relates to equipment construction efforts at various plants.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt and Write-off of Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs. The $19.6 million charge in 2018 resulted from costs related to the Second Lien Facility and the amendment to the existing credit facility. We wrote off $12.9 million of costs related to the May 2018 amendment. In September 2018 we paid a two percent, or $4.0 million, prepayment penalty and wrote off $2.6 million of unamortized original issue discount when we paid the Second Lien Facility in full. The $39.6 million write-off in 2017 resulted from the extinguishment of our Senior Notes and modification of our credit facility in April 2017.
Benefit for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate from continuing operations was 21.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to 30.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Note 9 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements describes the components of income taxes for each period presented.
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Share of Net Income from Joint Venture. Our share of net income from a Chinese joint venture in our Mobile Solutions group decrease d by $2.4 million. The joint venture’s net income decreased primarily due to price decreases and increased raw material costs.
Results by Group
MOBILE SOLUTIONS

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 259,678 |  |  | $ | 254,768 |  |  | $ | 4,910 |  |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,953 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | 548 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,591 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 21,822 |  |  | $ | 28,088 |  |  | $ | (6,266 | ) |

Net sales increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to market demand improvements for our steering systems application components resulting from an industry shift from hydraulics to electric-assist steering systems technology. We are realizing the indirect benefits of our customers taking an increasing portion of market share. Also, as the Brazilian economy improves, demand for automotive products is increasing. These volume increases were partially offset by price reductions granted to our customers.
Income from operations decreased by $6.3 million compared to prior year due to higher start-up costs related to new product launches, lower pricing as noted above, and higher depreciation expense due to capital investments to support new product launches. These factors were partially offset by implementation of cost savings initiatives and the beneficial impact of higher production volumes.
POWER SOLUTIONS

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 144,584 |  |  | $ | 141,982 |  |  | $ | 2,602 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 883 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,501 |
Foreign exchange effects |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (809 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 13,939 |  |  | $ | 17,780 |  |  | $ | (3,841 | ) |

Net sales increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to growth in sales to customers in the electrical products end market. Sales from the Technical Arts business contributed $0.9 million to the current year.
Income from operations decreased by $3.8 million primarily due to a shift in product mix toward higher cost raw materials, such as precious metals used in power control products, and investments in the development of new products and manufacturing facilities to support growth in the aerospace end market later in 2018.
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LIFE SCIENCES

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | $ Change
Net sales |  | $ | 168,716 |  |  | $ | 68,397 |  |  | $ | 100,319 |  |
Acquisitions |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 99,687 |
Volume |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,012 |
Price/mix/inflation/other |  |  |  |  |  |  | (380 | )
Income from operations |  | $ | 12,962 |  |  | $ | 10,431 |  |  | $ | 2,531 |  |

Net sales increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, from the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to $99.7 million of net sales attributable to the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical acquisitions, as well as a $1.0 million increase in core volume.
Income from operations increased by $2.5 million primarily due to $4.3 million contributed by the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and DRT Medical acquisitions, partially offset by $1.3 million of acquisition related restructuring and integration costs and other costs associated with establishing the Life Sciences Group.
Changes in Financial Condition from December 31, 2017, to September 30, 2018
From December 31, 2017, to September 30, 2018, total assets increase d by $288.3 million primarily due to assets acquired with the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts businesses which had $469.2 million of total assets as of September 30, 2018. Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts contributed $168.1 million to the increase in goodwill and $171.8 million to intangible assets. Overall, accounts receivable increased consistently with sales growth. Inventories increased as our plants satisfy customer demand. Days inventory outstanding increased by approximately nine days as our businesses ramp up manufacturing activity to meet expected customer demand on a timely basis and due to managing procurement based on market price projections. Partially offsetting these increases was a $206.7 million decrease in cash to fund the Paragon Medical and Bridgemedica acquisitions.
From December 31, 2017, to September 30, 2018, total liabilities increase d by $133.4 million, primarily related to debt used to fund operations and partially finance the Paragon Medical acquisition and deferred tax liabilities associated with Paragon Medical. Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts contributed $58.2 million to the increase in total liabilities.
Working capital, which consists principally of cash, accounts receivable, inventories and other current assets offset by accounts payable, accrued payroll costs, income taxes payable, current maturities of long-term debt, and other current liabilities, was $204.2 million as of September 30, 2018, compared to $368.9 million as of December 31, 2017. The decrease in working capital was due primarily to the decrease in cash used to fund acquisitions and capital expenditures.
Cash used by operations was $13.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with cash provided by operations of $31.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The difference was primarily due to the decrease in income from operations. The components of the decrease in income from operations are discussed in the “Results of Operations” section. Additionally, cash provided by operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, included $17.1 million from discontinued operations.
Cash used by investing activities was $445.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with cash provided by investing activities of $332.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The difference was primarily due to $399.0 million of cash paid for the Paragon Medical, Bridgemedica, and Technical Arts acquisitions in 2018 compared to $371.4 million of cash received for the sale of the PBC Business in 2017. Cash used by investing activities for discontinued operations was $9.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
Cash provided by financing activities was $252.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with cash used by financing activities of $32.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The difference was primarily due to net proceeds from the sale of 14.4 million common shares on September 18, 2018.
Based on the closing sales price of a share of our common stock as of September 30, 2018, our market capitalization exceeded the $641.0 million net book value of our stockholders’ equity. Subsequent to September 30, 2018, our market capitalization declined to a level that is less than the net book value of our stockholders’ equity. A prolonged or significant decline in market
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capitalization could be an indicator of possible goodwill impairment. We will perform our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter to determine whether any impairment charge is required. We will continue to monitor the market capitalization relative to net book value throughout the fourth quarter and subsequent periods.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Aggregate principal amounts outstanding under the Senior Secured Term Loan, the Incremental Term Loan, and the Senior Secured Revolver as of September 30, 2018, were $885.7 million (without regard to debt issuance costs). As of September 30, 2018, we could borrow up to $28.2 million under the Senior Secured Revolver, subject to certain limitations. This amount of availability is net of $2.4 million of outstanding letters of credit at September 30, 2018, which are considered as usage of the Senior Secured Revolver.
Collectively, our Senior Secured Term Loan, Incremental Term Loan, and Senior Secured Revolver comprise our credit facility. Principal available under the Senior Secured Revolver was $100.0 million as of September 30, 2018. Available principal may be restored to $143.0 million upon the achievement of certain requirements. Our credit facility is subject to certain financial covenants based on a consolidated net leverage ratio, as defined in the credit facility agreement. The financial covenants are effective when we have outstanding amounts drawn on our Senior Secured Revolver on the last day of any fiscal quarter and become more restrictive over time. We had a $69.4 million outstanding balance on the Senior Secured Revolver as of September 30, 2018, and we were in compliance with all covenants under our credit facility.
The Senior Secured Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $1.4 million through October 19, 2022, with the remaining principal amount due on the maturity date. If one-month LIBOR is less than 0.75%, then we pay 4.50% per annum in interest. If one-month LIBOR exceeds 0.75%, then we pay the variable one-month LIBOR rate plus an applicable margin of 3.75%. Based on the outstanding balance at September 30, 2018, annual interest payments would have been $32.1 million.
The Incremental Term Loan requires quarterly principal payments of $3.0 million through April 3, 2021, with the remaining principal amount due on the maturity date. The Incremental Term Loan bears interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.25%. Based on the outstanding balance at September 30, 2018, annual interest payments would have been $15.5 million.
The Senior Secured Revolver bears interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 3.50%. Based on the outstanding balance at September 30, 2018, annual interest payments would have been $4.0 million. In connection with the closing of the Paragon Medical acquisition on May 7, 2018, we entered into an amendment to our existing credit facility to permit the Paragon Medical acquisition, to permit the Second Lien Credit Agreement, and to amend certain covenants.
We entered into the $200.0 million Second Lien Facility on May 7, 2018, to partially fund the Paragon Medical acquisition. The Second Lien Facility bore interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 8.00%. We voluntarily prepaid in full the $200.0 million outstanding principal balance with proceeds from the sale of common shares on September 18, 2018. We paid a prepayment penalty of two percent, or $4.0 million, and wrote off $2.6 million of unamortized debt issuance costs. We paid interest of $7.5 million for the period May 7, 2018, through September 18, 2018.
On September 18, 2018, we issued 14.4 million common shares in a registered public offering. Net proceeds of approximately $217.3 million were used to repay the Second Lien Facility and a portion of the Senior Secured Revolver.
As of September 30, 2018 we had $17.8 million of cash and available borrowing capacity under our Senior Secured Revolver of $28.2 million. Additionally, we have an income tax receivable of $39.4 million that we expect to substantially collect in the fourth quarter of 2018 or the first quarter of 2019. We believe that these sources of cash and funds generated from our consolidated continuing operations will provide sufficient cash flow to service the required debt and interest payments under our existing credit facility and to fund our operating activities, capital expenditure requirements, and dividend payments. The absence of cash flows from discontinued operations is not expected to significantly affect our ability to service our debt.
Our arrangements with customers typically provide that payments are due within 30 to 60 days following the date of shipment. We invoice and receive payment from many of our customers in euros as well as other currencies. Additionally, we are party to various third party and intercompany loans, payables and receivables denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result of these sales, loans, payables and receivables, our foreign exchange transaction and translation risk is elevated. Various strategies to manage this risk are available to management, including producing and selling in local currencies and hedging programs. As of September 30, 2018, no currency derivatives were in place. In addition, a strengthening of the U.S. dollar and/or euro against foreign currencies could impair our ability to compete with international competitors for foreign as well as domestic sales.
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For the next twelve months, we expect capital expenditures to remain relatively consistent, the majority of which relate to new or expanded business or continuous improvement programs. We believe that funds generated from continuing operations and borrowings from the credit facility will be sufficient to finance capital expenditures and working capital needs through this period. The absence of cash flows from discontinued operations is not expected to significantly affect our ability to finance capital expenditures or working capital needs. We base these assertions on current availability for borrowing of up to $28.2 million and forecasted positive cash flow from continuing operations for the next twelve months.
Seasonality and Fluctuation in Quarterly Results
General economic conditions impact our business and financial results, and certain businesses experience seasonal and other trends related to the industries and end markets that they serve. For example, European sales are often weaker in the summer months as customers slow production, medical device sales are often stronger in the fourth calendar quarter, and sales to original equipment manufacturers are often stronger immediately preceding and following the launch of new products. However, as a whole, we are not materially impacted by seasonality.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We are not a party to any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our critical accounting policies, including the assumptions and judgments underlying them, are disclosed in the 2017 Annual Report, including those policies as discussed in Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2017 Annual Report. There have been no changes to these policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, except as discussed in Note 1 to the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to changes in financial market conditions in the normal course of business due to use of certain financial instruments as well as transacting business in various foreign currencies. To mitigate the exposure to these market risks, we have established policies, procedures and internal processes governing the management of financial market risks. We are exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of borrowing activities.
At September 30, 2018, we had $534.3 million of principal outstanding under the variable rate Senior Secured Term Loan, without regard to debt issuance costs. At September 30, 2018, a one-percent increase in the interest rate charged on outstanding variable rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Term Loan would result in interest expense increasing annually by approximately $5.3 million.
At September 30, 2018, we had $282.0 million of principal outstanding under the Incremental Term Loan, without regard to debt issuance costs. At September 30, 2018, a one-percent increase in the interest rate charged on outstanding variable rate borrowings under the Incremental Term Loan would result in interest expense increasing annually by approximately $2.8 million.
At September 30, 2018, we had $69.4 million of principal outstanding under the Senior Secured Revolver, without regard to debt issuance costs. At September 30, 2018, a one-percent increase in the interest rate charged on outstanding variable rate borrowings under the Senior Secured Revolver would result in interest expense increasing annually by approximately $0.7 million.
Our policy is to manage interest expense using a mix of fixed and variable rate debt. To manage this mix effectively, we may enter into interest rate swaps to exchange the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts. The nature and amount of borrowings may vary as a result of future business requirements, market conditions and other factors. As of September 30, 2018, we had no interest rate swaps.
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Translation of our operating cash flows denominated in foreign currencies is impacted by changes in foreign exchange rates. We participate in various third party and intercompany loans, payables and receivables denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. To help reduce exposure to foreign currency fluctuation, we have incurred debt in euros in the past. From time to time, we may use foreign currency derivatives to hedge currency exposures when these exposures meet certain discretionary levels. We did not hold a position in any foreign currency derivatives as of September 30, 2018.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)). Based upon that evaluation, as a result of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2018, to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Previously Identified Material Weaknesses in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
We previously disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report the following control deficiencies that constitute material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting:

• | We did not maintain an effective control environment due to a lack of a sufficient complement of personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training commensurate with our financial reporting requirements.

• | We did not maintain effective controls over information and communication as it relates to the accounting for income taxes. Specifically, we did not implement and reinforce an adequate process for communication and information sharing necessary to support the functioning of internal control between our tax group and our corporate accounting group.

These material weaknesses contributed to the material weaknesses described below:

• | We did not design and maintain effective internal controls over the accounting for business combinations, which specifically included not designing and maintaining effective controls over the (a) accuracy, valuation and presentation and disclosure for allocating goodwill to our international businesses and (b) completeness, accuracy and valuation of deferred income taxes recorded in connection with business combinations;

• | We did not design and maintain effective internal controls over the accounting for income taxes, which specifically included not designing and maintaining controls over the completeness, accuracy, valuation and presentation and disclosure of deferred income tax accounts, income tax provision and related disclosures.

These material weaknesses resulted in immaterial errors to other current assets; property, plant and equipment, net; goodwill; investment in joint venture; other non-current assets; accounts payable; accrued salaries, wages and benefits; other current liabilities; deferred tax liabilities; accumulated other comprehensive income; selling, general and administrative expense; depreciation and amortization; other operating expense/income; write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs; provision/benefit for income taxes; comprehensive income/loss; and cash flows in our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015. These immaterial errors resulted in a revision to previously issued financial statements as discussed in Note 1 and Note 17 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements presented in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report. Management has determined that the revision was an additional effect of the material weaknesses described above. Additionally, these control deficiencies could result in a misstatement of substantially all account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
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Notwithstanding such material weaknesses, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our condensed consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly, and in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Remediation Plan for Material Weaknesses
Building on our efforts during 2016 and 2017, with the oversight of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, we continue to dedicate significant resources and efforts to improve our control environment and to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses identified above. During the second quarter, we completed our gap analysis of our business combinations and income taxes processes supporting internal control over financial reporting to identify areas where new controls are needed and where existing controls need to be enhanced. Based on that analysis, we developed a comprehensive workplan for remediation of the four material weaknesses. This workplan includes detailed process by process work flows with completion dates and responsible parties. We regularly track our progress on completion of the workplan and provide periodic updates to the Audit Committee on our progress.
Ongoing Remediation Efforts
To address the material weakness associated with an insufficient complement of personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training commensurate with our financial reporting requirements, during the second quarter, we hired a Chief Accounting Officer based in our corporate headquarters and Finance Directors in our new Life Sciences and Power Solutions groups. Each of these individuals has significant experience in technical accounting matters and internal controls commensurate with our public company reporting requirements. During the third quarter we hired key financial talent to support the ongoing remediation efforts and to improve our financial reporting process. These hires were in the areas of consolidation and reporting, financial planning and analysis, tax and the segment financial team.
To address the material weaknesses associated with the accounting for business combinations and income taxes, we completed a gap analysis of our key controls during the second quarter. Through this analysis we identified areas where new controls were needed as well as areas where control enhancements to our existing controls were necessary. We developed and implemented these controls as part of our second and third quarter close processes and will continue to enhance or modify these controls in future periods if needed.
To address the material weakness associated with information and communication as it relates to the accounting for income taxes and the information sharing necessary to support the functioning of internal control between our tax group and corporate accounting group, we have implemented formal, scheduled meetings which enable us to communicate and share information necessary for the appropriate accounting of income taxes and business combinations matters as well as other matters. We have also clarified roles and responsibilities within and between our finance and tax teams and have included members of our tax team in the execution of certain controls that previously did not have functional tax involvement including direct involvement in the purchase price accounting processes. These newly implemented formalized meetings are held before and after the finalization of our income tax accounts during the close process. We have implemented these processes and will continue to enhance or modify them as necessary to support the sharing of information between our tax group and corporate accounting group.
In addition to the items above we are working to strengthen the internal control environment for financial reporting through the use of lean office and continuous improvement tools to identify areas for improvement and optimization in our various financial workflows. We have also conducted training on policies and procedures, standardizing business practices, effective communication, strategic thinking, leadership, and process improvement within various financial functional areas including a worldwide financial leaders’ summit.
Status of Remediation Efforts
We believe the measures described above will facilitate the remediation of the control deficiencies we have identified and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes and will continue to review, optimize and enhance our financial reporting controls and procedures. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address control deficiencies, or we may modify, or in appropriate circumstances not complete, certain of the remediation measures described above. These material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
As described above in the “Remediation Plan for Material Weaknesses” section, there were no changes during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018, in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings

Brazil ICMS Tax Matter
Prior to the acquisition of Autocam Corporation in 2014 (“Autocam”), Autocam’s Brazilian subsidiary received notification from the Brazilian tax authorities regarding ICMS (state value added tax or VAT) tax credits claimed on intermediary materials (tooling and perishable items) used in the manufacturing process. The Brazilian tax authority notification disallowed state ICMS credits claimed on intermediary materials based on the argument that these items are not intrinsically related to the manufacturing processes. Autocam Brazil filed an administrative defense with the Brazilian tax authority arguing, among other matters, that it should qualify for an ICMS tax credit, contending that the intermediary materials are directly related to the manufacturing process.
We believe that we have substantial legal and factual defenses, and we plan to defend our interests in this matter vigorously. While we believe a loss is not probable, we estimate the range of possible losses related to this assessment is from $0 to $6.0 million. No amount was accrued at September 30, 2018, for this matter.
We are entitled to indemnification from the former shareholders of Autocam, subject to the limitations and procedures set forth in the agreement and plan of merger relating to the Autocam acquisition. Management believes the indemnification would include amounts owed for the tax, interest and penalties related to this matter.
All Other Legal Matters
All other legal proceedings are of an ordinary and routine nature and are incidental to our operations. Management believes that such proceedings should not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In making that determination, we analyze the facts and circumstances of each case at least quarterly in consultation with our attorneys and determine a range of reasonably possible outcomes.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, which was filed with the SEC on April 2, 2018, under Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”
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Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1) |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs (1)
July 2018 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
August 2018 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
September 2018 |  | 168 |  |  | 19.85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 168 |  |  | $ | 19.85 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) | Shares were withheld to pay for tax obligations due upon the vesting of restricted stock held by certain employees granted under the NN, Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for the withholding of shares to satisfy tax obligations. It does not specify a maximum number of shares that can be withheld for this purpose. These shares may be deemed to be “issuer purchases” of shares that are required to be disclosed pursuant to this Item.

Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information

None.
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Item 6. | Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Description
10.1 |  | Underwriting Agreement dated as of September 13, 2018 by and between NN, Inc. and JP Morgan Securities, LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named in Schedule I thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to NN, Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 14, 2018)
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Service
101.CAL |  | Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase
101.PRE |  | XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Definition Linkbase Document

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| NN, Inc.
| (Registrant)
Date: November 8, 2018 | /s/ Richard D. Holder
| Richard D. Holder,
| President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
| (Principal Executive Officer) (Duly Authorized Officer)
Date: November 8, 2018 | /s/ Thomas C. Burwell, Jr.
| Thomas C. Burwell, Jr.
| Senior Vice President—Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
| (Duly Authorized Officer)

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